The Iron Age 1913-02-20: Vol 91 Iss 8

THE IRON AGE stablished 1855 New York, February 20, 1913 Vol. 91: No. 8 Sheet Steel Pipe Plant at Richmond, Cal. Equipment of the Western Pipe & Steel Com- pany for Making Light and Heavy Riveted Pipe, Tank and Other Sheet Metal Work & Steel | npa La l yA At les é iT) \ i al ince ~ al I 1 ; < pe i¢ An ‘ | r t rh est de tan i V k uthern he Stat ind Mex ned it \ d in tl r of the oil l 5 ul ar nsists prin illy ind I W sing utput < he other t plat i metal and plate work, in additio1 near I eted, galvanized surface irrigation reat! ar edging pipe, well casing, steel and galvanized tanks he Richmor nner Har I | ies, heaters and sm« kesta ks ng is f the Frances Smith business in Sar | rancisc¢ twel I I ] ! ] ised it he m un iding la it t ll : : . ; achin t Work on 48-In. Pipe for a Penstock. The Pilates ’ > Assemt Shop Showing a Pneumatic Riveting Machine at ie ow In. Thick and Are Riveted with 1)4-In. Rivets 471 errs ee CR eee ee SEE nS a 472 THE IRON AGE be noticed by referring to Fig. 2. The east wing, which is 52x 256 ft., with a 40x 96 ft. L-shaped extension, contains all the machinery and tools for the manufacture of light riveted water pipe and well casing. The north end of the wing contains all of the machinery, the smaller machines being driven from a main lineshaft, while the larger ones have individual The west wing, 256 ft., is devoted to the manufacture { heavy plate work, heavy riveted | and tanks. All of the machines in this wing | ndividual direct-connected motor drive f and all of the electric hoist e. toolroom is located in the north end of this win Che mait tion of the building, which is used as an i bling s | measures 72X 355 ft. and is served | y an electric traveling crane, running the entire length of the building extreme north end of the shop is used for the storage of plates and sheets, the material being directly unloaded from the cars which are switched under the crane Che only machinery in this shop is the pneumati rivetil achines at the extreme southern end and the special machinery for the manufacture of galvanized sut face irrigation pipe, located along the east wall. In Fig. 1 portion of this shop is reproduced, showing one of thi pneumatic riveting machines at work on pipe 48 in diam eter for a penstock. The plates ar: ind are riveted with 1'4-in. rivets It will be noticed from th engraving that the pipe is brought under the machine on low four-wheel trucks [lo facilitate the turning of the pipe for riveting, chains which are fastened at the end to holts in the work are run through — _ 1—48-In. Multiple Punching Machine 2—60-In. Gate Shearing Machine is slightly larger, measuring 60 x ed with jib cranes, equipped with verhead pulleys and February 2 the pipe is turned on the cars by placing a croy one of the holes. Along the east wall of the shop there is a set of 10-ft. light rolls and a specia riveting machine, which has been developed and | by the company for the manufacture of light gal irrigation pipe. This machine will rivet a 10-ft of pipe in one operation and has a capacity of fro to 5000 ft. per day. It is so arranged that pipe fror 2 in. in diameter can be riveted, the changes neces accommodate different sizes being made in les [To the north of the west wing and connected main assembling shop is the dipping shed. The d kettle is equipped with burners for using crude oil and is served by an electric crane. The riveted p arried by the traveling crane in the main building e riveting stakes to the skids running from the ttle into the assembling shop. From here it is the electric crane which serves the dipping kettl the skids extend from the west side of the dipping to the storage yard, where space is provided for 100,000 ft. of pipe of different sizes. A revolving vith an electric hoist is employed to load the pipe f: torage yard upon the cars for shipment In the heavy pipe department the plates are taken the storage space in the north end of the assembling nd are carried by the traveling crane to the southwesterr end. Here they pass successively through the shearing punching machines, the scarfing hammers and rolls and nally delivered to the assembly shop for riveting plate is then riveted by pneumatic yoke riveting machin the compressed air for this operation and the caulk 0-Ft. Power Riveting Machine Wall Radial Drilling Machine 38—Riveting Stakes 39—Riveting Stakes 3—40-In. Multiple Punching Machin« 24-Ft. Jib Crane 40—Emery Wheel 4—40-In. Multiple Punching Machine Pneumatic Riveting Machine 41—22-In. Drilling Machine 5—40-In. Shearing Machine Hoist for Dipping Kettle 42—8-Ft. Power Brake 7—40-In. Casing Rolls 25—Splitting Shearing Machine 43—30-In. Punching Machine 8—36-In. Casing Rolls —Motor-Generator Set 44—16-Ft. Jib Crane ; 9 Sonne Hammer 7—Motor 45—Horizontal Punching Machine 10—48-In. Water Pipe Rolls 8—30-In. Radial Drilling Ma 46—Blacksmith’s Forge 11—Perforator Lathe 47—12-Ft. Rolls 12—Shear Blade Grinding Machine 30-In. Shaping Machine 48—8-Ft. Rolls 13—Casing Trimming Machine 31—Lathe 49—Flange Fire Forge 14—Casing Driver 33—Wet Emery Grinding Machine 50—Bevel Shearing Machine 15—25-Hp. Motor 34——T Stage Air Compressor 51—60-In. Multiple Punching Machine 16—Straight Seam Riveting Machine 5—75-Hp. Motor 52—Revolving Crane 17—Straight Seam Riveting Stakes 36—Single-Stage Compress 53—12-Ft. Jib Crane 18—Round Seam Riveting Stakes 37—A Receiver 54—40-In. Punching Machine 19—10-Ft. Surface Pipe R FIG, 2—GROUNI PLAN OF HE RICH MOND PLAN 5—12-In. Punching Machine OF THEI WESTERN PIPE & STEEL COMPANY. ry 20, 1913 led at a pressure of compressor 100 lb. by a motor-driven located in the toolroom. ity of this compressor is 500 cu. ft. and a smaller r of 150 cu. ft. is used as an auxiliary ‘ the machinery in the factory is driven Ome Rand air by electric of the smaller machines in the pipe shop toolroom are driven from lineshafts while all rger machines have their own individual direct- ted motors. Alternating current at a potential of ts is led into the plant and betore is stepped down to the toolroom there is a 1otor-generator set which is employed to generate urrent at 220 volts for the traveling crane and the hoists. With this exception alternating current is the plant. The transformer house is n the east side of the main building and is a te structurs arrangement of the machinery and the routing work were given considerable thought, ybtaining the minimum loss of time partment the being used. In roughout with an In the water sheets are unloaded from the cars to ige space directly back of the shearing and gang machines in the north end of this department here they pass through the shearing machines, the inching machines, the scarfing hammers and the are so arranged as to eliminate any extra ing of material. After this three or four rivets are each section of pipe to hold it together while run- through the straight seam riveting machin¢ The ire “stuck” in by hand and are riveted on a power ne that operates by direct pressure on a large stake vhich the pipe is placed after the rivets have been \ roller carriage operated by a vard and back over a die plate in which are placed for forming the rivet heads which screw feed travels [his machine turns out t 1200 ft. of pipe per day, and from here the sections taken to a round seam stake where the sections are d together into lengths of from 20 to 25 ft. The pleted sections are next moved out into the assembling and are picked up by the crane and carried to the ing kettle The riveted pipe turned out in this de nent is made from 4 to 30 in. in diameter and from 1f No. 16 to No gauge. It is used principally f ition, hydraulic mining, water supply systems an 1 mall power plants. he machines for the making up of well casing ad punching and shearing machines for the water pips material goes successively through the shearing and hing machines and the rolls t stakes m there to a trimming ends the riveting machine the sections go from here to the drive sections, ranging en placed under the where quared up Che casing is made into t in length and is tl ne in the assembling shop »f the output of this plant can be obtained The first is a view end of the assembling shop and shows some steel plate elbows, 48 in. in diameter with ial ends for connection to continuous wood stave pip¢ the same size. In the upper portion of Fig. 4 is shown where the ft m 10 t 20 Some idea an examination of Figs. 3 and 4 the norti ted %-in ne-shaped suction chamber for a gold dredge which plates. ide of 5/16-in This chamber is 12 ft. in Fig. 3—Some Typical Products of the Plant meter at the center and is 12 ft. long. In the fore- und of this engraving is shown some 22-in, pontoon + e for a suction dredge made from %-in. plate with THE IRON AGE 473 Other include diameter, a and reinforced’ ends y the purifiers 54 in. in double riveted girth seams work recently completed feed water heaters and company two rig 4 S } g W k ] 7 Lit stor a te 1 10 I Oo Q f ‘x + : 1 I t O-1I cle f ‘ n ( iat ( Id in, mn liame I 0 I \W yrk A mpleted before | t tion piates tor a pip ne 104 1 vere t, pt ched ' ' and rolled. TI ipe |i and i nlatec r wi ‘ Aluminum Company Une the rgest alumi ndris n the Middle : stablishee iow he Werra Aluminu ( an reanize (Conrad nd Alex VOX neé al ut 7 ' re incorporated with a ipita .\s K | Pfeffer f Waukesha 5 al ass i t { enterprise The c pany has taker long-tert le n the sh ps of the Wisconsin Centra Railw { i h eT abandoned about tl t tukesha w abolished as a division point. The buildings are now bein altered for foundry purpos« nd contracts are now beings placed for the equipment Mr. Werra established the Alw ndry Con pany at Manitowoc 14 years ag In 1909 the plant was purchased by the Aluminum Castings Compar in East ern corporation, which made the Manit ant its western branch Mr. Werra ntinued as general man ager, and his general superintendent, Mr. Pankratz, re mained with the new compan is tactor superintendent The Aluminum Castings Company has not yet appointed successors to then Mr erra will remain in charge of the Manitowoc works for some weeks, while Mr. Pank ratz is at Waukesha, superintending the establishment of the new works, which will have three times the capacity of the Manitow foundry The Chicag vey, Ill., has filed notice fa ° o > trom $250,000 to 3125,00% ee ae ara Use of Waste Heat of Open Hearth Furna Losses Reduced by About 40 Per Cent. by Conducting the Gases to a Boiler Plant —Details of Construction and Methods tor tn ust gases from ope! for some time, and Il! this connection a paper in the issues some of the heat of wast h furnaces have been advocated of Stahl und Eisen January 9 and 16, 1913, is of great interest. It is Superintendent J. Schreiber of the Phoenix plant Duisburg-Ruhrort, and describes the 11 stallation there for raising steam with the waste gases giving als results obtained References to the work of Maver and Springorum show ‘that from 29 to 32 pet cent. of the heat developed in the open hearth process 1s carried y the waste gases. The theoretical temper- a ature at which the ; waste gases. should enter the chimney is 4 . ¢ given at 300 deg. C K\ fs 4 temperature whi i mg : ™ : j i LR / SS. { on ee { 7 a, oe {tot h Sewer ey eat rt, Yr lemper ee> is not reached in practice, because with active operation it is unavoidable that a considerable part of the hot gases burn while passing through the ports and checkers or even after leaving the reversing apparatus. Even if it were possible that by some arrangement the temperature of the gas and air entering the hearth could be kept constant be- tween reversal periods, the theoretical waste gas tempera ture is only lowered to 273 deg. C., or about 10 per cent. less than 300 deg. C As a matter of fact the waste gas temperatures are cor siderably higher with most open hearth general they may be given as from 600 to 700 deg. C., but with active working they are often much higher. If lower figures are obtained the reason may not be better furnace efficiency, but greater radiation gases enter the checkers, or loose brick work allowing the entrance of cold air. furnaces In losses before the These temperatures hold good for the ordinary scrap process and it is natural that higher ones should be obtained when liquid metal is used. Springorum gives 630 deg. to 960 deg. C. for the Hoesch process, but here the temperature of the pro- ducer gas was proportionately high, being 800 to 870 deg. C. The use of cold gas, such as mixtures of coke oven and blast furnace gas, should give lower figures. Simmersbach found an average of 565 deg. C. when using a mixture of coke oven and blast fur- mace gas, and 560 deg. C. when using coke oven gas alone. A private com- munication gives results of 450 to 500 deg. C. when using a mixture of pro- Results icer, blast furnace and coke oven gas, and 780 deg. C. when using mixed producer and gas. This 30 per cent, of the heat develope carried away by the waste gases must not altogether lost, because it produces a consi in the chimney which is necessary to carry on [he experiments carried out by Herr Wibber the beginning of October, 1911, to the end of 1912, are briefly described ne pliant of Ut werken and 350 heats were made after the boiler connected. Exact figures as to the amount raised could not be obtained owing to the local but a comparison with the preceding year sh A 10-ton furnace was 1e Gelsenkirchener Guss-Stahl und 1.15 tons of steam were raised per ton of coal use producers The furnace was slowed down son owing to the long narrow gas conduit to the lers the ming together of the waste gases from th and the neighboring boilers, and as the necessary changes could not be made the boiler plant was disconnected boiler plant were connected to a 50-ton furnace it w need a much larger chimney to give the necessary draft, because there is the increased resistance of the boilers to be overcome, and also the gases will enter the chimney at a much lower temperature than before. Accordingly when in 1909 the introduction of waste heat boilers was con- sidered for the new Phoenix plant, it was resolved to ex- periment with the use of artificial draft on an old 20-ton furnace It was decided to use the Schwabach patented aste Heat Boilers, with Intermediate Buildings Containing Feed Pumps, Motors, Etc. 474 hrig riq9T ual yY 20, I91T3 THE IRON ~ c W 7. y la ve € W ci i Phe est Was § Stact exten erat i fur e was down ntrary s lig up Was poss Lhe boil was t mall he W te gases were n vn from 700 and 750 deg. (¢ 400 and 450 deg nel d to install 5 nt large suc 30-ton es I W il and as S V S \ als 1 t Schnw ‘ < tus, which takes the place of the ury s provided with arrang: nts yere r pressure is determined by experiment, and tl f the suction exerted on the gases of combus e of the fan, the revolutions per 1 f tuyeres The latter can be regulat: Sing nd falling double con arrange iste ises, after they have mixed with th é eres, which produce the suction, are blow: short chimney whi videns towa! s S itted th it the lation of a n pla h a n he nace may appt an undes e and u le ¢ pli Id be nembered, however, that the gas produce vhole furnace operation rest on t certainty ( ition of boilers, motors and fans, and that with good n and suitable arrangement there shoul e. The plant must further be kept in very good c nd above everything else looseness in the nstt st be avoided while the advantages are c: ‘ ‘ nsidera lea nd weighty ymes the absolute independence in regard to the in it e of weather on the draft; f | urther tl ing about good working with an flues and checkers of which deposits +} e very satisfactory regulation of Air Valve PP pry Forter Valve 1 e pe j << PP i petal 77 SSS <S wn PER tet Waste ibility n e in the ed Ne t y mea Heat AGE Gas Conduit oe J a i ar re ‘ r ‘ r not ‘ cf + 1 —_ T rr ° =" = <= - s rea- » teel 3 "4 ‘ air 7 <_ 1 > 3 pas chil { i¢ i +t f nt ‘ ‘ ) " ur I <hathhbblds Aik hteheflchihehede : 475 ++ x : at ; ' ‘ Se eating t ¥ 3 7 c & v wr 5 Oo & . o 2 Ra SLs Sst CS rp “Da: Aare: pea eee: 476 THE IRON AGE is lined through with firebrick, although this would other wise be unnecessary. The she seen near the boilers in Fig. 2 contain the feed pumps, fans, motors, ete. The case of the breakdown of the motors or fans is also pr vided for, the necessarv suction being then produced by a steam blast In this way all possible troubles are taken care of. The steam produced is used in the gas producers, the excess being taken to the basic Bessemer mill and the rolling mills, and the. steam is therefore only furnished at 120 Ib. pressur ulthough the boilers can give 180 lb The boilers chosen were the Garbe patent because they fitted best into the LV ulable space \\ | ethe T otl et ilers would give better results should not bs sideres this time. The »f the waste gases and there é power requir: n the suction plant, apart ( perature and the coal burned, depends s air present he entrance of air through loose bri etc., is therefore to be avoided as much as possible, and under certain conditions it may be advisable to replace the ordinary loose-fitting butterfly tightly closing reversing arrangements su the gas. Thi ugh the brick work around the boilers cannot apparently be prevented even with the greatest care, it being brought about by the porosity of the brick work. The results obtained are given 1 entrance of air tht in detailed tables, from the first five of which Table 1 h been compiled iat = co = e fee tae F nev : =< E eo 8 SY = 3 DE bi rm fx, i. sy Sot NS a Zz % fan... °12 ] 30 24 4 494 Se Feb 12 ) f 48 é Aug., *12 3( 166 Sept 12 4 é Sept., 12 Aug. No Ste ). per s er I tt. heat Date Feces rface ce jan., "12 ) 8 \it 176 heats Feb., 712 0 4 5 \ fte 84 heats Aug., "12 18 é 3 hea Sept., 712 7 ¢ 7 er 7 5 >ept., 12 8 > Aug., °12 3 ‘ 60 he Four more tables are given showing the steam test made during separate heats from furnaces ; These results are brought together in Table 2, fro whi it is seen that about 40 per cent. of the heat in the wast gases is used. but that about 60 per cent se 9 nt t nately lost with the present plant In other words, the per cent. loss of the heat developed e ope tion 1s reduced to about RN per cent >} F ce Heat 4. 4. 45 w 1 : 674 6 ita ahaa 708 Che next question is that of econot nd of course it | must be remembered that the busins f the open heartl is not the raising of as much steam ; sible but much more the production of the la n; fF ste with the lowest possible coal consumption and temperature of the waste gases Cost ilculations aré ivel furnaces I, 2 and 4 with waste gas temperatures 501.5, 612, 623 and 640.3 ce ( The ( lant minus the cost of the chimney which woul therwise be necessary, 1S given as $5,470 for the 30-tor rnace and $6,428 for the so-ton furnac: Phe S wer is taken as 0.595c. per kw | and the value of the steam at 47.6 per ton. With waste gas at 451 deg. C. there is a loss ton of steel produced: when it is. 501.5 deg. C. the gain is only 1.9c. per ton perature The gain increases with rising tem- With 612 deg. C. it is 3.81c. per ton: with 623 deg. C. it is 6.66c. per ton, and with 640.3 deg. C. it is 8.33¢ per ton. The basis taken is 250 working days per year These results put in another way show that the ye excess over the capital invested in the plant is 11.5 cent., 26 per cent., 54.3 per cent. and 66.9 per cent tively, increasing with the waste gas temperatures and the size of the furnaces February 20, By the use of economizers it is calculated that the gases can be cooled down 40 or 50 deg. C. mor amount heat utilized being raised to 50 or 55 per and the heat escaping by the chimney reduced to 4s per cent [The use of such economizers will scarce] he operating costs, because, although a littl resistance will be introduced, the cooling will reduc: leave a t iTTi¢ iit gases o be moved, and the two will ach other. It must be remembered tl is only a first step in the utilization of the waste heat [ tests and work must be done to impr results and reduce the loss G. ] A Self-Starting Direct-Current Mine Motor \n improvement has recently been made by the We inghouse Electric & Mfg. Company, East Pittsburgh, in the nstruction of its mine motors by which the dir current units are self-starting. This improvement course, increases the value of the motors for mine as heretofore, while it has been possible under some P ditions to start them from the powerhouse, most of motors installed for driving pumps and fans in mines to be started by hand i f reason the power supply was temporarily interrupted, With t new self-starting direct-current motors this inconvenietr This made it necessary, if for the attendants to visit each motor and start it. Self-Starting Direct-Current Electric Motor for Driving Mine Pur und Fans Developed by the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg I East Pittsburgh, Pa. s don vay with. When the power fails the motors, o! se, stop, but as soon as the current comes on again th: tors start automatically. In addition, starting boxes at mit 1 he wiring is simple. It is pointed out that these motors require is an occasional inspection; other } ¢ } } eft entirely to themselves. The elect | characteristics of the self-starting mot differ but little from those of the usual type, the only alter tion being in the use of a heavier compounding winding hich reduces the flow of current when starting. In the nechanical construction of the motor there is no chang: These units are built in sizes up to 20 hp. for the voltag isually ¢ loyed in mine work, and can be supplied for kinds of pump and fan service The Portland Iron Works, Portland, Ore., has place in order for two 1000-hp. triple-expansion, angle type en gines with the American Engine Company, Bound Brook N. J. These engines, which are for use on two Govern ment dredges being constructed by the Portland [ro Works, are of the twin-angle type with two horizontal and ‘al cylinders, the former being the high-pressur ones. This type of engine was selected because by reaso! f its good balance it operates at a comparatively hig! permitting advantageous design centrifugal dredge pump to which it is directly connecte to be used. Another advantage is that the angle arrang« ment also eliminates vibration and pounding and reduces the amount of floor space required speed, thus a mort uary 20, 1913 THE IRON AGE 477 st of a High Vacuum Condenser “Ot. nee het a irculating water makes two passes through the tubes Acceptance Trial of a Large Wheeler Cutering at Ome ' ind passing through the lower _ Unit Installed in a Steel Plant Of tubes On Doth sides Of the Cemter ane a See the top bank to the discharge Ch irculating water is rge high vacuum condenser of the dry tube base drawn from Lake Michigan through an intake tunnel 150 | the Wheeler Condenser & Engineering ft. long nd is dis ret to a sewel! I circulating Carteret, N. ]., has been installed at the Sout! : Wheeler louble suctior te pum f the Lh perating at a Steel Com spee t from . South Chi to 13 m Th ll n con- pum] drive! vitl i by a 20x24 in “ Curtis Cooper Corliss en- pressurt gine Che dry air generating pump is a 14x 36 Low pres- in Wheeler tan- dem rotative dry vacuum pump and there are two 5-1n reciprocat- centrifugal hotwell pumps installed rines, which arge int a which are driven ler about 100 by 24-hp. steam ng. In addi irbines, this sup lo check the f steam, the laranteed values, the steam engi- neering depart- ment f the Il- lino steel Com- ist from blast ace blowing nes and auxi- es is used, renders pany made tests in July with the ilet circulating water at 73.4 t 73.7 deg. | Re arkably higt 0.000 tO 250,000 of steam avail able per hour. In iS¢ of a defi- ency of the sup- ly of exhaust steam, high-pres re steam is em- uums were ob ned with cool ing water at a ployed to carry he load In the ign of the con temperature of leg i For xample, with the iter admitted at this temperature ser. a view oft h is given } the follow vacuums wer un at the rate oo Ib. per ranteed witl ing water ten iture of 70 deg m of 28,473 in ind not more _— — _ — — rresponding to 34,000 gal. of iy deg. F., and iter per munute Vacuum 28.3 210,000 | I 4 eg., a rise of I1.1 deg per hour; 28.5 in., 185,000 Ib.; 28.6 im., 150,00 nd tl tw ratu 7 de ! ethcient 120,000 lb.: 28.9 1n., 70,000 II t | ral gut t 32 B.t.u er square ngement t t nse! I yuxil 1 t iria r hou temperature difference ‘ther 1 | t small difference n temperatut et en the rged ndensing water +} +t gl serail tacumaire yn] leg. below the tempera- =F <> efficient of heat trans f _—— ; I per hour per degree sa a CJ ' ; j ~~ 4b . . sas ee ho | er | ‘ ower © wt ‘ my 4 1 i. i oe “ 4 ) * r o. ri ‘ 7 LJ » F omtcians s Se : ,J poet | . a - , / — — . “1 rig i n Figs. 2 and 3, which are a plan view and an eleva g Ele geme the Condenser and n respectively. The condenser tube surface is arranged two sets of banks on eitl side of the center line difference in te rature t] ! 210,000 Ib. of th dry plates at several elevations on each side drain steam per hour This w t aximum load on the con- ng outward toward the shell. These divide the tube sur lenser, but it is claimed that from the results obtained it e into a number of compartments designed to give an would have been possible t irry a load of 250.000 Ib. of . ’ : alt af a ' ient and even distribution of the steam to all of the steam per hour, with R um and ooling water rface There are about 6000 1-in. tubes in the con temperature of 70 deg. |} te nm ee 28S acest tadien el An A Sai dat cca Sieh EI: i a pases a . SRS See = “ian be A High Cost of Living Is High Cost of Labor Jack Cade’s Political Economy in Modern Guise—No Cure for Present Conditions Except in Increasing Individual Output » i piank ; i ( I | | : a a ¢ ten é ‘ ' not ripé r su ed T 1 ‘ } ne nid C¢ I | isines é ( and m«¢ noi ‘ o¢ han it ‘ ‘ { \ ¢ vel 1€@a S t } I De i ) ' 1 4 { 1 S ho ‘ : ‘ V\ S { ; ' . ‘ W ( ( t S h 1 - nd see ts < Sé _ t T - = | ‘ c ‘ strilee The ope , ress : ; ( The miners declare ‘ ' ' € ) 1, dead le il 1 i y t! ( i t f . erme! elf, almost a ( : : 1 t the que T m¢ | ‘ the doct | ' { large 1 lif 1 nat t ‘ 1 é ' ‘ +] hl; I easv 1 f ttlit ‘ ‘ ica + 4 ' ' Operating Men and Economic Problems ' reater income ’ } j pet ‘ : 1 I ' i at he ; t T) ne Ss } C ad + < 1 Phe ‘ ‘ t de, real ‘ | te ¢ ‘ th : ee ; he ft 1; fi¢ \\ t { ma ( f ‘ 1 i soll 43 : , MV +} . "a 7 aart | } + r ( wned with success If st as W 1 } +} nt T ] 1 } l that their | ' hat their teal lahar and wid u WI! thes 7 nN Tf nm TO." t a fr I us os aia t ’ ¢ the na n né nce ‘ Baan St every peratins keeps thet : ; T 4 eliberate end and ai organized labor 1s t t . . ‘ tha ‘ - s little as possible so that there s 1 1es rn Ss . 1 ti I Af \ Nt is fH scih] 5 vier vn ft tne 2@r 1 1 . | > ¢ ‘ ( ne 1, < nt nd even t 1 ' G t ‘ + 1 2 ] u . 1 ‘ ‘ pte i . e rapid ° . : ; . : : : os The Earlier and Later Jack Cade School ' nt { t in the nast men ere worked fT Tn Shakespear: > Henry VI w ‘ cf 4 — . "eae ‘ t thev a saretafie d nvthing t . fo 1 ‘Tt ‘ ’ . +1, ; oressive Tack { ade who ; rt ; fT T | ‘ n : 20, 1913 THE IRON AGE 17 Che Farmer’s Costs Rising Also ( i Labor ( Pu 5 ( as d : . ' ‘ ‘ ) sk ¢ w“ ‘ ae a ‘ t f ‘ . ‘ The Labor Trust in the Building Trades : ‘ ( ‘ 1 ‘ repai nie 1 4] { trades ‘J i ' ‘ . { ‘ | wet « ne \ g ‘ will in © , ae ng ; 1g siiieie < 2 480 THE IRON AGE February 2c This resulted in increas earnings and, shortly, in an- far as he could see the right. He said somethin er series of demat n the part of employees for their the labor question which showed there were mar share of thi creas \\ age perating cost and freight of it of which he had never had a glimpse, s rates pursued one ai r upwards around a spiral stair- him some facts of my own knowledge. I told Way \fter a ti er, the great commercial inter- instance, that a certain road carrying iron ore ft to ests of the untt gan to protest against further in Lake Superior ranges to upper lake ports had at on creases i1 t t rat great contest before the Inte shipping ports short, steep grade against the state Commer ! is held between the rail that it was limited by this grade to 65 cars pet ’ roads, demandi rates to meet their increased wherea n' other portions of the haul it could t operating chars nd the shippers, protesting that their 100 cars per train. When I asked an official of : business would tal I further freight harges Phe why they did not double-head this grade, as it was ; shippers wot n freight rates, therefore, there will, in vithin the ard limits, and the traffic density ver) t all probabil no further advances, at least until a iveraging more than one loaded train per hour i reasonabl s rolled around in which the railroads shipping season, he answered: “Our contract wit : an app men does not allow us to double-head any train 1 This, as not for a moment abated the desire than 25 cars over any grade. We could probably cut ‘ loyees for periodic increases in their operating st on this run 25 per cent. if we could d i wages ( yusiness ditions, f ht head that grade.” ‘ earnings This and many other facts of this kind kt ‘ We recently seen an arbitration between the repre every operating man I[ poured into his receptiv: sentatives of the railroads, of a great railroad labor o1 istounded mind. They made a deen impression ot ganization and of the public in the richest and most thickly and he thanked me for the information. I believ settled division of the United States. The result not being systematic and extended campaign of education all that the labor organizations had asked for, they an have changed his whole point of view in a few n nounced that it would, or might soot ecome necessary : ss . : f for them to demand that the Interstate Commerce | l mage KAving Siset 50: Sng Sener ie ission allow increased freight rates so that the raitroads Consider the influence wielded by the clergy of uld pay the wages which they demanded and still mak« untry as a whole; think which side most of them | income and expenses meet. The arbitration board whicl favored in all the labor controversies of which we kn settled the question was so far imbued with the moder ‘onsider that they are probably all as honest of pury spirit of taking ten pints from a three pint pot that it ind many as broadminded as the one just mentioned iteianl She leti Des tn Antereines « otntert table Gs Can any sane man believe that these men would take which the question should be settled ‘ ntented itself stand they almost universally do take, if they knew with the statement that the wages should be high and facts and were made to realize, as every operating give the men a part of the increase that they asked for loes, that the high cost of living is the high cost of la : What has aoe cil aie Miaka f eunnly and demand t only, and not even principally, in high wages but Why could tl si Aveta pce es laa adel aacenlia Your limitations of output and burdensome operating cond 4 emplovers are not fairl ble to pa 1 any re undet tions, designed to force the employment of the great | present conditior Tr} es Se ther vou are under possible number of men? paid or not is whether the emplovers can fill your places [f labor were as efficient as it was I5 years ag freely with m« mpetent as vou at. th ges u the surplus released from industry by this increased « are now getting.” Did the arbitrati board sav this? ° ciency were back on the farms, which it would never | * arentlv they never even thought it left sa for this artificial labor scarcity, does any one The High Scale of Railroad Wages menone iat ihe een ot Sane eee oe eee . Di a Ra a a a al Steps in the Economic Descent | ¢ ng schedules wes agreed upon. the fact does not This subject is too vast to be adequately discussed ; shine forth that these men. making this implied threat publication such as this, and an adequate discussion w Lj against the untry irge. are earning on an average weary the average reader so that he would soon quit yr from $12" to $22¢ per month and working on an average Let us consider then only the skeleton of facts which . about 10 hours a day. He does not know that these avi nadequately stated, and see if we can realize tl | \ men require less skill than the driver of an automobil answer. 4 that they may be promoted to these highly paid positions First, there has been a tacit agreement on the part a in two or three vears from raw and uneducated hovs many t verlook the fundamental law that in the long i frequently reach them in five or si As to whethet run and on the average we cannot have more than w 4 their places can be filled or not: I not long ago asked produce. : the super nt f a large division of nt f ur Second, having ignored this law we have not great railroad systems how long it would take him to increased wages, but have tacitly, if not openly, encourag: replace all his engineers with men as competent as they 1 tremendous reduction in the efficiency of labor, so that 7 1 at half their wages. if he had a free hand and open’ the judgment of many it requires two dollars now labor market. and he answered. “It would take me a very what was a dollar’s worth of labor in the middle ninet short time: I would not delay a train in making thi Of this increase perhaps half is a direct increase change.” No one who knows the conditions doubts for hourly wages; the other half is a deliberate diminutior a moment that these men, with their great claims for re f hourly output. We have all engaged in a great con sponsibility and the romance in which foolish writers spiracy to produce less, in the hope that we should have enveloped them, require less training, less skill and able to divide more 1 1 } Third +] } if less natural ability than ood mechanic, who must be Third, this has resulted in continued increases satisfied, in many case with one-third of their wages the price of commodities, with consequent increases 1n th If their contracts with tl railroads did not put them in cost of living and then in the price of wages to offset tl an impregnable position there would be nothing to pre- increased cost of living, which in turn was reflected in vent their being replaced by men as good or better at further increase in the cost of commodities, and so 0! wages far lower than they are now receivins without limit For a long time the man in the street looked on thes¢ Fourth, artificial wage scales enforced against t! high wages with approval, but if he realized that they wer public at owing to its importance in protecting itsel paid by inflated freight rates, which were added to the from unionized trades, combined with the easy conditi 1 cost of the goods he bought, would he be so complacent at of labor similarly extorted, have resulted in withdrawin z @ . e ° . Pa 1 mes the amount with from the farms much of their natural supply of la seeing another earn three or four t ; which he must be satisfied, without superior qualifications and causing this portion of the population to becon H or ability? It would seem that he still is statisfied; but consumers instead of producers of surplus food stuffs ft does he know the facts? I doubt it Fifth, this labor is not needed in industry except ow!n ai . ; . ‘ : ae ee ° -_ a Not long ago I was thrown in contact with a minister, to the deliberate inefficiency of industrial labor, and thet : \ well educated. who had lived both in the East and in the fore should never have been withdrawn from the farm a Central West. and who desired to do justice to all, as Sixth, for all this the man in the street must pay i i THE IRON AGE 451 ge earner he is no Detter i use his scale imhese things are the reasons tor tha ] ( s has mecreased as rapidly as s wages. If he ng of ui uinty al insoundness which i mmercial or salaried portion of the com t yur infinitely worse off, because he has t eal Our s t portion of this increased cost of ineffi reig cet 1S u the man the street has not thought n Z¢ tl tent to wl ne 1S paying r tnes \ T nditions iro itions have their consequences which spr« ing circies ror instance, a great port ‘ S tr 1] ' " unity dependent n selling = 1 ut t 1 ' ' 1 : ut the railroads, with their net earnings ré rating expenses, fixed charges and divider Show the Consumer His Interest the equipment of which they have starved thet on :, Bu ve years past in anything like tl santit ite scyF Wus © seehaedl signt kn Vv { ured n ‘ e other hand, they cut off dividends live , vhich should go for that pur c , ’ : . . . ‘ h; ' ‘ . . me onda ++ vermanent betterment of the kind that most -s ' ed a need, their redit is destroved and they ! re than t t than t ney for these very bettermertits. They are not rise d to increase their income; their operating expens neficiens nd higher . ‘ ' ~wmetadetl 20,000,00% he Eitl r they must become utte rly n t Uh 1 f the community or they must have n S t tur This cat nly be btained n ne t tw ‘ t eT 7 re neo their rates vh } @ t Sé€ “ 11¢ lution at all because in a rt : , 1 have taken it all fr them again. Secor ; hats rating aaa Ps ase 7 ‘ é nditions enforced bv thi ‘ay ne fii hove ¢ . } 1907 the same high political power which five : ents W had invented the slogan “Charge it up to the n s] invented a second: “The returns from lal t the t eit t sacred and must not be touched. The returns from hang.” And the Interstate Commerce Comn I ‘ ‘ ‘ 17 ficially ordered to prepare a ch th whi uld be attacked if. in the { 3 t inemp 1 lahor wher for erly had e1 rnit y } rt Ce } t | j } ld T $ f ! f wH)T "1 de na nar ] he I nt ' 1 ites ‘ aaa : nh ! t ‘ t ' £ the reduction in = — t ne that - High Labor Cost and Foreign Trade : ; : ea ne ont “ent ‘ ‘ ] / eee ‘ ‘ ' red +h 1 = matt . ‘ in inf { — : ‘ hall 1 vn’ VMiurel f thic nirit , erated +} e countr rel ‘ , ‘ } ] | f ‘ wits 3 é t w n iT t t vl ‘ ‘ ' } ‘ : 9 . ° ‘ ‘ : ; Sis losed VT surpl T t } t ¢ ‘ r) ; a ‘ : e¢ . flowed | Fur creat tid ister int United States ( h the great moral effect of this declaration ut . the hande of emolovers wer ad , a ok het ak reduct n ' th, ‘ th, a wl +} hav e 14 tie ie Tr ~ < . : ] c st ‘ st ntr d been ringed 1 Chines t ( - h { 1 ‘ 1 . y | | \ ‘ ed ‘ ide little differs S S ‘ ' | t } g j ' iT t e whose ‘ f t } ] | + ‘ 1 - in : er fT t the retics t rr ¢ ' ‘ neties whe th ‘ ' ‘ redu t | uTr cT< na .¢ rT es 7 ec 7 ‘ ‘ y ‘ ketc« 1 great ext * ¢¢ } ‘ nr ‘ | | oo ¢ ‘ ‘ — 4 ‘ ir surolu Thi< . : P st of croduction. whic , renew ; . ' a | ¢ ' ' { shea st the end of that « de ' ced 9 f 1 : ot ei x a ee the next. Much of it s ne een f é : i c art } | 7 . + > + . ’ *? "?* ‘ ur hich wages alone ; 1 +h Mie WV is 4 - ‘ ‘ oni . ' re particularly the hich cost due to inefficiency. W< - ' ' uce so little per individual (wher we take 1 reased mean f production) that the labor st ing on the part of the public, but little su t f a o ; ; 1 ‘ 1 y + 1 i ; tach ni mit f or duct is nrohihitive nd foreign 1 rkets W } é en } rhe ‘ ich ret : +} ’ ‘ ‘ ' ter r nd exper sorb our surplus. except t sis it > f : ' ‘ ¢1 let the ae ‘ - n2eare Mecha! C ad wink FP 482 THE IRON AGE February ie Buftalo Forge Company. tl feature of the plan air in the summer by means « ‘ ‘ he nt roti 111 } ] ( S se, the appal! is built Dy the ( 1 \e ( I ny nu dgditying I ‘ 2. 1 elie \ 1 gl ran ( liver the a $y . throug iore than 1 deg. F. above t on | : The wet | ' ‘ d : 1 ky { ) selk ( 75 deg. al h 1 | | ‘ ett S 1 I Uhe ¢ j P y “+ hy) vorkir eve au S Ww rKiIng er, as the naximum tet ‘ 1 ss t n ft i ra rding tne guarantee 4“ ‘ ( | ( ummer Of I ’ ¢ t it at times it rs, and t Mr I t s adde é ¢ r tne Svste l . Floor Air Inlets in Ford Motor Plant icts. in th : ae ) t Radu p ( . ’ nsultiz “ en 1 ' M ( The S. K. F. Ball Bearings K. F. Ball Bearing Company, 50 Chur G enburg, Sw 1 tatement of the remarkal L n tl ll bearing industry: " go Gustave Wingquist, the invent inufacturi1 .K. F. ball bearings in a small ma SY n as he placed’ his product on the 1 ré i n engineers a T he rmed a compar “ ‘ n and had to build tory to ext te tl rders | received The next year p= f Th Sar T 5 14 } Bop +3] sel ‘ “ninee tants ~ Ol ¥ n imp @ structure, having ¢g ROE Se ee na , : \ } Be to be on Sweden’s chief industrial properties ow 4 at = 11c01T ‘ 11! j POS BPs —_ - y . { > . ae ill 7 . ; ) ; ies The S ll bearing is self-aligning ntainin ! balls held 11 staggered arrangement lit Ss quite u Some ucts conce¢ ng tl | : I syst 4 e! 1 t two I T1 . ‘ nT © <r null : ! . Sa The Grand Rapids & North Western Railway Compar hensive at es descriptive of the rd plant printed ‘ : ‘ . i s place ' ' ' writl +} ( y i seer a placed an orde e Great Lakes Engineering The Ii June 6 and June 13, 1912. 7 . ) AS il ted in the drawing the Juamr Nn} +} wv tks, Detroit, Micl for three steel car ferry ok which, it is stated, will exceed any size in vessels | m1 : type on the Great Lakes. Each will be 350 ft. long wit wie ee ee — — 560 ft. bean They will be of the twin screw type. Eacl sarith "14 9 tere oe <2 ea¢ ‘ ‘ ° : Cae ee year | with two triple expansion engines and : NM ang es tr\r ne + . ns ff wing 1 ts + oti f . < ate. Tes 1 : will a netr icted as an sae crus a The — ; . ee . ee the view ng able to remain in service during ih ene , eo Can, WHICR TOTES: a he severest winter months, and will have four train tracks ' opening for the air, and 1 upper half is a pocket / : : ; I pacity for carrying 30 freight cars. They will be e sheet met nt per 1 perat n routes between Ludington, Mich., and Mil ve. wauke nd Manitowoc, Wis. The boats will be built at | onstruction thes “ used as shelves to Ss the Ecorse 1 f the Great Lakes Engineering Works The dan pers ar rou mnt ‘ dive)t 4} a N f a air through tl nlets, and 1 meat ire provided for TI Trumbull Steel Company, Warren, Ohio, expects a shutting them off temporarily, as is the case with tl to have its new sheet and tin mill plant in operation by i } overhead systems ordinarily operated. The system is p1 July 1. It will manufacture tin and terne plate, genuine eh portioned so that the velocity at the outlets will not ex- harcoal iron ternes, black and galvanized sheets, flat and } i ceed 500 ft. per minute. This velocity, it has been found -orrugated long terne sheets and formed roofing products if ‘= not obiectionable to the men working around ti erlit mery Wheel Mfg. Company, Tiffin, It may be added with regard to the heating and ver Ol nt that its Chicago store is now in a new '. tilating system of the Ford motor car plant that the fans location in the New Machinery Hall, 30 North Clint 7.) installed have n hourl r i - lece than 2 wy strant It will -arry a large and complete stock of Sterl- A ver 25 miles p vere us I grinding wheels and grinding machinery. r . = 1 THE IRON ndle Woodworking Drilling Machine ° , 4 eee -— ; — ; e a al ] St e ng I nese r aed . er size. The - . ] / ret et i edges . 7 T - -old rolled t. 7 : } ur hict ‘ ‘ a 3-in. angle ir u, whi ‘ ‘ c $ onecls s grooved to fit over the upper edg hydrauli } yf | ° ae nce the long, narrow I S AGE 454 Death of John Fritz Yielding to the infirmities of age, John Fritz came t the end f his eartl career at his home it Bethlehe: Pa.. February 13, in his ninety-first year He was truly an example of n dying “full of years a honors No man in tl merican iron trade, and perhay s in the world, has been so univer ally revered by iron an stee manufacturers al held in such affectionate esteer Mr Frit A i long been called the Nest Amer il i le not only ittaine r ence S 1 man was accorded distinctio1 nume 1S societies ng been president of the American Institut t in ¢ president of the American Institute of Mechat Engineers; honorary vice-president for life of the nd Steel Institute, London; honorary m ber of t \merican Society of Civil Engineers; honorary meé e American Iron and Steel Institute; received the degrees of A.M. from Columbia University, D.Sc from the University of Pennsylvania, D.Eng. from Stevens Institute of Technology, and D.Sc. from Temple University; honorary member of the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, and recipient of the Bes- semer gold medal of the Iron and Steel Institute, the John Fritz medal, the Centennial Exposition bronze medal, Louisiana Purchase Exposition bronze medal and El liott Cresson gold medal of the Franklin Institut: The following data have been mainly taken from Mr. Fritz’s autobiog raphy, published by John Wiley & York John Fritz was born August 21, 1822, in Lon donderry Township, Chester County, Pa., and was the oldest of a fam- ily of seven comprising Sons, New children, three boys and four girls The father was a native of Germany, who came to this country in 1802 with his father and mother, learned the trade of millwright and followed that occupation in nection con- with farming The mother was a native of Chester County, but of Scotch-Irish parent age. Mr. Fritz left his parents’ farm at the agx of sixteen, securing em ployment in a country machine shoy Parkesburg, Pa His only education up to that time had been acquired in local schools, in which, however, he distinguished himself for his proficiency in mathematics At Parkesburs learned the trades of blacksmithing and country machin work After serving his time he started a machine sh hut found there was little or no outcome from it Having his attention turned toward the rolling mill business, he went to Norristown, Pa., in 1844, and secured employment in the works of Moore & Hooven time John Griffin was general manager of the rolling mill operated by this firm. Here he was shortly placed in charge of the machinery of the plant as millwright Deciding t learn the he gave close attention t vation gained iron business practically in all its departments puddling ans after micl sufficient knowledge to build a proved furnace for both puddling and heating. He became superintendent of the pl While he was engaged in this rolling mill the works acquired a high reputation for the grade of car axles manufacture THE IRON AGE Februar In 1849 Mr. Fritz went to Safe Har Reeves, Abbott & Co. had started the erec and blast furnace. John Griffin had bee general superintendent of the plant Che - erected, and here he learned something of the rf peration of a blast furnace The localit scourged by fever and ague, and it was rt Ir. Fritz to leave it for the sake of his healt ry he journeyed through the West Superior In 1852 he returned to Norristow1 e employment of Moore & Hooven. Ab Reeves, Abbott & Co. leased the Kunzie blast the Schuylkill River, about twelve miles fro: ind induced Mr. Fritz to take charge of it the position because he was anxious to lear 5 more of blast furnace practice. The furna It Mr. Kunzie, of the firm of Farr & Kun uring chemists, Philadelphia, who was an abl but without mechanical or metallurgical knowl had been unsuccessful from a busine point. Under agement of Mr did well, made g and was consi best furnac: Schuylkill Rive: ing secured the furnace experi desired, he rem Catasauqua, Pa started a machin and foundry in « tion with his George and tw ers-in-law, B. F. Str and Isaac E. Dullness in the business made his stay in Catasauqua not brief but somewhat profitable. About this time it happened that D: Reeves, of Reeves, Al bott & Co., had become interested in the Cambr Iron Works at Johns town, e turnace Chand! Pa. and asked Mr. Fritz to go there as general superintendent In June, 1854, he arriv at Johnstown. Here he acquired experience in the management of a very large plant for th time and establish« world-wide _ reputati He invented the three- high rail mill, which was a noteworthy impr ment for those days = For six years he aj himself earnestly an faithfully, without any vacation, to the advancement he sts of the company, and in July, 1860, de t nnection. In that time a rail mill had was far in advance of any other mill thet xistet ind proved to be a great commercial su he n had better rail, doing away witl and increasing the production four-fold made io tw small driven rollers came the prt ysten f handling the work in mills, by the use o1 rolle the heavier, stronger and better fitting 1 the mill without breaking points, by the improvement better fitting up of the side guards grooves in the roughing mill ment and y the closing of the he increase in the width of the pile, by the incr ength the furnace. and by the increased hight « furnace roof, which carried the heat much farther, thet enabling eight 9-in. piles to be charged imstead of s!x All these improvements were calcu to improve the quality of the work, and increase , production, both important factors.’ reported for duty with the new hem Iron Company, Bethlehem, Pa., hav- erintendent at the position of general su; is company had decided t uild a work had been done until Mr. Fritz arrived By the last of blast furnaces and a rolling mill 1861 the rolling mill was built and one furnaces erected. This furnace was an inn shell was built of plate iror He had +} July construction on tw ner of manufacturing operations of the company of a century, adding to its iron plant Bessemer hearth steel works, starting the manufacture ite and ordnance on this side of the Atlantic, manufacture of heavy steel forgings m active service with 1392, ied to be consulting engineer for some vithdrawal from his connection iron and steel te work, ping the the company in years he was actively engaged in pul his advice being sought Mr. Fritz’s eightiet! irthd vas celebrated manner His friends seized the occasion t it a banquet held in his honor on ldorf-Astoria, New York, the stablishment of a John Fritz gold medal, to be r scientific or industrial achievements \ cast lal, as modeled by the artist at the dinner. The recipients of the Fritz medal have been Lord Kelvin, George Westinghouse Bell, Thomas A. Edison, Charles T raising of a fund was presented t r Graham Alfred Noble, Sir William H. White and Capt Hunt Mr ritz leaves no immediate family, his wife having eral years ago. They had one child, a daughter, wl 1 at the age of seven The Hardening of Plate