The Iron Age 1909-04-29: Vol 83 Iss 17

THE IRON AGE Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co. 14-16 Park Place, New York. Vol, 83: No. 17. New York, Thursday, April 29, 1909. $8.00 a. Year, inctading Postage. Reading Matter Contents........ page 1388 Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ‘“‘ 184 || Classified List of Advertisers . 174 Advertising and Subscription Rates ‘‘ 1395 REED F. BLAIR & CO. FRICK BUILDING, PITTSBURG, PA. STANDARD KE. LLE OK EB CRUSHED Are you loading up ah UMC Ammunition? Our tremendous adver- tising campaign will unload your shelves in rapid fire time. Weare going to send customers up to your counter so insistent for UMC Steel Lined Shot Shells and UMC Cartridges that you can sell no others. Load up for the game season and meet the demand which we are creating. Order UMC Ammunition now. | BRISTOL’S PATENT STEEL BELT LACING | UMC Ammunition makes a hit with your customers. THE UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO., Bridgeport, Conn. waLworTi MFG. CO., Besten, U. S$. A. And bears their registered Trade-Mark ‘he || WATER TUBE OGh/e Babcock @ Wilcox Co., 8 SAMSON SPOT SASH CORD 7 BOILERS See page 50 . ~oneere a Send for catalogue, samples, and full information regarding our solid braided cord. Samson Cordage Works, Boston, Mass, THE MOST SERVI MOST SERVICEABLE HORSESHOE NAIL TURNBUCKLES No matter how severe the conditions *‘ Capewell”’ haa - i mi ; nails can always be relied upon to HOLD THE _ SHOE and SAVE unnecessary EXPENSE. Cleveland City Forge and Iron Co., Cleveland, 0. ep tt tees] “The Capewell” Nail is Always the Best Maspeth, New York, N.Y. BASIC PIG. || THECAPEWELLHORSENAIL COMPANY Pilling & Crane «ser 5°. Hartford, Conn., U. S. A. JenKins Bros. Valves are heavy and strong. They give good satisfaction to easily kept tight, and as all parts are renewable, th mare pracd oat ly toe Sergenctibie. srware insist - cotter: not “ Jenkins iKINS y alone bear our Tra ark, cape enum Gaiiaet r Sad are —tmen R, May we JENKINS BROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago OFHKIN *~- RULES MADE IN AMERICA and THE BES IN THE WORLD THE LUFKIN RULE OO,, Saginaw, Mich., U.4.A. New York London, Eng. ‘Windsor, Can. GALVANIZED " SHEETS “Swedoh” Gold Rolled Steel cei or Drawing « Stamping are made in-the largest and THE AMERICAN TUBE & ST best equipped sheet mill in (Water and Rail Delivery) Gusemeon coum.” PAGE 24 the world —a monumental MAGNOLIA jatchon METAL evidence of their merit. AMERICAN The Standard Babbitt of the World We manufacture SHEET AND TIN PLATE MAGNOLIA METAL CO. COMPANY New York: 115 Bank St, Chicago: Fisher Building, Montreal: 31 St. Nicholas St. Frick Bullding, Pittsburgh, Pa. See our ad on page 16 THE IRON AGE SHEET, |The Plume & Atwood Mtg, Co, a ae “FOLLANSBEE” OO ea STEEL SHEETS COPPER; icieu want Factories Thomaston, Conn. Waterbury, Conn. AND GERMAN — Branch Offices BRIGHT SILVER (“Wire ANTIMONY CHARCOAL ‘‘A. S. P.’*® Brand LOW BRASS, SHEET BRONZE, (English Star) TIN PLATE SEAMLESS BRASS and COPPER C. W. Leavitt a Co., Agents TUBING, BRAZED BRASS and BRONZE TUBING: +: : : : : rSCOVILL mFS. 0-| FOR HIGH GRADE ere BRASS, GERMAN SILVER, BUYERS Waterbury Brass Co. Chee They Wee, nd CLASSED ALONE WATERBURY, CONN. Brass Shells, vere Hinges, Buttons, UNEQUALED : al cities sintatentinetesi ie — ridgeport Deoxidized Bronze Factores FOLLANSBEE & Metal Co. ais Payal BROTHERS BRIDGEPORT, CONN. COMPANY _ ||| Phosphor and Deoxidized |fleniy Souther Engineeting G0. PITTSBURGH cians Co: ition, Yell B d Alumi- i ten ier iapecasoman | omen Sanat, Retienits Complete Physical Testing Laboratory. Expert Testimony in Court and Patent Cases. Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. nanan far T. Rutter & Go, AND MANUFACTURERS 256 Broadway, SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID NEW YORKA. Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers’ and maaunae. i Small tubing in Brass, Cop per, Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. Steel, Alaminum, German Silver, Stove and Washboard Blanks. &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY man Silver. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire. Braxzed and ee noma {CAN Gv. \ In Sheet, Wire, Rods, Blanks and Shells “Search- Light” NICKEL ANODES GAS BRASS, BRONZE, COPPER in all forms Bicycle Lanterns THE SEYMOUR MFG. CO., Seymour, Conn. The BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO. HENDRICKS BROTHERS ra Telerau, Brot a Sheetand Bar Copper, Copper Fire Box Plates Staybolts, Wire and B PHOSPHOR-BRONZE and y » Wire : nd Braziers Rivets GERIIAN SILVER eh, dally, Gene tnt THE RIVERSIDE 49 CLIFF STREET - - NEW YORK!™= ae RIVERSIDE, N J. THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, April 29, 1909. Awo Bapies Received Arh By 19UY ‘\ _uvsryam Bry = : THE OHIO MECHANICS INSTITUTE. A Great Trade School to be Built at Cincinnati. The Building. On a historic site in Cincinnati, Ohio, will be built a new home for the Ohio Mechanics Institute, which will at the same time form one of the most complete trade schools in the country. The building will cost $500,000, and is the gift of Mrs. Mary M. Emery, widow of Thomas J. Emery, of Cincinnati. The gift is made with the stipu- lation that the money is to be used only to pay the cost of construction and not for the equipment of the build- shape of the building will consequently be a hollow rect- angle. The building will be six stories high. The basement will contain the machinery for operating three elevators, the boiler room, fan rooms and forge room and toilet rooms. Plans of the several floors are shown herewith. The ground floor will have as its most distinctive fea- ture an auditorium built in theater fashion, to seat be- tween 1800 and 1900 persons, and the ceiling of which The Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, Cincinnati. ing, except the seats in the auditorium. This auditorium is to be named Emery Hall, in memory of her husband. The selection of the site for this building, on the cor- ner of Walnut and Canal streets, is considered peculiarly appropriate. Here the old Miles Greenwood foundry, which in its day was one of the most important places west of the Allegheny Mountains, was located. During the Civil War this foundry was converted into an arsenal, made 200 cannon for the Union army, repaired 40,000 rifles and built the steel work for a gunboat. Mr. Green- wood was one of the founders of the Ohio Mechanies Institute, was a leader in the construction of the Cincin- nati Southern Railroad, and built up the paid fire de partment of Cincinnati, of which he was the first chief. The building will be constructed of reinforced con- crete and will be strictly fireproof. The exterior, as shown in the accompanying view, is to be in the modified English Gothic style, and will be composed of brick with stone trimmings. The building will extend 231 ft. on Walnut and Clay streets and 179 ft. on Canal street and an alley. The entire lot will be covered, except a central court, which will be open above the ground floor. The extends to the third floor. On the same floor will be lo- cated the engine room, a plastic work shop and labora- tories for testing purposes, including the strength of materials, cement, hydraulic work, &c. The custodian’s office will also be located on this floor. On the first floor are the superintendent’s office, the general business offices, the board and faculty room, teachers’ room, arts and crafts room (where will be displayed the manufactured articles turned out by the students), five class rooms, lecture room and shop. On the second floor are found the museum, library, room for alumni, art gallery, two class rooms and trade school. On the third floor are the kitchen and dining rooms, domestic science, embroidery, dressmaking and china painting rooms, physical laboratory, lecture room, ma- chine shop and four class rooms. On the fourth floor will be located three mechanical drawing rooms, with model room, lecture room, three class rooms, shop in which will be devoted special at- tention to the woodworking machines and products, gymnasium both indoor and outdoor, the space over the 1332 THE IRON AGE April 29, 1909 auditorium being utilized for the outdoor recreations, dry, two architectural drawing rooms, art room for in- boys’ and girls’ dressing rooms, lockers and rest rooms. struction in free hand drawing, decorative arts, &¢c., and On the fifth floor will be located the chemical labora- there will also be a room for life class. tory and lecture room, metallurgical laboratory and foun- On the roof, or what some would de- nominate the sixth floor, will be built a complete playground and a conservatory. The equipment of the machine shop, which will include every modern tool for skilled mechanics, will be furnished by the machine tool builders of Cincinnati and vicinity. It is exnected that these tools will, for the most part, be donated; in fact, a number of lathes, planers, drill- ing machines, shapers, &¢., have already been given the enterprise by the Cincin- nati Branch of the National Metal Trades Association. It is also hoped that in the new building may be housed a compre- hensive display of machine tools and ma- chinery for which Cincinnati is noted, and that it will then be made a show place for working machinery educationally notable. The work of wrecking the buildings now on the site, the largest of which is the old Greenwood foundry, will begin May 1, and is to be completed in 75 days. By that time the contracts must be let for the construction of the building. The directors of the institute expect to be housed in the new home, which is to be built under the supervision of the archi- tects, Samuel Hannaford & Sons of Cin- cinnati, by September, 1910. As there is to be no elaboration in the equipping of shops, laboratories and schoolrooms, it is expected that the work of instruction can 1828, and is the fruit of the labors of a group of earnest Cincinnatians who de- Ee ! > ' begin at that time. CLASS mms. | CLASS ma The Society, | The Ohio Mechanics Institute, for = which the above described structure is to be built. came into being November 20, | | sired that a society might be formed bated which would undertake the. education of 7>S oe young artisans and that class of people Ans 8 CRAFTS omar YY in the community upon whom devolved FF . c rey the duty of building up the industries of » the city. The application of scientific ! principles in the rapidly developing pro- eacones. y duction of machinery and labor-saving vos asin ! devices necessitated careful training of waneeren } the men who were to become the owners SS ee —— and managers of or workmen in the shops and factories of the country. In 1829, on February 9, a charter was issued and the society was legally incorporated un- der the laws of the State. This charter was amended at the session of the Legis- . . * . . . s q . , oases a. lature of 1846-1847. No changes have been | made since then in the organic law, and the original purposes of the institution . have been rigidly adhered to. Various discouraging experiences were | had in the beginning, unfortunate real estate ventures, &c., but the society held | regular meetings for the discussion of im- canary. | portant technical subjects and to bring out First Floor. TRACE SCHOOL ‘| i’ a 7 ’ rr a a { various scientific principles that came gradually into use. Lectures on chemistry and physics received careful attention; the general use of the steam engine with the many improvements that were made —¥ at that time formed a fruitful topic. The engineering principles connected with ‘ early railroad construction and the loco- motive and the various rapidly develop- > ing railroad appliances gave opportunity ees crmeemeaaet so. to the young mechanic to invent, study - > a : : and put into practical use many new and important elements for the rapid growth of industrial life. Second Floor. April 29, 1909 A library was provided shortly after the organization of the society, and the membership greatly increased to obtain library facilities. In 18387 an industrial exhibition was organized, and the foundation was laid for one of the most important factors that contributed to thedevelopment of American industry. The various world’s fairs—Chicago, St. Louis, Buffalo, and others in the interior States— were, in a great measure, the outcome Toe = of the many exhibitions maintained by the people of Cincinnati under the man- agement of the Ohio Mechanics Institute. These exhibitions were continued almost annually until the breaking out of the Civil War, increasing in size and impor- tance from year to year. Beginning with 1870 fourteen annual exhibitions were held, closing with the Centennial Exposi- tion of the Ohio Valley. In all these un- dertakings the institute was pre-eminent. Beginning with 1856-1857, the night school was established and systematic instruction was imparted in mechanical, architectural and free hand drawing. The night school is still the great feature of the work, men in all parts of the country acknowledge this old school as their alma mater and inspiration. The building in which the work is car: ried on at present, on the corner of Sixth and Vine streets, was erected in 1848, the corner stone having been laid on July 4 of that year. The necessary «mount was raised in gifts from 25 cents to $10,000. The name of Miles Greenwood, to whom oT OK special credit is due for making this pro- TTL ject possible, will never be forgotten by those prominent in Ohio Mechanics’ In- stitute affairs. All this educational .work has been carried on without any burden to the tax- payers of Cincinnati. The tuition has al- ! ways been low; so low that many re- | garded it as practically free. In 1900 it ortn am cv il. was determined that the building should | be reconstructed, and two complete stories were added. The necessity for more room grew more and more apparent from year to year, until at the time when Mrs. Kwery’s splendid gift was announced the THE IRON AGE 1333 crease to 20,000 hp. as future needs develop. The con- tract will call for the completion of the structure in time to have everything in readiness to furnish light and power by October 1, MACHINE SHOP wd) CLASS me — Mg Toar OOmESTC SCENCE Cnn One RECEPTION a . rhird Floor. As WOOD WORK SHOP ‘=e SG SHOE a o ' 4 Cc) Dassace 5 CLASS Om ME OX DA et CLASS m™ directors were about ready to despair. Gvemasan. —a a * During the year 1904 there were 1393 students added, and since then the growth has been remarkable. The present officers of the institution are as follows: President, Walter Laidlaw, Laidlaw- Dunn-Gordoun Company; vice-president, errin G. March, Cincinnati Shaper Com- pany; treasurer, Harvey E. Hannaford, Samuel Hannaford & Sons; secretary, — Harry T. Atkins, Atkins & Pearce Mfg. [otae : . ree . . Va Company. Directors: The foregoing and | Fred A. Geier, Cincinnati Milling Machine Company; William Lodge, Lodge & Ship- ley Machine Tool Company; James C. Hiobart, Triumph Electric Company; John M. Hubbell, Dr. John C. Kunz, William Attlesey, Wm. Attlesey Plumbing Com- pany; Judge Charles J. Hunt, Court of Common Pleas, Cincinnati. a te Plans for a new plant to be established by the Central Oakland Light & Power Company, Oakland, Cal., are now in the hands of the engineers. The project in- volves an expenditure estimated at about $300,000. The initial installation of ma- chinery is designed to have a capacity of 3000 hp., provision being made for an in- PPR PART OF Crm GOV DRESS ma. a | CLASS ow. ams se Fourth Floor. ETALLUROAL =5 rounory 5 7 ul on ce cy Passace — EO) _—_ i 1 ' PREPARATION § ii | APRABATUS St — UE CLASS Om } | } a all Ant TCMRS aa i ! Sy Oeur~ 1.8 cms TOoArT rrerye / ; AMmTOes CLOS. 73 - 5 bu | aan me TONES. ce — a : us em — === e moat COMmBOR mAs co ou i ARCH OR Mra t ARCH OR Oat poe A — ete —— — — Fifth Floor. —— ee a I High Speed Drilling Tests. BY GEO. E. HALLENBECK.* The accompanying diagrams show the results of tests made with high speed drills on a Baker Brothers high speed drilling machine, shown in Fig. 1. They represent a part of the experiments made at the works of the builders to determine the most efficient design of machine for driving medium size drills—i. e., from % to 2 in. Among other things, it was desired to know the vertical thrust on the spindle in order to properly design the thrust bearing and feeding mechanism; experience indi- Fig. 1.—The Baker High Speed Drill on Which the Tests Were Made. cated that the load on the feeding mechanism is far greater than it is commonly thought to be. These tests have been followed up closely and the improvements sug- gested by their study have been incorporated in the machines. Some of the drilling done is remarkable; 1%-in. holes were drilled through 414-in. blocks of cast iron at the rate of 8 2-3 sec. per hole, or a vertical feed of 29 in. per minute. Several holes were drilled at this speed without necessitating the regrinding of the drill. Through %-in. machine stee] plate, 15-16-in. holes were drilled at the rate of 344 sec. each, and a great many similar tests were made. When it is considered that the average punch press when punching 15-16-in. holes in *4-in. material will make about 20 to 30 strokes a minute, or, in other words, that it will take 2 to 3 sec. to punch a hole which was drilled in these tests in 3% sec., the really remarkable perform- ance stands out more clearly, especially so when it is understood that a number of holes were drilled at this rate without resharpening the drill. The holes were drilled without lubricant of any kind. Fig. 2 shows the variation of the pressure on the end * Superintendent, Baker Brothers, Toledo, Ohio. THE IRON AGE April 29, 1909 of a 144-in. drill in relation to a gradually increasing rate of feed. Several tests are shown at speeds varying from §0 to 450 rev. per min. The conditions of these tests were such that only general conclusions can be drawn from the curves. One deduction from Fig. 2 is that the effect of increasing the feed is to increase the pressure on the drill point in a straight line ratio, although the pp ; SSURE'ON END OF DILL IN POUNDS sean c PR MATERIAL BESSEMER |MASHINE STEEL 1M DRILL FEED IN INCHES PER REVOLUTION 0010 0.015 0.050 0.025 0.080 Fig. 2.—Showing Variation of Pressure on the Drill with In- creasing Feed. _| _BESSEMER MACHINE STEEL 134) DRILL eet REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE 800 —+—___} ————_—_}_——__+—___—_++ 5 } t | | | | .§ SPEED IN REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE | | + + + = +109 ene i T | 14.“ DRILL, FEED CONSTANT, SPEED VARYING | “ MATERIAL: ABOUT 0/40 CAPBON HAMMERED OPEN HEARTH, 34y THICK | ae Depektiae — Gens : ——+—_——_+ — + | | AMPERES j | 220 V; D.C. i | } 80 | 4 Fig. 4.—Power Required at Different Speeds. LB) MOR Bec April 29, 1909 oS & ES | PER REVOLUTION | + | | | | " i‘ | | ie cons | | fe ~ ann 1 Ds 4 + + 1% ‘QRiLt- Erect OF hovel am | MATERIAL | .40 0 CARBON ON HAMMERED om HEARTH. 334° ‘THICK |AMPERES) i220 v.b.c. | 50 60 Fig. 5.—Variation in Power at Constant Speed and Varying Feed. tests made at 80 rey. per min. would indicate that there was a tendency toward an increasing pressure as the feed was increased. No great variation in the vertical thrust with the increasing depth of hole after the first 1% in. had been drilled could be observed. Fig. 3 shows similar tests, but with the feed constant and the speed variable. These curves and those of Fig. 6 are perhaps the most interesting, as they show a peculiar decrease in pressure by increasing the speed with the feed constant. All the tests show practically the same in regard to this decrease. It will be seen from Fig. 3 that while it was impossible to drill the material used with a feed of 0.013 in. per revolution at 225 rev. per min., it was easily drilled at that and even at 0.015 and 0.017 in. feed per revolution at 320 rev. per min. The relation of pressure to feed in inches per revolution was attempted to be shown on Fig. 7, but the data was not sufficient to render the diagram satisfactory. Fig. 4 shows the horsepower consumed and its varia- tion with variation in speed. It will be noticed that at the fine feeds—i. e., feeds of under 0.01 in. per revolution— the amount of power increases in a decreasing ratio as the speed. increases, whereas at a feed of 0.02 in. per revolution just the opposite seems to be true. The am- “” ARBON O.H.~FORGING 3% |THICK No. 1% DRILL Pd |__VERY LOW CARBON BESSEMER MACHINE STEEL c w - 2 = a x w a @ w = & & Zz co we wi “ No. 3 } SAME AS No. 1 |__ WITH ti VOL RATE OF PENETRATION | Oo Fig. 6.—Maximcem Possible Feeds at Different Speeds. THE IRON AGE 1335 pere readings shown on the diagram represent the total electrical imput into the motor, no corrections having been made for either the losses in the motor or in the machine itself, as the data desired was the amount of power which will have to be delivered to the machine. Tests were made of both the motor and machine, show- ing them to be very efficient. Fig. 5 shows the variation in power required under a constant speed with varying feed. The increase in power consumption is apparently a constant ratio. Fig. 6 shows the remarkable increase in production possible by increasing the speed. The curves are plotted, showing the maximum feed at which the stock was suc- cessfully drilled without destroying the drill; with the next higher feed the drill would be destroyed. To secure as nearly uniform conditions as possible all of one series of tests were run with the same drill, resharpening it when necessary. One of these curves shows quite con- clusively that the drill would give a greater production without failing at 200 than it would at 250 rev. per min., also that it would give a much greater production if the speed were still further increased to 440 rev. per min. This may be an index to the solution of the much mooted question of whether a slow speed and a heavy feed or a high speed and fine feed is preferable. These tests on drilling, although involving many hun- Ete et Settee Peer et Pec PT Tae eee oe Fig. 7.—Relation of Pressure to Feed Per Revolution. dreds of drilled holes, are not offered as conclusive, hav- ing been altogether too few in number to establish per- manently the conclusions to which a study of the dia- grams naturally leads. Yet they seem to indicate quite strongly that the best results will be obtained at com- paratively high speeds and moderate feeds, it being pos- sible to carry a heavier feed at a high speed than at a medium speed. This being repeatedly evident in the tests led to making the series of which results are shown in Fig. 6 to demonstrate whether such was actually the case or whether the apparent decrease was due to other causes. Most of the drilling was done with a 1%4-in. drill which had to be resharpened very few times, showing that although the majority of the tests could not have been made on many other machines, at the same time they were all well within reason. The machine on which these tests were made, shown in Fig. 1, is driven by a 4-to-1 variable speed motor and has a speed of from 70 to 700 rev. per min. By providing suitable gearing a wide range of feeds between 0.006 and 0.032 in. per revolution is secured. The machine was provided with roller bearings, but otherwise was the regular high speed drill as now built by Baker Brothers. — spe —_____ The Chicago office of the Carpenter Steel Company, Reading, Pa., has been moved from the Western Union Building to the Commercial National Bank Building. Russell Dale, formerly sales manager for the Celfor Too} Company, is now manager of the Western office. Firebrick for Blast Furnaces. Defects Which Shorten the Life of Linings. BY A BLAST FURNACE SUPERINTENDENT. One of the inevitable results of the business de- pression of the past 15 months has been the demand for better goods and better service. The restricted market for both labor and materials has enabled buyers to ask and to get goods that came nearer to the desired specifi- cations than was possible during the prosperous times just previous to the fall of 1907. This has been espe- cially noticeable in all branches of the iron and steel in- dustry. The enforced shutting down of many mills and furnaces gave ample time for needed renewals and ex- tensions. Relieved of the rush of making repairs during full operation, managers have had a chance to reject materials that were not up to specifications, with no risk of loss on account of delay. Such an opportunity has afforded closer observation of the character of firebrick for blast furnace linings. It has often heen the case that the firebrick lining would be bought, made, shipped and laid in the furnace in the least possible time, without opportunity for close inspection and rigid adherence to the specifications. This condition has been harmful to the brick manufactur- er as well as to the furnace owners. In many cases there has not been a careful and detailed specification on the part of the purchaser, but too often it has been a case of a rush order of so many brick of certain sizes and shapes, and of certain well-known brands, and of stand- ard dimensions and quality. There is not yet a close enough understanding between the furnacemen and the brickmen, especially on the seriousness of the seemingly slight defects in the composition, the dimensions and the shape of the firebrick. It is the object of this article to point out some of the defects of firebrick as seen from the standpoint of the blast furnace superintendent; to call attention to the need of closer agreement as to standards of composition and dimensions, and to urge closer attention to the small points in manufacture, the seemingly little things in the brick works. The leading firebrick companies have already expressed through their literature and their salesmen a desire to produce the kind of brick required, but they do not wish to incur additional cost of manu- facture without a corresponding increase in the price of their brick or an increase in volume of business. The defects most common in blast furnace firebrick are ir- regularities in names, dimensions and composition; crookedness in shape, and lack of uniform burning. Irregularity in Names. The majority of blast furnace linings are made up of 9 and 13% in. shapes, with the base sizes of 9 x 4% x 2% and 13% x 6 x 24% in. brick. The manufacturers are fairly well agreed as to the names and numbers of the various sizes and shapes, but still there is some con- fusion, especially in the naming of the keys and side arch brick. What one manufacturer calls a No. 1 key or a No. 1 arch brick may be called by some other maker a No. 2 brick; and some makers call a No. 2 key what others call a No. 4. All brick of the same dimensions should have the same trade number, so as to avoid con- fusion in ordering and in handling. As long as there exists any uncertainty on this point the buyer in order- ing should give all dimensions of each kind and size of brick after the name of the brick. Although it is advantageous to both the manufacturer and to the user to have the brand name on every brick, it is not safe to rely wholly on the trade names to designate to what paris of the furnace lining the different brick belong. It is much better all around to have the words “hearth and bosh,” .“ inwall,” or “top” on each brick in addition to the name of the brand or the initials of the manufacturer. To have the kind of key or arch brick indicated by stamping its number on each brick is also a great help in handling the brick from the kiln to the furnace lining. 1330 THE IRON AGE April 29, 1909 Having the name of the part of the furnace for which each brick is made stamped on the brick is a great help and prevents confusion during the actual work of lining the furnace. The “hearth and bosh” brick are not likely to be confused with the “inwall” brick or with the “top” brick, and brick with any of these names on them would not be put into a hot blast stove. Where different trade names are used on the brick to designate the part of the lining to which they belong, there are just so many more chances for mistakes in handling and laying the brick. Irregularity in Dimensions, The matter of exact dimensions has been too much neglected by all concerned, partly because of carelessness in manufacture and partly because of lack of remon- strance from the furnaceman. It is possible that the furnace superintendent does not know that these irregu- larities in the dimensions of the brick will increase the cost of laying, and will indirectly shorten the life of the lining. It is possible that the terms of the contract for relining the furnace are such that these irregularities will make more money for the bricklayer, but in most cases the bricklayer is eager to do a good job and to lay the brick with least expense and most lasting results. It is possible, too, that the brick makers do not realize that these variations in dimensions make any difference in the cost and life of the lining. In laying a-wall of 9 in. and 13% in. brick, it is essen- tial that all the 9 in. squares, keys, arch brick, wedges, &e., be practically 9 in. long and 2% in. thick, otherwise there can be no even courses or bonds. And if the 13%-in. brick are not just 18% in. long and 2% in. thick the ir- regularities of the wall are even more exaggerated. In- stead of brick being 9 in. long they will vary from 8% to 914 in. long, and a 1314-in. brick is likely to be 13% in. long, and in some few cases it may be 1354 in. long. Dif- ferences in the thickness of brick are not so common, but they sometimes occur. In one instance the names of the brand and manufacturer stood out 3-32 in. from the sur- face of the brick because the die plate was not properly adjusted in the press. Such a defect could cause a crack of 3-16 in. between two brick if the stamped sides were laid facing each other. The front rows of brick are generally laid to a sweep, and if the keys are different length from the squares there will be irregular vertical cracks between the front row and the next row. The cracks are usually filled with the very thin fireclay. but when the wall is thoroughly dried out cavities will form, and these will eventually give the furnace gases a chance to work through the wall. These irregularities in dimensions increase the cost of laying the brick unless one is satisfied with a poor job. If the brick need much trimming the cost for extra time of bricklayers amounts to about $10 per thousand. Besides getting rather unsatisfactory results at in- creased labor cost, there is another serious objection to this irregularity in dimensions because the dimensions are nearly always short. There is actually a deficiency of cubical contents that amounts to considerable in the whole lining, in some cases giving a shortage of 4 to 8 per cent. This is easily and quickly determined by weighing the cars of brick as they are received. The 9 in. squares from one large manufacturer weighed only 6.88 lb. each, and the 9-in. keys only 6.60 lb. a piece. From another manufacturer the brick were full or over in all dimensions, and the 9-in. squares weighed 7.87 Ib. each and the 9-in. keys 7.31 1b. Insome casesbrick from the same manufacturer vary *% lb. in the same 9-in. shape. This shortage in weight and cubical contents is even more marked in the 1314-in. shapes, and in one case there was a difference of 1.60 lb. between the weights of 131<-in. squares of two makers, and a difference of 1.75 Ib. be- tween different brick of the same make and shape. All these defects show lack of care in manufacture, and they can be remedied if proper stress is put on the matter by the management. It is generally understood that “ the making of brick is a very crude art,” but there is too much at stake to continue making firebrick for blast furnace linings without giving more attention to exact composition and exact dimensions. April 29, 1909 Irregularities in Shape. Another very common defect in firebrick is the curva- ture in the 9 and 13-in. brick. This amounts to 1-16 in. up to % in., and is mostly in the brick that are stamped on one side. The convex side is invariably the surface that has the name of the brand or of the maker stamped on it. In laying such brick the bricklayer usually puts the convex side up and “breaks its back” with a ham- mer to make it lie flat, thus weakening the wall and add- ing another gas crack. All brick that show a curvature of more than %& in. when tried with a straight edge should be rejected, as it is impossible to get a good wall with curved brick. In some cases these curved brick have been trimmed and used, but this is putting loss of time and heavy expense on the furnaceman, and the result is not as satisfactory as When full sized straight brick are used. To avoid this curvature some manufacturers advo- cate making the brick 8 in. thick instead of 2% in. Doubtless this would help to make a straighter brick, but if more care were taken in repressing and on the drying floor, there would not be so many defective brick on this account. irregularity in Burning. All the brick that are intended for the same part of the furnace should have practically the same amount of burning and the same degree of hardness. This is espe- cially important for the brick that go in the top lining of a furnace where abrasion and the action of gas so readily destroy the brick work. In all cases the brick should be burned hard enough to “show up” all the iron particles. Although the brickmakers and the users know the above facts, it is often the case that brick for the same part of the furnace will be burned in different parts of the same kiln and under different conditions, so as to com- plete and ship the whole lining in the least possible time. This is bad practice. and especially so with reference to brick that are to go into the top of the furnace. Remedies for Defects. There should be no great trouble in overcoming all the above mentioned irregularities, and it is evidently the desire of the manufacturers to produce brick that are ac- ceptable. It is also evident that there has been no very serious objection on the part of the furnacemen to the irregularities that have become, through long usage, char- acteristic of blast furnace fire brick. Why should we any longer be subjected to the “additional 10 per cent. to make up for breakage,” when there would be no need of adding such an amount to our estimate if ull the brick were fully 9 x 4% x 2% in., or any other specified di- mensions? Fire brick are so well handled and shipped that there is scarcely any breakage. There should be no occasion to “run short” of 9-in. squares just because the side arch brick were not of proper dimensions, and more squares were used than was calculated. If brick were true to the specified dimensions it would be very easy to calculate the number of each kind required. The evils of curved brick, warped brick and off-size brick can be remedied by the manufacturers by closer attention to the stiffness of the clay mixture, the molding, drying, pressing and burning. The dies and presses will wear out and will change in dimensions, and it becomes necessary to check up the measurements occasionally in order to guard against uneven brick. The shrinkage in drying and burning can be governed so that the finished brick is true to its name and specifications. The trim- ming of uneven brick by high priced bricklayers under hurry-up conditions is not only very expensive, but the scutching off of the “skin” of the brick greatly reduces their wearing qaulities and hastens their destruction. Conclusions, In ordering firebrick for a blast furnace lining, the following points should be followed: 1. There should be a distinct understanding between the purchaser and the seller as to the dimensions and names ef each kind and shape of brick, and in writing the order the full dimensions should follow the name of each kind of brick ordered. 2. All brick varying more than \ in. from the speci- THE IRON AGE 1337 fied dimensions and all brick curved more than \ in, from a flat surface are to be rejected. 3. Samples of each kind of brick are to be submitted and kept for comparison with the shipments. 4. The lining should be made as fast as possible and shipped direct to the furnace, so as to avoid irregularities caused by changes in molds, presses and mixture. 5. The mixture for each quality of brick should be watched to see that the materials are properly propor- tioned. cramer celia asa Steel Sheet Piling. In a pamphlet of 64 pages, 8 x 10 in., the Carnegie Steel Company makes an impressive showing of the in- creasing use of steel sheet piling. Special attention is directed to notable pieces of engineering work in which United States steel sheet piling has beeu used in the 18 months since the oniginal pamphlet was issued. The evo- lution of the sheet’ piling industry in the United States is traced from the driving of six experimental units of interlocking channél bay piling by L. P. Friestedt in Chi- cago in June, 1899; A -dater development was the sym- metrical interleeck which gives a very strong and stiff pil- ing. The United States piling is manufactured under the patent of Samuel K. Behrend, in three weights, the Frie- stedt interlocking channel bar piling in four and the sym- metrical interlock channel bar piling in six. Two cases are mentioned in which steel sheet piling was cut on the ground, in one instance’ the electric arc being used and in the other the oxyacetylene method. A large number of full page illustrations appear, showing cofferdams and trench work, lock construction, retaining walls, mine shafts, sea walls, caissons, &e., in which the later types of piling have been employed effec- tively. Interesting data are given as to the reuse of steel piling and the economies possible in this way. It is stated that a number of foundries employ steel sheet pil- ing for curbing. One foundry at Hast Chicago, Ill., is using 12-in., 35-lb. United States steel sheet piling 16-in. long for all large castings, especially heavy cylinders. The piling is assembled in a square or cylindrical shape. One tier can be built as high as is necessary, running in some cases up to 10 ft., breaking joints alternately. Cast iron sections used for this purpose, it is stated, need to be twice as heavy in order to have the same resistance as steel, the economy consisting not only in the smaller cost but also in the lighter weight. ————».-e—__ “Open Shop” Stove Foundries.—In a bulletin is- sued by the National Founders’ Association under date of April 21 particulars are given of strikes in stove foun- dries located at Brantford, Weston and Hamilton, Ont. ; Belleville, I1l.: Fremont, Ohio; Sheffield, Ala.; Youngs- town, Ohio; Columbus, Miss.: Gadsden, Ala:, and Louis- ville, Ky. In two cases the firms yielded to the union. At Columbus, Miss., the foundry was closed. The strikes in the Ontario cities, in Sheffield, Youngstown, Gadsden and Louisville resulted in the employment of nonunion men, and in all these cases open shops are now being maintained. The bulletin contains also a partial list of open shop stove foundries in the United States and Can- ada. It is explained that the list contains no names of shops that are only theoretically open. Of the shops mentioned 9 are in Alabama, 1 each in Georgia, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri. Pennsylvania and West Virginia, 4 in Kentucky. 6 in Ohio, 7 in Tennessee and 8 in Ontario, Canada. The statement is made that “stove foundry- men throughout the United States and Canada are now beginning to realize that the agreement entered into by the Stove Founders’ National Defense Association and the Iron Molders’ Union, which gives the union complete control of the machine, will never permit the develop- ment of this appliance as it should be.” —_—_2-e_—__ The Indianapolis Switch & Frog Company announces the appointment of J. A. Foulks as Eastern representa- tive. with offices at 29 Broadway, New York. The com- pany manufactures frogs, switches, crossings and special track material for steam and electric railroads, also in- dustrial, mining and smelter tracks. 1338 The Fosdick No. O Horizontal Boring, Drill- ing and Milling Machine. Fig. 1 shows a No. 0 horizontal boring, drilling and milling machine equipped with speed box and constant speed motor, as built by the Fosdick Machine Tool Com- pany, Cincinnati, Ohio. The speed box used is of the tumbler gear type and is equipped with steel gears throughout. There are four changes made through the tumbler gears and two changes through the back gears Fig. 1—The No. 0 Horizontal Boring, Drilling and Milling Machine Built hy the Fosdick Machine Tool Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. in the speed box, making a total of eight changes of speed. The slow speed change is made through a pair of tool steel clutches 4 in. in diameter, and the high speed change through a powerful friction clutch 5% in. in diameter. These changes are controlled by a lever at the front of the machine, which can also be used to en- tirely stop the machine. A 5-hp. constant speed motor running at 1000 rev. per min. is used, geared direct to the driving shaft through a pair of spur gears, the pinion of which is of rawhide, brass bound. When a variable speed motor is used the equipment is similar to that shown, with the exception of the speed box and controller. A drum type controller is used and a : a ae nme THE IRON AGE April 29, 1909 Fig. 2 shows a revolving table, an auxiliary table and a star feed facing attachment for use on this machine. The star feed facing attachment is used for facing work up to 18 in. in diameter, and can be bolted direct to the spindle sleeve or securely clamped in any position on the spindle. The auxiliary table is used for any overhang- ing work, which can either be bolted to it or travel on it. It is 8 in. wide and 48 in. long, and has T slots its entire length. The revolving table shown is a combina- tion hand swiveling and worm swiveling table. The worm with its hand wheel can be withdrawn and the table used as a plain revolving table. The top platen has four tightener bolts, which securely fasten it to the base plate, which in turn is tongued and bolted to the cross table. This table is graduated to half degrees, is 24 in. in diameter, 6 in. high, and has an accurately bored cen- ter hole for arbors or plugs as required. The top sur- face has four cored T slots. ———_--————_—_—_ The Galvanized Sheet Trade of Uruguay. Consul Frederick W. Goding of Montevideo has made a report to the Department of Commerce and Labor, which is published in the Daily Consular and Trade Re- ports, relative to the large and growing demand in Uru- guay for galvanized sheets. The following extracts are taken from his report: From private sources it is learned that about 100,000 tons were imported into Uruguay in 1908. Of this trade, which is rapidly growing, 95 per cent. is in the hands of British merchants, for the reason that, having representatives on the spot, the need for the material was foreseen and provided for by them. The first ship- ment of 50 tons from the United States was made at the time of the opening of direct communications with Montevideo, and sold well, proving in every way equal to the British product. All the importers of galvanized iron here were interviewed and they agree that the trade is growing, soon to reach enormous proportions, owing to its rapid- ly increasing use as a material for roofs, buildings, bathtubs, buckets, &c. The reasons given for not purchasing in the United States were on account of a lack of knowledge of the American article, the 5 to 10 per cent. higher prices, the more costly transportation, and the quotations being f.o.b. Monte- video, whereas they should be f.o.b. at the loading port in the United States, allowing the purchaser to obtain the best freight terms. They all call attention to the better com- munications with Great Britain, stating that that alone en- couraged trade, the lack of which lessened the chances of competing nations. The sizes most commonly used here are 3 x 6 ft., both corrugated and plain, although other sizes are always kept in stock. The duties and charges here are $92.63 per ton of 2000 Ib., which includes all of the additional minor duties and charges. The information given is of interest to American manufacturers. The report, however, greatly overesti- mates the quantity of galvanized sheets now used in Uru- Fig. 2.—Attachments for the Fosdick No. 0 Horizontal Boring, Drilling and Milling Machine. is mounted on the head, where the speeds can be easily controlled from the front of the machine. The lever for starting, stopping or back gear changes is in the same position as shown for the constant speed drive. guay. British trade returns put the monthly exports of such sheets to Uruguay at about 900 tons. The annual consumption therefore is far under the 100,000 tons above named. ai April 29, 1909 Graham Pressed Steel Grinder Chucks. Chucks for holding abrasive material, principally in- tended for use on disk grinders but adapted to any ma- chine using the face of its wheel for doing the cutting, are a new product of the Graham Mfg. Company, Provi- dence, R. I. They are made in sizes from 9 to 30 in. out- side diameter of the grinding rings (not the outside of the holder). The sizes generally used on disk grinders, in place of the disks, are the 12, 15 and 18 in. chucks. One of the best features of the construction is that the total diameter of the chuck is but comparatively little larger Fig. 1.—A Pressed Steel Chuck for Holding Grinding Rings, Made by the Graham Mfg. Company, Providence, R. I. ONE CUT CENTER |), STYLE Fig. 2.—Details of the Graham Pressed Steel Grinder Chuck. than the grinding ring itself, and was one of the prin- cipal objects in its manufacture. The material of the main portion, or body, of the chuck is pressed steel, machined and finished all over. This makes a very light construction, which is desirable, as it is a waste of power to revolve unnecessary weight at high speed. In addition to lightness, it is also neces- sary to have strength suflicient for safety. Cast iron should not be used, though, barring accidents, it would probably be sufficiently strong to take care of all the me- chanical and generated outward forces. Steel castings would answer, but they are less reliable on account of blowholes and often require excessive machining due to bad gates, lumps and sand. The body of the chuck is fastened by a large number of small rivets to the center, the idea being to reduce any chance of straining the metals through which they pass. The center is made to suit any style of spindle; two com- monly used are shown in the sectional view, Fig. 2. The No. 1 style is that used on disk grinders and the No. 2 on all kinds of face grinders, such as knife grinders, safe plate grinders, guide bar grinders and many others for specific uses. The same casting that forms the center extends inside and is threaded to take a setting-out nut, which acts as a backing for the grinding ring as well as providing adjustment for wear. The nut is moved by a straddle wrench, with two pins to engage holes in the hub, plainly shown in Fig. 1. THE IRON AGE 1339 The clamping arrangement consists of a split ring drawn into a taper bearing, or large cone, by numerous screws from behind. The ring is split at one place only, which has been found sufficient, though there is no reason why more cuts could not be made if desired. This method gives a powerful and satisfactory grip. The greatest field for these chucks is on disk grinders on which emery cloth has been used and found either too expensive or where considerable stock hasto be re- moved and emery cloth will not stand up to“the work. In general design they have worked out very satisfac- torily. The outside is practically smooth, which is a good feature, as an irregular periphery is a constant source of danger on such high speed revolving devices. The inside is such as makes them readily adaptable to different styles or special spindles, as well as the whole being easily understood and adjusted. Chucks for holding seg- ments of abrasives are sometimes called for and the com- pany has devised a method for holding them. -_—_—_——— aoe Machine Tracklayers. A variety of machine tracklayers are being used by the railroads. ‘These devices do not actually lay the track, but facilitate the delivery of ties and rails at the head of a construction train. The Harris system is one of the oldest. The ties are conveyed to the front by a train running on a narrow gauge track laid on top of the cars. A loading machine deposits a load of ties on the small cars, which are run forward by hand, and at the front are automatically dumped. The rails, carried on forward cars, are run to the front on dead rollers set be- tween the rails of the narrow gauge track, and an at- tachment forward handles the rails. The Hurley tracklaying device operates under its own steam, dispensing with a locomotive. The rails and ties are conveyed forward by power. The rails are carried on the rear cars. In running them forward, they are tem- porarily formed into two continuous lengths by means of angle bars. These extend from the front of the train to the rail supply, and are continually drawn forward by power compression rollers. At the front the rails are dis- connected and put into the track. At the rear new rails are continually being added. Dead rollers are set up amidships on the intervening cars, and upon these the moving lengths are carried. The tie cars are situated ahead of those carrying the rail supply. The lowest ties are above the moving rail lengths, and by progressively removing the temporary support, the ties are dropped on the conveyor formed of the moving rails. When these ar- rive at the rear of the pioneer car, a special conveyor re- moves them from the rails and carries them overhead to a long cantilever projection extend