The Iron Age 1910-03-31: Vol 85 Iss 13

THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, March 31, 1910. Foreign Opportunities for American Machine Tools. The Austro-Hungarian Market—Important Manufacturing Distticts—Machinery Building—Locomotives. BY CAPT. GODFREY L. CARDEN. The importance of the Austro-Hungarian market for American machine tools is emphasized by Captain Carden of the United States Revenue Cutter Service as a result of his investigation abroad as a special agent for the Department of Commerce and Labor. He recently completed nearly 10 years of inspection work among the leading manufacturing plants of Europe, and his reports were published in the Daily Consular and Trade Reports. edge of conditions as they exist. The Austria-Hungary territory offers one of the best fields abroad to-day for the exploitation of Ameri- can machine tools. During 1908 the Austria-Hungary market imported machine tools from Germany aggre- gating over 10,000 tons weight, which was an increase of 41 per cent. over-the figures for 1907. In 1908 the German exports to Italy and France were less than in 1907, and in 1907 Italy imported more machine tools from Germany than did Austria-Hun- gary. There is probably no part of Europe less known and understood by American manufac- turers than the Aus- tria-Hungary empire. In this great territory no fewer than 20 dif- ferent languages are employed in every-day life, and the monarchy comprises 17 crown lands. The informa- tion relative to this country has largely come from foreign sources and the view- point has generally been a foreign one. The writer has vis- ited during the past two years a majority of the important manufacturing centers of Europe and feels warranted in asserting that the Austria- Hungary market calls for the closest attention on. the part of. American manufacturers of machine tools. There is not only a demand for high grade tools there, but this demand is increasing. The standard of work, as evidenced among the majority of the Austrian plants, is exceptionally high, and for the production of much of these Austrian outputs there are required machine tools of the highest accuracy. American Tools Held in High Regard, The question of price is not all-determining with the directors of Austrian and Hungarian works. While they are good business men, price alone does not con- trol their decisions. At the works of the Bohemia- Moravia Company in Prague, I asked the engineer in charge of the machinery department for his general views regarding American made tools, and his reply was that they were easily first. He declared it as his opinion that the time would not come when American His views on the situation are based upon personal knowl- machine tools, generally speaking, would be equaled by Continental makes. In this plant I found about 520 machine tools in service, and of this number fully 100 are of American origin, In the Floridsdorf Locomotive Works, located on the outskirts of Vienna, I found a new American made vertical milling machine (No. 4 size), which had been Fig. 1.—An Armored Car Built by the Daimler Works, Wienet-Néustadt, Austria. installed only a few days prior to my inspection. The price paid for this tool was $2436. Close beside it was a Reinecker tool from the Chemnitz shops of Germany, of practically the same size and type. The price paid for the Reinecker machine was $1583. The latter tool had been in service six months, but the Floridsdorf shops wanted a stronger tool, and the American machine was purchased, notwithstanding the © difference in price, because, in the opinion of the Floridsdorf management, the latter more fully met their requirements. At the Ringhoffer Works, one of the best of the Prague plants, the statement was made by the shop- master that his best tools were of American origin. The writer could quote similar opinions from many works in this territory. These are not new state- ments, or new facts, since they have repeatedly been made by me in reports from abroad. They are re- iterated to emphasize the assertion made at the outset that the Austria-Hungary field offers every induce- ment to American machine tool makers, 724 THE IRON AGE March 31, 1910 Fig. 2.—Heavy Gun Transport Wagons, Classes of Products Manufactured. The general manufacturing work carried on in both Austria and Hungary deals largely with the build- ing of locomotives, steam engines of all descriptions, gas engines, turbines, railroad equipment, bridge build- ing, ice manufacturing plants, water works plants, cranes, lifts, conveyers, steam, hydraulic and pneumatic presses, pumps, complete equipment for sugar fac- tories and refineries, breweries, and starch and yeast factories, steam generators, sawmill machinery, equip- ment for cement making machinery, flour mills, &c. The manufacture of automobiles is extensively under- taken by at least one firm, known as the Daimler Works, located at Wiener-Neustadt. Fig. 1 shows an armored car built at these works and Fig. 2 heavy transport wagons used to transport heavy siege guns and siege material. The latter are designed to climb heavy grades. Each is fitted with a windlass for pull- ing its load aboard or itself up very steep inclines. Most of the locomotive construction in Austria is in close proximity to or in Vienna. In Vienna proper there are the locomotive shops of the Privileged Aus- tro-Hungarian State Railway Works. The Florisdorf Locomotive Shops are situated in the outskirts of Vienna, and the plant known as the Wiener-Neustadt Locomotive Works are to be found in the city of Wiener-Neustadt, a short distance south of Vienna. In Prague the Bohemia-Moravia Works make a spe- cialty of locomotive building, and the Ringhoffer plant is one of the best known establishments in all Europe for the production of high grade railroad carriages and railroad equipment. The locomotives built by the Bohemia-Moravia Works are of the Godlsdorf design, Fig. 3, with four- cylinder compound engine and generally similar to what is known in the United States as the Atlantic type. The first engine built by the Prague firm of this type developed a speed of 87 miles per hour. Asa rule these engines are worked at from 175 to 220 lb. pres- sure. Bohemian Industries, The Bohemian territory is the most important in the Austrian field. Prague can boast of a greater number of manufacturing plants of importance than probably any other district in the empire. In Pilsen, distant not far from Prague, is located the great Skoda Works. y cad Fig. 3.—Locomotive 3uilt by the Daimler Works, Wiener-Neustadt, Austria. Skoda is to Austria what Krupp is to Germany, Le Creusot to France and Cockerill to Belgium. Skoda undertakes to produce practically all the artillery re- quirements for the Austrian army and navy. There is this essential difference, however; that the Skoda plant confines attention largely to the machining work. The heavy forgings, and, for that matter, the greater part of the steel employed, is supplied by Witkowitz. This last named establishment is located in Moravia and is one of the most extraordinarily interesting of all the great works in Austria. Witkowitz is employing at present about 28,000 men, and the machine tool installa- tion is an exceptionally good one. Probably no plant in the Austrian empire requires a higher grade of tools than the Skoda Works. Hungarian Prospects. In Hungary the possibilities for the sale of Ameri- can machine tools are especially attractive. The manu- facturing center of Hungary is Budapest. There are a number of plants lying outside of the Hungarian capital, but, broadly speaking, the more important of the Hungarian works are in the city of Budapest proper. A marked exception is the great Resicza plant, located in the mountain fastness of southeastern Hungary. I spent two days at the Resicza Works, and found two engineers there who had had long and valu- able experience in American shops. These two gentle- men were Moritz Weiss and Alexander Lam; the for- mer, I understand, came to Resicza direct from the Lackawanna Steel Works. The total force in Hun- gary employed by the company which controls the Resicza plant is 18,000 men. This firm is the Privi- leged Austro-Hungarian State Railway Company. The actual number of men engaged at Resicza is approxi- mately 6000. Near to Resicza are important works at Anina and Roman-Bogsan. Resicza is turning out a general line of steel work, and there is a department devoted to the manufacture of field artillery and gun shields. The requirements in the artillery department call for the very best grades of accurately working machine tools. In Budapest are located the Ganz Electrical Works, the Lang Steam Engine Building Shops and the Buda- pest Locomotive Works. There is so much that might be said with reference to Ganz that I feel the subject should be left to separate discussion. Ganz is not y Built at the Bohemia-Moravia Works, Prague, Bohemia. March 31, 1910 merely a manufacturing plant; it is a laboratory of most distinguished character, and from the Ganz offices have emanated much that is representative of the superlative in the world to-day in electrical develop- ment. ,When I visited the Ganz shops they were in- creasing the output facilities and there was a demand for high grade machine tools. At the Lang Works there are produced to-day steam engines of remark- ably fine finish and design. In the assembling depart- ment here I again found an engineer who. had received training in the United States, and wherever abroad I have met a shop official possessing American training I found a demand for American machine tools. The Budapest locomotive shops are undertaking to build the Atlantic and Prairie types of locomotives of American design, but I am bound to say that the Buda- pest shops are turning out these American type loco- motives with the highest regard to economy of opera- tion and finish. The writer has visited practically all of the leading locomotive plants on the continent of Europe, and it is his opinion that the Budapest shops are turning out work which will closely approximate to the best seen abroad. The locomotive shown in Fig. 4 is of the type III’s. The Budapest shops, and especially the locomotive THE IRON AGE 725 series work. There are a number of small plants which manufacture medium sized tools, and noteworthy in the list are the Ernst Dania Works and the Joh. Miller Shops. The Dania Works do not attempt to specialize. This plant will undertake to build to order any one of nearly 200 varieties of tools. The only attempt at building in series is in connection with lathes, drills, planers and shapers. These tools are turned out in lots of either 6 or 12, according to size. Dania employs about 200 men. The Miller Works are now employing about 75 men, though I understand when times are good the force is increased to as many as 250. This plant is endeavoring to make a specialty of lathes and is build- ing the ordinary engine type. Aside from lathes, the Miller Shops undertake to build about 15 different types of tools. The Particular Need. It is the writer’s observation that Austrian works do not offer to-day in sufficient quantities medium sized tools of the highest grade, and it is in this particular field that American manufacturers will find a situation to warrant attention. The Austrian territory is as accessible to American machine tools, so far as trans- Fig. 4.—_-A Type III's Locomotive Built by the Budapest Locomotive Works for High Speed Freight and Passenger Service. works, are making constant additions to the machine and tool equipment. There are comparatively few American machine tools reaching this locomotive plant. At the same time it was noticeable that the English firm of Alfred Herbert, Ltd., is supplying tools in sub- stantial numbers. -Herbert may be regarded as a real competitor abroad of American machine tool makers, but the competition is of a clean, straightforward char- acter. Herbert is the one English works which is reaching the general European market. There are sev- eral English firms which are doing an excellent busi- ness in France, but at the present writing Herbert appears to be the only firm in the United Kingdom that has measured up to the entire European field. Locomotive construction has been for many years a prominent manufacturing feature in Austria. In Hungary it is of more recent origin. Early in the his- tory of locomotive building of the last century Austrian engineers were prominent in-the designing rooms of various European plants, and to-day there is probably no more distinguished engineer in the locomotive field than the Austrian engineer Charles Gélsdorf. This gentleman is attached to the Austrian State Railway Government staff. Little Machine Tool Building. The manufacture of machine tools in Austria~-Hun- gary is very limited.. The principal output is from the Vulcan Works, located in Vienna. This plant has a branch in Budapest; the tools built by Vulcan are of the heavier sizes and no attempt is made to produce portation is concerned, as San Francisco is in the matter of making shipments from New York. It will probably be found that the transportation rates to points in Austria are more advantageous than many of the transcontinental rates in this country. The economic and political conditions in Austria-Hungary are all favorable to American importations, and an American ' representative will find that he enjoys a freedom from the prejudices which exist toward many foreigners. The general impression that German exports con- trol the Austrian territory is not true at the present time. It may have held good in previous years, but where high grade American machine tools are avail- able the Austrian manufacturers may be depended upon to purchase on the merits of the machine. The Austrian Government regulations require that the preference shall be given on Government work to Austrian material when possible, but it is recognized in high official quarters that the best grades of machine tools are not always obtainable in Austria and that in such cases foreign equipment must be secured. In such circumstances there is every reason to believe that American machine tools will be given the first con- sideration if properly introduced. It is the writer's opinion that trade with foreign states should be treated in the same light as interstate trade at home. When this view is taken of the situation there will be an increased foreign business. The first consideration requires that Americans he introduced with their products. The Hardness of Quenched Steels. With Particular Reference to Quenched Case Hardened Steels. In the Revue de Metallurgie for January, 1910, is a very interesting and important paper by. MM. Porte- vin and Berjot. The full title is “ Experiments on the Hardness of Quenched Steels, and Particularly on the Hardness of Case Hardened and Quenched Steels.” It is of importance to all users of quenched steels, and especially to builders of automobiles using so many case hardened parts. The methods of testing the hard- ness were the Brinell ball test, using a ball of 10 mm. diameter and 3000 kg. pressure, also the Shore sclero- scope, using a hardened steel hammer. In using the scleroscope the size of the test piece has an influence on the result. This is obviated by using throughout cylinders 22 mm. diameter and 20 mm. high (0.87 in. diameter and 0.79 in. high). The hardness was measured on the carefully polished faces of the cylinder, for the preparation .of the surface also has an effect on the results. No. trustworthy results can be obtained on steel quenched from too. high.a tem- perature, for many small: cracks are formed. and -re- sults on the same piece may vary within wide limits. One sample gave from 20 to 60; a second test on the same place also gives a much higher result than the first one, and the influence of the superficial decar- burized layer of quenched steels is very great. To obviate this the heatings were carried out in fused baths of various salts and the pieces supported in a special holder of perforated thin sheet iron. Hardness of Quenched and Reheated Steels. With due regard to the precautions outlined above experiments were carried out on three steels of the fol- lowing composition : Carbon. Phosphorus. Manganese. Silicon, Silicon gear steel........ 0.56 trace 0.28 1.46 Medium steel............ 0.32 0.09 0.64 0.03 OS ge RE ee ee 1.46 0.02 0.28 0.10 With the first steel the hardness was measured with both machines, and these carefully carried out com- parative results are therefore of great value. They are given in Table I. The steel was quenched in oil from 850 degrees C. (1560 degrees F.). Shore reading before 40, after 71. Brinell reading before 250, after 537. Table I.—WSilicon Steel. Per cent. loss of Reheating Time of increase of hardness temperature. reheating. Shore Brinell due to quenching. eg. C. Min reading. reading. Shore. Brinell. 15 71 é 0.0 0.0 DOO 6ccss Hib wee see 39 71 537 0.0 0.0 60 71 520 0.0 5.9 15 68 495 9.6 14.6 BOs sds hen cco 30 66 480 16.1 19.8 60 64 445 22.5 32.0 15 63 433 25.8 36.2 ee ee 30 63 420 25.8 40.7 60 61 403 32.2 46.6 15 58 362 41.9 60.9 BOG: 2.6 cies yee 30 56 349 48.3 65.5 160 55 319 51.6 75.9 C15 48 309 77.4 79.4 OO: 5 cicaaceees 3 44 289 87.0 86.4 60 41 262 96.7 95.8 In Tables II and III are given the results with the Shore machine alone on the medium and hard steels. Table II.—Medium Steel. Quenched in water from 750 degrees C. (1380 degrees F.) Reading Per cent. before Reading Reheating loss of in- quench- after temperature Time of crease from ing. ee eg. C. a —- apeeer > | ac | e ls 23 62 + 200 30 62.0 0.0 22 62 | 60 61.5 1.2 23 62 ) 15 61.0 1.2 22 62 250 30 61.5 2.5 23 61 60 59.5 3.9 23 62) 15 58 10.2 22 61 f 300 30 55 15.3 22 62} Lo 55 17.5 22 62 } 15 55 17.5 22 arf 350 130 54 20.0 23 61 60 51 26.3 22 62) 15 48 35.0 23 g3 400 30 47 38.4 22 62 60 44 45.0 2 63 | 15 87 63.4 22 63 i 450 30 34 70.7 23 62 60 32 76.9 22 63 | 15 29 82.9 2 63 j 500 30 26 90.0 23 62 | 60 25 92.5 THE IRON AGE March 31, 1910 Table IIi.—Hard Steel. Quenching in water from 750 degrees C. (1380 degrees F.). Reading Per cent. before Reading Reheating loss of in- quench- after temperature Time of crease from ing. quenching. Deg. C. reheating. Reading. quenching. 33 83 83 0.9 33 83 200 30 83 0.0 32 82 60 82 0.0 33 82 5 82 0.0 $2 83 250 30 82 1.9 32 83 60 81.5 2.9 32 83 15 80 5.8 33 83 300 30 79 8.0 33 82 | 60 76.5 11.2 33 82 | 15 76.5 11.2 33 83 350 30 75 16.0 32 83 |} 60 73.5 18.6 33 82 | 15 66 22.6 33 82 f 400 30 64.5 35.7 33 83 60 62 42.0 33 83 15 56 52.0 33 83 f 450 30 52 62.0 33 83 J 60 51 64.0 32 83 | 15 42 80.3 33 83 } 500 30 39 88.0 33 83 J 60 36 96.0 The results in the last columns of Tables II and III make most interesting curves.. It is seen that a tem- pering of 15 min. at higher temperaturs equals one of 30 min. or 60 min. at lower temperatures. Experiments with Case Hardened Steels. It seemed possible that the Shore machine would measure accurately the hardness of the surface of the case hardened steels, while the Brinell test, which made a deeper print, would give indications as to the thick- ness of the case. The steels used were of the following compositions : Car. Phos. Man. Sil. Ni. Ordinary steel........... 0.13 0.01 0.37 0.03 i DERG RON ois ns brad eon 0.09 trace 0.33 0.03 2.54 The case hardening mixture used was 60 per cent. wood charcoal and 40 per cent. barium carbonate, the cylinders of steel being packed in this concentrically in cylindrical boxes 90 mm. diameter. The thickness of the case was determined by the microscope: First, the total thickness, then that of the layer containing free cementite and also that of the layer of compact pearlite. In the following table are given the results on pieces of the nickel steel heated to 1000 degrees C. in the cementing mixture and hardened in water from 700 de- grees C.: Table IV.-—Nickel Steel. -——_———-By microscope.— — Time of Thickness of case Total layer with hardening. thickness. Pearlite. Cementite. —Hardness.—, Hours. Inch. Inch. Inch. Shore. Brinell, ic brawn coe 0.008 ares veut 46 147 aw dink sen 5 0 0 ae 0.016 wen 89 834 Me doit ane sete aa 0.040 0.025 9.012 91 418 Or. ic eee e sae 0.056 9.033 0.019 89 419 ee eo 0.073 0.040 0.021 88 488 Re. dots bacaaen 0.108 0.059 0.028 89 610 The carbon in the skin of the first sample was about 0.50 per cent. It is evident from the results that the Shore readings give the hardness of. the extreme outer surface, for they are practically uniform with the ex- ‘ception of the first one, while the Brinell results de- pend also on the thickness of the case. Experiments were also done on the nickel steel to determine the influence of the quenching temperature. The little cylinders had been case hardened for six hours. Table V.—Effect of Quenching Temperature. Shore Quenching Shore reading befure temperature. reading after Brinell quenching. Degrees C. quenching. reading. 46 1100 82 632 45 1000 83 600 45 900 80 578 45 800 83 532 45 750 86.5 550 45 700 91 480 45 685 49 ses 45 665 45 217 45 650 45 222 44.5 60 45 214 The Shore results when plotted show that the great- est hardness is obtained with a quenching temperature of 700 degrees C. Similar experiments with the ordi- nary steel give the best temperature as 725 degrees C. Not to go into too great detail, it may be said that experiments were carried out on reheating the quenched case hardened pieces, on measuring the thickness of the case and on the effect of annealing the case hard- ened cylinders. For annealing they were packed in March 31, 1910 turnings of gray cast iron, which effectually prevented any decarburization. Conclusions, The following conclusions are permissible : I. With the precautions given, the Shore instru- ment may be used to determine the hardness of quenched steels. 2. With case hardened steels it gives the superficial hardness of the case and does not appear to be in- fluenced by its thickness after the carbon has reached about 0.8 per cent. 3. The Brinell test depends both on the superficial hardness and the depth of the case. 4. Employing both methods of examination it is possible to determine the heat treatment and the thick- ness of the case. 5. The Shore instrument enables one to determine the best reheating or tempering temperature for quenched steels. 6.-In case hardened steels the maximum hardness THE IRON AGE 727 The Reed Extra Heavy 14-In. Plain Turning Lathe. The 14-in. heavy plain turning lathe illustrated is designed by its builder, the F. E. Reed Company, Worcester, Mass., for the rapid production of vana- dium and other special steel parts largely used in the automobile, motor boat, engine and kindred industries. Its construction is of the heaviest throughout, with power and stiffness equal to that of an ordinary 20-in. lathe. The head spindle is a crucible steel forging, with a 1'%-in. hole through it. The cone, for a 3%-in. belt, has steps of 734, 934 and 12 in. in diameter, and the back gears are correspondingly large and wide of face. The ratio is 3.62 to 1, affording a range of spindle speeds adapted to the class of work to be done. The spindle boxes are cast iron, lined with babbitt, firmly seated in dovetail slots. The front bearing is 234 in. in diameter and 654 in. long. The tailstock is of the heavy cut-away pat- tern, with two large bolts for clamping it to the bed, and can be set over for turning tapers. The spindle bearing is 2% in. in diameter and 8 in. long. The lathe has a spe- cial heavy plain rest, with wide and deep dovetail slide. It rests its entire length on the vees and is gibbed to both inside and outside of the bed. There are power cross and longi- tudinal feeds, each with independent friction and automatic stop. The feed cones are large and carry 1%-in. belt, which in connec- tion with the worm and worm gear in the apron The New Extra Heavy 14-In. Lathe Built by tne F. E. Reed Company, Worcester, Mass. affords am ple power for the heaviest cuts. is obtained by quenching at 725 degrees C. for ordi- The machine is regularly built without a lead screw, but nary steels and 700 degrees C. for nickel steels with about 2.5 per cent. nickel. 7. A suitable annealing makes the cementite of a case hardened steel disappear completely by diffusion. It is also possible to transform the abrupt case given by cyanides to the gradual one so desired. G. B. W. ———~-e—_____ Steel Plate Drawback.—The Treasury Department has advised the collector of customs at Philadelphia that the Department’s regulations of February 10, 1909 (T. D. 29,552), providing for the allowance of drawback on pig iron, steel ingots, blooms, plates, struc- tural material, &c., manufactured by the Bethlehem Steel Company, South Bethlehem, Pa., frorn imported iron ore, ferromanganese and ferrosilicon by the open hearth process, are extended, so far as applicable, to cover the exportation of plates manufactured by the Lukens Iron & Steel Company, Coatesville, Pa., from imported scrap steel in combination with domestic pig iron. In liquidation, there shall be taken as the basis for the allowance of drawback 1.089 tons of ma- terial for each ton of finished product. The quantity of imported scrap upon which drawback shall be allowed shall be ascertained by taking the proper per- centage of 1.089 for each ton of exported product ac- cording to the proportion of imported scrap used in the mixture, as shown by the sworn abstract from the special manufacturing record. one can be furnished. The lathe is mounted on the ordinary legs, or in a steel oil pan with special upper and lower legs, as shown in the illustration. The countershaft has one friction pulley, 14 in. in diameter, for 334-in. belt, and should run at 200 rev. per min. The swing over the bed is 165 in. and over the plain rest 8% in. Other specifications for different lengths of bed follow: Distance Length bet ween Floor space Weight of bed. centers.—Feet over all. Net oe of pan Feet. and Inches. Feet and inches. Pounds. Pounds. 5 SS 6 2x 2,050 300 6 De 72x38 2,200 835 7 3 3 8 2x3 2,350 37 x 43 9 2x38 2,500 41 9 5 2 10 2x3 2,700 450 10 6 2 11 2x3 2,900 485 _ oe The annual meeting of the Temple Iron Company was held at Reading, Pa., March 19. The following directors were elected: George F. Baer and Joseph S. Harris, Philadelphia & Reading Railway; W. H. Truesdale, Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Rail- road; E. R. Thomas, Lehigh Valley Railroad; F. C. Smink, Reading Iron Company; Thomas P, Fowler, New York, Ontario & Western Railway; F. D. Under- wood, Erie Railroad; Albert Broden, Reading Iron Company; W. J. Richards, Reading Coal & Iron Com- pany. George F. Baer was re-elected president, while A. F. Law of Scranton, Pa., was re-elected vice-presi- dent. The office of secretary-treasurer has not yet been filled. ; A New Le ,Blond Lathe. A Duplicate Part Manufacturing Lathe and a Standard Engine Lathe in One. Experience had with power transmission systems in motor vehicles and the like has been of interest to lathe manufacturers and suggested a number of excellent features that they have applied with success. The ac- companying engravings illustrate a new manufacturing lathe just placed on the market by the R. K. Le Blond Machine Tool Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. The new tool is a modification of the heavy duty engine lathe brought out by this concern and described in The Jron Age September 2, 1909. It is claimed to be the simplest and most durable geared head lathe. Special attention is called to the fact that the changes are all made with sliding gears and the drive is in every case made in straight lines. The machine is equipped with multiple automatic length stops and multiple cross feed stops, which, coupled with great driving power and general rigidity, adapt it to the duplication of shafts and other work having one or more shoulders. The manufacturers claim that not only will this machine produce a greater output on this class of work than the special types of lathes brought out in recent years, but that it has the additional advantage of the standard lathe construc- tion, adapting it to all other kinds of lathe work. Fig. 1 shows the machine in the 21-in. size, fitted with pan bed, pump, plain rest and plain geared feed. The machine is also supplied with screw cutting quick THE IRON AGE March 31, 1910 spindle and two sets of sliding gears, with a back gear of the design usually found on a friction head lathe. The driving pulley is equipped with a friction clutch of large diameter operated by a shifter bar extending lengthwise of the bed. This clutch is used for starting and stopping the lathe and permits driving direct from the line shaft. A friction brake is operated by the same movement Fig. 2.—Exterior View of the Headstock with Gear Covers Removed. Fig. 1.—-A 21-In. Lathe of the New Pattern Built by the R, K. Le Blond Machine Tool Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. change gear mechanism and three-step cone double friction back gear, as in the case of the heavy duty tool previously described. The machines are built in 17, 19, 21, 25, 27, 30 and 33 in. swings. The headstock, shown in Figs. 2 and 3, is of closed box construction braced with cross ribs forming a reservoir, allowing the gearing to run in a bath of oil, increasing its eficiency and reducing wear to a mini- mum. Oil gauges are provided for showing the higlit of the oil in the case. The spindle speeds are 12 in number, obtained with a single speed driving pulley, covering a carefully selected range, permitting the ma- chine to be driven direct from the line shaft. The driv- ing mechanism consists essentially of two shafts, the that disconnects this friction, so that the machine stops quickly and that element of wasted time is eliminated. The initial drive is through two sliding gears on the first driving shaft, either of which may be meshed with two gears keyed to a sleeve on the intermediate shaft. Three sliding gears are mounted on this sleeve which may be alternately meshed with three gears keyed to a sleeve mounted loosely on the spindle. This sleeve may be connected directly to the spindle by the friction side of the double end clutch, or through the back gears by engaging the toothed clutch with the clutch in the face gear. Care is exercised in the selection of material for gears; in no case are two soft steel gears brought into contact. The sliding gears have their teeth March 31, 1910 rounded at the ends so as to facilitate their engage- ment and reduce chance of breaking. .The three oper- ating levers are conveniently placed on the front of the head and are so arranged that conflicting ratios cannot be engaged. The heavy spindle is made from a high carbon ham- mered steel forging, finished by grinding to accurately standard size. The center and bush are fitted by grind- ing and all spindles are rigidly inspected for accuracy. The front spindle bearing is hardened and ground and Fig. 3.—-Birdseye View of the Headstock Opened. runs in a special close grained cast iron box. This rather expensive piece of construction was determined on to insure a bearing able to stand the severe strains imposed when operating a lathe at the maximum ca- pacity of the high speed steel tools. This construction should not be confused with the soft steel spindle and cast iron box frequently used with varying success. Lubrication of the spindle bearing is provided for by generous oil wells from which the oil filters to the Fig. 4.—A Cone Pulley Lathe with the Same Type of Carriage Showing the Cross Feed Stop Bar. bearing through felt pads, insuring a continuous supply of clean lubricant. The automatic length stop is best shown in Fig. 1. On the front of the bed is a tee slot in which the tripping dogs are adjustably mounted, and a clutch mechanism in the apron is operated by these dogs, which are set to trip at the required point on the first piece. The longitudinal feed is thrown in and continues until the lever on the left end of the apron strikes the trip dog. This action disengages a square tooth clutch on the drive from the feed rod in the apron and this disconnects the feed. The simple movement of raising the lever disengages the dog and the clutch THE IRON AGE 729 is automatically thrown into engagement again by a spiral spring. This operation may be repeated as many times as there are shoulders on the work in hand. The trip dogs are of such shape that the lever rides over them when returning the carriage, making it un- necessary for the operator to give it any further atten- tion. Means are also provided for locking the lever permanently out of engagement when the attachment is not required. It will be seen that the feed motion is disengaged by a-rigidly mounted dog which forms a position stop, permitting the duplication of work with considerable accuracy. The multiple cross feed stop may be seen in Fig. 4. A multiple faced bar (in this case a four-sided bar), with slots in each face carrying adjustable dogs, is journaled directly on the top of the carriage, and a positive stop mounted rigidly and permanently on the cross slide. In operation the adjustable dogs are always set behind the stop on the cross slide, thus per- mitting the operator to withdraw the tool at any time without disturbing the setting. Rigidity characterizes this construction, without any overhanging parts, so that diameters are easily and accurately duplicated. The stop features, it is believed, will especially interest manufacturers who are alive to the necessity of keep- ing down shop costs. ——_—_.- The Garland Corporation. The stockholders of the Garland Corporation, Pitts- burgh, who held their annual meeting recently, re- elected directors as follows: John W. Garland, Henry L. Collins, Robert Garland, F. C. Hodkinson, Charles A. Glaser, William H. Hall, J. R. Atwell, T. H. Bopp, Charles Garland and George H. B. Martin. The an- nual report for the year ending December 31 showed the net earnings to have been $297,000, the largest in the history of the corporation. The officers stated that the outlook for business was bright and that the net earnings for the first quarter would be at the rate of more than $350,000 for the year. The Garland Corporation is most intimately inter- ested in the building trades, furnishing as it does in- terior conduits for most of the office structures built in the country. Of late years an increasing volume of conduit business has come from the shipbuilding trade. Through its subsidiary, the Safety Armorite Conduit Company, the corporation has supplied conduits for a large number of vessels for the United States Navy, numerous revenue cutters, transfer tugs, passenger and freight boats, and for all boats built by the American Shipbuilding Company at Cleveland, Ohio. ———_»¢+e——__— A Large Dock Machinery Contract.—An important contract for dock machinery was secured by H. C. Tor- rance, the Pittsburgh representative of the Brown Hoisting Machinery Company, and is for the Pitts- burgh Coal, Dock & Wharf Company, Duluth, Minn. It calls for the installation of mechanical appliances for the handling at Duluth of coal shipped from Pitts- burgh. The Pittsburgh Coal, Dock & Wharf Com- pany is a subsidiary of the Pittsburgh Coal Company. It is claimed that the addition of the new machinery will make the dock the largest and best equipped in the world, having a capacity of 2,000,000 tons of bitumin- ous coal. The order involves the expenditure of ap- proximately $500,000. a C. Drucklieb has disposed of his interest in the manufacture and sale of the Injector sand blast appa-e ratus to James M. Betton, who has had the. practical management of this branch of his business for the past five years. The sand blast business will be carried on unéer the name of James M. Betton, at the old loca- tion, 178 Washington street, New York City. ta 739 THE IRON AGE A New Chicago Milling Machine. A Combined Vertical and Horizontal Hand Miller with Improved Universal Centers. A hand milling machine which in many respects differs: from:the ordinary types and. possesses many ‘valuablé and. ‘original features ‘has. recently been brought ‘out by the Chicago Machine Tool Company, Chicago, Ill- The aim was to produce a machine suita- ble for the rapid production of the lighter class of milling’ machine. work. The Chicago ‘Duplex hand millers are built in five sizes, known, respectively, as the bench, the Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 3A. Fig.’1 shows the No. 3A machine with the overhanging arm ‘in place ready for horizontal milling. The horizontal spindle is bored to receive a No: 9 B. & S. taper shank arbor. This illustration Fig. 1.—As a Horizontal Miller. Fig. 2.—As a Vertical Miller. March 31, 1910 on the rear of the horizontal spindle, as will be seen in the illustration. The belt runs over idler pulleys shown at the top of the machine. The screw vertical adjustment for raising and lowering the knee gives the latter added strength and support. The screw is of four-pitch and the hand wheel has 250 divisions, so that the knee may be ad- justed up or down to one-thousandths of an inch, or even finer settings. The indicator is adjustable and may be swung around to any desired position, so that the adjustment can be figured from zero in any posi- tion. An automatic feed is furnished, which is of the most improved design and extremely powerful. It is taken from a cone pulley on the rear of the spindle to a three-step cone pulley on the rear of the gear box. The gear box contains a set of planetary gears, through which the desired reduction of the spindle speed is obtained to give the proper speed to the table. From the gear box the drive is through the universal joint shaft A, Fig. 3, to a pair of 45-degree angle spiral gears, B, in the saddle at B. The worm C is fastened on the same shaft as one of these spiral gears and the whole mechanism is held in the rocker D, which throws the worm in and out of mesh with the rack on the under side of the table through the lever E. The worm has at all times five teeth in working contact with the rack. The power, durability and. smooth running qualities of this style of feed are well realized. In Fig. 3 the de- tails of the quick re- turn of the table through the hand The No. 3 A.Duplex Hand Milling Machine Built by the Chicago Machine Tool Company, Chicago, Il. lever F are also gives a good idea of the general arrangement of the new machine. It will be noticed that the oil pan regularly furnished on the Nos. 1, 2 and 3 machines has been done away with to facilitate the application of a screw vertical adjustment to the knee, an entirely new feature. The column is of box section and in- creases in depth as it extends downward toward the pan shaped base. The knee is of the inclosed box form, with as few openings as possible, and none in the upper surface. This is important, as it obviates chance of the closing together of the surfaces under the strain of clamping the saddle. It also avoids the necessity of a sliding cover to keep chips out of the knee mechanism. A long bearing is provided for the knee on the column to give the required stiffness. In Fig. 2 is shown the No. 3A machine, with a ver- tical spindle, which is regularly furnished, in place on the machine. The vertical spindle is among the most important features of the machine, making it particu- larly adapted to toolroom work, as well as to the use of brass workers and manufacturers of small parts. The vertical spindle is driven by a belt from a pulley brought out. . This hand lever feed plays an important part in the opera- tion of the machine, as, when the’ automatic feed is disengaged by the automatic. stops provided, after a cut has been made, quick return of the table may be obtained. This feature aids. greatly in increasing the production of the machine, All important running’ parts are automatically lubricated. The horizontal spindle and also the verti- cal spindle run in split bronze bearings, with adjust- ment for taking up wear. Each split bronze bearing has a slot milled its length, in which slot is laid a wicking, with its ends dipping down into the oil reser- voir below. This arrangement furnishes sufficient lubrication for a year’s running, permitting high speeds without danger of heating the bearings. The counter- shaft furnished with the machine is completely. self- oiling. Oil reservoirs are cored entirely around the shaft bearings, and the space is filled with cotton and oil. Each bearing has a groove cut in it in which is laid a wicking, the ends of which dip into the reservoir below. The loose pulley on the countershaft is one piece, the oil reservoir for supplying its bearing being cast solid around its hub. The bearing of the loose ¢ * . * } ‘4 . ’ March 31, 1910 Interior Details of the Automatic Feed. pulley is arranged with a wicking in the same way as the hanger shaft bearings. The machine has an automatic table feed of 20 in., a traverse feed of 5% in., and a screw vertical adjust- ment to the knee of 10 in. This machine is also pro- vided with micrometer adjustment to the longitudinal, transverse and vertical feeds. The Universal Centers, The universal centers are of improve< construc- tion and have a number of new features that make them compact, rigid and accurate. It will be seen from Fig. 4 that the worm wheel is on the front end of the spindle, which al- lows making it very much larger in diameter than if it were placed in the interior of the head, where it could be *no larger than the opening through which the spindle is introduced, or, at most, no larger than the distance be- tween the housings. A large diameter worm wheel is clearly conducive to accuracy, other things being equal, and the placing of the index plate. with the index lever directly on the worm shaft elimi- nates the inaccuracy that may arise on account of in- dexing through gearing, which is necessary when the index plate is placed on a secondary shaft. To prevent the spindle from becoming exceedingly high when turned to a vertical position, the center line of the spindle is considerably above the axis of the. center block, so that the end of the spindle, when it swings in an arc around this axis, reaches the highest position before it stands in a vertical direction, and commences to move downward.before reaching the vertical position. These centers are simple and strong’ in construction and well suited for the class of work for which they are intended. . The .spindle.is bored to’ take a No. 9 B. & S. taper shank.. One index plate is furnished with the universal centers, having five ¢iréles of holes of the respective numbers, 33, 39, 42, 46 and — 49, which seem to be sufficient for the ordinary ‘class. of work. Additional plates can be furnished on re- quest. Hill, Clarke & Co., Inc., of Chicago, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Cleveland, are the sales agents for these machines. THE IRON AGE 731 Better Conditions in the British lron Market. Reports from the British iron trade continue favor- able, though there is no heavy buying in any depart- ment of the market. Consumption in various lines ap- pears to be increasing and the reports from the steel works in Scotland are more encouraging. On the northeast coast of England some good contracts have been secured by the steel makers, with the result that they are competing less sharply with the Scotch pro- ducers. Shipbuilders on the Clyde have booked a num- ber of orders for vessels and have been buying plates and angles. Hematite iron shows a slight advance and is firmer in all markets. The high cost of Spanish ore is a factor, West Coast makers of hematite iron have recently advanced their price to 67 shillings 6 pence, which was followed by an advance in East Coast hema- tite above 65 shillings. There has been a steady mar- ket for Cleveland pig iron at 51 shillings 7% pence for No. 3 at Middlesbrough. Up to March 15 the increase this month in iron in Connal’s stores was 4948 tons, as compared with 6292 tons in the first 15 days of Feb- ruary. Stocks of No. 3 on March 15 were 379,561 tons, in addition to 37,653 tons of other iron. The finished iron trade shows less improvement than is apparent in steel and steel appears to be dis- placing iron continually. Steel rails are reported firm at £5 10 shillings, at mill, and a fair business is being done. None of the Manchurian order for 20,000 tons went to British mills, the report being that this order was divided between the Hanyang Works at Hankow, China, and American mills. A recent report published fig. 4.—The Universal Centers for the Chicago Duplex Hand Milier. in London that the Northeast Coast shipyards have taken orders for seven steamers aggregating 58,000 tons for Canadian owners is not confirmed. It was said that these vessels would be employed in carrying iren: ore from. Newfoundland to: Philadelphia..and; to; « « European ports. gtte 6 been mien’ alt te iilnes The, export. trade. in. the, first two. months ,of, the: year shows a considerable: increase over. that for, Jan-, uary: and February; i900, The, total: of British: iron and. steel products shipped te foreign countries: was. 761,463; gross tohs. up to.the end of February, ;1910,- against 594,702 tons in the first two.months. of dast, year.; There. was an increase from, 133,000, to : 193,900. tons in pig iron, from 74,009, tons to, 108,000 tons, in.galvan- ized sheets, from 16,000. tons td’ 22,000. tons in. wrought iron. bars, and from, 22,000. tons- fo- 33,000. tens. in steel bars. - Rails for the two. months fell off from 81,000 tons to 69,000 tons... br Ae deen ee : "sacri? ¢* The Secutity “Trust “Company, {udianapolis, Ind.. was appointed receiver March 22 of the Winona Technical Institute, on the application of 18 in- structors. The petition asks that the present teach- ers be retained. * { s 732 THE IRON AGE The Drouve Straight Push Sash Operator. A Mechanical Control for Any Number of Pivoted or Hinged Sash. The Straight Push sash operator, the latest device of its kind, and designed to be nearly foolproof, is manufactured by the G. Drouvé Company, Bridge- port, Conn. A sash operating device in factory serv- ice should be built to stand considerable abuse, as piv- oted windows are not always made to fit their frames without binding, and force is often necessary to open them. In the new Straight Push operator the direct pushing outward of the sash with two %-in. steel rods March 31, 1910 the windows open or close as desired—quickly, surely, and each window has the same power applied. As no lost motion occurs the farthest window on the line op- erates in unison with the first. Several different sizes of wheels are made which give the increased power required as the number of sash to be operated is increased. Any number of sash from 10 to roo or more are easily placed under one control with this operator. The material is heavy and the few connecting couplings are simple and of sub- stantial strength to withstand strain as well as to resist the corrosive effects of gas and acid fumes. The parts include two arms to each sash and sup- ports for the operating shaft between each window, a guide lever secured to the bracket and a main lever by Fig. 2.—The Reverse of the Usual Arrangement.—Pulling the Sash Open and Pushing It Closed. by leverage, one arm being fastened to each side of the sash at the lower part of the side rail, insures an open- ing of the window. These two arms are adjustable to give a 30 or 45 degree opening. A line of 34-in, pipe shaft to which is fastened the main lever at each sash with an open coupling, is moved backward and forward between spool roller brackets secured at each interval between windows. A rack and pinion with a geared wheel, controlled by a chain from the floor, gives the forward and return movement. A guide lever is secured to the top of each bracket, and in turn is fastened to the main lever. The unattached end of the main lever has a U-chair riveted to it which supports the shaft connecting the two steel arms. While the arms bind to the connecting shaft it works freely in the U-chair support, allowing the arms to follow the inclination of the sash. The movement back or forth of the main shaft operates the levers at each window, and as all arms work simultaneously, the arms being directed straight at each side of the sash, an open coupling to the operating shaft for controlling the movement of the two arms, and a geared wheel which may be placed at any point on the line with a chain to control the rack and pinion, which pushes or pulls the main line backward or forward, opening or closing the sash. The apparatus is adapted to operate pivoted side or pivoted top-and-bottom sash, hinged-at- the-top or hinged-at-the-bottom sash. The operating parts, which are very few, cannot rust together, as the connections are phosphor bronze to iron. This insures its operation at any time. The device is also adapted to meet unusual condi- tions that are sometimes met, for instance, where the crane, while not interfering with the hinged or pivoted sash when opened, interferes with the placing of any brackets or parts of an operating device at the normal position of such. Instead of pushing the sash outward from the bottom, the sash are pulled inward from the top and are pushed closed, the reverse movement of opening and closing from its general application. The March 31, 1910 usual way of operating is shown in Figs. 1 and 3, and the other way in Figs. 2 and 4. In a monitor or lantern where ordinarily it would be necessary to bring the operating chain down the underside slope of the roof and then to the floor, by reason of the numbers of sash that can be controlled from one point, the operating wheel can be placed at the end of the building, the chain coming down the end wall which gives a direct Fig. 3.—End Elevation of Sash Closed, Front Elevation of Operator and End Elevation of Sash Open, Corresponding to the Normal