The Iron Age 1912-04-18: Vol 89 Iss 16

THE IRON AGE Established 1855 New York, April 18, 1912 Vol. 89: No. 16 Composition of High Speed Tool Steel Notable Tests on What Are Called the Superior Group— The Four Classes of Tool Steels and Some Record Performances Improvements in iron and steel making for the last several years have been of a broad character. Two branches of development are especially noticeable: 1.—The application of electricity to the production of metals by means of the electric furnace. 2.—The progress being made in the methods of heat treating high-speed steel and the changes in composition of the latter. tion of present day high-speed stecls and their cutting qualities form the theme of this paper. The history of high-speed steel began when patents were granted to Messrs. Taylor and White, in 1900, cov- ering the manufacture of a brand of steel alloyed with tungsten, molybdenum and chromium in specified propor- tions and certain exacting heat treatments for them. Well remembered are the remarkable demonstrations of this steel made by the Bethlehem Steel Company at the Paris exhibition. Tools for cutting metals were shown operat- ing at a speed eight to ten times greater than what was then the usual shop practice. Engineers watched these tests with the keenest interest, and Messrs. Taylor and White were highly commended for their achievements. But note the rapid trend of events. A decade has passed since this remarkable steel was patented; today it is not heard of. At a comparatively — recent date the patents cov- q Ee ; ering this product were held Y &S invalid, the court saying, with Y Pr ! other comments, that “no sat’ at isfactory basis appears in the Dimensions of Test Bar, Showing Points Where Cutting Speed is Increased records for the assertion that the patents in suit lead up to or were the means of pro- ducing or introducing the present high-speed steels.” Imminence of Heavier Machine Tools than Ever teel-makers, encouraged with the success of this new steel, soon followed with superior steels that taxed the capacity of the machine tools in using them to their limit. his has necessitated improvements in machine design. Developments along this line of engineering have advanced to the stage where machine tools are now designed spe- ancally to secure a high efficiency through rapid produc- tion at highest speeds with the greatest depth of cut and Seg feeds that the high-speed steels are capable of han ; paper read recently before a railroad club in the ae . author concluded by saying: “The makers of ad a: ools have had to wake up to the fact that heavier with oe re Powerful machines must be made to keep up om m working capacity of high-speed steel, and I ven- infanc. a that heavy machinery is as yet in its we his prophecy is proving true, for day after Y We see ponderous and more efficacious machines turned out ; M i as it by the various machine tool builders and the IS not yet. 957 The composi-_ T — siti iiacsteiecspanllninniceneaiiiestnit Riaineainarcstlaeimaston BY E. T. EDWARDS Four Eras of Steel Cutting Tools Without referring to any scientific classifications of cutting tools of the various types of steel, let us for a moment compare the composition of the Taylor & White steels with those of later years and also present day prac- tice. Before we proceed in making this comparison, how- ever, it seems necessary to refer to Mr. Taylor’s group- ings of high-speed steel historically, so that a better under- standing may be had of the steels referred to. “Group A is known as the era of carbon steels up to 1894. “Group B is known as the era of Mushet or self-hard- ening steels, 1894 to 1900. “Group C is known as the era of high-speed steel from 1900 to ——” The time left blank after 1900 by Mr. Taylor fas now closed and a new era has been reached. This we will group under D and call the era that of Superior high- speed steels. The old era closed and the new era began when Dr. Arnold made the startling announcement in Eng- land, early in 1909, that a new high-speed steel had been discovered that would do from four to seven times the amount of work done by B * A ‘ other high-speed steels and Rodacend iY at increased speeds. j Relative to the composi- tion of these various steels, Mr. Taylor, in his applica- ne tion for a patent, says: “I have not found any very ma- terial difference in the cutting speed when chromium, tungsten and molybdenum are used in excess of the percentages last given. (Tungsten present in the proportions of one or more per cent.; or in the alter- native, molybdenum present in the proportion of one or more per cent.; or again, tungsten present in the propor- tion of 2 per cent., or over, together with molybdenum in the proportions of one per cent. or over.) For cutting very hard metal I have found a tool composed of a steel having not less than 3 per cent. chromium and not less than 6 per cent. tungsten, or in the alternative, not less than 3 per cent. molybdenum, to have a special value. I have worked with steels containing carbon 085 to 2 per cent. without notable difference in the character of the tool produced by my treatment.” - = Ds i ‘ Percentage of Various Elements in Steels Succeeding the Taylor & White Steels. Si. Mn. Mo. 0.10 0.19 et wn Trace 0.15 ° 8 0.50 o RSRSaB sassss 8e=ss 9.26 DMM ARARY A ecesses: esos 18.00 oF: soon followed by _ So > we The Taylor & White steels were Cage tna i NE I nn a ua 8 valaacerg” 958 THE IRON AGE steels made by the leading steel-makers, in which the composition varied widely. The foregoing analyses show relatively how the leading brands compared. Again the compositions have changed and we are con- fronted with steels containing elements in the proportions as tabulated below. These are representative samples of the present day Superior high-speed steels. Records of Performance of High Speed Steels It is just as interesting to note the increase in the feed and speed of today over those of previous years as it is to compare the changes made in machine design and composition of steel. Instances of record on the cutting speed of the Taylor & White varieties of steel refer to these as cutting cast iron on a planer at 50 ft. per minute and on a lathe at 70 ft. per minute. On soft steel speeds of 50 to 60 ft. per minute are recorded on cuts of 0.04 sq. in. area; and speeds of 70 to 8o ft. per minute on cuts of 0.02 sq. in. area are also recorded. Among recent records made by the group C steels are the following: A high-speed steel tool, 3 x 1% in. in sec- tion, not long ago turned at 14 ft. per minute with ™%-in. feed and 7/16 in. depth of cut a pair of locomotive tires in 43 min. The tools were taken out in good condition. A 1%-in. square tool turned an open-hearth steel forging made from high chrome steel, annealed, at 66 ft. per min- Percentage of Various Elements in Present Day Superior High Speed Steels. Ne. Cc. Si Mn. or. Tung. Mo. 3 kip 0.60 0.07 0.29 5 19.65 eds hn coe 0.10 Trace 16.78 FS 0.32 0.18 18.27 5 . 0.67 0.22 Trace 18.51 1.52 0.69 0.23 0.20 16.68 bees 0.60 0.20 0.17 16.00 0.50 ..0.52 0.16 0.12 16.95 0.37 0.80 0.31 0.18 18.43 oa 0.64 0.25 0.21 18.80 0.97 Ds wae 0.18 0.12 18.56 0.22 cited 0.71 0.45 9.25 16.72 0.20 be ol 0.71 0.35 0.15 18.92 Rees foe) cninte? we We BD Us OH mm~SSSSSSSSoy NRK SOOCmNALYWwS,;' UNDNAWOWwS Sty ute, with %4-in. feed and %-in. depth of cut. Eight to 12- in. diameter chrome steel shafts are regularly turned at 35 ft. per minute, reducing the diameter 3% in. per cut and feeding at about % in. per revolution of lathe. Finish- ing cuts 4 in. deep with o.1-in. feed were regularly taken on the same steels at 90 to 95 per minute. The Performance of the Superior High Specd Steels In these operations the cutting point of the tools for some time before failure discolored to the same degree as they would had they been heated to 650 deg. F., which shows the wonderful cutting properties even of this class of steel. Large amounts of these steels are still used, but they are being rapidly replaced by the new Superior Composition of Tool Steels Tested. Carbon Tungsten Chrome Vanadium .-.0.54 percent 10.35 percent -5.20 per cent none ere - 11.40 od _ = ive sae 0.55 14.59 F ..0.50 16.00 0.61 ‘ 17.15 0.60 . 18.11 0.61 17.49 0.61 17.15 ree : 19.95 cients 0.64 20.03 seareh on 0.94 18.40 , ; 16.00 we oan 0.66 e 20.25 huweoue 0.68 18.00 LENE EEAR EWEN MOO LIS OMUOOue bo CSCwouanaumnowooonw eSessse DAL mnouonuw brands. It has been said, in forecasting the future of the high-speed steel industry, “that it will probably pay better to produce tools from cheaper materials than those now used, that will run at a little less than the present degree of temperature to produce failure, than to experiment with costly alloys that may be found to work at rather higher temperatures.” The author does not not agree with this forecast; an illustration taken from every-day practice will show the fallacy of its reasoning. A 15/16-in. diameter Superior steel drill in test did the work that four regular high-speed drills would do, the drill only wearing about one-fourth as fast, while the speed and feed were increased 50 per cent. The Superior drill was useless after drilling 6100 ft. of material, the actual time required to perform the work being 499 hr. It was necessary to use two class C drills to do the same work, the time required being 762 hr. The Superior drill cost $3.05, while the class C drills cost $2.54 each. A re- cent test for drilling cast iron with a Superior steel drill is reported as follows: A 1-in. drill running at 520 r.p.m., with 1/16-in. feed, drilled two holes through 4 4-in, block of cast iron and the drill had not perceptibly worn a seems to be about the fastest on record. 7 Series No. 1 of Tests on the Cutting Qualities of 1 is Total Tool Cutting speed in ft. per minute length No. 46 54 62 70 78 86 94 of cut, ft. Remarks 1 150 150 150 480 Tool cut rough 159 150 150 45 495 = Tool burned ow 150 150 150 30 630 Tool burned ou 150 150 150 15 615 Tool cut fair, — 150 150 150 30 630 Tool cut fair 150 150 150 fe el did not cs . 150 150 150 | 502% Not god. °° 150 150 150 0 750 Good tool. 150 150 15¢ 7% 607% Did not cut smoo 150 150 150 150 150 0 900 Tool burned ou 150 150 150 13 0 600 Tool burned out 150 150 150 150 150 60 960 Made clean smoot! 150 150 150 150 150 120 1020 Chips deep blue 150 159 150 150 150 74 974 ~ Chips deep blue — et wr OO ONAUS who . Note.—0, means the total failed when the speed was increase: 150, means a cut of 150 circumferential feet was taken before cyen was increased. Numerals less than 150, given under any means that the tool cut the distance indicated at burned out. Speed b speed, that speed, ther The Part Played by Vanadium As is commonly noted, whenever an important work is accomplished or discovery made, a theory soon follows setting forth a reason for the event. This has been true of high-speed steel also, as numerous theories have been given explaining that the results attained could be ex pected. It cannot be denied, however, that Messrs. Taylor and White have paved the way for the development of the present Superior steels, whether it be conceded that they made a wonderful discovery or simply adopted an experimental rule that permitted them to surpass others in the race for its development. By referring to the analyses of the now leading high- speed steels it will be noted that at least one element has been added to all steels; this element is vanadium. It is universal practice to use it; all the leading brands of steel contain various amounts. Broad claims are made as to the wonderful results following its use. Among other things it is said vanadium has triple force in cleansing, strengthening and toughening all varieties of steel and that it intensifies tremendously the powers of other ele- ments. In other words, “it endows steel with life.” The author’s experience with the use of vanadium has led to the adoption of the foliowing rules which show the important part played by this element and how mci it augments the properties that make for speed and endur- ance. Stating the effect of vanadium as an average 0! many tests, these results show that: 0.3 per cent. vanadium allows 10 per cent. increased speed or 10 per cent. more metal removed in same time. 0.6 per cent. vanadium allows 20 per cent. increased speed or 20 per cent. more metal removed in same time. 0.9 per cent. vanadium allows 30 per cent. increased speed or 30 per cent. more metal retuoved in same time. Stating the effect in terms of increased time between grindings of tools proves that: 0.3 per cent. vanadium doubles the time between ' grinding. 0.6 per cent. vanadium quadruples the time between ' grinding. 0.9 per cent. vanadium cuts eight times as much metal between grindings if the same speed and feed is used. _ A tool that will cut at 10 per cent. faster speed will last twice as long between grindings (if the speed !s changed) and a tool that will stand a 20 per cent. taste’ speed will run four times as long between grindings. tool that will stand 30 per cent. faster speed before it reaches the breaking-down point will last eight times ® long without re-sharpening. To make this clear each ad- ditional 0.3 per cent. vanadium adds 10 per cent. '0 the Series No. 2 of Tests on the Cutting Qualities of High Speed Stee Total Tool Cutting speed in ft. per minute length No. 46 54 62 70 78 86 94 of cut, ft. Remarks ; 150 150 150 150 90 690 Tool burned ou 150 150 150 0 450 Tool burned = 150 159 150 150 40 640 Tool Burned, 150 150 15¢€ 150 150 9 750 Fairly smoot . 4 ott 150 150 150 150 150 2¢ 770 Fair, tool burne 159 150 150 150 150 0 750 Burned out. - 150 150 150 150 7% 757% Cut not —— a 150 15¢ i150 60 810 Good, manor a 150 150 150 150 0 900 Tool burned ned ot 150 150 150 150 60 960 Smooth cut, Ur 150 150 150 126 877 Fair. ‘ 150 156 150 150 80 980 Smooth cut. 150 150 150 150 164 1064 Smooth cut. 150 150 150 150 150 309 1209 Smooth cut. ¢ speed or doubles the life of a tool work- ie speed and feed. As a result of these data that it is not policy to use the old high- If the machinery is not strong enough to run | speeds, the tool will last eight times as long to be sharpened only one-eighth as often in iven amount of metal. been said and written about Mr. Taylor’s \rt of Cutting Metals.” It is certainly a mas- sed as it is on the longest and most exhaustive <periments conducted along this line. How- uld be impractical as well as almost impossi- tool steel manufacturer to carry on experi- his kind, day after day in the plart, to deter- mm ..... what composition of steel gives the best results under , conditions; yet it is necessary for the man- determine these things in order to keep abreast vith the times. Nor does the tool steel testing machine* Fd. G. Herbert give all that is desired, +~, Author’s Method of Testing Tool Steels od used by the author, and with excellent suc- be briefly described as follows: For making tool ire variable-speed lathe driven by a 15-hp. direct- Westinghouse motor is used. The lathe is so by interchangeable gearing that 144 changes of by < 00 Total Lenqth of Chip taken, in feet Showing Relative Efficiency of Various Tool Steels Four Series of Tests, Showing Total Length of Chip for Each Brand of Tool er On Wee. os ok a vacae wee 3100 ft. ..1972 ft. DEES Wik oa actahad 3225 ft. ee ee We TOs os daws a wean 3915 ft. 2225 ft ROR EG. Bhs ceccw bun 3194 ft. 2817 ft pe BORN, Peery pre 3814 ft. 2782>ft AE Ba ia ceenaenes 4607 ft. 2559 ft pS a eee 4163 ft. e obtained. The tools to be tested are ground mplet so that absolute uniformity of clearance, rake Is always assured, The tool, when set in the ‘lways set at exactly the same hight, this being in. above the ‘lathe center, as experience has this always gives the best results on a large r, such as is used. Extreme care is taken in that all tools are heated under conditions as ‘rm as possible, that they are held at the same » hardening bath, and that they are transferred ast to cool thoroughly under exactly uniform the method of hardening being to heat the tool per temperature in a clear coke fire, then to immersing one-half of the cutting point in oil to cool in an air blast. + on which tests are made are of a special defin- ‘ion alloy steel. They are first annealed and then to a uniform tough structure, of the same 'rom the surface to the centre of the bar. The ‘ade 8 in. in diameter and are discarded after ‘er has been reduced about 5 in. In making the epth of cut is set at 3/16 in. on a side; the feed ' so that it is constant at 1/15 in. per revolution. '< speeds are then varied until the tool is worn € test completed. ‘ nit fro - description of this machine, and the results obtained ‘ an be found on pages 206 to 245 of the number 1 Journal of Iron & Steel Institute. THE IRON AGE 959 Series No. 3 of Tests on the Cutting Qualities of High Speed Steel 3 Total Tvol Cutting speed in ft. per minute length No. 46 54 62 7C 78 86 94 of cut, ft. Remarks I 150 150 150 52 502 Tool burned out. 2 150 150 180 67% 517% Tool burned out. 3 150 150 156 150 0 600 Tool burned out. - 150 150 150 150 145 545 Tool burned out. 5 150 150 150 150 150 150 0 900 Cut fair. 6 150 150 150 150 150 52 802 Tool burned out. 7 150 150 156 150 150 40 790 Tool burned out. 8 150 150 156 150 150 150 0 960 Fair. 9 150 150 150 150 150 1580 7% 907% Fair. 10 150 150 150 150 150 150 210 1110 Good cut. 11 150 150 150 150 150 150 17% 917% Good cut. 12 150 150 150 150 150 150 157% 1057% 13 150 150 150 150 150 150 211% 1128% i4 150 150 150 150 150 150 45 945 Not smooth. Good, smooth cut. Good, smooth cut. The method of procedure is this: After the tools are ground properly to gauge and hardened uniformly, they are set securely in the lathe, the lathe having been pre- viously set so that the proper depth of cut and amount of feed result as soon as the cut is started. The tool then starts to cut at 46 ft. per minute; this speed is maintained until the tool has traversed 150 ft. in circumference along the surface of the bar. Then the speed is immediately increased to 54 ft. per minute; it is then increased in in- crements of 8 ft. per minute after each 150 ft. of circum- ferential travel, until a speed is reached where the tool fails or breaks down. It is considered that a speed of 94 ft. per minute, turning the special alloy bars used for test- ing purposes, is far greater than would be met in shop practice except in the most exceptional cases; when this speed is attained the tool is permitted to operate as long as it stands the work, or in other words until it burns out. The tool is then reground and the same cycle of tests is repeated until the tool again fails. The strictest preeautions are taken in grinding so as not to blue the cutting edge or point of the tool. These tests are re- peated until each tool has had four grindings; experience indicates that a tool usually gives the best results after the second grinding. The sketch on page 957 will help to make clear the method of procedure. The tool is started at the point Y and cuts the distance A along the shaft, at 46 ft. per min- ute. This distance is 4.75 in., the diameter of the shaft being 8 in. before the cut is taken, and corresponds to the cut-length of 150 ft.; the feed being 1/15 in. per revolution of lathe. When the distance A has been completed the speed is immediately increased to 54 ft. per minute and the distance B is turned, when the speed is again increased to 62 ft. per minute and the distance C completed. The speed is increased in increments of 8 ft. per minute in this man- ner until a speed of 94 ft. per minute is attained, as before stated. The tool is permitted to cut at the latter speed until the point is destroyed. e Records of Tests Made by the Author The record of tests will also illustrate the method of testing. These were tests precedent to a large number that were made to determine: 1.—The effect of high or low carbons on the cutting qualities. 2—The results secured from varying the chrome present. 3.—The effect of high or low tungsten. 4.—The effect of the presence of varying amounts of vanadium. The carbon, tungsten, chrome and vanadium present in each tool were as given in the second table, first column, page 958, and they are branded by numbers for proper identification. To estimate the value of each tool, we assume the for- mula for efficiency given on the next page. Series No. 4 of Tests on the Cutting Qualities of High Speed Steel Tetal Tool Cutting speed in ft. per minute length No. 46 54 62 70 78 86 9%4 of cut, ft. Remarks 1 150156 156 6 456 Burned out 2 150 150 150 150 10 610 Burned out 3. 180 150 150 120 570 Burned out 4 156 150 15 315 Burned out. 5 150 150 150 67% 517% Burned out. 6 150 150 150 150 15 615 Burned out 7 150 150 156 60 510 Burned out. 8 150 150 159 150 40 640 Burned out 9 150 150 156 150 150 60 810 Burned out. 10 150 150 150 150 150 150 45 945 Cut smooth, burned ou: 11 150 150 150 156 150 SO 800 Burned out. 12 150 150 150 150 150 67% 817% Burned out. 13. 150 150 150 150 150 150 495 1395 Good, smooth cut. 14 Good, smooth cut. 150 150 150 150 150 150 135 1035 THE IRON Efficiency where— A = area of chip; S = average cutting speed at which the tool failed; L= average length of cut taken at speed S. The efficiency of each tool from this formula, is then as follows: Relative Efficiency of the Different Brands Tool N Tool 5 Tool N Tool No. Tool N Tool I Tool s Tool No. Tool No. Tool No. Tool No. Tool No. Tool No. Tool No. The accompanying efficiency curve is drawn from these results and illustrates graphically the relation of each tool. In these series of tests special attention was attracted to the last four tools, Nos. 11, 12, 13 and 14, as these tools con- tinued to cut at the highest speeds. The extreme point attained a temperature that was distinctly “red in shaded shop light.” It must be borne in mind that these tools and all the tools tested, rfom which the results are given relative to the effect on the cutting qualities of various amounts of vanadium, were hardened under the conditions generally in use in shop practice. The method of hardening any tool steel exerts an enormous influence on the cutting qual- ities of that steel, as by heating to lower or higher tem- peratures or by varying the temperature or nature of the cooling bath, the character of the steel will without fail be altered. It will be found, however, in performing a series of tests that the tools giving the best results under one condition of hardening will invariably give the best results under all practical conditions of hardening. Indications are that high-speed steel tools containing vanadium will run much longer between grindings in pro- portion to the quantity of vanadium they contain up to 1.25 per cent. Tools containing larger amounts than this have been used, but the added efficiency does not seem to warrant the extra expense of manufacture, excepting for special cases. Terne Plate Made from American Ingot Iron The American Rolling Mill Company has erected six tinning stacks at its Zanesville plant for the manufacture of terne plate, with American ingot iron as a base metal. This plant has just begun operations and the company is confident that, judging by the great demand for American ingot iron sheets, roofing and formed products, there will be a brisk demand for ternes made from this pure iron, be- cause of its demonstrated durability. The plant will have a capacity of 600 to 1000 tons per month. The production of pure iron in No. 30 gauge black plate is a noteworthy accomplishment, because, due to the great and exceptional purity of the metal, the sheets weld together at the rolling temperature. It has been quite a problem to manufacture No. 26 successfully and the solv- ing of this problem is. expected to open up many new fields for this popular product. The tinning department is under the supervision of some of the oldest tin men in the country, many having learned the art in Great Britain. The genuine Moore- wood method of applying a pure lead and tin coating has been adopted. This produces the genuine old style, palm oil, hand-dipped process terne plates that have given such great satisfaction in the past. Armco Old Style and Armco Extra Coated are the only two brands that will be produced, the first-named in 40, 30 and 25-lb. coating, palm oil finish, and the second in 20, 15 and 10-lb. coat- ings, palm oil finish. The first order was placed by the Irwin Mfg. Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., and was for 1000 cases. This plate, it is stated, will pass the United States Government specification. A power show, conducted under the auspices of the New England Association of Commercial Engineers, is to be held in Mechanics Building, Boston, Mass., April 22 to 27 inclusive. The list of exhibitors includes manu- facturers from all over the United States of power pro- ducing machinery, accessories, appliances and supplies. Turbine engines, pumps, compressors and many other types of machines will be shown in operation. AGE April 18, 1912 A New Sensitive Bench Drilling Machine A sensitive bench drilling machine with the chucy directly fitted to the spindle is being built by the Monarch Machinery Company, 249 North Third street. Philadel. phia, Pa. This arrangement is somewhat of a departure from the established standards of equipping this class tool and it is pointed out that the inconvenience of fitting drills to the spindle or special holder is avoided, as the chuck will accommodate drills of all sizes within the range of the machine. Steel is employed for the shaft and the pinion, which are made in one piece, and the feed is by a hand lever, , vertical movement of 4 in. being available. The three-jay chuck will accommodate drills having a maximum diam. eter of % in. and is held on the spindle by a long threag The end thrust of the spindle is taken up by a ball bear. ing. The table is 8 in. in diameter and swings through A New and Improved Type of Sensitive Bench Drilling Machine Having the Chuck Fitted Directly tu the Spindle Built by the Monarch Machinery Company, Philadelphia, Pa. an arc of 180 deg. The vertical movement of the table is 7 in. and the top is ground in alignment with the spindle. The tool is belt driven and the countershaft is attached to the body of the drill. A two-step cone pulley provides two speeds and an adjustable idler takes up the slack. Loose pulleys are also provided on the countershaft in addition to the driving pulleys, and all of them, including the idlers, have flanges. The machine will drill to the center of a 10%-in. circle. Its over-all hight is 27 1. and the crated weight is 8o lb. A portable floor crane and hoist, designed originally to meet the needs of its own shop to handle heavy loads, 18 being manufactured by the Canton Foundry’ & Machine Company, Canton, Ohio. A floor crane. is almost indis- pensable in a shop where heavy handling is necessary, its use is found to be a saving of labor in machine shops, automobile factories, garages and various other ee turing plants and repair shops. The crane 1s built hard service, but can easily be moved from one part : the shop to another, being mounted on wheels with roller bearings. The chain is hand forged, the hook 1s 4 “ forging, the block is of cast steel and the gears are cas iron. The crane is built in 8 sizes, ranging in hight ~ 5 ft. 8 in. to 12 ft. 6 in. with a lift ranging from 4 6 in. to 11 ft. 3 in. and a capacity of from 3000 to New Triplex Pumps o Recently Developed Types of the Goulds _ Mfg. Company triplex plunger pumps has been recently iarket by the Goulds Mfg. Company, Seneca : lhey are made in both the single and the ' tvles and are intended for general water 1 water works, fire service, sprinkler sys- elevators, pulp grinders, condenser serv- ition where large quantities of water against ressures are required, The single-acting type of tratd in Fig. 1 and a view of one of the double- rranged for motor drive is given is Fig. 2. ure range of the single-acting pump, one of vn in Fig. 1, is from 65 to 1oo lb. and the 428 to 960 gal. per minute. These pumps six different sizes. The three smaller ones liameters of 10, 11 and 12 in. respectively, stroke of 10 in. The next two sizes of 2-in. plunger, while the largest has a plunger ter. The stroke of these three pumps is 12 is of these two groups of pumps are 42 and espectively. The ratio of gearing in the first is 5.3 to 1 and 5.6 to 1 in the others. The the suction pipes are 7, 8, 10 and 12 in., and pipe diameters range from 6 to Io in. e of this type of pump consists of two stand- the base and held in alignment by a center vuide bolted between them, an arrangement pointed out, gives a rigid foundation for the rts. The crankshaft, which is of open-hearth steel, is machined to gauge and is journaled in onze bearings. Babbitt metal is employed to line t earings of the pinion shaft. The gearing, which ratio from 5.3 to 1 to 5.6 to 1, is of charcoal iron large gear and forged steel for the pinion, the teeth mbers being cut from the solid. The pinion and teeth of the gear are covered by a gear ross-heads have adjustable bronze shoes Strap head and wedge adjust- ize boxes at the crank end and adjustable of the marine type at the cross-head end are connecting rod. The plungers are of hard bored guides. are finished by grinding. iron castings are used for the cylinders and xes, the former being cast integral with the valve box is a separate casting containing a set discharge valves, which are rubber disks grid seats with cylindrically wound springs. 1 } } Aci j n and ‘he New Single-Acting Triplex Pumps Built by the s Mfg. Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y. THE IRON AGE Fig. 2—The Standard Double-Acting Pump Fitted for Motor Drive The connections to the sections and discharge pipes can be made at either end of the pump. The double-acting triplex piston pump, which is illus- trated in Fig. 2, arranged for motor drive, can be also furnished with a belt drive. This pump is designed for a working pressure of 150 lb. and is made in ten sizes rang- ing in capacity from 175 to 1525 gal. per minute. These pumps are divided into four groups according to their speed, which ranges from 45 to 38 r. p. m. All but the two largest sizes of pumps have a frame which consists of two standards which are bolted to the base and are kept in alignment by a center guide bolted between them, which is the same construction as that employed in the single- acting type. In the other two sizes the standards which are held together by a center cross-head guide and cylin- der seat bolted between them rest upon foundations and carry the end cylinders. The general construction of these pumps is practically the same as the single-acting ones except that the connecting rods are of forged steel and are fitted at each end with adjustable bronze boxes of the marine type. The cylinders are separate charcoal-iron castings bolted to the base and have bronze linings bolted in place, an arrangement which makes them readily re- movable. The iron pistons have followers and are fitted with fibrous packing. The piston rods are high grade cold rolled steel and the stuffing boxes and glands are of bronze fitted with fibrous packings. These are readily accessible for making adjustments. The suction and discharge valves are rubber disks on bronze grid seats with cylindrical springs and a set of each is contained in the valve boxes, which are separate castings of charcoal iron. ' “The Evolution of Iron to Steel, or the Regeneration of the Republic Iron & Steel Company,” is the title given to a generously illustrated article in Harper’s Weekly for April 6. It outlines the growth of the Republic Company and describes from a popular standpoint present day steel- making operations. The author, John R. Rawlins, pays a tribute to Chairman John Alexander Topping, mention- ing his reorganization of the La Belle Iron Works, Steu- benville, Ohio, and of.the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company, and to President Thomas J. Bray, “an engineer, metallurgist and business man, the active man on the firing line.” The Standard Steel Company, Bedford, Ohio, is enlarg- ing its plant and arranging for the production of polished steel sheets which, by means of a special process, will be uniformly blue in color. These will be used for the manu- facture of stoves, etc. The company is also adding equip- ment for cold rolling, pickling and annealing sheets. It expects to provide later for the production of planished sheets. Its plant will be put in operation in about 30 days. aes c nn tivalegt ia. ie eS 7 me Sage Sons sas S Skt gee At Charcoal Iron by a New Process Purification Open Hearth Type, Through Tuyeres in A new process of manufacturing charcoal iron, in- vented by J. Jones Hudson of Philadelphia, is being suc- cessfully operated by the Vulcan Charcoal Iron & Steel Company, at Crum Lynne, Pa. under the supervision of the inventor, who is general manager of the company. It consists in melting the charge between layers of char- coal in a specially designed furnace of the open hearth type. The furnace is pre-heated by means of oil or gas, and a thick bed of charcoal is provided upon which the charge is made. By the introduction of blasts of cold air through tuyeres, the metal is melted and boiled, filtering through the charcoal which consumes the impurities, elim- inating them from the molten mass. Charcoal may be added at any time during the heat and is generally added near the end to dispel any injurious gases that may arise, thereby insuring complete purification of the metal. The method has the effect of purifying and refining the iron by decarburization and oxidation. It is stated that it may be applied to the manufacture of “charcoal steel” with equally valuable results. The Furnace and Method of Working <= The furnace at present employed at Crum Lynne is of 15 tons capacity. It has a basic lining and is fired at the ends by oil burners. In the front and back walls there are six tuyeres ca.a, adjustably mounted, through which a blast of cold air under pressure is conducted into and on the charge as it melts. The character of the charge is regulated by the quality of the product to be produced, but in all ¢ases both charcoal and flux are used in vary- ing quantities, thereby increasing the heat and continuing the refining. Sulphur, phosphorus, silicon and other im- purities are eliminated to an extent it is claimed “hitherto unknown in the manufacture of iron and steel, the mass being decarbonized until the analyses of the molten metal, which may be made from time to time, show the qual- ity of iron required.” The desired refinement being se- cured, the metal is tapped into a bottom-pour ladle and poured into ingots of various sizes, according to the kind of iron to be rolled, “and after it has received a surface chill it is given a wash heat in a suitable furnace or oven, and may then be passed directly to the mill, where -~Magnification 87 Diameters ent Ce. Os ciedien sees Sulphur Phosphorus Manganese Silicon in a Special Furnace of the Blast Being Introduced Front and Back Walls it is rolled into plates, skelp, billets, or bars for tin plate sheets, or other suitable shapes.” Results of Chemical and Physical Analyses The charge usually consists of pig iron, cast wrought iron or steel scrap, varied to suit conditions and the material to be produced. The following analyses oj some of the heats show the results obtained iron, Carbon Manganese Silicon Sulphur 0.04 0.05 0.016 0.024 0.035 0.08 0.026 0,035 0.03 0.07 0.023 0.034 0.03 0.06 0.019 0.032 0.025 0.06 0.053 0.032 0.0. 0.05 0.016 0.039 0.04 0.07 0.021 0.024 0.04 0.11 0.017 0.030 Physical tests from one of these heats showed the fo! lowing : Elastic limit Tensile strength. Elong in 8 in. Red. of are 27,700 43,200 27.25 per cent 69.6 per cet 29,600 45,000 25.5 per cent 75 percent These tests were from pieces of the crude metal in a runner, without any work done on them. and merel shaped into a test piece. Comparative tests of the product of this company and the best grade of Swedish iron were nmfade and re- sulted as follows: Swedish Iron, Vulcat®@harcoal [rot o whie SED oa 010 0.03 4430 Ib 45,680 Ib 30,420 Ib. per cert. 23 ~—sper cent 5 per cent. 72.7 per cent Carbon sativa wk Tensile strength Elastic limit Elongation Reduction of \ sample test cut from a tin plate bar made by the Vulcan company gave 29,080 Ib. elastic limit, 48,700 Ib. ten- sile strength, 22 per cent. elongation in 8 in. and 66.88 per cent. reduction of area. Both the chemical and physical tests reveal excellent material but it is claimed that as soon as the unavoid able difficulties incident to the inauguration of a new process are entirely surmounted, a still better product will be turned out. The metal thus far produced has been made without the regulation of a chemist, the analyses above referrerd to being made in each case after the metal had been poured. Comparison with Other Methods In comparing the iron or steel made by the new process with that made by the old sinking fire method the fol- lowing points are made: The resultant metal contains no pieces of scrap of Fav iron sunk into it unrefined. Preliminary forging and shaping of the metal and roll- ing it into muck bars are done away with. The old process depends too much on chance, no 4! alysis being obtainable during manufacture, and the pre- vention of defects and the securing of a homogeneous product are not certain even with the best care. In reality the scarcity of proper high-grade iron scraj has led to the substitution now of poorer steel scrap, max ing results by the old process by no means equal to those attained in former years. % The cost of production is cheaper than by the 0! process, making it possible to put on the market a reliable metal at a price that will encourage its use for purpose where charcoal iron is especially in demand. ; The purifying action of charcoal in contact with mo! ten metal is such as to give a product of higher grade than is possible in the usual process of making steel 0 so-called open-hearth iron. It is the intention of the new company to charcoal iron or “charcoal steel” for the following p'™ poses: 4 1. Tin plate bar, to be used in the manufacture 0 roofing tin plates. By varying the chemical composition of the product a “charcoal steel” is produced to meet pré yduce g62 g. 2—Magnification 87 Diameters . 0.035 Phompheree o Sii's.< o's viens 0.026 . 0.06 fensile strength... 45,000 Ib. . 0.012 Elastic limit...... 29.600 Ib. . ..s+» 0.075 Elongation in 2 in. 25.5 per cent . 0.030 Reduction of area. 75 per cent Fracture sss (<swas Cup 2 requirements. 2. Seamless boiler tubes. 3. for galvanizing, enameling and dee» stamp- arcoal rails. It is claimed that the purity that when recarburized and rolled will tend to solve the problem of brittle or ils. 5. Axles, cranks, forgings, with hness and reliability. tomicrographs herewith presented give a fair general condition and structure of this char- | its freedom from oxides, except the slag n. Fig. 1 is taken from a crude runner and e metal just as it cools after being poured, carbon content and the large ferrite steel” etc., low New > ig. 2 represents a piece of the same crude | under the hammer into a test piece. It ie low carbon content as represented by the of pearlite and the compression of the due to hammering. equipment of a 28-in. blooming mill at the Dorman, Long & Co., Middlesbrough, Eng- trated in an article in the General Electric Re- ril, published at Schenectady, N. Y. The mill is 0-hp. direct current motor and this receives its a reversible generator. The generator is part \ flywheel equalizer set coupled to a 30-ton fly- riven by a three-phase motor from the general electric power. THE IRON AGE An Indicating Hot Well Arrangement Used With Condenser for Ascertaining Steam Consumption A new method of measuring the steam consumption of a turbo-generator is fursished by the indicating hot well which has been recently brought out by the Wheeler Con- denser & Engineering Company, Carteret, N. J. This de- vice is attached directly beneath the condenser, as shown in the accompanying engraving, and the opening in the bottom of the condenser is built so that condensate drains into the left chamber of the hot well, which communicates with the hot-well pump suction by an orifice in the dividing wall. The steam consumption of a turbine or engine can be determined by weighing the condensate from the surface condenser, but this method of measurement has not been adopted by many plants on account of the fact that the ordinary measuring or weighing devices are commonly not accurate, in addition to being costly and clumsy and add- ing to the expense of plant operation as well as the amount of piping required The indicating hot in size and appearance to the ordinary hot well and is at tached directly to the bottom of the condenser and forms a part of the shell. In this way another valuable function is added to that portion of the power plant equipment which has for its purpose besides the maintaining of high vacuum, those of providing pure distilled water for the boiler feed and heating it to a high temperature, since now the measurement of the amount of condensate and the rate of steam consumption of the engine or turbine are also made possible. The orifice employed in the hot well is formed in a brass plate inserted in the partition wall between the two portions of the hot well. It is polished and finished to insure accurate measurement of the flow and in addition an indicating gauge is attached to the shell of the hot well so that the head of water over the orifice can be easily read. As the velocity of discharge through an orifice of given diameter varies directly as the square root of the head and the quantity of water discharged is equal to the product of the velocity, the area of the orifice and the coefficient of is important that the well, as will be noticed, is similar contraction it head Indicating Hot Well Developed by the Wheeler Condenser & Engineering Company, Carteret, N. J. should be accurately determined. Ball check valves are provided in each fitting attaching the indicating gauge to the shell of the hot well, so that if the gauge glass should break, an inrush of air would be prevented and the gauge glass can be replaced at leisure. Another glass is also provided to show the hight of water in the hot-well suc- tion compartment so that the water will not submerge the orifice. The scale attached to the indicating gauge at the left is calibrated to read directly in pounds of steam per hour. The graduations on each of these scales are speci- ally etched for the orifice with which the scale to be used and each orifice is made independently and carefully calibrated. The accuracy of the scale is said to be within 2 per cent. throughout the entire range of readings and between 75 and 125 per cent. load the acevracy is within I per cent. a io ona itceatennnniantarore RABY Ws) i le ae National Metal Trades Association ' Annual Meeting in New York Last Week Disclos- ing a Vigorous Program for Benefiting - Indus- trial Conditions for Employee and Employer Action of interest to manufacturers in general was taken at the annual convention of the Nation Trades Association. It was voted to ask the co-operation of other organizations to form a national en council which shall discuss industrial conditions and recommend uniform action the maintenance of equitable conditions between employers and employees. Provision was made al Metal iplovers’ in matters pertaining ty for Proper representation of the Association in such a council should it be formed before the next convention. The Administrative Council was instructed to investigate organizing a mutual liability insurance company to jy. nish members of the Association with insurance covering systematic compensation in industrial accidents report to be made at the next meeting. Much attention was given to industrial education, the aid of the National Government was urged and $4,000 was appropriated to further instruction along industrial lines Decision to act in the matter of a national em- ployers’ council and consid- eration of liability and com- pensation insurance were conspicuous features of the annual meeting of the Na- tional Metal Trades Asso- ciation in the Hutel Astor, New York, April 11. The attitude of the association in these particulars was es- pecially emphasized by Com- missioner Robert Wuest, of the association, and is summed up in the resolu- tions adopted and _ here printed. The convention comprised two _ sessions, morning and _ afternoon, followed by the usual ban- quet in the evening, al- though much of the activi- ties of the association was planned in the committee and other meetings on Wednesday, not to mention the annual gathering of the so-called alumni, Wednes- day evening, when present and past members of the administrative body of the association presented a chest of silver to Retiring Presi- dent F. C. Caldwell. At the association’s dinner Secre- tary of the Treasury Franklin MacVeagh, W. Morgan Shuster, formerly treasurer of Persia, and Dr. Arthur A. Hammerschlag, director of the Carnegie Technical Schools of Pitts- burgh, were the speakers, with Mr. Caldwell as toast- master. About two hundred of the members of the asso- ciation were registered and at the banquet seating ac- commodations were at a premium. The speeches were notable for their serious and highly informing character. Island Ship Building Com Officers and Committees Martin, Mead-Morrison Mfg ass. At the close of the afternoon session officers were elected for the year as follows: President, Henry D. Sharpe; Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Company, Providence, R. I. First vice-president, W. A. Layman, Wagner Electric Mfg. Company, St. Louis, Mo. Second vice-president, L. H. Kittredge, Peerless Motor Machine Works Company, Lynn, Car Company, Cleveland, O. Treasurer, Howard P. Eells, Bucyrus Company, Cleve- Philadelphia Gear Works, Philadelphia, Pa.; A. land, O. Resolutions of National Metal Trades Association NATIONAL EMPLOYERS’ COUNCIL WHEREAS, Certain conditions in the labor world have arisen to make it advisable that our Association and others with like purposes join in the careful consideration of such conditions and prepare for future developments along these lines; now, therefore, be it REsoLveD, That the President, Vice-President and Commissioner of our Association be ap- pointed a Committee to take steps to promote the co-operation of other associations, to form a National Employers’ Council, which shall have power to meet, discuss industrial conditions and recommend uniform action in and by the con- stituent associations, concerning the establish- ment of equitable conditions between employers and employees, and, RESOLVED FURTHER that said Committee of our Association shall constitute the representa- tion of our Association until its next convention in a National Employers’ Council, in the event of the organization of such, with power to incur reasonable expense on behalf of our Association in carrying out the intent of this resolution. INSURANCE PLAN RESOLVED, That the Administrative Council be and is hereby instructed to investigate carefully during the ensuing year the feasibility and de- sirability of this Association forming a mutual liability insurance company for the purpose of ex- tending to the members of the National Metal Trades’ Association insurance covering systematic compensation in industrial accidents. Be Ir FurtHer ReEsotvep, That the Adminis- trative Council report fully on this subject to the next annual meeting of this Association. Councilors, term expiry. ing 1914: George Mesta Mesta Machine Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Herbert 1 Rice, Waverley Company, Indianapolis, Ind.: Stevep. son Taylor, Quintard Irop Works Company, Ney York; W. M. Taylor Chandler & Taylor Company, Indianapolis, Ind.; Clarence E. Whitney, Whitney Mig Company, Hartford, Conn.: John W. O'Leary, A. J. O’Leary & Son Company, Chicago, Ill. Councilor to fill the unexpired term of L. H. Kittredge, promoted to a vice-presidency, P. B. Kendiz, Seneca Falls Mig Company, Seneca Falls, \.Y. The councilors whose terms run over are: J. H. Schwacke, Wm. Sellers & Co., Inc., Philadelphia, Pa; C. Bermingham, Canadian Locomotive Company, Ltd, Kingston, Ont.; W. H. Van Dervoort, Root & Van Der- voort Engineering Company, East Moline, Ill.; A. E Newton, Prentice Bros Company, Worcester, Mass.; P. O. Geier, The Cincinnati Milling Machine Company, Cincinnati, O. Honorary, M. H. Barker, The Amet- can Tool & Machine Com- pany, Boston, Mass. The convention was called to order by the retit ing president, F. C. Calt- well, of H. W. Caldwell & Son Company, Chicago, lll. and business expedited @ once by dispensing with the rolleali and reading of the minutes, after which Mr. Caldwell announced the a pointment of committees as follows: Committee on Credentials.—F, J. Haynes, Franklin. Manufactut ing Company, Syracuse, N. Y., chairman: W. J.. Davidson, os Port Richmond, N. 3); 2: ompany, Cambridge “A.” Bost Committee on Resolutions.—H. W. Hoyt, Great Lakes Engineerit Works, Detroit, Mich., chairman; E. W. Heyl, Heyl & Patient Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.; ford, Corn. kenheimer Company, Auditing Committee—Henry D. Company, Providence, Committee on Constitutions.—P. B. Kendig, Seneca Fs ut Company, Seneca re N. Y., chairman; Henry Ritter, i W. W. Coleman, Bucyrus ompant, . Milwaukee, Wis.: W. A. Layman, Wagner Electric Mfg. — St. Louis, Mo.; C. E. Whitney, The Whitney Mfg. Comapny, Mit neinnati, ante H. L. Illingworth, Bost richie, Brown & Sharpe Mt L. chairman; George 1 Mestiard The Bullard Machine Tool Company, Bridgeport, Conn. 964 Apri IQI2 Committee.—W. C. Warren, S. L. Allen & Co., Phila- chairman; C. E. Williams, New York Central Iron \ -erstown, Md.; H. .B.