The Iron Age 1912-03-07: Vol 89 Iss 10

THE Established 1855 New York, March 7, 1912 Vol. 89: No.10 A Late Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Arrangement and Equipment at Ohio State University for Testing Materials and Hydraulic, Ventilat- ing- and Steam and Gas Power Plant Apparatus BY ELLSWORTH TONKIN The mechanical and electrical engineering laboratory building of Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, is of modern factory construction with walls of dark red cordu- roy faced brick and that portion of the roof visible from the front of red tile. The remainder of the roof is of saw- tooth construction with northern skylights running nearly the whole width of the building. The main floor consists of eight bays, seven of which are 30x 112 ft, and the eighth 48x 144 ft. All are of the same hight, 22 ft. The inside is of steel construction with balconies along the columns for light experimental work and drawing space, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The offices and recitation rooms on the first and second floors, as well as the drawing room on the balconies, are only temporary. There is to be an- other building for these and the present building used only for laboratory work. With Fig. 2, which is a plan of the laboratory, the reader can locate the different apparatus described. Start- ing at the south end of the building the first bay is used for the testing of materials, for fan experiments and that class of apparatus requiring the use of a transmission dynamometer. The testing machines are as follows: A Riehle 42,000-lb. old style hydraulic tension and compres- Fig. 1—View in the Steam Engine Testing Department of the Laboratory 573 sion machine; a Riehle 10,000-lb. transverse testing ma- chine; a new Riehle 50,000-lb. tension and compression machine; an Olsen 20,000-lb. motor driven wire tester, an Olsen torsion and an Olsen 100,000-lb automatic and autographic tension and compression machine. The test- ing machines requiring power are belted to a line shaft, which is driven by a motor. Next are the fans, the first of which is a 60-in. Sturte- vant ventilating fan driven from a Flather dynamometer, which in turn is driven by a Reeves speed changing device of 25 hp. capacity, belted to the main line shaft overhead. This arrangement makes it possible to drive the fan or any other piece of similar apparatus under a variety of conditions. From the Robinson dynamometer, which is belted to the main line shaft, can be driven either the 48-in. disk fan or a 50-in. ventilating fan built especially for this laboratory based on the principles of large size mine fans. The 8x8x5x10-in. Norwalk two-stage air compressor in this bay has a reservoir located in the balcony where the quantity compressed is measured by means of an orifice or Pitot tube. The compressor is also connected to a Wheeler condenser for the purpose of determining its 2 ie eee 4 RL Pig ~- bisa) Sig al 574 ae ; THE IRON AGE Ma +h 7+ 1912 water rate. The main line shaft over head mentioned to a 250-hp. Buckeye éfigirie illustrated ig. ts can be driven by a motor, by the straight line engine or described in The Jron Age of January 18; a in : = by the Buffalo or Sturtevant engines belted to a counter single-acting triplex power pump driven fro the cml shaft overhead which in turn drives the main line shaft shaft overhead; a 7% and 12 x 5% x 8-in. ‘lake a through rope and sheaves. In this section there is also compound pump; a 5-in. centrifugal pum; linece sae the tool room and shop for the department mechanician. nected to a 70-hp. Kerr steam turbine; a 10 + 16 x Bi 1o-in. Worthington tandem-compound dup/cx vhiiat — Pees feiecsencec ian 2 2 pump, and a 12 x 7 x 12-in. Knowles outside packed : ski i —— oS LS plunger pump. The last four mentioned pumps are een. eal -_— . c 2-1 é€ i i i i i j ., T 7 nected to a 12-in. main suction line which in turn connects yl RS to the several cisterns and delivers it through a 6-in, Main i § é 8 gt C3 overhead to wherever desired. They are also connected + 4i & & . 33 so oa alll to a Wheeler condenser shown near the pum)s. Besides — 8 & 2 & S & buna } the pumps mentioned there is a 4-in. centrifugal pump ' SS 2 § 4 ig aboratory _; driven from the main shaft and a 3-in. centrifugal pump 32 § e ot ——t driven through the Reeves speed-changing device anq os ; & Auotiorum A Flather dynamometer, which pump supplies water to , | —+ t 1} pipe line on the balcony running the full width of the aan i at en nnteeteb building and return, with a Venturi meter on the aa Fig. 2—General Plan ef the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory The velocity of the water may be made to vary, affording excellent opportunity for studying the loss of head due The hydraulic section in the second bay nas twelve to friction. There is a 38-in. Leffel Cascade and small cisterns, varying in size from 4 x 15 x 10 ft. for the impulse wheels of the Pelton and American type supplied smaller to 15 x 24 x 12 ft. for the larger. The dividing from the 6-in. delivery pipe overhead; a 10-in. Leffel walls of the cistern are provided with weir frames and turbine connected to a 24-in. closed top standpipe; a 24. plates; some also have submerged orifices up to 24 in. in. standpipe, 24 ft. high, with closed top and vent pipe diameter. The central cistern is fitted up as an obser- vation well, in which there are glass gages connected < : ore to each cistern, also large glass cylinders containing the GAS ENGINE SECTION hook gages belonging to the several weirs. This arrange- ment reduces to a minimum the trouble of determining the water levels or head over the weirs. In one of the cisterns is indicated a 5-ft. diameter well, which is 20 ft. deep. This, plus the 1o ft. for the depth of the cistern, makes a possible head of 30 ft. for testing pumps on actual lifts. Some of the cisterns, especially the central i=. ‘ota A Hornsby Oi! Eng. # | L | oat > ‘ aay ————_—- 39 0 — —30’0" > * INSTRUCTORS Rieble Hydraulic & OFFICE Transverse Testing Machs, a & 2 &e lH 3 = a <3 ee i INSTRUMENT eS 3“ 3 ROOM 22 ; oe & e TOOL ROOM & SHOP ll 1 , 1 | - i | } OIL-TESTING | Sturtevant Hi , noow i SA Pan & Eng, i; <a“ F O BW" Lediel Wheel “] [a's 15x 10 Deep 71g ‘x 15° 10°} | & 2 ies | | oa £ I | al 1 9 | Pi RECITATION : es JL? | Cuties tae: Room za f f if ‘ i | | e ' 3 1 iB 1} 338) || \ ls il Zé] i 13 ayer oe jali gs | 1 { HOS } | PNSTRUCTORS’ | LOCKER ROOM tL a Z =sis=s= €a i] sé a STUDENTS’ | LOCKER ROOM POWER AND POWER HYDRAULIC STEAM ENGINE TRANSMISSION SECTION SECTION SECTION Fig. 3—Arrangement of Departments and Equipment of the Laboratory ones, are covered with reinforced concrete slabs of strength so that pressures up to too Ib. may be carried and the enough to stand heavy machinery and also of such size water measured at the bottom as it passes out throws as to be conveniently removed if necessary. a 24x 48-in. drum and nozzle; a hydraulic ram; 4 There are also the following pumps: A Worthington eter and grooved floor plate in front of the yom centrifugal pump of 12.000 gal. capacity direct connected and Straight-Line engines for testing outside appara y of the pumps is measured water as it flows from one cis- another over the weirs. In the impulse wheels their wer is determined by prony nes in the third bay, or ngine section, are as follows: i2-in. Straight-Line automatic 8 and 13 x 12-in. McEwen compound, and a 13x 25x keye vertical cross-compound which is direct connected to the ngton pump illustrated in Fig- ll are so arranged that they cted to the Wheeler sur- denser. The Straight-Line and engines may also be con- the jet condenser over the Next is a small Sturtevant engine belted to a fan piped to experiments on the balcony id a 10 x 30-in. Corliss engine, s an independent steam con- to one of the boilers and also de to exhaust into a Goubert 'eed-water heater which may be a condenser. Therefore this } Fig. 6—Steam Fig. 4—View in the Steam Engine Testing Department Boiler Equipment with uw" “I wn arrangement enables the steam con- sumption of the Corliss engine to be determined at the boiler and at the con- denser. This engine is illustrated in the foreground of Fig. 4. There are also a 44 and 10x6-in. vertical tan- dem compound engine designed solely for instruction purposes so made that it can be run with high pressure on either or both cylinders, and with or without the Stevenson link motion; an 2x12-in. Sturtevant engine and a 12x 12-in. Buffalo throttling governor engine, which may be connected to the Wheeler surface condenser. The last two engines may also be belted to the countershaft overhead. The engines in this section can be tested with the prony brake besides driving apparatus mentioned in connection with them. There is in addition to the engines an 18-in. Kerr multistage turbine, direct connected to a 5-in. centrifugal pump; also a small Terry turbine with a vor tex air pump on the Wheeler surface condenser in the hydraulic section. The fourth bay is subdivided into Hand and Mechanical Firing, Mechanical Draft, Fuel Economizer, Superheater, Etc. ‘ig. S—View in the Boiler and Fuel Testing Department the gas engine section and the boiler room or fuel testing section. Fig. 5 illustrates the boiler section which con- tains the following units: A Smith 80-hp. gas producer in the foreground ; a 100-hp. boiler of the firebox return tubular type; a Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive boiler, a 90-hp. Tudor flue boiler; then the principal experimental boiler which is a 107-hp. Babcock & Wilcox sectional boiler, illustrated in Fig. 6 with the following accessories: a Model automatic stoker on the front; a dutch oven furnace under the rear in order to make comparison between hand firing and stroking on the same boiler; a Greene fuel economizer on the right of the rear with a forced in- duced draft fan so arranged that it may or may not be used in connection with the boiler; a feed water heater and pumps, tank and scales on the plat- form above and a Foster superheater under the platform. The connections to the chimney for these boilers are made underneath the floor in the rear of them. Fig. 5 illustrates the piping from the boilers which go through the wall to the main header shown in Fig. 4. This main line also has a connec- tion to the University power plant so that it is not neces- sary to operate the boilers when steam is wanted for other purposes. The illustrations also show how well the boilers’ and pipes are covered to prevent radiation of heat and’ condensation of the steam, which is a big factor in testing boilers. : In the gas engine section which is nearly all illustrated in Fig. 7, there are the following engines: A 25-hp. Bes=s, semer gas engine in the foreground and aq ‘two-cylinder Buckeye engine of 80 hp. on producer gas of joo, hp. on natural gas, the producer gas being finished by the Smita gas producer in the boiler section. Starting at the chimney in the illustration, there is a 6-hp. International Harvester gasoline, an 8-hp. Priestman safety oil, a 6-np. Mietz & Weiss oil and a 10-hp. Hornsby-Akroyd oil engine and a 6-hp. Field-Brundage gasoline engine. The last two are not shown in the illustration. The Field-Brundage engine is belted to an air compressor used in starting the mer and Buckeye engines. In front of the Bessemer en- gine, there is a floor plate on which is being tested at the present time a 4-cylinder 60-hp. Seagroves gasoline motor. Sesse- THE IRON AGE M , laboratory members of the senior class eve, tests on locomotives in actual service on th: kine Sa. ley Railroad g Va In conclusion the author desires to emp that itors will be welcomed and be gladly shown a being done at the Ohio State University. .; The National Metal Trades Association Annual Meeting April 11, in New York Commissioner Robert Wuest announces that meeting of the Administrative Council of the National Metal Trades Association will be held at the Hotel Astor New York City, Wednesday, April 10. After a morning session it will adjourn from 12 to 2 for the purpose of discussing labor bureaus at luncheon with the presidents and secretaries of the local branches. On the evening of the same date the alumni members will hold their regy lar annual dinner. On Thursday, April 11, at 9 o’clock sharp the four teenth annual convention of the association will be opened the next The engines in this department are also tested with the prony brakes, as seen in the illustration on the Bessemer engine, The fifth bay contains the auditorium and what was planned for a locomotive testing laboratory. This room, however, will be eventually used for refrigerating work and automobile testing only, as it is proposed to have the locomotive laboratory entirely independent of the present building. The remaining three bays are used by the elec- trical engineering department for its laboratory. There is a very well equipped instrument room and also a special room for oil testing. The building is heated by the hot blast system, a 130- in. fan being used for this purpose. This equipment is so located and connected up that it may be used at any time for experimental work in connection with the subject of heating and ventilating. Besides the work done in tne ~ Fig. 7—View in the Gas Engine Section of the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory and it is expected that one of the ‘most interesting meet ings will be held, On the evening of the same day the convention banquet will take place and three of the best informed men on up-to-the-minute subjects will speak All of the sessions, the banquet and the luncheon will be held at the Hotel Astor. The Norwalk Foundry Company, Norwalk, Ohio, = take up the manufacture of a line of warm air furnace The company nas recently purchased the ground and “re ing adjoining its present plant formerly occupied by mM Standard Machine Company. H. A. Rasor, who was ~ merly engaged in the furnace business in Barberton, Ohi , has become associated with the company. This = is a reorganization of the Norwalk Iron & Brass Foun i Company, which was recently effected with an increase ‘ capital from $10,000 to $25,000. » Seneca Falls 12-In. Lathe n to the 14 and 16-in. quick-change lathes, the hich was illustrated in The Iron Age Novem- the Seneca Falls Mfg. Company, 255 Water . Falls, N. Y., has just placed on the market a -hange lathe of the same design. Although struction is the same as the two earlier The New 12-In. Quick Change Lathe With 6-Ft. Bed Built by neca Falls, N. Y. sizes, this more recent tool contains several new features which facilitate convenient operation. The quick-change feed mechanism consists of a cone of eight steel gears located on the lead screw in the right side of the feed cage. A tumbler yoke and gears enable connection to be made with any one of these gears from the lower shaft, which has three changes of speed, through another tumbler and set of gears in the left end of the cage. The lever on the head stock imparts two different speeds to the set of gears in the left end of the cage and in this way the lead screw, which is also employed as a teed rod, has 48 changes ranging from 0.0023 to 0.142 in. per revolution of the head stock spindle. In addition to this wide range of feeds all standard threads from 1%4 to 92 per inch can be cut and the way in which any desired thread or feed can be easily obtained is clearly shown on in index plate. _The stop for the cross slide is what is known as a ‘ucrometer stop and receives its name from the microm- eter leature by which minute adjustments are easily made. he relative positions of the stops are changed through a worm gear operated by a screw with knurled knob and ermits the tool to advance as indicated by the gradua- on the micrometer barrel, which are about % in. part and are each equal to 0.025 in. The knob inside of ‘and wheel is pushed in and out to throw the stop nanism in and out of engagement. This stop acts di- tly n the cross-feed screw, an arrangement which is be more effective than a stop which acts on the ross slide. If desired the tool can be fed away from the ‘ors tor a considerable distance and when returned it 7 P as indicated by the graduations. In this way u € stop 1s positive in its action it is possible to cut curately to a given depth on either inside or outside ; without taking several trial cuts to obtain a de- ““ measurement or stopping the lathe to caliper the It is pointed out that the use of this stop insures ‘mity in making duplicate parts since the depth of the t be varied by crowding the tool. This stop can used with the taper attachment if it is so desired. aid ty Init Q12 THE IRON AGE 577 The reversing mechanism for both the cross and the longitudinal feeds and the lead screw consists of a set of spur gears and a clutch in the head stock operated through levers connected by the reversing rod to the hand lever on the apron. In this way the operator is given more control of the tool from the apron with the result that the turning out of large quantities of work is facilitated. This arrangement does away with the necessity for using a crossed belt on the countershaft and gives 16 forward speeds to the head stock spin- dle. For use when cutting threads an au- tomatic stock device for the carriage which operates in either di- rection by adjustable stops on the reverse rod is provided. The head stock is of the builder’s deep web pattern and has a forged crucible _ steel spindle, revolving in large bearings provided with ring oilers. The cone pulley steps are of large diameter and are wide enough for a 2-in. belt. If desired a draw-in chuck with collets up to 4 in. in diameter can be sup- plied. The carriage is wide with full-length solid bearings on V- ways. The plain and the compound rests are secured to the cross slide by a new binding device which facilitates the making of ad- justments, and as the ordinary slots for binder bolts are omitted, it is pointed out that this part is not weakened, The carriage is arranged for a taper attachment, which can be affixed at any time. The cross-feed screw has a large collar graduated to read in thousandths of an inch, the graduations being about 1/16 in. apart and thus easily read. The apron is well reinforced by ribbing and the gears in it have wide faces and are of coarse pitch. All possibility of engaging opposing feeds is said to have been eliminated by the use of an automatic safety device, one feed being automatically disengaged when the other is thrown in. When threads are being cut the feed gearing is disengaged and the longitudinal hand wheel does not revolve. The countershaft has friction pulleys with a large friction surface on the rim and the wear on these parts has been eliminated when the pulley is running idle, To give ample bearing surface on the shaft the hubs of the pulleys are made larger than usual. The pulleys can be oiled without throwing off the belt, and felt wipers clean the carriage ways of dirt and spread the oil over them. the Seneca Falls Mfg. Company, The Lea Equipment Company, manufacturer of high duty centrifugal pumping equipment and the Lea-Simplex cold saws, which has heretofore had its general offices at 90 West street, New York, has found it necessary to enlarge its facilities to accommodate its growing trade, and has moved these offices to the works, at the corner of Stenton and Wyoming avenues, Philadelphia, Pa. It will, however, retain quarters in the West street building, from which point the export and Eastern trade will be served by the president, Albert G. Lea. The export de- partment of the company has grown to such dimensions that it demands a separate selling department to properly conduct its extensive ramifications. The general sales offices, located at the works, will be under the supervision of H. R. Williams, general sales manager, who has been identified with a number of concerns in the same line of work. Pe 578 THE IRON AGE Ma New Style Molding Machine A Recent Development of the Power Turn-Over Power Draft Pattern by the International Molding Machine Company A turn-over draw design of molding machine, which differs from other power machines now on the market in that separate cylinders are used for turning the mold over and for drawing the pattern, has been developed by the full movement of the lever turning the mol, position shown in Fig. 2, or just past the the mold reaches this position the air is « the mold is lowered upon the receiving bed in Fig. 3. Air is then admitted to the dra\ and the pattern is lifted away from the mo brought out in Fig. 4. When the limit of th, is controlled by the length of the turn-over c\ shaft has been reached the frame autom: mences to return to its original position and the center the air is exhausted and the patt: International Molding Machine Company, Chicago, Ill. lowered upon the stops of the ramming bed ow: Successive Stages in the Operation of a Recently Developed Power Turn-Over Power Draft Machine, Built by the International Molding Machine Company, Chicago, Il. ‘pe : ; 1. fitted get One of the advantages claimed for its construction is that Fig. 5. By this time the mold is then ready to be litec Pui wie there is minimum. consumption of air and at no time during to the floor as illustrated in Fig. 6. ee the operation of the machine are the drawing cylinders In designing this machine the builder has endeavorec © hi ots and the turn-over cylinder being used simultaneously. provide for the convenience of the molder in every i ; eee Thus less pressure is required to draw the pattern than sible way, for the acceleration of the speed with whic! yaa) to turn the mold over. Two small cylinders are employed it can be operated, for the varying conditions under whic! Cees for performing the former operation and a large one _ it will be used and for the variety of patterns it may ™ i. ae for turning over and this arrangement, it is pointed out, required to mold. There are separate levers for oP rating also avoids an excessive air consumption and at the same _ the turn-over and the pattern-drawing cylinders and ters time the placing of the drawing cylinders one on each are no parts that stand out awkwardly and thus :mpe° side of the machine also tends to keep the pattern from the operator’s movements. The valves have been s0 de- swaying or sagging while it is being drawn. signed that it is not necessary to use either oil . th The machine is illustrated in Fig. 1 with an automobile pressure to make the machine operate smoothly oil pan pattern mounted and ready to receive the flask. parts subjected to strain are made of steel and those parts After this has been done and the mold rammed up and_ requiring lubrication have been made readily accessible ‘ : clamped with the bottom board to the pattern frame, the It will be seen from an examination of the accompany ae mA valve for operating the turn-over cylinder is opened, the ing engraving that the machine consists of a heavy cast- eee | fe és 7 OZ composed of two side rails connected at both ross rails. These together with their adjacent the ramming bed at one end and the receiving e other. Large round sockets which receive le cylinders are cast in the center of the side sockets are accurately machined on their upper nd there is an annular flange on the cylinder iso machined on its lower surface so that when lers are put in position they are absolutely per- The turn-over pattern frame revolves on a shaft which is ferced into the cast-iron hubs the top of the piston of the drawing cylinder. f heavy bearings or stops are cast integral with ; and are so arranged as to engage corresponding 1 stops on the turn-over frame. One set of s is adjustable and is used to locate the plane of tern at the proper angle with relation to the draw- nders and insure a perfect draw. The function of r set of bearings is to limit the action of the turn- me when it is swung back upon the ramming bed. fhe turn-over cylinder is held in position by the trun- n each side which are journaled into sockets cast in ; of the two drawing cylinders. The receiving « of the machine consists of two flask receiving de- vices which can be adjusted for hight according to the lepth of the flask used. The four points of contact act independently of each other and thus compensate for the varping of the various kinds of bottom boards employed. lhe locking lever is located where the operator can reach t at the right time without having to change his position, nd the design of the locking mechanism is such that it is impossible for the surfaces on which the mold rests to spring until different equalization is required. The machines are built in six+sizes with turn-over pat- tern frames varying in width from 26 to 36 in. and with draws ranging from 8 to 14 in. Machines of the same size are interchangeable both as regards the different parts employed in their construction and the fitting of the pat- terns. The machine illustrated has a frame 30 in. wide ind a pattern draw of 8 in. The weight of the mold is 1000 lb The J. G. Brill Company’s Report [he annual report of the J. G. Brill Company, Phila- elphia, Pa.; presents the following income account for the year ended December 31, 1911: Total sales and other imeome. .........0..s0esseeeces $5,870.907.47 ess operating, general and administration expenses... 5,181,497.96 Profit for the Wa@ey'is sc .occoulaiaw ss cane eee $689,409.57 Less amount set aside and added to reserve for de- 134,429.54 reciation Net profit ...<.<.snepavede ena en arte $554,980.03 e combined balance sheet, including subsidiary com- panies, as of December 31, 1911, is as follows: : Assets. ie l¢ I properties. cose BP RHODA ae é Sab Ooh HES Od OHO ee bN $7,950,026.52 Materials, raw and im MONE FY oe ae ds ks ces 1,342.499.84 DUls and accounts receHWADl. 0.0. ve ded ereeecucens 1,489,697.90 lavestments .....»«esieathieaexaus iielen sit cu annie 283,221.99 as eee cob wes paw eleih dleb ne SNe kip d SRR UIE Se bers 349,442.25 citterred stock ..is'ces0svhunpeieac raed saya mee ceunn $4,589,000.00 MON StOCk . .... su van eae NSS Cape ta sete 5,009,600.09 (John Stephenson Company)..........-.s.e++ 400,000.00 : COUNTS PPM Ss ois 535) oe Rods Cencoe coker 690,367.46 (doc te RR pas 6) SRN wens Dawe ead 744,521.03 0 aa cohen Tepe ae ee Oe $11,414,888.59 = the accompanying remarks of President James Nawle the following extracts are taken: Vhile, during the year 1911, the conditions which gov- the obtaining of orders and their execution were means normal, yet they were much improved in rison with any year since 1907. This resulted in "gs trom the year's business sufficient, after the on of all the liberal allowances for repairs, main- ind depreciation, not only to meet the full divi- n the preferred stock declared during the year, but add to the combined surplus the sum of $234,380.03. ‘ebruary 10, 1912, the combined companies had 'n process of completion amounting to $3,152,156, sood outlook for profitable work for the coming THE IRON AGE 579 Emery Wheel Protector and Dust Guard With a view to protecting the workman and also ameliorating the conditions under which he labors, the Challenge Machine Company, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa., has developed two devices for use in connection with its grind- ing and polishing machines. The special advantages claimed for the devices are the protection of the workmen from injury following the breakage of a wheel, from inhaling grit and dust and from injury to the eyes due to the flying of heated particles of the abrasive. Grit and dust are also said to be scattered less freely among the other tools and entirely prevented when the chute is added. Fig. 1 is a view of the protector applied to one of the company’s standard grinding machines, which was illustrated in The /ron Age, July 27, 1911, while the application of both devices is illustrated in Fig. 2. The protector illustrated in Fig. 1 consists of a heavy arm bolted securely to the machine and four heavy steel bands, two at the top and two at the bottom, with the ends secured to heavy steel blocks, which in turn are bolted to the arm. This type of construction is said to produce strength without rigidity, and it is emphasized that a device of this character could not withstand the shock if perfectly rigid. It is also pointed out that a device of this nature should spring and not fly in pieces. Fig. 2—The Protector and the Fig. 1—The Emery Wheel Pro- tector ~ Chute Two New Devices for Use in Connection with an Emery Grinding Wheel Developed by the Challenge Machine Company, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. At the ends in front of the wheel are angle plates which hold in position shields arranged to follow the wheel as its diameter decreases by reason of wear. The function of the lower shield is to deflect the grindings from the wheels, while the upper one protects the eyes of the work- man. This device is made in four sizes for wheels rang- ing from 12 to 18 in. in diameter, and can be easily put on and removed either entirely or in part. In Fig. 2 the machine is shown equipped with the pro- tector and also with a chute. The upper part of the chute is made of sheet metal, while the lower part is of canvas. The thumb screw ‘shown in the middle of the upper por- tion regulates the rotation of the chute, its shank passing between the two lower steel bands of the protector. In this way the chute can be freely adjusted or moved if desired, and in addition close measurements and the labor of installing one or more machines is greatly simplified. Like the protector this device is made in four sizes. Vice-President Arthur S. Huey, of H. M. Byllesby & Co., Chicago, has ordered ten Pulmotors for installation at 10 of the important Byllesby properties, delivery to be made as soon as possible. The Pulmotor is a machine manufactured by the Draeger Oxygen Apparatus Com- pany, Pittsburgh, Pa. to aid in the resuscitation of per- sons overcome by asphyxiation, electric shock or poison- ing—in all casese where respiration has been suspended or restricted. The properties selected for the initial installa- tion are those at Pueblo, Colo., St. Paul, Minn., Fort Smith, Ark., Mobile, Ala.. Muskogee, Okla, Oklahoma City, Okla., Eugene, Ore., San Diego, Cal., Stockton, Cal, and Tacoma, Wash. If the experience with these ma- chines is satisfactory, Pulmotors will be installed at every Byllesby property in a short time. va A : , * OLS TN RNR Ve I Ce asta tad aire % % i 4] The Blast Furnace How Its Economy May Dirty Gas Supply—Gas Consumption, Regenerative Stove Be Increased—Clean or Heating Surface, Temperature, Types of Stove and Stacks Regenerative stoves and their relation to blast furnace practice came in for special attention at a recent meet- ing in Pittsburgh of the Engineers’ Society of Western Pennsylvania. The meeting was especially noteworthy for the large attendance and generous contributions of ex- perts on blast furnace performance and centered about a paper presented by A. N. Diehl, superintendent of blast furnaces, Duquesne Works, Carnegie Steel Company, Du- quesne, Pa. The paper in full, together with the discus- sion, has been printed in the Proceedings of the Society and from that source has been taken the following, be- ginning with an abstract of Mr. Diehl’s paper and ending, with extracts from the discussion: At the Duquesne blast furnace of the Carnegie Steel Company, we have at present, three different types of stoves: The center combustion, two-pass; side combustion, two-pass, and three-pass stoves. The construction of the two-pass side combustion, is possibly the simplest—a strong point in its favor. A number of these stoves have been in use for many years and have given good satisfaction. One of the earlier objections was the proper construc- tion of the combustion chamber, considerable trouble being experienced by the giving way of the walls, due to unequal expansion. Most of these difficulties have been over-come in the present construction. This stove is built up of standard size brick, so laid as to break all possible joints. We have also endeavored to cut out shapes wherever pos- sible. The stove operates on dirty gas and has given us very good results. Our two-pass, center combustion stoves are of the Ken- nedy type. The original stoves were constructed of con- centric key boxes. We have since rebuilt some of these stoves with the standard size brick. They have individual stacks and the draft is unequally distributed; the checker work nearest the stack does most of the work until that portion becomes clogged with the dirt. This lowers the efficiency of the stove to a considerable extent. The three- pass stoves are capable of giving the highest temperature, but are of a more complicated construction. A dome sep- arates the second and third passes on top of the stove, and must be constructed to allow for expansion and contraction, which very often lead to cracks requiring attention. The blast is admitted at the top of the stoves through a mush- room valve, brought down over the dome through the third pass and through the second pass up under the dome again, where it is deflected through the combustion cham- ber. In case of cracks or leakage in the second or third passes, both the blast and air are by-passed, and go directly through the stoves without following their proper pas- sages. This leads to great inefficiencies. We have ex- perienced these difficulties in several instances. Dust in the Stoves A blast furnace will produce about 150,000 to 160,000 cu. ft. of gas per ton of iron, 10 per cent. of which may be assumed as loss. One-third of the remainder will be burned in the stoves for the pre-heating of the blast, while the remaining two-thirds can be divided for power pur- poses and used at the boilers or for driving internal com- bustion engines. The gas, as it leaves the furnace con- tains a considerable quantity of dust, some of which is deposited in the dust catcher and mains, the finer portions being carried on to the point of gas consumption. This fine dust is carried into the stove with the gas, some of it impinging on the walls of the combustion chamber, clinkering, and forming heavy masses of cinder. Quite a lot of the dust passes through the combustion chamber and lodges in the checkers and in the bottom of the stoves. Cleaning doors are provided for the removal of such dirt when its removal is possible without taking off the stove. The dirt in the bottom of the second pass is very seldom fused, and can be scraped out readily, while that which re- mains in the checkers must be removed by means of iron weights or dollies. o lf a stove is kept on teo long, the checkers may be- come almost entirely closed up and the stove will neither absorb heat nor give it up. A glazing effect often takes place, which will also prevent the absorption of heat, and will lower the efficiency of the stoves. It is, therefore desirable to keep the stoves as clean as possible. With the dirty gas we are forced to remove the dirt from the cleaning doors once a day, and take the stove off for complete cleaning about once every two months, which process requires about five or six days. The stoves have a checker area equal to 9 in. square which are frequently clogged to about 3 to 4 in. square, while some of them are closed completely. This is especially noticeable on stoves having a separate stack, the checkers on the side toward the stack closing first. It is thus very evident that for one-third of the time, the furnace is deprived of one- fourth of its heating surface capacity; the remaining three stoves, during such periods of cleaning, run down very rapidly. For this reason, in a number of recent construc- tions, five stoves have been advocated, so that when one is taken off for cleaning, the loss of heating surface is not so essential and the furnace is less affected. The alter- native is the erection of four large stoves with the greater heating surface and smaller checker opening, say 6 in. square and using washed gas. Advantage of Washed Gas to Stoves We have been using washed gas on four sets of stoves for about three years and at no time have we removed any stoves for cleaning. During times of suspension of operation for various reasons, we have gone into the stoves and do not find more than a coating of dirt on the top of the checkers, and in the checker walls. After a year and a half of service, one set of stoves was taken off and not more than 10,000 to 15,000 Ib. of dirt removed from the entire set. The brick work in the combustion chamber, at the point of the flame impingment, showed a fused surface about I in. in thickness. At the bottom of the second pass was found an impalpable deposit of a pinkish color of the following analysis: Ser eye Petar Ste 22.80 AG = has at oe ees ach ae aeea ee 6.00—Fe20,—8.57 per cent. ND. ooveok eh otro as 1.50—=Mng0,—2.09 per cent. FED y's Ka TO Keo Rs Cod 15.73 OE os cath cba eee tae nh aee 21.42 SE 3 05 6505's Cones eview'k 2.50 20.90 Potassium Oxide 6.08 Ignition Loss Performance of the Gas Washing Apparatus The gas is washed through spraying tower washers, where it is at present cooled from 350 deg. to 5 or 6 deg. above the temperature of the washing water, and the dust removed to an average of about 0.2 of a grain per cubic foot. The year 1910 showed ingoing water to have an average temperature of 55 deg. and the temperature of the outgoing gas, 72.3 deg. or a difference of 17.3 deg. We have since re-designed the scrubbers, and now show only a difference of 5 deg. between the water and out-going gas. The results are obtained with the same water con- sumption per minute and a greater gas volume. The moisture, which will average 30 to 35 grains per cubic foot in the raw gas, is removed down to a point about VY gram above the saturation point, at the temperature of the gas as it leaves the scrubber,* 4 to 5 deg. above the temperature of the cooling water. About 30,000 cu. ft. of gas are passed through each 12-ft. scrubber per minute, where it is repeatedly spray by means of a cut-off valve having a revolving core, the water spraying through nozzles and is broken up so 4s » bring it into very intimate contact with the gas. That - contact is attained, is evident by the close temperature © the gas to the entering cooling water. There are 815 gal. of water per minute used in each tower. The average since January 1, 191T, is 35 cu. ft. gas per gallon of water. There 80 Mar IQI2 : deposited in the clean gas main, especially at where the main makes a bend, and these points at ined out from time to time. If the gas is in- pe ooled, it will pick up moisture to such an ex- ee nake it incombustible. In some cases, on a nur tove tests which we have run, the efficiency of is stoves is about 8 per cent. higher than that f the v gas. The Heating Surface in the Stoves A parison of stove equipments in the different plants hows ecided lack of uniformity in regard to heating surface required for different size furnaces. As an illus- tration, there are two modern plants, each having furnace bosh diameter of 22 ft. with 134,000 and 223,000 sq. ft. of heating surface respectively. Both furnaces should be cap- able of the same tonnage production. I should strongly advocate the latter figure as the better proposition, for with this heating surface, 1100 or 1200 deg. could be car- ried with little difficulty when furnace conditions would permit. Fire brick is a poor conductor of heat, and therefore the exposed area, or heating surface, should e as large as possible. The volume of brick work must he strong enough, however, to withstand all the strains to which it will be subjected. It is evident that with a onsumption of 5000 cu, ft. of gas per minute a heating surface area too small would allow extremely high stack temperatures. This would introduce a loss which would not be present in case there was sufficient heating sur- face, yet at times, in order to get a high temperature in the stoves, this quantity of gas may be required. Three Elements of Efficient Stove Operation The average blast furnace gas requires about 0.7 cu. ft. of free air for perfect combustion. This, however, does not allow for any variation and in practice should be car- ried to the proportions of about one to one. The air ex- ess in this case will be slight and the loss in heat wouid be small, while sufficient oxygen is practically assured to meet all requirements in fluctuation of the constitutents. It must be borne in mind that if dirty gas is used in the burner in the theoretical proportions, there is great danger ising the brick in the combustion chamber at the point i flame impingment. Heavy flue dirt clinker is also liable form in the combustion well, clogging it up. Draft should be symmetrical and uniform over the full irea of the stove and the stack should be so placed and its mmunication to the stove should be such that this will e the effect. The feature of draft has called for con- iderable comment and opinion seems to differ as to the est location of the stack in relation to the stove. Some re favorable to the individual stack on the ground that the stoves are not subject to the discriminatory features the single large stack, which is evidenced in its tendency ‘o tavor the closest situated stoves in the matter of draft ntensity. On the other hand, opponents of the individual tack claim, that owing to the cooling of the stack during e period the stove is on the furnace, its influence is not properly exerted again until sometime after the process ‘ regeneration has advanced and the stack has had an Pportunity to become heated again. Too much impor- ‘ance cannot be attached to the necessity of having the symmetrical and uniform. The ill effects of not ng it are many and may include such as: Local clog- sing in the regions where the draft is intensified; high ve- 'ty of combustion products with its consequent reduc- of time contact and heating surface, intensified local cratures producing glazing, vitrification and unequal ansion and contraction; highly heated surfaces confined comparatively small area and ultimately shifting the ' operation to another point when resistance in the ginal path has become too great. — be added in passing that the superimposed those finding application in stoves of the three- ©, seem to have eliminated the difficulty of obtain- ng syn nets draft, although having the disadvantages ‘utable to the cooling resulting during the period the on the furnace. The ills above cited are particu- draft = oe nounced in the two-pass center combustion cham- __ “Sere communication to the stack is so effected as oe conducive to symmetry in draft. ht information on gas cleaning at Duquesne, and also on ace pas engines, under the authorship of Mr. Diehl, and eared in The Iron Age of July 6, 1911. THE IRON AGE 581 Stack temperatures are dependent, first, upon the ex- tent of heating surface; second, absorbative power and mass of brickwork; third, time contact, which is deter- mined by the intensity of draft; fourth, the volume of the recuperative gases; and fifth, the blast. The time re- quired by a unit volume of regenerative gases in passing through the stove will be considerably more than that re- quired by the blast, the volume ratios of blast to heating gases averaging about four to five to one in the most ap- proved practice. The item of stack temperature is one of the most important entering into stove operations and its influence upon the economies to be realized, not only on account of the enormous heat-losses represented by ab- normally high temperatures, but the deleterious effect upon chimney valves and seats where these are not water cooled. Heat losses in flue gases have been noted, con- stituting as high as 35 to 36 per cent. of the total heat en- tering the stove in the fuel gas, which added to other losses encountered will often run up to 50 or 55 per cent. of the total heat made available to the stove. The tendency to conservation and the rapid increase in the cost of coal, consequently coke, has resulted in ac- centuating effort in the economical and efficient consump- tion of blast furnace gas. Consequently furnacemen have turned their attention to hot blast stove construction and the economical importance of its proper design, together with a conscientious regard for the quality of material that shall enter into its construction; all of which have a direct bearing upon the value and efficient. consumption of fuel gases. Considerable attention has also been di- rected to the cleaning of gas as a means of economy in stove practice, a number of plants having extensive wash- ing systems in operation. The Showing of Clean Gas for the Stoves Cafeful study of different tests made have clearly re- vealed some advantages in the use of cleaned gas for stove purposes, among which might be mentioned the possibility of higher blast temperatures, lower fuel consumption, un- iformly higher thermal efficiencies, to which might also be added the absence of stove cleaning gangs and the in- terruptions of service consequent upon the use of dirty gas. Question of High Stack Temperatures E. L. Messler, general superintendent, blast furnaces and coke ovens, Pittsburgh Works, Jones & Laughlin Steel Company, Pittsburgh, mentioned in the discussion that the changes in temperature in the brick work will be extremely violent and very hard on it. Thus, if the temperature of the waste gas is, say 500 deg., when the stove is put on blast, the brick at this point, which is close to where the cold blast enters at about 100 deg., will only be about 350 to 400 deg., or a difference of 250 to 300 deg. from the entering blast; while if the temperature is run up to 1000 deg. the difference will be about 750 to 800 deg. This extreme variation which cannot help but injure the brick in time and cause the failure of the lining at this point, may be one of the principal causes of the trouble with the domes of the three-pass stoves. Mr. Diehl’s paper, Mr. Messler added, also brings out another point very clearly, namely, that if a certain size stove, a chimney valve and a stack which are together giving a certain amount of heat to the blast when pushed to the limit, which would mean high stack temperature, be relined with brick having a greater heating surface by de- creasing the size of the checker openings, a greater blast temperature will be available with greater heat economy ; no change whatever being made in the burner, chimney valve or stack, as the brick will be capable of taking up more heat and the consequent outgoing gases will be low- ered in temperature, the heat in the gas being absorbed by the brick and given off to heat the blast rather than waste- fully being allowed to escape. From rough calculation an increase al every 100 deg. in the stack temperature means approximately a consump- tion of 10 per cent. more gas with very little increase in the resultant blast temperature. The reason the same stove will give more or less heat at different times is, Mr. Mes- sler believes, principally the change in the composition of the gas, the condition of the brick work and the length of time the stove has been on gas; and but very little to the number of cubic feet of gas that is burnt in it, considering that the proper amount is burnt when the temperature as - , oy a &: 4 582 showed the lowest. Of course, difference in the amount of wind blown through a stove makes a vast difference in the blast temperature produced by the same stove, as the less wind passing through the stove the slower it will move and the more time it will have to absorb the heat from the brick work. Another part worthy of note in stove con- struction is that the smaller the checker opening the faster the gas will give up its heat to the brick and the faster also the brick will give up its heat in turn to the blast. Gas Consumption in Stoves J. A. Mohr, superintendent, Carrie Furnaces, Carnegie Steel Company, Rankin, Pa. quoted from Stahl und Fisen, of June 22, 1911, where the statement is made that in German practice various plants estimate from 35 to 60 per cent. gas consumption for stoves, due to various types of stoves used, quality of gas, and other local condi- tions. With average conditions, they claim 45 to ‘48 per cent. consumption, with moisture in gas ranging from 8 to 12 per cent. by volume. His experience has been con- fined to the three-pass type of stove. By tests made on newly lined 21 x 100-ft. stoves, having a heating surface of about 47,500 sq. ft., he obtained an efficiency of 64 per cent., using ordinary furnace gas having an average anal- ysis of 13.5 per cent. CO,; 22.73 per cent. CO; 4.04 per cent. H:; 59.73 per cent. Nz and 85.666 B.t.u. The stack gases were 1.13 per cent. CO; 16.73 per cent. CO.; 5.84 per cent. O:; 76.30 per cent. N: and 3.62 B.t.u. He affirmed Mr. Diehl’s opinion regarding large heating surfaces, and would advocate no less than 200,000 sq. ft. for a 22-ft. bosh furnace, advising the use of cleaned gas for all stoves. For clean gas burning, Mr. Mohr continued, a mixing burner should be designed to mix pre-heated air thoroughly with the gas. By this means, less excess air would be required, and the combustion temperature would be higher. As yet this burner has not been developed for stove use. It seems very encouraging, in many cases to expect double the life of a hot blast stove using cleaned gas than one using ordinary dirty gas. Cleaned gas will preserve the draft of the stove, which has everything to do with its capacity, as its power is a measure of the quantity of fuel that can be consumed in the stove in a given time; hence an increase of the heat absorbed, other conditions being equal. Individual or Central Stacks for Stoves In regard to stacks for stoves, he does not find with three-pass stoves that the draft is impeded by the cooling of the stack during the time that the stove is on the fur- nace, and favors individual stacks for three-pass stoves He con