The Iron Age 1913-03-13: Vol 91 Iss 11

HE IRON AGE Established 1855 New York, March 13. 1913 Vol. 91: No. 11 Plant for Making Automobile Tool Boxes New Cleveland Sheet Metal Working Shop for Turning Out Special Stampings and Automobile Accessories in Large Quantities ep i ( I { h during ‘ t fe a ne tin 1 large exter ne by many hing tries i in the central West vithin 1. decade The . slda } eee Seer Ge ' = © ne = The Bui dings and the Genera Equipmer: f marv¢ s story of the gigantre strides made by some f the automobile manufacturers in a brief period equalle that of other plants engaged in th facture of automobile parts and accessories The Glob impt Company, as a maker of automobile tool boxes, comes under this classification, being an example of what a_ to the latte: West ] Ma I I 1 beh i tn ely small company has accomplished This ment and machinery an vas organized in 1901 and during the rst Six : existence did only $1,000 worth of business luring 1912 averaged nearly that amount a day ng with a small amount of capital, additions t ifferent times have made a total of only $20,000 r tha earnings have been sufficient to enable the com f iarters for t \ uld a new plant, the value of which 1s estimated mes all the money outside of earnings that was Dhe G > THE IRON AGE M / plating room, which has an acid-proof ti -— second floor is of 5-in. concrete covered n this is laid 2-in. factory maple floor « The roofs of all the buildings are concret e with tar and gravel. The office rooms are finely finished in the floors in the manager’s and directors’ lished oak. The directors’ room is also us b room for the department heads. There corridor along the length of the offices and offices and the balcony, so that any offic reached through this corridor without passi: any other room. Windows open from this plant and permit the superintendent or mana out into the corridor and get a view of the ¢ er part f the first and second floors of the main buildir . reception hall has marble wainscoting and this room the corridor have Italian terrazzo ing is used in all the office rooms. The first of the main building is used lar the stamping department. In addition to that the is on that floor the plating, buffing and tumbling depar ments, the last for ball burnishing; raw material stor floors. Indirect floor for that not on ld the best workmen be kept in a factory where ther sant surroundings and good light and various conveniences but also that men would do mor work in pleasant quarters than they would in unpleasant : ones The mpany since its organization has been ; under the management of Albert S. Schroeder, secretary, treasure nager, who is the only salaried officer of the : | Globe ( pany’s first product was sheet steel star s made to order. To these were added barrels, then sherardizing and layer automobile tool and batte boxes At present 65 per cent. of its output n tool boxes, 25 per cent. in special metal stampings tomobile parts, and about 5 per cent. eacl tumbling barrels and Sherardizing equipment. é mpany’s new plant is located at 1250 West Sev sixth street, where it has recently acquired sufficient ning land to double its present size when further erowth makes this necessary. The plant consists of main building used for its stamping department and two other buildings, one a tool box factory and the other occupied by the japanning and Sherardizing departments. The main building is a fireproof structure 107 x 2109 ft A Group of the in size and two stories high, of reinforced concrete with brick walls and partitions \ space 26 ft. wide across the second floor front is used for office purposes. Through the greater part of the remainder of the building a light well 30 ft. wide extends, making the factory section of the second floor a gallery 37 ft. wide on each side. Above the light well is a monitor with steel trussed roof, the monitor being filled its entire length with Detroit-Fenestra steel window sash. The second floor and roof are sup ported by rows of 12 x 12-in. poured reinforced concrete columns placed along the edge of the gallery and spaced j 20 ft. between centers. A projection extends from thes« columns at the top of the gallery to provide a runway fot i a crane should one be installed later The first floor ceiling is 14 ft. high and the second floor ceiling 15 ft. high. The second floor galleries are con nected by a bridge near the center of the building and a 3-ton, 8 x 16-ft. Haughton electric elevator connects the two floors An 18-ft. driveway extends through the center of the building Wooden sash is used for the first and second floor windows. Factory ribbed glass is used ; throughout the plant where a diffused light is desired, but where fire protection is necessary wired glass is used Concrete flooring is used on the first floor except the Large Presses 5000 sq. ft. of shelf space for die storage; sheet st storage, about 400 tons usually being kept in stock; stock room, shipping department; tool room and tory. As electric power is secured from a commerch company the boiler room equipment is limited to a du cate equipment of boilers for the gravity heating system and for electric transformers and other small equipmer rhe plant is heated by radiators, suspended from t The heating plant is equipped with a Bis! Babcock-Becker Company vacuum pump. On the second floor are die and tool-making depa ceilings ents, machine shop, sheet metal working departmet issembling and storage space for large finished . ind a pattern shop. The press room equipment in four shears, ten small presses and eight large presse -apable of turning out all kinds of press work up t stock. The press is a 210-ton hydraulic [he tool room for small tools is a cage inclos* onveniently located between the machine shop making departments a hydraulic press in the machine shop for trying before actually using them for production wo! machinery is group driven by 10, 20 and 40-hp. alt ‘urrent motors. A uniform method of driving largest Shop economy is effected by THE IRON AGE t g Department, Showing Ovens in the Rear and Dipping Vats in the Foreground ol boxes are suspended fr m the motors is not employed, roller chains, the ie! i S i icaS i It and leather belts being used. Altogether 14 The moni is 30 ft. wide rs are used, the smallest being 1 hp. ceiling, thi roviding ro ral bench space is provided along the walls and storage which covers about on of the gallery on the second floor. These benches bout 2 sq. ft. of this building inusually strong. The front part of the bench is of ition to the regular jap ngued and grooved maple strips bolted together is a driveway at a slight angle iron working edge and the back part is of side of the main ine. The benches are 30 in. wide and have standard » that the loading plat h legs. Some of the benches are built in one t a wagon box level 200 ft. long. In the manufacture of ining and connected to the rear section of the covers are made of one piece, | r pressed t hay uilding at the south side is the box factory, a one- the press department. The boxes proper are made in the structure 165 x 97 ft. in plan. This building is of box department, which is equipped with ne ary presses 640 4 shears, drill presses, forming machines and brake l} a back sean t the ly is ¢ trically welded and the tom 1S W ( t lugs which are art the Ody i rie } | | | ‘ 1] 14 | ’ hinges al . re also eh rically we ( t thie a For the \ three Toledo electric spot welders are us« [The Japanning and Sherardizing Departments Ad ge the x department on the south are japannii ind Sherardizing departments, whicl up a two-story reinforced concrete building 98 31 ft. in pl ri walls and gt ’ ar the ma ynstructior \t eresting feature f this | S at there is 1 é etween the g department o1 the Sher x department on t s re for rrangement is tl ibs s 1S necessary n the japanning department Lh tter department 1s hed trom a 20-ft ridge Irom | al ny of the ond floor of tl epartment, t ( nveniently reached by a special Otis elevator from tl rst floor. In the japanning department is ; ft. roo1 ‘leaning and rubbing, which is separated by fireproof cement partition from the japanning room proper, whicl occupies the remainder of th: I The japanning equipment includes two - ft and spac provided for an additior en whi s 1 e install shortly. The ovens are of the Crawford sectional installed by the Oven Equipment & Mfg. Company, New Haven. Cor n the P et vats 6 ft. de 4 rel vats are dec in nat pose, made thus to ke rg liquid the vats and al rt t t m In e Sherardizing é e tl re DI <, 20 ( ens 1 ( ~ ua f mall worl ha re Ss, et e t ontinually agitat ( nd tw ncrete leat lined g S 7 1 pickling Indi l ca < 1 rger After part e Sherardiz ng then take r 1 tne vens me ral | ovens in both tl ‘ ‘ ¢ ments are I l by 1 tut VJ For lighting tungsten lamps ar¢ ‘ throug! t the plant except in the press department, where | pel Hewitt lamps are u Most of the tungsten lamps yf 250 watts « 4 Som S ng singly at thers in cluste a ( t f main building are eight usters eacl VII four 250 | watt lamps. Apolite reflectors a1 ised 1 nnection | practically all the tungst \l es are pla : in conduits The plant is well equipped with toilet nveniences it the vario ce irtment \ ent iter tal | ; ind bi ling drinking fountau H cold ite S ) de tl iva ( il there ( Ver it] the x depart nt lavator Phe { furniture, 1n cluding racks, stools an les, 1S pra ly all of steel \s an added precaution against fire all enings through hre walls are protected automat re doors Phe installation of an auto-call syste icilitates communi cation from the office to any part of the plant [he Best Mfg. Company, Pittsburgh, gives some par ticulars of the contract received for piping equipment fot \ the new plant of the New York Edison Company, New | York City, covering an installation of 32 Babcock & Wil 4 cox boilers and three 19,000-kva. turbo-generators, and all } necessary auxiliary equipment, with reservations for five additional turbines and 32 boilers. All steam fittings and valves will be made of cast steel of a special extra heavy pattern, and all piping will be fitted with reinforced Van stone flanges made of cast steel, suitable for 200 lb. steam . working pressure and 150 deg. superheat The plant has been designed for the most convenient operation, the valves being equipped with extension stems and gearing for opera- i tion from the floors. An important feature will be the ' building of a complete duplicate of the plant in miniaturé for testing purposes. The entire installation is expected to be completed and in operation by October a) 1 THE IRON ondensing balcke hlm principle, I I elevation of a typical tower, he various AGE M A Natural Draft Cooling Recent Installation at West Pullman P of the International Harvester Com; ‘or use in low-pressure steam turbine | water required for Wheeler Condenser & Engine: arteret, N. J , has developed a type of nat Success! “arce, the ing tower. This tower, which is known a operates on what is known which is applied by arrangi tower, acks in zigzag tiers. While retarding the d f the water these are found to present littk he upward flow of the air. The functior employed is to retard the downward flow of t spread it out into thin films, collect it and bre drops, so that a large and constantly changing ing surface is presented to the air. Fig. 1 1 showing the arr lig 2 shows the exter and parts, of tl install \ plant Pullm Phe WITT water | r yr system | ceives tf ff to be cool the inlet and discharges evenly whole the towel! cooling and the ( arte low the “ tributing and at the | point 18 water wel which tl 1s coll Se ynal Elevati f a Typica : W r-Ralcke Natural D Chimne from wW ype Cool lowe drawn t denset thr pipe g. A tramework of yellow pn ing directly upon the foundation, and the vapor outlet, which wards. The hight of the chimney, it is emphasi is sufficient to prevent a loss of water by the format spray and to draw a strong natural draft and a vig f air through the cooling stacks. The frame structed with mortised and tenoned joints wher« sary and is bolted together with steel bolts with lat washers on side to withstand the pressure of a 5 mile wind. The shell of the chimney and the tower com sists of surface tongued and grooved 1-in. cypress nd both the shell and 1 after support chimney are of fl Ww each framework are treated al ion to prevent deterioration. (he main trough into which the water is « from the inlet ¢ is of 1%-in., cypress planks this flows into lateral gutters that distribute it over the entire area of tower by tt equal ] i . ' 1S¢ ite t water trom water From these pipes the falls upon galvanized steel splash plates which br water into a fine spray, thus presenting a cooling f to the rising air current. Th then impinges upon the triangular cooling laths which are arranged in zigzag tiers, as shown. In the water is continually broken up, turned overt a thin film and retarded in its downward pt amount of surface to the rising cu spaced at intervals of maximum area mut In expose a large 13, 1913 THE IRON AGE 64) ths are supported by a framework of cypress lightly re ft rable, the tower wa lependent of both the tower and the chimney water at a temperature of app mately 7 y ters the tower near its base at the point e, louvre g ised to prevent the loss f water by splasl - late ‘ vitae i a he cold eater kt es a Lake Superior Iron Ore Shipments in 1912 e foundation for the tower \ working platform Phe statistics af = — ae c ndrail is built on one side of the tower, whicl ron ore ladder \ door which forms part of the Re | i] . e | iccess to the interior of the tower, and the dis- dded to the be cleaned out by a broom while the tower fter the 1012 season of ' Lake S $s wer shown in Fig. 2 has a cooling capacity of 18,2 78 tor per hour. It is erected over a concrete reser 13.44 ft. in diameter and having a Capacity Of 600,000 ! re eal L he is regarded large enough for a second tower of re as The reservoir forms a large cold well which ‘ Ss a reserve source of water supply for the fire This tower operates in connection with two jet the tail pumps discharging directly to the dis M he cooling tower through the pipe which can ' seen The low elevation of the distributers ; feature of the tower, can be estimated from the iS pipe The base of the tower is slightly above spears ‘ Steel ; the turbine room floor and is at a considerably total i: ane was a little less than o1 ont levation than the condensers which are in the nly one previog 4 f underneath the turbine. In case of the vacuum = jndependents exce ‘ , siphons in the suction lines prevent the flooding ear the percentan: f the Steel ( ndenser. . —_ , n 1000 ) ' 5 I test nade recently n | tower s ved JOS ni { yOu ‘ left the structure fully saturated th mois S ) sa t goO,000 s condition is of course desirable, as it means tl mit 1" I ( ent inimum amount of air is used and a reduction the minimum is 5,250,000, and for 14 lume of air employed lessens the friction in the The Mesaba range percentage In two tests the percentage of moisture in th last year was 66.47 against 67.37 | ) ir was &4 and the temperature was 63 deg. F range shows rather remarkabk case, the water was cooled from 99 to 82 deg. and 1f 4,006,408 tons, or 681,184 other from 106 to 82 deg. When these tests were best pre $s year Its here was no breeze and the sky was cloudy \bout igainst 7.94 in I9 he veeks after these tests were made, on a moderately mines producing last vear 7 ut dry afternor n with the atmospheri con litrons fy v1 ) ind 7 y 900 Fig. 2—One of These Towers Installed at the Plano } 648 THE . > * New Open-Hearth Furnace Designs Arrangement of Ports of the Steel Furnace Using Producer Gas HERBERT F. MILLER, JI ror I have elieved that the gas nd brick-cos en-hearth furnaces using { er ga uld creased by a change desigt tl por el é e the tl ( lding st al e 1 The de sent type SI ir 1S ) ny years, i © at lie whi two air-uptakes esent type rt tu ( t the bath and therefor ion begins to take plac at point, but has no eff intil the gas passes 5 to Io ft. int the hearth. As the furnace grows Ider, C moves back by reason the burning or falling down of the arch. The furnace reaches its highest efficiency when C |! moved a certain distance, but is still near enough to the bath f the overhead layer of air to hold the gas down on the bat! nd far enough back to permit m ‘ bustion to take place at some dis j ’ tance from the bath. This latter EEE fact means that the temperature is sufficient to melt steel at the E , ; ; = | SS | ~ alll, pe <> 4 : 1 KT SS Wf an |} A | B I a EI rig N R I edge « t p From is time the furnace de- \ reases in ¢ ¢ Vhat is t reason As C moves further back, the gas is relased from the | 2 gas | t at a point ere ther s littl » overhead ‘ ; layer of air. The result is that the gas floats along the . roof, with the mostly underneath it. Why the air does not stay over the gas is readily seen in Fig. 1. The lines of draft lly llel to the length of the furnace. The uptake ein the sides and the gas g port in the middle, most of t uir will naturally be drawn a along the sides of the furnace and the layer of air will be thinnest ver the gas where it is most needed, Thus, as C ubstantially in full read before the American Institute of { neers, Febr y 19, I author, wil is connected na Steel | gs C ny, Verona, Pa., discussed open-hearth furnace design length e Iron Age of June 27, 1912. IRON March AGE moves back the verhead layer of air becon until C has reached a point where it is in lin takes 1, and where there is no overhead lay [The gas then goes to the roof. The life of tl furnace is 180 to 250 heats. The foregoing history of the run of producer ces, showing the causes of loss of control results in poor combustion, with consé 1 ly short run, suggests the designed for ntrol and a say, from 400 to 700 heats? attained by either of two des the same principle of putting of the gas uptake as is Figs. 2 and 3 the port | of the hearth, whereas th« type has the full width of the port hary pressing the air down on and the roof of the he gradually dropped to meet it gas-port arch is retained, alt flattened to the width of tl juestion, Can producer-gas which will have a good combustion to the end of This end can b involve directly back Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5. In 1+] urd of the widtl of which air-uptak: dips sharp! The end C is 6 to Io ft the edge of the bath. Ther small seal door on each the port at C to permit the re; of the port or the removal of the brick which might fall from the gas-port arch. The point move back slower than mT present type, because it less exposed to the flame : will always be under the air The possible defect of this design is that when the gas has become short, combustion will commence t m the bath, and make Anotl bjection is that this design could not be applied to exis ause their ports would have to be len tar trom a high gas cost. ing furnaces be ene -onsiderably. If the flame in the above design always be controll even when the gas post arch burned back to the gas uptake, why have a gas-port at all The design shown in Figs. 4 and 5 is the solut lere it will be seen that the furnace is similar in ©' to the present open-port type in use at Homestead. : ir uptake A is back of the gas-uptake, from which separated by a substantial wall. The gas uptake, wh as wide as the port, is 6 to 10 ft. from the bath. The is open and smooth, narrow and low. The small cross this port assures a speedy union of the pre- ind gas, resulting in a short flame of intense will be under control throughout nay think that the gas rising at right angles to 1 1 flame. If the port is low enough not occur. I have put a str: tf air having a ee stn te cth onmiies sis aa ia —- ) » per Ss lare nr unade i ira is flame 1 that there was very little deflection the flame lesign could be applied to the present type of gas turnaces Phe I ilte A ip tance 1 reversal of tl ¢ veckers fr th tside le position ing a new turnace a great saving It rick ide in the ports, as can be re ¢ Re the dividing wall can be made tl small seals ide of the gas-port. The flat vays be ntrol and the furnace should slow up only because heckers and insufficient draft. | ] desired by introducing it as usual at the sides f the untak nt or the uptakt Cooling Device for Open-Hearth Steel Furnaces have been issued to Henry Knoth, Monterey, ering a e f g rts of steel furn I her f $s WwW destr t 1 bv the it Ss | the de ¢ 5 the us 1 d go a Sioa ie ' inneis Tunning ¢ i € T | ) t ns t the ' S ¢ isized that these S ] 1 1 ° e port arches the f ditional ent, at the where ry ] 7 | , , ] gy 15S sirec meat 0 n il ‘ ‘ } 7 ; t rough the channels ar 1 sists 1ore blowers which are ( ly to the s of the channels. Steam or at er . ; may be employed for driving these blows litis sized that in this vay the he 1 mater d GC the 1 } Dr C . a Ta 1 { ! nt Sl y a S Tt \ é riiT? he é imneis frit +} } ‘ 1 $.. } 7 { CRW K I t ‘ vnitfiie wee ¢] i i nte h need Ss ¢ ng tl f : ince ft bse e ‘ eness the ne > the ' . , ’ 1 t Ss Dp t t ) rev i tT t Sl T 7 : : ore ; lof t ng act soninn 1 ng the strength of the draft according t . 1 ce 7 1 1 1 } d of the furnace. If, vever, it should be de ’ é ' t1¢ rc rec ectah] 1 rouoh dif View of a Furnace Equipped with a New Cooling Dev Invented by Henry Knoth, Monterey, Mexix THE IRON AGE Conference on the Development tricity ' r 1 n nnect inaug ward ¢t Wa I eran The ar ¢ e “ rf Yn tr e¢ e « the ym wit! irate a le edtica EE | } | | | os 7 650 THE IRON AGE Mar Earlv Incr ase in Steel Capacity is absolutely assured, two new plants are pract , . ipon for the Cleveland district, work on whi Easier Conditions Expected in the Next to start soon, also a small open-hearth { Few Months in Central Western Districts Dover to use direct metal and to be built ; — 2 vith a new sheet mill. One of the largest Ravrineg ‘ 5 ruction w rk the —_ plate concerns in the Pittsburgh district | be a ver LS¢ ut ¢ en-heat teel n open-hearth plant to make 700 to 1000 in the Pitts Central Wes istrict recent advices are that it may start a the next months, ar the shortage 11 near future supply Stet I mai ths will e relieved : ly view of the above figures for plant iT large pen-l steel plant re unde! nstruction, and tion the statement seems to be fully Warrant several e adding one I rnaces July or not later than October next there larges er way is that he Carnegie Steel Con od eel capacity to meet the demands of th ! ya ’ : : rene , at draw their supply from the steel works i: naces il eEessemey steel millic« re ocated We TK nm if ee 1 West and other Central districts wa June, 1912, an lI e 14 6 ype rnaces wi a monthly capacity of al ( ; of ingots. A new rail mill is also to be built Railway Steel Spring Company’s Yea ut semier 10F pie ling eee ird sections, supplanting . The Railway Steel Spring Company’s a1 . 1 mil = h is I ' ter ee tting forth the results of the year ended Ds nt blo ming mull will be 1 et nt y two stands 12. presents the following income account S$ Of 10UFr passes. § ter © m some oO: th the preceding two years se new furnaces in the « . vill [ n the yea re alla ete $9 041.07 ty will allow the 1 ven-heat : bess ( which has been t t re at Ol Secor Works Y rst nd ll enable the latter v to run continuous S t rs f ind ft late trades Ww The next | ves new | la t i . a Pittsburgh Cr ble Steel ( t Mic P y] will contain eight 75-tor hearth furnaces wv D 1 hly capacit 0.001 I ngots ‘ ts] I Preside litzpatrick’s a C1 Die Steel l iny ! tife { t rks following ¢ icts re taken Crucible Steel Compar latt he general iJ sheet shows at re heavy buyer of lets in t pen market for its mi ich sests. The demands upon the company’s in the Pittsburgh district hen the en-hearth plant e to the increase of business has resulted it Midland is mpleted, wl 1 | bout the middl east f merchandise on hand and a marked the year, the mpany will 11 ition to supply steel in accounts due from customers, while cash on hand ts new finishing mills undet t Midland and it decrease of $259,183 as compared with the pri sent mulls t rit ungstow! QO} the eal The quick assets are $5,883,003 and the stown Sheet & Tube ( 1 iny has ell under way iabilities $600,746, leaving an excess of , open-heart plant t ntait x 75-ton furnaces and a ets f $5,282,346, compared with $4,265,726 last 1 ] ming 1 ill. the wi rks te hay monthly capacit the last annual report reterenc Vas me f about 320,000 ton Mucl f this steel will be used purcha f a plant at Chicago Heights, Ill. f resent finishing mills of the mpany in East ifacture of steel tires and allied products | Y nestowt? t at the start pa t] Ht duct will be | eel perated very efficiently during the ( | the market the forms of billets and sheet bat tl expectations of the management as plant is expected to be completed in the early sut ntages to be derived from the ownership of net \] at nestown the Brier Hill Steel rty have been more than fulfilled is building seven 75-ton open-hearth furnaces whicl During the past year workmen’s compensati I] ready in the late summ« nd provision is being been passed in some of the States in made for ad S n more late This plant will hav: mpany’s plants are located Heretofore the ted month] apacit 2= OOO tons and a good has been insured against the liability of accidents the output will | Id in the Open market The ees in these States, but owing to the marked 11 Bri fill Steel Company is ( roducer of sheet n ft rates f liabilitv insurance the managen t specialties, and is a heavy buyer of steel in the leemed it wise to rely upon its past experience at n market, largely from Youngstown mill The Repu lants and accept the responsibility of accidents lic Iron & Steel Company is also adding two 60-ton open loyees without the protection of a liability insuranc hearth furnaces at Youngstown, to be ympleted about \ reserve fund has been established. whicl Aug { he Rell Works is addi <o-ton fur pected will be sufficient to meet the liability cost ts I S ber | Yh und n under the new laws. The relations of th 1 ot ts in the Central West open-heart pany with its employees have in no way been tv is he re d by the building of one or mor these changed conditions. new furnac r the 1 ulding of present ones. The new The plants of the company have been mainta pacity in open-hearth steel pet nth that will probably the best physical condition, and larger amounts tl Le acini Tor aa ee r in the Pittsburel : sa ate all ive been expended in tl up-keep and charged listricts 1 I se of operatior oe ee ( During the closing mont of the year |! Pittsburgh ¢ ed an improvement, and it is hoped the present Brie H Ste ( t 1° . . ; | ae Taodneatown Sheer factor nditions will continue well into the future Repul Ir . S 1 < I i I \W \ report just issued by the Union of Gert Tot tor Tool Manufacturers states that in view of the incré In round figures, the Central West will ] its steel productive capacity of German machine-tool capacit sed late this 5.00 1 mont! il foreign outlets are considered absolutely necess or 2,100,000 tons a year overt Tl nsumption of nd every endeavor is to be made to induce the g steel is ¢ ‘ t rm ] lars n é rame the new commercial treaties on lines rease in capacity will | eet | shortags will assist the machine-tool industry in its attem in supply that has existed for sor months, and whicl extend its hold on the export trade. The total num has compelled nsumers to pay $30 and even $21 for sheet workpeople employed in the manufacture of machine ' : bars to tide them over periods when regular sources of n Germany is over 80,000, with over 7000 officials in f supply were not furnishing steel fast enough to meet their tion, while the total annual output is given as 225,000 needs In addition to th ul ie { ( acity that ilued at $53,550,000 THE IRON 3, I913 ie Newark Foundrymen’s Association irk Foundrymen’s Association, Newark, N. ] hly meeting held March 5, was ddressed Wright, of the National Founders ssociation g! Ss f molding machines and the preparation of ry machine molding At the nclusion of the nearly so many. questior vere ask f the desired, the reason being: that many of those | nachines which had been referred to and rd with the rules of operation wh he had \ few small castings ws 1 tted to | 1dgment as to the best method of productio1 an said they c uld best be made n stripping ite Mr. Wright pointed t that inasm s th skilled labor is steadily becoming e, re ling machines grows more and ‘ es e another incentive in their adoption is their lit n wide range of w The fact was ked, he remarked, that the molding ma t deserve all the credit for its good and proli it deal depends on absolutely correct p oing | pattern not just right shoul ere ith in the found: ut at once sent bacl I \ t thanks was give M ness me¢ g whicl | ed the address, t place itsel n re ra Ss pp sed t ] eel ssed y\ ‘ ler ey Asse I lv i g actior y e S Senate, the inter t the ipl u vomen as re VY, 1f any t the nember + ¢t} associatior el remakers, but all he sidered t Llis¢ f its sweepi provisions It was the the association that women should not be employed ivy work and that their surroundings should be 1 light and in every way sanitary: that their work ild be separate from that the men, and tha partitions should protect them from any smoke or : vhich might come from core ens The members emphatic, however, in their delcaration that womer rls of proper age should not be debarred from the 3 dainty work of making the lig res for whicl shown such aptitude It was ted that a mn to Trenton and oppose th jectionabl e time to recommend a | vl 1] ill i] Is before tl Leg slature. vhicl \ legal y. person t strict the opportu th t trade if he s desired vas ted measul! t committee instructed to urge i g nembers volunteered to serve on t to Trenton March 1 (he Philadelphia Foundrymen’s Association ject of “Sand Blast Equipment,” presented by Warren, mechanical engineer, and I. F. Kremer, « W. Paxson Compan Phil Iphi rought it attendance of local an t t y fou the regular meeting Philadelphia Foundry \ssociation, held at the Hotel Walton, the even March 5 Mr. Warren ened wv 1 brief his sketch, followed bv a descriptior ur type ent and installations of apparatus for sand blast steel and brass castings, the removal of paint ining of stonework, etc Hus é | é He utlined the econon sani st in the cleaning of castings, as nly redu xpense for cleaning labor but als ting ving in machinery cost wing m removal of particles f he su ¥ ness eeting ot the ass i mm, he rl Varren’s address, M. L. Kirn & Brother, bras Philadel; i vere elected members of the ass The treasurer fre porte d i subst inti ] ash bal t unpaid bills outstanding wing the meeting luncheon was served, after whi rd Evans, acting as toastmaster, called upon John nder, Thomas M. Eynon and J. Howard Sheeler © esponded with brief addresses AGE The American Steel Foundries I ‘ St I S = pre eT I i ] \ 1 ~ 4% ' i C= Q ¢ 2 : ; ‘ } re nt 11 ‘ ' f . Lis ‘ ling erat ‘ i t - " ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ce nistra S17. s8e, 706 1 ' > 6. n ’ t ’ ' ' T i retired | . Ox . ' ‘ ; Ta ry » ‘ the 1] f tf 1 , . ‘ er Ti¢ ‘ I ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ TT re . Year en —— \ ase | tr te | The Definition of a Machine A Variety of Restrictions Discussed but the Cuttin Machine 6 ~~ S of Metals and hop Are Chief Use in a Requisites Tool : + 1 é , ri¢ i eC rie ime x Ss ote ihn ed ele | the is : vv < \ t The Question of Portability ( n featur that determ ( rti Definition by Exclusion nt é m 1¢ | I tvp Vive : ] ] ric hel { 1 i 1inti¢ rae he machine shop ( f type re not always t ne whe nillis » | lumi ine runwa eee mel) st! S eely an t i ng int x ter | whe ( eta 1 y I S il vet ~ rte , e shop? There are ma { such immense d nsions that nstat ( 1e machine tool to the machin Che cast The Anvil Principle ; illo ail 5 he f the hold-« S é hin ~ iré ought ) ( m e crane set e and then, as A i ngs, t n hines are s¢ re sit th 1achined awa n > art irtable under the cor ¢ evertheles n respect t precisiol ‘ th iterial they worl the | he power transmitted, or the meat ! n that nergy in all these respe ess nparable with other machit llas ‘ t ionly classified as machine-tools ; a Use in a Machine Shop as a Limitation vi the sig ance of the term t ti ad ust t it, we may get ; the further developments, no matter ( ( t lea t the working of other C1 sarily t I Is Perhaps we will all agree that a m u e | I n ise in a machine shop for the mat ' rning I rl machine components is a machine tool. >! the tert I’ \ ng m in¢ nition would at once remove every consideration ten noted ar t ( 1 inivers al-working machines designed for use outside mean ma ( eral n os. In that event we should not include wir to have no special rel 1 iaterial the k g nery or pipe mills, or steam hammers to how it is cut or shape ence f f t n ine tools performed on the machine \ precis grinding machine is obviously a ma : aa 3, 1913 THE IRON AGE to the above definitior ibout tl Motor-Driven Lever-Feed Disk Grinding Machine Defining on Broader Lines £ ~ n { s at I nt ( S mail rail 1as ) ars r nte v li hearings iT le limit investig isclose i T 1¢ rT d i n i i . ly eve ndustry, an é la s s led t iyments mig be é es, al mmiss g the é recting ms sar\ d signe the ss ] freight cars in tne intry and the they are put. In addition to this it is expected the interrelationship of companies owning cars railroads and to determine whether the railr S se cars to themselves as charged t 3 ———————— oe er rr C—O : dik one see a © oe Factors in the Valuation of Iron Mine They Are Chiefly Amount that Can the Price and the Be Marketed—Lake Superior Mines and Their Competitors BY JAMES Our sent ideas of mine valuations were mainly Hoover, whose point of view was almost strictly at that time that of an English investor ld mines Hoover’s ideas, or their equivalent, wer« t extensively in America by J. Parke Channing rst used and others in working out a value for the “porphyry S from thence they have spread to a more or less general acceptance. The cardinal principle of Hoov ers system of valuation is simply that the value of a nine is a capitalization of future profits Zin of pront Given the mar in an ore, the amount of ore, and the time required to get the profit, the value is merely that profit as it will appear in a series of dividends discounted back from the future date of payment. [ most heartily sub scribe t this principle and believe it to be the only one worth ‘onsidering; but, like every other general prin ciple, it is only the starting point for many complex de ductions. For example, an ore which is not marketable at all to-day may be highly in demand 20 years from now It would be foolish to apply Hoover's principle to support an argument that because an ore has no present market it has no present value. The fact is that the conception of profits depends on 1. The value of an ore; that is, its average price. 2. The average cost of getting it out and getting it to final market > 3. The amount of ore and the rate of getting it out Gold Mines Contrasted with Iron Mines When we consider how these factors apply to different kind of mines, we find that with gold mines the first factor presents no uncertainty whatever. Gold is not only marketable at a fixed price, but in unlimited amounts The gold miner does not have to consider either how much of his product he can sell or what he will get for it. Inasmuch as his gold commands a fixed market, so his gold ore is always in the market. He immediately transfers his attention to the quality and quantity of it Now, if gold were not hard to find, gold ore would not have an unlimited market. Therefore, the prime wncer- tainty is the ore itself In spite of the fact that develop ment is carried on as fast as possible in the average gold mine, the amount of ore is usually the principal sut ject of uncertainty. Once mining is successfully estal lished, the cost is practically determined: so that almost the whole matter of valuation is the life of the mine. Now, if we turn our attention to iron ores, we find ourselves confronted with different circumstances. Omit ting discussions of properties in the prospecting or de- veloping stage, which have little or no influence in the markets of the world, we find that iron ores of good grade are known in immense quantities running up into billions of tons. In the large, therefore, the question is not pri marily the supply of ore. The main questions are de- cidedly the price at which it can be sold and the amount that can be marketed each year. In valuing iron mines in comparison with gold or copper mines, we transfer ‘hannel valuation cause: our chief uncertainties into quite a different With most iron mines the difference in 1 by using the minimum estimate of ore or the maximum estimate of ore upon the property will not be so grea as the difference produced by a variation of to per cent in the price to be received for that ore at the blast fur nace The Lake Ore Problem For convenience and to get a concrete illustration to argue about, let us have in mind the Lake Superior mines *From paper presented at the New York meeting, February, 1913, of the American Institute of Mining Engineers +Mining engineer. Mr. Finlay was engaged in 1911 by the Michigan State Board of Tax Commissioners to appraise the iron mines of the State for taxation. R, FINLAY.T [he factors which I will take to be vital f re field are the following: Ores that are pure enough to be inherent ble for iron smelting and manufacture. { 2. A great volume of such ores, sufficient t the great investment of capital in the steel busines naturally demands a firm foundation in assured nly 3. The assurance that such ores can be supplied w he industrial field to which they belong at least as cl as ores from any other source. I propose to point out as definitely as possibl The first thir he Lake mines meet these requirements. to do is to define the field they supply. Lake Superior iron ore goes into an industrial fiel of the first magnitude. It is rivaled only by a simil field in Europe which comprises roughly the middle thir f Great Britain and a tract on the Continent coveri: Belgium, northern France and western Germany. Th \merican field is a rough ellipse, the axis of which runs from Philadelphia to Chicago, and whose sides are Lal Erie on the north and the south boundary of Pennsy! vania on the south. The major axis is near the patl described by the American center of population in its progress westward. That center has reached a point in Indiana, not very far southeast of Chicago. Pittsburgh is about the middle point of the whole field. A moment's reflection will show that this area is precisely that area which has the closest contact with the main portion of the population of the United States and Canada; that since the derisest part of the population is east of the center of population, so the most active industrial area is naturally east of it; that the area is best situated g graphically for economical distribution to the bulk onsuming demand, for all kinds of manufacture. Lal Superior iron ore enters this region from the north and there meets its necessary complement, the great fuel su ply from the Appalachian coal field, which lies just to the south It is little wonder that this area has become prepot 4 derant in iron manufacture; that it accounts for from % @ 90 per cent. of the whole iron business of the countr 3 Now, I invite attention to this inference: If Lake Superior can meet any competition as far east as Pitts irgh, it is bound to supply half of the iron used in this field. If it cam meet outside competition all the way the coast, it is bound to supply nearly the whole demand propose to argue on this basis. I propose to leave ou f account the extraneous or gratuitous factors of taxes royalties, and profits, which are merely consequences | wed by the natural advantages which these ores en) and to consider only the fundamental factors of: Cost of mining » Distances of transportation (a) by land, and 6°45 } vy water. of these Lake ores against any known or likely swale rivals + 1 +he Present metallurgical practice seems to be to treat Old Range ores as an accessory to Mesaba ores,* using them as a desirable mixture. The proportions are about -o tons of Mesaba to 30 tons of Old Range. As near as I can make out. the average mining cost of all these or omitting taxes, is about 60 cents a ton for Mesaba (larg steam shovel) and about $1.50 for the others (all under eround), T am talking about complete costs, including ervthing except initial plant. This figures for the wi e product &7 cents a ton. The average iron content ot t ores T believe to be about 52 per cent. natural. This ' that the average mining cost is 1.67 cents per unit *The Mesaba Range is pretty thoroughly explored an 1,500,000.000 toms are developed. The Old Ranges are not leveloped, in spite of being generally older. They have tr ; 000,000 to 400,000,000 tons of ore developed. Annuals s from the Mesaba are about 30,000,000 tons, from the O es from 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 tons. 654 13, 1913 THE IRON AGE 65: Cost of Lake Ores at Pittsburgh Point of Equilibrium in Competition > ' take this ore to Pittsburgh as the central point lov ' s ind 1 , nt e Lake S anufacturing field. For 70 per cent. there is a perior will meet both Cuba and Brazil on equal ter f about 90 miles to lake, and for 30 per cent This int will be. in terms of land |} that distan 1 of 37 miles; the average is 68 miles. The t of Pittsburgh wh « 9 f { “a ; t. has a lake haul of 850 miles per cent, has a lake haul of 65 2s s@ereeeeeaeataeaezeet 2 2 no SBS SS BS eB SRBSBSERSPRBSSPRSERaqE ES ré is 7Q9O mules j 1 $6.00 iene ecient es = -— tt _ = — = < =< < 60 m les The t il land . les over a level country, witl j | lI Ce f down-hill pull for ce haul is over the protect s : = Se = ' . > ’ . > = - ~ _ “ . 2 a} a inland lakes. Both factors are otto oa aS a o aa a a a a ; a : ; rable. Land haul appears t t present about 0.66 cent per to! ( t of Iron Ore P S ge an ‘ Fans ‘ w ? } ré ) , | haul about 0.09 cent per ton Panic of 1 ——g 4 hese gures are accurate enough cal purposes \pplh ing them. we get the follow lifferential fay it Pittsburgh: xists at that point t > ‘ O . te . > 1 gl} OOO «¢ nt t ] . 6 $1.5 . ' res. therefore ! 19 7 € 7 ‘ i ) nt even ter ne : ‘ ( ‘ ‘ e 7 lvantage Very l 1 e ; | aie 1 e~( irter a manuf Leas l vl ( iba innot esta | sh t Nat ron I 1 ‘ ; { iried) iry) Phos Moisture ndustria eid bstantiall ( l per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent vhich the Mesaba Range has in the Lake S t | Bessemer ; 55 61.12 ).045 10 of] . aa aaeeean ce 6112 0.045 it is, it can furnish, say r cent. of the iror Jesse 51.12 ge Non- Bessemer 11.5 58.52 n the ase ot Brazil the ‘rer i a | { Tas smer 51.5 se 52 > Non-Bessemer..... 21.50 98.92 é 88 miles land ha e2 : ‘ es a premium is ved for phosphorus less than therefore, compete é t vat ha n ) ] ~~ a 5 (‘nha hae - lifferential ¢ i res allowances are made for iron contents varying from ube Mas a tere - , ; ‘ 1 T 1) . ; + ndard Silica is also carefully taken into a nt For a t . over Brazil see Hurd’s “Iron-Ore Manual It may be argued that sid s one-third The Bessemer quality is worth n with lower freight rat in | ents a to say, for tl iverage 7 that | = laa : , la iny s i mer sa es t i f lit al 33 transportation. not npetitior ' rp tT? Total tase value 6.26 be seriously irged that Americans can d ' . . ‘ At int wcean thar nm the | ; S $+, ' w let us look at some competitors. ( 1 can pro = ee . eS , ’ ‘rT? r ‘ ? , , ‘ r , ; . , : ; ¢ Ira than \merica Vhen va ' 100,000,000 tons or more of iron ore, which when F : ; ; : aa os ‘ tion has to compete. it will do so on its lvantage ed or “nodulized” will also contain 52 per cent. of t is verw possible indeed that petimate eens ot my . ’ meee very D ne a a r he ore is all low in phosphorus and contains 0.75 . wr ‘ . . ' tion cost much lower than tl t non may ent. of nickel. These factors will, I believe, make it : is : : ) + prove to be practicablk ut if the t tha lable riva I will count in the Bessemer differ- : ; Liel transportation sts ther ire t hig ! t & but because the nickel is not yet established as a ; m factor, we will neglect that, except to consider ee “a n this arcument have cmitt el as so much iron aad ; Cent petit n which have some bearir c 1d ents per unit nts a ton on Cuban res his 1 ¢ n t8-mile ining ~ 27 conte ner ton. 4 enta nodulized 76 ; ning, say, 27 cents pe n, 40 n ilized ag nd haul Our meeting point. therefor s sea haul at 0.0 $1.08 per ton ‘ nN ed that much further ist f Pitt d haul at 0-6 $?.70 er tor ) ‘ 41 f tor ic liffere , - ai ‘ ‘ . th ¢ " rior hase « et . s 93 : 7 . a 4 : 2 ’ ’ r nr te I Re t 0 5. = 30 erohehie. erentes a hat ‘ tal a ich ur s S y r mining aint “ ¢ T ! & thee | . mal ' rence Ff + . . hI 1 base va Cocece j : 7.2 ents a ton It must be remembered that docl j rential in favor of Lake Superi ».50 , railroads. etc ire transport n factor nd is equal to $1.30 per ton at Pittsburgh : : : . - : - a they are nearly dent ; fu ' | ‘ nly other field which can figure in billions of , D f T ae ) ‘ i Brazil. Let us appraise its factors. The ore fields - las rot . ) ' ir, aga n i the tropics in a mountainous countt 380 miles a a ea ‘ ° — ‘ P t tT | sor T { t re nfage he sea, with plenty of rain Rail haul will cost ; ; : : " , an in the Lake Supe rior reqgiotr but let us ignore . ‘ Let us take mining at any figure you please, say a : : : ‘ : Tie Rie | eRe - f ac milk a ! 1 ton, and let us take the ore to be 62 per cent : ' ' + ’ will not } ive 1 - ('n ¢ | ee ft ‘ no ft vitiate semer, natural ; i aE iA ile ts te ' ‘ieee ents ’ ‘ s he : * nil sent 1 — lL, tariff — 4 ' é lat ; Tv. j “+ fT \ eet Tr . Cuhar ‘ ha t tir (,e , A lahanr hit incl ; I rid i | ¢t 2 Ww) ents per ton 40 7 t lec at ) poe & 7.77 ~ . S700 miles at 0.09—5.13 per ton 8.27 nuence of Above 8 4 ices 2 Influence of Above Facts Upon Pr et 444 It } nt fr m th, 1 . ‘ ‘ I ak é nerior ores are firmly established in the erent ' rential in favor of Lake Superior d.5 our American iron manufacturing field. The is is equal to about $5 per ton of Lake Superior ore sible competition that pears t ‘ portar t fr PS =~ 2 en ‘ : Cuba, and « I I pier if Cuban Ww, since the competition is based res d to displace Lake Superior ores in o1 perating cost of Cuban ore, with no allow quart tal effect on t ike market sions, duty, amortization of nodulizing pl is likely siderable In the ice, the de yrofits, it is plain that this base price lan steel America is expandin ial basis of competition, but a price a the nee ising t tl e oft I ‘ petition will be impossible in the Pittsbur 25,000,0 decad e im tation o may believe that Cuban producers might 8 000,06 oo tons a se Cuban or me all these costs for a margin i es Ne is -<ols sment he next tet seems narrow enough, we are é veal not be | wht i | npetitive level for this grade nf ‘ atly the 1 s t $4.90 per ton < { taker grant ' n ( v, the actual average of prices fri vil eted exce it remunerat rate n I e, 1s $4.10 per ton. The average of th mat lly tect » rio! nel the lart for the ears 1897, 1904, and ) thei s t1ict { ¢ ti But each succeeding cycle of t I hicl are n ee! as the preceding one The 1 ly the vn $3.7 s $1.15 per ton higher than ( ms efor $2.60 in I&97 urthermore, we see that e] — the 17 vears has been 90 cents a tor ‘ é an s ng iS¢ level f lowest yrices it ( SI t lieve that average prices have actual etit t in spite 1 : $ er ton between 1897 and 1912; that es int e east t t 1ating above a minimum of $2.6 m the | =) nes 9 ve a minimum of $3.75; that if tl tear ciminis ( I om ent ton above the low average Lal Supe S ‘ mot tot ( \ mig! reasonably ilculate tl witl I 1 ! I ige pric¢ r these ores in 1912 as that §& this ictulal pt I ( I go the te gos As matte that I their r ize f he seven panic years, 1893 to 189 petiti t c 1 5 $3 ver ton. In tg1t | bases s the Mi re ‘ rg g pi these res On a seven-yea 1 ton pro £ altic¢ I t tl I ) gto, inclusive, and obtained a figuri s only So per cent ' t ect t this figure for my valuations, thi vere to mé ( mpet n o1 e! I se years represented both good and ba The Depressing Influence of the Mesaba litions covering about the same number 1 has al Se A vanil 1 4 the Iter the pani of 1907 It has been eR SONS I ' | this was good reasoning, especially fa of intenae taheconl Ae hat S ipped after ro1r. Nevertheless a ial aie sie core ilie taiiat 7? g tained by using the seven years ending 191 eater t that time t Mesal eld yield the same figure. de repla the est eC r AI making ‘ ma ree cae me eae | 0 ; oe Predicted Bessemer Ore Prices Above $4.50 : n 169 ope} an t ae ( nsiderations enumerated in this arti ut in 1693 and 1694 the dem = whole ne ed m siderably in the belief that the I fone — o M : os <a ted in 1911 was reasonable, after all. I n supp! ; be I — ue : ane he logic of the situation points to a pric« mous ‘ d : . ind $5 a ton f Old Range Bessemer at st on SHOVES 1S n ' He r re st ‘ ind that prices either lower or higher will d sly Cds t get ry t : em rary These neures | believe are trustw rred me OF Gmvers W Pp oom ap long as transportation rates remain on their present merce reached its ré mt Ap! M res can only disturb-the equilibrium by TOG; Serer We See naSuing ule ‘ a ai | reight rates. If such rates are put in Liner the present ; permit important foreign competition the ; as t aistut : , a t ike country will come down The mine owt oS Mi sa ng oe a ; te, should be fairly protected in a margin ke Supesio 0 I ' t i 2 ximately equal to that allowed by the abo ore theit itt uivantages nave ‘ ( ! resent rates estimate of the future pr ec ser por their fluctuations s he time wh« vard condit Discussion If we had another Mesaba the should t Birkinbine, Philadelphia, presided at uke it inte nt: but as su ( , h Mr. Finlay’s paper was read. In e less at ess elv I thir t ical elieve that aluation of ore properties, he ment