The Iron Age 1912-08-08: Vol 90 Iss 6

| 14-it stablished 1855 New York, August 8, 1912 Vol. 90: No. 6 Properties of Nickel Cast Steel An Important Contribution to Alloy Steel Literature—The Location of Test Coupons in Relation to the Pressure of the Metal BY EDWIN hese days of new alloy steels, such as vanadium, im, etc., it is interesting to know what can be done rdinary nickel cast steel. One of the large Eastern sel foundries has had occasion recently to make some nickel steel castings in the shape of gun yokes for avy guns, formerly made as forgings, and also as PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF CAST 1 Nickel Steel, Heat No. 1. Fig, 2—Nickel Steel, Heat N Elastic limit to tensile stréngth, 58.33 per cent. Fi istic limit, 33,000 lb.; Tensile strength, 65,000 Ib.; ength, 50.75 per cent. Fig. 5—Steel of following properties: — ent.; Reduction of ‘area, S35 per cent.; Elasite limit to tensi 0.030; Ni, 3.56; Elastic limit, 63,000 lb.; tensile strength, : soa ~arbon steel as follows: C, 0.25; Fiongation, 29 per cen F. CONE large sand mold ingots. These castings and ingots were provided with test bars which were used for chemical, physical and microscopic examination. The ingots were four in number, requiring 45,000 to 55,000 Ib. of metal to pour each one, and the test bars on these were located directly on the bottom, getting the STEEL AT 60 DIAMETERS o. 2. Fig, 3—Nickel Steel, as follows: C, 0.33; Mn, 0.71; Si, 0.294; 108,000 1Ib.; Elongation, 20 e cent.; Reduction of area, 35.7 n, 0.61; Si, 0.271; 5S, 0.043; Ph, t.; Reduction of area, 43.4 per cent.; Elastic limit to Elastic limit 74,000 Ib.; Tensile strength, 102,670 Ib i le strength, 72.07 per cent. 287 ene erteatpom ng riety eta deeaas a Fa tae eee Pe pee mee et eT wet 2R8 THE IRON AGE effect of the whole weight of the metal. Two of these ingots were tested in the green unannealed condition ‘with results given in Table 1. The showing is exceedingly good result for unannealed cast steel. Yable 1—Physical Tests and Chemsical Analysis of Unannealed Nickel Steel Ingots. Ingot No. 1 Ingot No.2 Average Elastic limit, lb. per sq. in..... $2,520 60,200 56,360 Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in..100,000 98,870 99,435 Elongation in 2 in., per cent... 13 16.5 14.75 Reduction of area, per cent.... 16.16 26. 21.08 Elastic limit to tensile strength, wie ttenk. . pcecanseenasius 6 52.52 60.80 56.66 Re Oo SE ae 0.35 0.30 0.33 ee MPPPL AES E EE. SEE 0.70 0.68 0.69 PS - :..scts deere eee ee 0.301 0.336 0.318 Pe ccna vahooten Mandl ae 0.030 0.034 0.032 no OE Pe 0.032 0.033 0.032 SD. gs nth nr oh veh ekieean tok 3.47 3.48 3.475 Test bars from the four different ingots were carefully annealed by the pracess of bringing them to above the recalescence point and allowing them to cool slowly from this temperature, after proper soaking, and the results are given in Table 2. Table 2-—Physical Tests and Chemical Analysis of Annealed Nickel Steel Heat 1 Heat2 Heat3 Heat4 Average ee ep ere 63,630 61,610 70,000 67,000 65,560 Tensile strength.......... 101,010 96,960 108,000 99,000 101,240 RR bikin 5 tn 'wlin| apne 19.5 22.5 18.5 21.5 21. Reduction of area........ 41, 40.3 36.6 45.4 40.82 Elas. limit+ten. strength. . 63. 63.5 64.8 67.7 64.75 CO bowen beahac dens 0.35 0.30 0.34 0.30 0.32 PORE oss tne ages vs 58 0.70 0.68 0.70 0.65 0.68 PO 2 «op catwatekecet «ek 0.301 0.336 0.324 0.318 0.319 PE 2s Wh paw wis wh giaceh 0.030 0.034 0.038 0.028 0.033 UNOS «su Slice tees aha cat 0.032 0.033 0.040 0.031 0.034 OE. ssn Sede a peak bnet 3.47 3.48 3.42 3.55 3.48 These results are excellent and they approach very closely those obtainable from forgings, especially as re- gards the ratio of elastic limit to tensile strength, which is a decisive criterion by which one may judge a steel, : for the nearer the former approaches the latter the better the steel. It is true that these results cannot always be obtained from cast steel by the method of heat treatment applied in these cases, and their excellence is partly ex- plained by the unusual weight of metal which compressed the metal in the test bars, as evidenced by the following table, which shows the weight of metal bearing down on each set of bars in each of the above heats. d ZaBR Genes vas WED ee Riess che cues ves ase 52,259 Ib. 3 -csceespen apueee ee 58,310 Ib. Sa TCT T OTT eT 57,935 Ib. lo show, however, what may be expected from ordi- nary nickel cast steel, heat treated as mentioned, the tests given in Table 3 will bear evidence. Table 3—Tests of Heat Treated Ordinary Nickel Cast Steel Having Following Composition: C, 0.325; Mn, 0.67; Si. 0.319; S., 0.036; Ph., 0.029; Ni, 3.44 Elastic limit Elastic Tensile Elonga- Reduction +terisile limit, Ib. strength, Ib. tion in of area, strength, per sq. in. per sq.in. 2in., percent percent per cent 50,000 86,000 23 37.9 58.14 60,000 104,000 20.5 31. 57.70 63,000 108,000 20. 35.7 58.33 60,500 107,500 18.5 35.7 56.28 59,000 98,500 19.5 30.9 59.90 55,000 86,000 27. 40.3 63.95 Av. 59,916 98,333 21.41 35.33 60.93 These tests, though not so good as those in the first table, are very fine. They show a high ratio of elastic limit to tensile strength, 8 to 10 per cent. higher than from ordinary carbon cast steel of the same average composi- tion; also a relatively high tensile strength. The corre- sponding physical results from ordinary carbon cast steel of the same composition and subjected to the same heat treatment would be as given in Table 4. Table 4—Physical Tests of Corresponding Carbon Cast Steel Elastic limit, Ib. PR cab paw dpi dh sbi plates veg sense o's 39,000 Tensile strength, Ib. per Sq. im......-.eeeee eee reeeeeeees 75,000 Elongation. in. 2.im.,- per Cent... .cescccccsessececscescss 22 to 25 Reduction of area, per CeNt.........eeseeeeeeeereeeeeeees 40 Elastic limit to tensile strength, per cent................-. 52 NON 6:5 0.0.59 Pakeumetn yest «keh age ee BONS SVs w's se ae eae N s 0.325 NS” i. So x wienK a SNP RO KE EVA G pw oy boo 80 08 Fs See cane sy 0.67 SSA a > ake ee Se errr ee 0.319 Ga dose Ueobdacbas¥ Soe cece anh doe se cukee penis eee 0.036 PRR OIES von ce a encin nts ss ke wh dew Mae Sew aN dita eee he 0.029 The fact that the first set of nickel tests is superior to the second is due entirely to the weight of metal to which the former test bars were subjected when cast. In the latter tests the greatest weight exerted on the bars was about 17,000 Ib. This leads to the general deduc- tion applicable to all kinds of cast steel test bars, that The greater the weight applicable to cast steel test bars with regard to their location on castings, the better the August %, 1912 resulting physical tests, other conditions bei: ~aial Foundries, having all kinds of physical spe aside to meet, will have the best success if the foun’ \ fore. man understands this fact or law, and exercises © jymen; in the location of his test coupons. It is recogn: «d noy very generally that wherever possible the best «st bars are those cast solid on the casting and located w! re they are subjected to the greatest pressure possible. € gen- eral practice on locomotive engine frames is to | \ace the bars on the cope side of the frame where the parting mold is, and on locomotive wheel centers to place | he bars on the hub of the wheel in the bottom of the mol. The general result of these two methods is that physical tests from wheel centers are on the average better than those from engine frames, other conditions of heat treatment. etc., being equal, because of metal pressure. In dynamic properties nickel cast steel stands high. The average of a considerable number of alternating im. pact tests made on a Landgraf-Turner alternating impact machine showed for the heats here investigated the fol. lowing : Altermatim: tmipacts: . os 6646555. Saeed <. 2612 The average of nearly twice as many tests from ordi- nary annealed carbon steel showed: Alternatimg 70MpGCtS 5.6. 5015:60 di nwideanes. 2364 Under the microscope nickel cast steel, annealed by the method of slow cooling, has an entirely different appearance from that of ordinary carbon cast steel an- nealed in the same way. Figs. 1, 2 and 3 represent charac- teristic nickel cast steel microstructures, while Fig. 4 shows ordinary carbon cast steel under the same conditions. Fig. 5 shows the structure of nickel cast steel if subjected to the process of quick cooling in the air and the resulting physical tests show the radical difference that this method causes. Yet the question still remains whether, in castings of unequal section, a strain is not set up or left as the result of such heat treatment, as opposed to the method of slow cooling. In any event, the superiority of nickel cast steel over ordinary carbon cast steel is manifest Chinese Iron and Steel Statistics Consul Roger S. Greene, Hankow, China, states that the following figures have been furnished him by the Han- yeh-ping Iron & Coal Company as to its operations in the year 1911 (Chinese calendar, January 30, 191f, to February 17, 1912): Output of pig iron, 93,337 tons, of which the shipments to Japan were 58,535 tons, to Chinese consumers 9824 tons, to the United States 4465 tons, and to Australia 5765 tons; output of rails, 24,216 tons, and of merchant bars 1250 tons. The company’s Tayeh iron mines pro- duced 350,467 tons during the year. The iron and steel works at Hanyang have been shut down since the outbreak of the revolution last October, but preparations for resuming work are well advanced, the furnaces not having been so seriously injured as ex- pected by being abandoned while charged. The foreign experts formerly employed have all been discharged. The iron mines at Tayeh continued working throughout the fighting. The Increase in the Foreign Copper Surplus— The increase of 3,711,680 Ib. in the British and French visible supply of copper for the two weeks ended July 3! makes a total increase for the month of July of 7,602,720 lb., bringing the surplus on August 1 up to 100,858,240 |b. as compared with 93,255,520 lb. July 1. Stocks at Ham- burg and Rotterdam decreased during the month 2,166,08 lb., making a net European increase of 5,456,640 Ib. UP to July there had not been a month since March, 1910 that had failed to show a reduction in surplus stocks abroad from the month preceding. = A new company known as the Superior Colliery Com pany, incorporated under the laws of New York, has beet formed by Eugene L. Zimmerman, of Cincinnati, Ob0, and at a recent receiver’s sale bought the property of the Superior Coal Company, near Jackson, Ohio, The purchase consists of about 15,000 acres of coal land, and it is stated that the new company will develop the property and enter extensively into the manufacture of furnace coke, pt cipally to supply the Wellston Iron & Steel Company's fut naces, in which Mr. Zimmerman is also interested. Phe a ill Pneumatic Wood Carving Tools seneral use in woodworking shops and more es- , in pattern shops where there is more or less hand to be done, the Thomas H. Dallett Company, ind Twenty-third streets, Philadelphia, Pa., has on the market a line of wood. carving tools. These adaptation of the pneumatic stone-working tools this company has been. manufacturing for some nd are made in two sizes. One of these, which is size, is intended to perform the gouging and roughing operations, while the other which is % in. r is adapted for fine carving and finishing. The ad- ves claimed for these tools are that in any branch woodworking industry where gouging, roughing, 1 or work of any description is now done in the ir manner with hand chisels, the pneumatic wood ¢ tools can be used and the work accomplished quickly. Their advantages will, however, be more nt in the heavier work as cuts that would require 1—The New Pneumatic Wood Carving Tool Made by the Thomas H. Dallett Company, Philadelphia, Pa. hardest manual labor can be taken with perfect ease. pressure can be regulated so that the tools may be on light on@fmishing work and it is claimed that with ttle experience an operator will become so efficient that carving, such as is done on furniture, pianos, patterns, , can be performed with greater facility than by hand. tools can be regulated to give a very light or a heavy low according to the operator’s wishes, either by placing ce 1 thumb over the exhaust hole or cutting down the air ply by the stopcock in the hose. Fig. 1 shows one of tools in use while Fig 2 is a sectional view of the irger size. oth tools are of the valveless type, the working princi- being the same in both, but their designs differ slightly. head of the %-in. tool is locked by a pin and spring, le in the other tool, a sectional view of which is given lig. 2, the head is locked by a ratchet and pawl. The ton, which is made of high grade tool steel, is the only ing part and strikes as many as two or three thousand per minute, according to the pressure carried. rdened steel is used for the cylinders which in the case lingergrip design is one solid piece containing no r plugs. A special hardened steel bushing which renewed when necessary is inserted in the lower the barrel. This is made for the reception of a ial quarter-octagon shaped shank instead of the or- round one. This particular shape of shank, it is asized, has an important bearing on the work which be accomplished with the tool. With this arrange- it is pointed out that the chisel is held perfectly and secure without any effort on the part of the tor and work can be done accurately and with per- afety which would be difficult if the bushing was A further advantage is that in gouging or rough- rk the chisel can be turned or twisted to split off ‘ow off a chip by simply turning the tool. Knurling cylinder affords a grip and keeps the hand from st 8, 1912 THE IRON AGE 289 Fig. 2—Sectional View Showing Arrangement of the Various Parts slipping, while at the same time it is not so coarse or sharp as to cause any inconvenience. To adapt these tools for use with both the tang and socket ends with which wood chisels are regularly fur- nished, three fittings, termed the plug, shank and socket shank are regularly furnished. A soft metal plug is used in connection with the two shanks to adapt them for use with different styles of chisels. If a socket end chisel is used, the plug is inserted in the socket of the chisel and the shank driven into the hole in the plug. If, however, the chisel is of the other type, a socket shank is used, the plug placed therein and the tang of the chisel forced into it. In forcing the shank into the soft metal plug, the blows of the piston are employed. The chisel is gripped firmly in the vise and the tool pressed down on the shank. Both of the shanks are of a special quarter-octa- gon tool steel, and a recess is provided on one side which is engaged by a locking spring to prevent the shanks from dropping out when the tool is in operation. This is an advantage as it is not necessary for the workman to hold the chisel in the tool, while to insert or remove the shanks a quick push or pull, as the’ case may be, is all that is necessary. The air consumption of the %-in. tool is practically 4 cu. ft. of free air per min. and that of the 1-in. Fnger- grip is approximately 5 cu. ft. The pressure at which these tools should be used depends entirely upon the char- acter of the work and the material being operated on, the tools being capable of working on pressures of from 40 to 100 lb. The pressure range recommended by the maker for all-around satisfactory work and the one most generally employed is between 70 and go Ib. Sly Foundry Equipment in Demand The W. W. Sly Mfg. Company, Cleveland, Ohio, is building a 40 x 60-ft., two-story addition of steel and reinforced concrete to its plate shop. This is due to the heavy demands for its sand-blast equipments. Among recent orders are two steel rooms with dust arresters for the Bettendorf Axle Company, Bettendorf, Iowa, being a duplicate of the equipment -put into service .a few months ago; three steel sand-blast rooms, with dust arresters, etc.. for the Buckeye Steel. Castings Company, Columbus, Ohio, being in addition to the installation of similar rooms placed in service about a year ago; two sand-blast rooms with dust arresters, sand separators, etc., for the Wheeling Mold & Foundry Company, Wheeling, W. Va.; four steel sand-blast rooms, with dust arresters, sand separators, etc., complete for the Gould. Coupler Company, Depew, N. Y.; four steel sand-blast rooms, with sand separators and dust arresters, complete, for the Scullin-Gallagher Iron & Steei Works, St: Louis, Mo. Numerous orders have been taken for smallér installations or for dust arresters only. Application is to be made for the incorporation of the Pressed Steel Products Company, Sharon, Pa. with a capital stock of $100,000. The incorporators are officials of the Petroleum Iron Works Company and George F. Mittinger, Jr., of Cleveland. The purpose of the company is to manufacture various articles from steel sheets of the lighter gauges, and as the machinery required is entirely different from that used by the Petroleum Iron Works Company, a new factory will be erected and equipped with suitable machinery. The American Steel Foundries reports a net profit of $102,902 for the quarter ended June 30, after charges for all purposes. In the corresponding quarter last year there was a deficit of $165,060. eae 7 exsergen 7 Equipment of an Engineering Laborator The New Engineering Building of the University of Cincinnati Providing for Technical Instruction, Cincinnati Industries Co-operating as Regards Practical Courses The problems which develop in the equipment of the spending alternate weeks at the school and in an | laboratory for the engineering school as well as the in- shop. ; sight which such a laboratory is likely to give to the The building is 170 x 260 ft. in plan and three ies capabilities and scope for instruction lend interest to the and a basement jin hight. It is of reinforced coicret accompanying views in the new engineering building of the construction, with a brick and terra cotta exterior, University of Cin- cinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.. Emphasis is placed on the devel- opment of the so- called co-operative course introduced by Dean Herman Schneider, provid- ing for the students to get actual shop experience in the different manufac- turing plants in Cin- cinnati, thus under promising conditions and eliminating the necessity for the in- stallation and up- keep of costly shop designed to be thor- = SEE a —— oughly firepr« )« \s indicated in the ac- companying plan, it is divided into two general parts: th front, containing | | engineering Laboratory | } | 230'x 40] } | User P | | Upper Part ¢ j | eee Laboratory Baleouy, f class, lecture and = a LP ‘ma | drafting rooms, also i gba Corthlur od 2's 33" | offices, library, etc.: vd —— Peoalty Room may tom “a0 scctestied Simic Mines aans and the rear, con rea i 20's a ewe” nel es a || |} see, taining the engineer- t q a suanmeiiemeneninielbonn i — : ing laboratory, fan plows Lg # room and repair i es MW Draughting == shop. The front I tom =f : it a. )~— «Part +has an average t sI'x 47 fl ul 1 depth of 50 ft., run- —S—_ 3 ning the entire First Floor Plan, Engineering Building, University of Cincinnati length of the build- ing and has two equipment. In short, the building has been constructed es- wings extending outward 42 ft. from the main line of the sentially to teach the scientific or technical sides of the building. The main entrance is at the center of the front mechanical, electrical and civil engineering professions and facade through an imposing portico, but, as indicated in the co-operative arrangement comprehends the student’s the plan, there are two secondary entrances, one North End of the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory > -— IgI2 THE IRON AGE 291 end. ad- main by is ti10N secre- and these Jean mce culty floor 5s two ifting xX 47 from Both Ooms with Lewitt amps llight- 5 same Iso lo- ral lec- side windows and a skylight. In the. basement is located the ce- ment laboratory, shown in one of the views. It is fitted wiith appa- ratus for testing not only cement, but the different raw materials en- tering into its composition. The cement testing laboratory has ap- pliances for mak- ing physical tests and included in the list of equip- mentisone Riehle and one Fair- banks © machine for making tests of tensile strength, The principal The Cement Testing Laboratory feature of the x 67 ft., rlook the engineering laboratory on the floor ond floor of the front building contains two afting rooms, located similarly to those on the r; also ten recitation rooms, three lecture rooms, which is 29x 53 ft., and several offices. The third practically the same as the second floor, with the n that the space occupied by the large lecture on the second floor is here used as a library. This xtends through to the roof, and is well lighted by ast rear part of the building is the large laboratory occupied by the mechanical and electrical engineering departments. This laboratory IS 40 x 220 ft., and has a clear ceiling hight of 26 ft. It has no pillars or obstructions of any kind, thus allowing the free travel of a 11%4-ton Maris crane the entire length of the laboratory. This crane is used for hoisting machin- ery and supplies directly from wagons in a sub-basement, as well as transferring machines to any part of the labora- tory wanted. As may be noticed from the illustrations, this laboratory floor is of creosoted wood blocks, and after South End of the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory : ‘a “ : : : ) : { 4 ia ‘fe ee 292 THE IRON AGE Augus. 8, ign , Boiler Room of the Power Plant six months’ use the experiment has been declared a success in every way. A shop floor of this kind is noiseless, and is much less fatiguing to a workman, or student, than a solid concrete floor. It is also claimed that no fine dust particles arise from the floor, as is the case with one of concrete, thus~eliminating any possible injury on this ac- count to delicate machinery bearings. About every 30 ft. lengthwise of the laboratory floor there are holes or ports through which electric wires may be brought from the ceiling of the basement, thus doing away with overhead wires in the laboratory. The main laboratory is lighted with eleven alternating-current Cooper-Hewitt mercury- vapor lamps of 400 watts each. These lights are placed 25 ft. above the floor level, so as not to interfere with the travel of the crane. The building is heated by a combination of steam and hot water. The radiators are operated in connection with the Johnson system of thermostatic regulation. Walter G. Franz, Union Trust Building, Cincinnati, drew up the plans for the heating, ventilating and lighting of the building, and he also designed the mechanical and electrical features of the central power station, which is located about 200 yards from the Engineering Building, on a site several feet lower than any of the University’s buildings, thus providing a gravity return for the condensed steam in the heating system. In general outline the boiler house is T shaped, and in the top of the T are the boile: and cog storage rooms. Three 300-hp. Stirling water-tu: © boiler, equipped with Murphy automatic stokers are now ; stalled. but there is ‘sufficient room to double t! pa . at any time in the future. The Triumph Electri: mpan Cincinnati, installed the electrical equipment, b on sisted of one 175 k.v.a., three-phase, 60-cycle current generator, direct connected to a Skin and driven at 290 r.p.m., and one 125-k.v.a, 60-cycle alternating-current generator, direct c a Skinner engine, and driven at 225 r.p.m. Bot!) of th units are equipped with exciters. The coal storage space is entirely undergrou and j covered by a reinforced concrete driveway arranged x that coal may be| dumped through coal holes into the stor. age space beneath. On the floor of the storage room js , system of industrial tracks connected with turntables that coal may be loaded on the cars in any part of th room and run over scale to a hydraulic lift in one corner of the boiler room. The lift raises the cars to a track running above the stokers. The cars are of the tilting type, dumping into the hopper of any stoker. Ea ar has a capacity of 1500 lb. Tracks are also laid in front of th stoker pits, so that the ashes may be shoveled directly from the pits into the cars and taken over a scale t a hydraulic elevator in another end of the room, raised to a trestle and run out to be dumped into wagons for carting away. A concrete tunnel 64%x7™% ft., in secti I with 8-in. walls, leads from the power house to the Eng neering and other buildings of the University. In this all steam lines and electric wires are carried, so that a break may be located and repaired with minimum delay Tietig’ & Lee, architects, Lyric Building, Cincinnat drew up the building plans for both the Engineering and Power Building. The Pennsylvania Railroad has established in its general freight department at Broad Street Station, Philadelphia, an industrial department under the direction of the gen- eral freight agent, and in charge of John H. Whittaker, special agent. This is in addition to a staff of 13 division freight agents located at the principal points on the road, whose duties include industrial development in the terri- tory under their jurisdiction. This department carries an active list of available buildings and sites, and is pre- pared to furnish full information regarding any of them. It has just issued an industrial directory containing 4 classified list of commodities alphabetically arranged and giving the names of shippers and receivers at all points on the Pennsylvania Railroad east of Pittsburgh. - Engine Room of the Power Plant of the University of Cincinnati arge Cutting-Off Machine ling its new line of large cutting-off machines, Machine Tool Works, Inc., Twenty-fourth treets, Philadelphia, Pa., had in mind the ithin reasonable limits the efficiency of the ncreases in proportion to the weight of- the | care was also taken to provide for the rapid and removal of the work. This increase in of the cutting blade is due to the rigidity the operating parts by making them of ample ind also to the ease with which the various machine itself can be controlled. The ma- first of a line of heavy cutting-off machines company. It weighs 22,000 lb., occupies a f 6 x 15 ft. and carries a 42-in. saw blade. n by a 25-hp. motor, the power being trans- igh a 10-in. belt. greater wear the gears are of alloy steel or spindle is of alloy steel, and to insure low all bearings are bronze bushed. The spindle beyond the bearings, so as to permit of the two saw blades for inside and outside work ed. The spindle has twice the diameter used ial 42-in. blade saws and has a length equal meter of the blade. It revolves in a bronze ped bearing, and has adjustable nuts to take eral wear. The driving spindle gear is mounted bearings, the support being distributed on [he driving pinion has teeth cut from the wheel shaft, and the shaft is so inserted iddle that the solid bronze driving worm wheel its largest diameter. The driving worm is of lened steel, fitted with roller bearings and with ad- ta New 42-In. Cold Saw Cutting-off Machine Built ton Machine Tool Works, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. 1Q12 THE IRON AGE 293 justable bushings at A, forming shoulders to take up any end motion. The saddle design incorporates the narrow guide con- struction, in order to overcome twisting and consequent waste of power. The alignment of the saddle on the base is controlled by a metal-to-metal bearing and a taper shoe. The underlocking gibs are cast solid and fitted with taper shoes. The saddle is geared for six changes, the gear box being shown at B, and has revers- ing fast power traverse through the double train, bevel- gear friction clutch at C. All movements are controlled by the levers DD, and a special provision to prevent the engagement of two motions at any one time, upon which patents are pending, is located at E. The work table is of an exceptionally heavy box-type construction, surrounded by an oil pan, cast solid. The V blocks have swing clamps and clamp standard shown at F, which permit the placing of work on the table from the front. The arch clamp G has a T-head fitted to the base and is adjusted forward or backward by hand. It is intended for the purpose of holding and thus pre- venting the springing of crank shafts when the machine is operating on that class of work. As shown in the engraving, an insert block, H, is provided to give prac- tically a solid table to facilitate the clamping of short sections of stock. The 42-in. diameter blades, used on this machine, have a capacity of cutting through, in one cut, round solids up to 13 in. in diameter and square solids up to 12 in., and to make cuts in crank shafts to a depth of 13 in., with one or two blades. The maximum distance between the two blades, when so used, is 8 in. The Inland Steel Company’s Annual Report The Inland Steel Company, Chicago, has issued its re- port for the year ended June 30, 1912. The income account compares as follows: 1912. 1911}. See, 6 kg oo aks bb waco 8 arene Chee $1,230,702 +$1,798,438 SUC og 1h A Oe Ces ik whe awe 1,394 1,982 ar WOE...) aeceeWedes akeepurea $1,232,096 $1,800,420 Depreciaticn and renewal of plants...... 150,000 201,795 Provision for exhaustion of mines....... Genes euae Be OPN ss ia Terk ice eaece oe Oe $1,037,041 $1,598,624 CE Fos tAACd Von Uae ok eed bae bs 9< 0,3 150,750 159,750 oe Beeae ye oS Pee COS TET ET OT ere *$886,291 $1,438,874 PING 5-5 bs bw bs thon edaee 16.0 0es He 682,131 594,345 A's ols & uk d Mk Ce ee we Pe O88 $204,160 $844,529 OCCU DATONG 60.505 bi wa we coww sd chiew coe 3,372,947 2,416,418 POM WH GAR. one nieces ceadsce ses 204,386 112,000 Profit and loss surplus...........++.. $3,781,493 $3,372,947 *Equal to 12.38% on $7,157,170 capital stock. +After deducting charges for maintenance and repairs of plants, amounting to $714,453. The general balance sheet, as of June 30, 1912, com- pares as follows: : ASSETS. 1912. 1911. ON ee ay ek ar ee $10,713,339 $9,254,590 es is ac ke oc kb eee d+ > 0% 2,360,849 2,367,253 EE OUND Siar ic pee SRO ee oor dbase 77,391 87,686 Accounts receivable ......-+..-ceeeeees 1,006,307 1,013,034 Insurance unexpired ...........000005- 4,842 3,016 Ce sss SPR MERE Dimas #4 40 ae: 491,207 779,919 Miscellaneous items ........cceeeeeeee 8,162 8,582 Ws his ukaws veer ee oe oo eee wee aa ores $14,662,101 $13,514,082 LIABILITIES. Tee ae 48 ch ke Sa RE RD AS Oo 6628 $7,157,170 $6,316,821 Bonded debt Kid Oak Kk CORE Ma ae eae 6 Od 2,400,000 2,550,000 Current. accounts payable............-. 381,905 527,970 Current pay Tolle... ...0 2 cceccceveress 127,702 137,186 NAS EET Ot PEE 8,415 22,302 EE Lig os cade s ON whe 046089 33,617 29,543 TA Mee ou vas cise ee ob eeowds 36,000 38,250 SS. va ep tew Wbd se eae eaae oe dee 735,795 519,061 SEE. govnecd «otis ean wehbe Gdé stuns 3,781,493 3,372,947 AS Fu bo iis su eemaie®) be cea $14,662,101 $13,514,082 The San Francisco Metal Trades Association on July 19 rejected the agreement which was settled upon by the Conciliation Board and the Iron Trades Council, and im- portant developments may now be looked for any day, as some of the members of the association have long hoped for an opportunity to break away and set up independent action and freedom of contract. PD i Ga af PHS. Ep. Rs rsa Th ao ear MMOS op ag Sawa we: thy Ah eli ie mp nace mae he come es ge “ap Sie se Dhani Ta ei = ee bee the ; Sage aR OEY . ¥ , 4, kt ill sege Ai bm nee 294 THE IRON AGE August 3, igi A New Turbo Blower bitt lined and have ring oilers. This blower ha. 4 <,);; cast-iron volute. Tests made on a 16-in. blowe: of th; A Wide Range of Efficient Speeds a Special type with a calibrated steam turbine, Pitot tu and 4 Feature of the New McEwen Line A new line of turbine-driven blowers has been placed on the market by McEwen Bros., Wellsville, N. Y., which ’ series of nozzles gave the results reproduced in | c.f.1m. 1000 4 : 3 oo | =—Bu00! | 60C f.m. 3800) R. P.M. : | ei 5 s 2" ¥1 | c.f.m, 1000 f.m, 0c.f,m.1000 2000 80C0 4099 5000 €000 c.f.m, LK —— Fig. 2—Test Curves of the 16-In. Blower One of the propeller type blowers which has a capacity of 80,000 cu. ft. of free air per min. is shown in Fig. 3 Fig. 1—The New 16-In. Forced Draft Blower with Helical Impellers This type has blades with an increase pitch helical sur- and Solid Casing Built by McEwen Bros., Wellsville, N. Y. face to reduce the losses due to the impact at the point are built according to the design developed by C. V. Kerr, _ steel volutes and the latter in connection with the shape the inventor of the Kerr turbine. These blowers and of the blades and the resulting high kimétic energy is the pumps which are also built are claimed to be very economical consum- ers of power and have an efficient speed range which extends from 25 per cent. above to 25 per cent. below the rated capacity of the unit. The blowers are built in two styles, the smaller sizes having double heli- cal runners while the larger ones are equipped with increase pitch pro- pellers. The two styles are shown in Figs. 1 and 3 respectively, and test curves of each are repro- duced in Figs. 2 and 4. The smaller blowers of the type illustrated in Fig. 1 are designed espe- cially for furnishing forced draft for forges and furnaces and in con- nection with underfeed stokers. It is claimed for this unit that the economy of steam per air horsepower is greater than that secured from any unit heretofore. The runners are balanced for high speed, are of the opposed type and have a central deflector to pre- vent cross-flow. These runners are removable from the shaft longitudinally and said to reduce the velocity of discharge so that it pro entrance. It is made with a set of cast-iron slides and Fig. 3—An Installation of One of the Blowers Having a Capacity of 80,000 Cu. Ft. per Min. can be reversed on the shaft from either right or left duces pressure instead of eddies which have 2 tendency discharge. The bearings are either lead bronze or bab- to decrease the efficiency and delivery pressure Back- August 8 ses are also claimed to be prevented and a strong tion is secured by dovetailing the blades into a One of the peculiarities of this blower is the interchangeable wheels in the same casing to different pressures for approximately the same and capacities. The performance curves of an init, the smallest of this reproduced in Fig. 4. e tests were also made alibrated turbine, a. Pitot | a series of nozzles at the a duct. The smoothness curves indicates to some the accuracy of the obser- and the relation of the la of the highest efficiency dot at the top of each effi- -urve located by the same in each case is worthy of This, too, would seem to ite that it might be possible rate the blower at the high- ficiency regardless of its if the area of the discharge ection is sufficiently reduced. Beyond this throat it is pointed duct should be expanded duce velocity losses. A feat- f the head or pressure curves indication that they give of facility with which it possible to operate © these blowers in parallel on the ‘same duct and the rapidity of the increase in the discharge following an increase in the speed with the head remaining constant. The variation in Fig. 4—Test Curves of an 18-In. Blower consumption as the blower is worked along the + path of highest efficiency is also a noteworthy feature of tests. safety folder for distribution among its employees en prepared by the Cleveland Hardware Company, Adams, general superintendent, carrying the little cut >! the babbitt-bespattered goggles shown in The Iron “ge ot April 4, in an article by W. H. Cameron on safety n steel foundries. It is explained that “The machinist Who wore these glasses would be totally blind today if he ‘ac not used them when pouring babbitt.” There are a r of hints why these glasses are good in handling metal and in case of flying chips, sparks and slivers. the injunctions on the folder is writter in nine dit - languages. , 1912 THE IRON AGE 295 Large Duplex Pump A new type of horizontal duplex double-acting power pump for large capacity service in waterworks and isolated plants has been developed and is being placed on the mar- ket by the Goulds Mfg. Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y. One of the Large Duplex Pumps aoe oe by the Goulds Mfg. Company, Seneca The pump is arranged for direct connection to some type of prime mover such as an electric motor, steam or in- ternal combustion engine or other source of power, the pinion shaft having been extended for this purpose. The power end has a single gear and pinion, the former being made of cast iron and of the split pattern type, while the pinion is made of forged steel. The teeth of both the gear and the pinion are cut from the solid metal. The frame is formed of three heavy cast-iron girder sections, each carrying a main bearing and cross-head and doweled and bolted together to form a single unit. The cross- heads are cast iron with babbitted shoes which have wedge and screw adjustment for taking up wear and the guides are bored. The water end consists of four castings, each of which contains plunger, discharge and suction chambers. Large flanged suction and discharge connections which are 18 and 16 in. in diameter, respectively, hold the castings together. Bolts passing through the front cylinders serve to hold the castings to the main frame. This pump is built in a number of different sizes, the one shown in the accompanying engraving being known as the 20 x 20 in. size. The cylinders in this pump are 20 in. in diameter and the stroke is the same length. The pump has a capacity of 5,000,000 gal. per 24 hr. against a head of 175 ft. The diameters of the discharge and suc- tion pipes are 16 and 18 in., respectively. The over-all dimensions of the pump are, length, 21 ft.; hight, 12 ft., and width, 98 in. The weight of this pump is approxi- mately 65,000 Ib. . ‘ The Wabash Railroad receivers, who recently made formal application to the United States District Court at St. Louis for permission to issue $2,500,000 of certificates, propose to use $500,000 in the construction of new locomo- tive shops at Decatur, Ill, and $400,000 in the purchase of 20 new Mikado engines. The remainder will go to yard and terminal facilities, double tracking and other purposes. The St. Louis Blast Furnace Company, whose financial troubles caused it to discontinue operations months ago, will be sold under foreclosure proceedings brought by the trustee for the bondholders, the St. Louis Union Trust Company. The sale will be held August 16 at the court house in St. Louis. It is understood that plans are being considered for the rehabilitation of the company, but no details have been made public. The Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., has opened a Chicago office at 913 McCormick Building. ~ AR A BI 6 Ry he Cartons Me me ee ¥ ge 2 Sgr ys oe aghe ai val aa Pied gist a cap i oe oe a. Eras y ye ae ~ Atlan a i dd es! Fee paper ee ea 3 i ~*s le eae ae Wm * baer ery, ta poegit "Ne bs a = meting mebapie intone ain: silage, Gm = we ‘ Re A Stronger Position for Wrought Iron A Belief that Mechanical Puddling on a Large Scale Is Soon to Come—A Recrudes- cence of the Steel-Wrought Iron Controversy At a meeting early this year in Glasgow of the West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute, Herbert Pilkington. past president of the Staffordshire Iron and Steel Institute, read a paper entitled, “Wrought Iron.” The rather posi- tive case which he had drawn up to indicate the rapidly growing favor for wrought iron and the early need for methods of mechanical puddling on a large scale was not at all upheld, judging from a report of the discussion which has now become available. The paper dealt largely with comparisons of wrought iron and basic mild steel on such subjects as corrosion; mechanical structure, strength and tests involved; fatigue; considerations with regard to the finished iron puddled from pig iron only, and the com- position of the finished bar. -The paper met with a storm of protests. As regards the question of corrosion he adduced a considerable number of examples to indicate the superior resistance to corrosion offered by wrought iron and one point, he felt, could not be denied, that the purer the steel is in regard to carbon, the more the corrosion under ordi- nary atmospheric conditions; but the purer as regards man- ganese, the less the corrosion. “Mild steel, or ingot iron, as a distinguished professor has called it,” he continued, “is, so far as he knows, the most pure form of iron produced in this country in an ordinary commercial way, and it is bound to corrode most of all. Carbon steel is more pro- tected from corrosion, according to the content of carbon, than mild steel, but last of all, wrought iron, rolled out in fibers, every fiber being surrounded by an envelope of slag, minute as it may be, resists corrosion to the uttermost ex- tent.” The Rush for Making Steel As regards strength as resistance to shock, he felt that in many cases wrought iron had been substituted by steel and grave mistakes thereby made, particularly in the case of crank shafts for engines, connecting rods and crank pins for locomotives and bolts for pumps. “This country,” he said, “rushed into’ the manufacture of steel almost in a panic, as also did the German nation, and yet we are quite well aware that in America, where basic steel has so enor- mously developed, even with semi-acid ores, there is more puddling going on than ever there has been for a consid- erable number of years, while England now appears to be following suit.” He regarded mild steel as a more or less homogeneous material, “not quite like glass, because glass is an abso- lutely homogeneous material, but still similar from the point of view that it is a fused cast mass, only modified by the heat treatment and work it subsequently receives. On the other hand, wrought iron, properly rolled, is not homo- geneous even in the same sense as steel, but is a bundle of fibers absolutely welded together and not to be dissoci- ated. Any shock coming on this bundle of fibers must be very great indeed, relative to the section, if it fractures them all, whereas the shock on mild steel might fracture the whole section very quickly after the first surface crack occurred, as there is no resistant fiber structure present.” Steel Nuts and Bolts Termed Freaks He claimed there were no successful substitutes for the fibrous wrought iron made into cable chains for shafts; he regarded steel nuts and bolts as freaks like steel rivets, for however well made steel rivets may be, after the heat treatment and punishment received in riveting, instances are only too frequent of heads flying off in practice. “While you can weld wrought iron successfully, even with the very mildest of steels, a safe weld cannot be sufficiently assured for chains subject to sudden stresses.” As regards shock, bar iron, as contrasted with mild steel, must, he urged, be far superior. In tensile tests it may be shown that the reduction of area in the case of mild steel, basic or otherwise, is greater than that of wrought iron, but any sudden impact on such a material 2 as mild steel is more likely to cause fracture than i: the case of fibrous wrought iron. As regards fatigue, his experience pointed conclusively to the fact that whether in iron or steel the deterioration by crystallization due to fatigue in both materials jis an extremely serious factor. Taking the case of iron chains, the practice is to anneal them at least once a year to re- store them from their crystalline condition to the fibrous state again. Fibrous wrought iron is always the more re- liable of the two materials in its resistance to crystallization through fatigue or work, because its fibrous nature always stands this fatigue and work far better than any material without fiber, The Imminence of Mechanical Puddling As regards puddling, he admitted that a mechanical method is inevitable to cope with the demand he antici- pates. He expressed himself as well aware that the process of manufacturing steel in large masses has always been open to the question of segregation and irregularity. He Fig. 1—Photomicrograph, About 190 Diameters, of Staffordshire Wrought Iron ; concluded that though puddled iron cannot be produced at the same cost as steel, it is infinitely the safer and better material to use under the circumstances indicated. He held that puddlers were not encouraged as they might have been and young men have heretofore been reluctant to take up an arduous occupation and this is a reason for the development of mechanical puddling, such a system being calculated to overcome the excessively laborious oc- cupation which it is at present. Any one who is sufficiently courageous to install heavy machinery to deal with large masses of puddled iron and put sufficient work on it, in the same way as work is put on steel, is bound to be suc- cessful. The Discussion: The Question of Fatigue Again Professor Campion wrote that he was hardly prepared to admit that the failure of wrought iron to resist corro- sion by atmospheric, sea water or other agencies was an absolutely unknown quantity. Neither could he agree that basic steel was in every instance unable to withstand cor- rosive influences as well as iron. He had in mind a case in which a pure basic steel, after repeated trials, was found to be the only material that resisted attack by certain waters. Wrought iron in this case very soon corroded. There could be no point, anyway, in using a more costly material simply for making a structure last three times 45 long as necessary, if the cheaper material would last the one-third required. The author, he continued, appeared to have fallen into 206 8, te rror of regarding wrought iron as non-crystalline, and t crystallization was a result of fatigue, while steel vas a rystalline material in its normal state. This view, to oht of modern knowledge, could not be upheld. Wrot iron and steel were both perfectly crystalline di nd the fibrous appearance of fractured iron was ‘o the material being non-crystalline, but simply , tortion and drawing out of the crystals of which the ma'crial was composed. Many samples of steel frac- ryred under certain conditions exhibited a similar appear- net ie old idea that fracture of metal resulted from she cry -tallization of metal under the influence of stresses or vibration was now known to be fallacious, and should have disappeared long since. ander G. Strathern took issue, for example, with the asscrtions regarding chains. He reported a test made hy hanging a new piece of steel chain and a new piece of iron in together at the corner of a building where they were ( pon to all kinds of weather for two years. On examining the chains at the end of that time there was no | ble difference in the rate of corrosion between the irot | steel. He had no hesitation in saying that steel nuts and bolts were far superior to iron, and such bolts nd nuts were being turned out in large quantities by f the highest repute. Iron and Steel Photomicrographs Dr. C. H. Desch submitted two photomicrographs here reproduced, Fig. 1 was of wrought iron taken some time ago but not specially for this purpose. He called attention Photomicrograph, About 190 Diameters, of Ingot Iron e fact that particles of silicate existed as long threads ers. They did not surround the iron at all. The large mass of slag in the center was, of course, excep- tional, and the photograph was taken, as stated, for an- ther purpose. “There was no film of slag inclosing the ron crystals, so that would not account for the difference n corrosion.” The main difference to him seemed to rest ower proportion of manganese in the wrought iron; as very probably the chief determining factor in essening its liability to corrosion. “Now, ordinary steel, with its relatively high proportion of manganese and cer- ‘ain ther impurities, was certainly more liable to corrosion ; ut the manufacture of a very mild steel had not reached ‘inality at present, and surely it was capable of improve- | He had lately been examining iron in the form of carbonless ingot iron, which was stated to stand ‘e influence remarkably well. He had taken a pho- tograph of some ingot iron that morning (Fig. 2), and it would he seen that the grains were practically crystalline ‘rains of pure iron and of hardly anything else. There ne slag, but no surrounding material that might be | to accelerate corrosive action.” ng on to the subject of fatigue, Dr. Desch said that -enhain’s statement, as quoted by Mr. Pilkington, $ that a metal did not become crystalline under ‘aucun: Cleavage planes were opened up within the metal, ' - had been fully explained by both Dr. Rosenhain and - Beilby, who had shown how the formation of the Igi2 THE IRON AGE wa 297 } hard amorphous material on these cleavage planes gave rise to fracture, so that the difference between the two metals as shown by fracture was not due to internal dif- ference of crystalline structure. As regards the fibrous structure of wrought iron, that could be completely paral- leled by some mild steels. It was not peculiar to wrought iron, although the presence of a large quantity of slag naturally had a tendency to make the crystals generally more elongated than in the other variety of metal, He agreed with the author that taking reduction of area in tensile tests as a measure of the resistance of the metal toward shock is a very unsatisfactory plan. It was an untrustworthy method of determining the resistance of the metal to vibration, and the proposals that have been made to introduce a shock test of some kind would have to be. adopted if they were to determine the quality of metals from the point of view of shock in any satisfactory manner.