The Iron Age 1909-03-18: Vol 83 Iss 11

IRON AGE Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 14-16 Park’ Place, New York. Vol. 83: No. 11. Reading Matter Contents ..... page Alphabetical index to Advertisers ‘ Classified List of Advertisers - Advertising and Subscrigtion Rates ‘ REED F. BLAIR & CO. PRICK BUILDING, PITTSBURG, PA. STANDARD CONNELSVILLE COKE PURNACB 196 186 POUNDRY The original and only Genuine **STILLSON ye WRENCH * HFG. cs, % $s. A. tea, UL And bear# their Fil pnem tow ie | SAMSON SPOT SASH CORD TURNBUCKLES im Cleveland City Forge and tron Co., Cleveland, 0 TURN BUVUOCHB UES ces. IRON ORES Real Estate Trust Bldg., Phila. PILLING & CRANE TAPES and RULES THE BEST iN THE WORLD THE LUFKIN RULE CO,, Saginaw, Mich., U.S.A. New York London, ‘Eng. ‘Windsor, Can. Old age is honorable In a roof it is desirable se U MF 32 Pounds Coating ROOFING TIN It is the kind that grows old : satisfactorily AMERICAN AND TIN PLATE COMPANY Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. See our ad on page 16 SHEET New York, Thursday, March 18, 1909. 944 | 053 CRUSHED “Swedoh” Gold Rolled Steel $8.00 a Year, including Postage. Single Copies, 15 Cents. 3 + 3 29 9 7 5 6 Country Newspaper Circulation q Allowing 3 readers to the tamily, it totals over 10 millions of readers—% the population of the U. 8, This is only one of our advertising which helps to make up our roadside re, and creates a demand for U. M. O. Shells and Cartridges even to the backwoods store. e@ create the demand. Yow stock up. America’s Standard Ammunition The Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Agency 813 Broadway, New York WATER TUBE (Gy%e Babcock @ Wilcox Co., , BOILERS See page os 85 Liberty Street: New York A Most Difficult Problem To manufacture horseshoe nails stiff enough to drive into the hardest hoof without crimping—Flexible enough to clinch without breaking—Tough and strong enough to hold the shoe under the tremendous strains and wear in service. SOLVED BY “CAPEWELL” NAILS MADE BY THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COMPANY Hartford, Conn., U. S. A. The Largest Manufacturers of Horseshoe Nails in the World Jenkins Bros. Pump Valves Made in various compounds—each the best obtainable—for cold, warm or hot water, either high or low pressure; also for naphtha, mild acids, ammonia, or very muddy and gritty water and other destructive fluids. In fact we supply guaranteed valves for every pumping requirement. WRITE. JENKINS BROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago is uner- salted or DFAWing a Stamping THB AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING COMPANY SEB 24 (Water and Rall Delivery) Baipasrort, Oonx. PAGB ANTI MAGNOLIA ,.230. METAL The Standard Babbitt of the World We manufacture — see everything in the Babbitt Line. Chicago: Fisher Building. Montreal: 31 St. Nicholas St. "ns MAGNOLIA METAL CO. New York: +15 Bank St. THE IRON AGE “FOLLANSBEE” | BRASS} "x STEEL COPPER} *:. SHEETS) Sivert * SILVER | *y WIRE LOW BRASS, SHEET BRONZE, SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, BRAZED BRASS AND BRONZE TUBING : Waterbury Brass Co. _ WATERBURY, CONN. 99 John St.. New York. Providence, R. t. Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal Co. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Phosphor and Deoxidized Bronze Composition, Yellow Brass and Alumi- num Castings, large and smal! BEST MATERIAL BEST WORKMANSHIP FOLLANSBEE BROTHERS COMPANY PITTSBURGH . 2 ww Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. La Salle, Illinois SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID Special Sises of Zine cut to order, Rolled Battery Plates Selected Plates for Etchers and Lithographers’ use. Selected Sheets for Paper and Oard Makers’ use Stove and Washboard Blanks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY GERMAN SILVER w In Sheet, Wire, Rods, Blanks and Shells NICKEL ANODES BRASS, BRONZE, COPPER in all forms THE SEYMOUR MFG. CO., Seymour, Conn. HENDRICKS BROTHERS Sheetand Bar Copper, Copper Fire Box Plates and Staybolts, Wire and Braziers Rivets Importers and Dealers in Ingot Copper, Block, Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, Bismuth, Nickel, etc, 49 CLIFF STREET ~ NEW YORK ~ TRADE ok The Plume & Atwood Mfg, Co, Mannfacturers of Sheet and Roll Brass, Wire, Rods, German Silver and Brass Goods in great variety Rolling Mill Thomaston, Conn. Branch Offices Chicago St. Louis and San Francisco ANTIMONY ‘‘A. S. P.’*® Brand (English Star) Cc. W. Leavitt 2 Co., Agents SCOVILL MFG. CO. anufacturers of Factories Waterbury, Conn, New York BRASS, GERMAN SILVER, Sheets, wen and Brass Shells, Cups, Hinges, Buttons, Lamp Goods. Special Brass Goods to Order Factories WATERBURY, CONN. Depots: NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON HenrySouther Engineering Co. HARTFORD CONN. Consulting Chemists, Metallur- gists and Analysts. Oomplete Physica! Testing Laboratory, Expert Testimony in Court and Patent Cases, Arthur T. Rutter & Go. 256 Broadway, NEW YORK. Small tabing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire. Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tube. Copper and Brass Rod. “PHONO-ELECTRIC” WIRE. "ITS TOUGH” TROLLEY, TELEPHONE TELEGRAPH LINES. Mills BRIDGEPORT BRASS COMPANY Bridgeport Telegraph Bld Conn. Broadway and Murray 8t., few York PHOSPHOR-BRONZE GERMAN SILVER ALL THE RIVERSIDE METAL C RIVERSIDE N. J THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, March 18, 1909. A Westinghouse Alternating Current Mill Motor. The first squirrel cage induction motor designed par- ticularly for use in steel mills and made a standard prod- uct for the market is the type MS motor recently devel- oped. by the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Except for being heavier and stronger and embodying improvements in design and construction, Fig. 1.—The Type M 8 Mill Motor Made by the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. is shown in Fig. 1. The frame and bearing brackets are so formed as to protect the interior parts and still permit ventilation, which is further afforded through the numer- ous openings provided in the frame, which is a cylindrical iron casting with large supporting feet. The stator, or stationary primary, has a laminated core, assembled on horizontal ribs inside the frame and clamped between end rings. Rotary movement of the core is prevented by keys or dovetails, and the ribs support the core far enough from the inside of the frame to leave ample ven- tilating space; spacers provide ventilating ducts through the core. To the machined ends of the frame the bearing brackets are secured by bolts and through bolt holes in the feet the motor can be rigidly bolted to its founda- tion or to slide rails as shown in Fig. 1. The stator winding consists of form wound coils of heavy copper wire or strap laid in open core slots and secured by fiber wedges. They are further secured by binding to a heavy iron ring which prevents vibration. The bearing brackets, of which a detail is given in Fig. 2, are heavy iron castings machined to fit the end of the frame, to which they are held by eight bolts, per- mitting them to be turned to the various angles necessary for wall, ceiling or floor mounting. Solid overhanging rims protect the windings, and four substantial arms support each bearing housing, which is cast solid with the bracket. Each bracket is divided horizontally and bolted together, so that it is possible to remove the upper part of the bracket without disturbing the lower half, as shown in Fig. 4, to give access to the interior parts. The core of the rotor is also laminated and clamped between stiff end plates on a cast iron spider. Ventilat- ing ducts are arranged in the core. To reduce the radius of gyration and make the motors easily reversible the core is of the smallest possible diameter and compara- Fig. 2.—The Two Sides of One of the Bnd Shields or Bearing Brackets. the motor is similar.to the Westinghouse type C motor. A squirrel cage induction rotor has the advantages of no sliding contracts leaving the bearings as the only parts subject to wear, and it can be designed with performance characteristics appropriate to the conditions of service in mill machinery, not only in steel mills but cement milis, stone crushers, brick making plants, &c. The motors are wound for three-phase 25-cycle circuits at 220 and 440 volts, and are made in nine sizes ranging from 5 to 75 hp. and speeds of 700 to 475 rev. per min. For intermittent service they can be considerably over- loaded. Construction, Substantial, rigid construction has been especially aimed at in the type MS motor, a general view of which tively long parallel te the shaft. The rotor windings are placed in partially sed slots. ‘The ends of the ba are bolted to end rings of heavy sheet copper of large ventilating surfaces, which are in turn bolted to the spider, ma them rigid and removing stress from the ends of the bars; it is claimed that the bars and end rings cannot slip or vibrate even when the motor is quickly started, stopped or reversed. . The course of the ventilating air is through the open- ings of the bearing brackets, then outward between and around the ends rings and the ends of the windings on the rotor and stator, ‘and also in through the rotor spider, and out through the ventilating ducts in the rotor and stator cores, finally leaving the motor through the open- ings in the frame, which gives a thorough distribution 886 and insures rapid heat dissipation. When operating con- ditions require it gratings or plates can be fitted over the openings in the brackets and frame, completely inclosing the motor, but under such conditions it cannot be oper- ated continuously with as large a power output. The clearance between the rotor and stator-cores is ample to insure long life of the bearings even in mill service, but due largely to other features of the design, good efficien- cies and power factors are obtained. Extta heavy axle steel shafts are employed which show no deflection under all loads within the motor ¢a- pacities. Oil rings intercept and return the oil to the bearings which would otherwise tend to creep along the shaft. The bearings are very long and are rigidly sup- ported in the housings. The shells are cast iron, split, and lined with babbitt metal, and are held by lugs, shoulders and bosses, so that no dowel pins are required to keep them from turning or shifting. Fig. 3 shows the parts of the bearing bracket with the bearing shells re- moved from the housing. To facilitate rebabbitting, lugs on the two halves of the shell insure centering, and the bearing can be poured from the side and the mandrel made with projections, so that the slots for the oil rings will be formed. The bosses on the shell facilitate clamp- ing in the lathe for boring. The bearings are self-oiling and each has two oil rings. Through a spring covered opening at the top the rings can he inspected and the bearings filled with oil. Slide rails for either floor or wall or ceiling mounting with belt tension adjusting screws are supplied when required, and standard paper pulleys. All parts of the motor are made with special jigs, dies and templets, so that new parts can be quickly THE IRON AGE March 18, 1909 Fig. 6. The Type E Auto-Starter, Complete and with Oil Tank Removed. hility for inspection and repair is a strong feature of these motors. Operating Characteristics, Squirrel cage induction motors are essentially con- stant speed machines; at no load the speed is synchro- Fig. 3.—Parts of a Bearing Bracket Unassembled, substituted for those broken and damaged. Two consec- utive sizes have the same size frame, considerably reduc- ing the number of stock repair parts required. Accessi- Fig. 4.—Motor with Upper Half of Bearing Bracket Removed, Showing Accessibility of Interior. nous and under load is less, the decrease being known as the slip. The greater the load the greater the slip, and the higher the resistance of the secondary winding the greater the slip at a given load. The greater the slip of an induction motor the greater is the starting torque for a given current. On the other hand, large slip is accompanied by increased losses and decreased efficiency. In the type MS motor the slip is high enough to give good starting torque without requiring excessive starting cur- rent, while at the same time good commercial efficien- cies are obtained. The slip at full load varies with the size of the motor, being greatest in the smallest sizes. High starting torque renders these motors especially adaptable for the driving of heavy machinery of high standing friction and inertia, and high pull out torque makes the motors serviceable where subjected to heavy temporary overloads. These motors will operate at full output on circuits of which the voltage is within 10 per cent. of that at which the motor is rated. They will also operate at some variation from normal frequency, these allowable variations being greater with reduced output. Starting Devices for MS Motors. Means for obtaining the reduced voltage required in starting these motors is provided in the type E auto- starter shown in Fig. 5, and at the same time gives a starting current greater than the current taken from the line. The device includes two auto-transformers and a switching device with oil immersed contacts, and is self- contained in a cast iron case. The transformers are in the upper part and the switch mechanism is attached to the same part. The lower part of the case forms the oil tank in which the switch contacts are immersed. Fig. 6 shows the starter with this part removed. The switch contacts, the only parts likely to wear out, are made of copper and brass rods, the tips of which may March 18, 1909 be unscrewed and renewed. The switch lever has three positions—off, starting and running. A locking device holds the lever in the off position, and in the running position until released by pressing a thumb piece in the end of the handle. The handle will not remain in the starting position unless held there by the operator, and on being released returns at once to the off position. <A mechanical device prevents moving the handle directly from the off position to the running position. It must first be moved to the starting position at the extreme left and then moved quickly back past the off position to the running position at the extreme right. If this movement Fig. 1. Fig. 2. . Two Views of a New Sensitive Drill Built by the Rockford Machine & Shuttle Company, Rockford, Il. is ade too slew the handle will be caught and held in the off position. The purpose is to prevent the motor being thrown on line voltage if it has had time to slow down in speed beyond that allowable. A number of the motors can be operated with one pair of auto-transformers if a separately mounted auto- starter switch is provided for each motor. It is the same switch practically as that described in connection with the auto-transformer mounted in a separate case, and is known as the type ES auto-starter switch. With motors of 20 hp. or larger, the type Q oil immersed auto-starter switch with an automatic overload protection can be sup- plied. It has similar automatic safety provisions to those in the type E starter, and has the additional feature of an overload tripping device which will open the circuit automatically in case of excess of current. a oe Manganese Sulphide and Corrosion of Boiler Steel. —In a paper before the Society of Chemical Industry, London, England, G. N. Huntley gave details of a case of pitting in a boiler. Kach pit was found to be the center of a blister. The liquid inside the blister was a slightly acid solution of ferrous sulphate, while the boiler water was alkaline with caustic soda. The solid matter in the envelope of the blister, which consisted of a mixture of iron oxides, acted as a semipermeable membrane keeping apart the ferrous sulphate within and the caustic soda outside the blister. The theory given was that the par- ticles of manganese sulphide, segregated in the steel; were THE IRON AGE 887 oxidized by the oxygen dissolved in the boiler water to sulphuric acid and an oxide of manganese, the acid then acting locally on the surface of the boiler plate in the vicinity of the particles of manganese sulphide. This pitting of the boiler plate was prevented by adding sodium arsenite to the boiler water, the reagent taking up the dissolved oxygen. ee A Rockford Sensitive Drill. An improved sensitive drill has recently been per- fected and placed on the market by the Rockford Ma- chine & Shuttle Company, Rockford, Il. In its design and construction several fea- tures have been introduced to facilitate the handling of work withiu its capacity. Notable among these is the square table, which swings around the column, Being pivoted to the clamp by which it is held, it is capable of adjustment to any angle, vertical or horizontal. It is also supplied with a supporting bracket on the top of the table, which obviates the necessity of strapping work to the table when drilling a hole at an angle. A vertical position of the table is shown in Fig. 2. The round table on the lower bracket is vertically adjustable on the guides, which afford a maximum distance be- tween the spindle and table of 41 in. This table is removable and may be replaced by the revolving center head with cup, crotch and point centers, as shown in Fig. 1. The latter attachment affords a con- venient means of centering work of va- rious shapes. The spindle is driven from a four-step cone pulley attached to the base of the column; it has a vertical adjustment of 83 in., controlled by a screw, which serves to tighten the spindle belt. Suitable pro- vision is made for taking up wear in the spindle, which is counterbalanced by « weight inside the column. The principal dimensions of the tool are as follows: Distance of post to cen- ter of spindle, which is bored for a No. 2 Morse taper, is 7 in.; travel of spindle, 5% in.; vertical adjustment of head, 9 in. ; diameter of spindle (in sleeve), % in. The pulleys on the countershaft are 8 «x 2% in. and are designed to run at 470 rey. per min. The machine occupies a floor space of 22 x 28 in., and the net weight with the countershaft is 805 Ib. oninsglbsestidededilithtlassnnoss The New England Foundrymen’s Association.—.\t the monthly meeting of this society, held at the Exchange Club, Boston, March 10, the question of the tariff on pig iron was taken up for discussion, a number of members expressing their views on the subject. Opinion being divided, no action was taken. The speaker of the evening was Prof. Bradley Stoughton of the School of Mines, Columbia University, who gave an instructive talk on the manufacture of pig iron, covering each phase of the process illustrated by lantern slides. The usual dinner was enjoyed. ——_—_3- oe —___—_ At a mass meeting held in Hammond, Ind., prelim- inary steps were taken by manufacturers, business men and municipal officers to unite the cities of Hammond, Whiting, Indiana Harbor and East Chicago into one city under the name Calumet. The scheme would include some smaller places and give the new municipality an aggregate population of 75,000. With the new industries in prospect for the district.this year it is belieyed the population will be 100,000 by 1910. The boundaries of the four cities now touch one another and they are prac- tically one. It is believed that the cost of government would be greatly reduced by the merger. They all bor- der on Lake Michigan. Gary is near by and could be included in the union of cities, but will remain apart. 888 The Basic Bessemer Process. An Exhaustive Chemical Investigation by German Engineers. F. Wuest and L. Laval, German engineers, have sub- mitted the basic Bessemer process, as carried out in everyday practice, to a close experimental] examination. The results are published in Stahl und Hisen.* They give very interesting and valuable data concerning this process, both from a practical and theoretical standpoint, the results serving toward the formation of a- balance sheet of the materials employed and the heat units and to the consideration of what changes would be brought about in the heat balance by the use of dry air, hot blast or blast enriched with oxygen. The paper is herewith translated in abstract: Metal Analyses, The weight and compositions of. the materials em- ployed in the charges examined are given in tables I and II, Table I.-—Weight of Materials, Charge No. 1, Nov. 3, 1905. Charge No. 2, March 21. 1907. Material. Pounds. Material. Pounds ras co ass a is on 23,093 WEE WON s i ssc ocknnea ee 23,721 ge EE er 293 TD ans ae obama 617 Ferromanganese ...... 154 COUOD ives vivocnaesree 3,880 Ferrosilicon .......... 44 Ferromanganese ....... 132 PRE EE Ap 1,543 DE web teeus opcae cen 20,105 tl - 5e0nneesheas a 2,145 ee ee 6,658 Ladle slag............ 5.798 Table II.—Analyses of Flures and Materials. Water . and S SiO, Fe Mn Al,O;, CaO MgO P.O; Ss co, Rh oc cece 9.40 0.09 Tr. 0.19 85.10 Tr. 0.007 0.135 14.078 Dolomite. ..3.44 2.29 0.15 1.09 42.95 16.45 0.221 0.149 33.260 Car. Sil. Man. Phos. Sul. Ferromanganese ......... 6.33 0.21 76.70 0.265 0.017 POROOMIGOR. «2c ccccneccs 0.00 48.33 0.38 0.037 Tr. A 9000-08s 458 0.47 9.52 0.049 0.008 In table III are given the analyses of the pig iron, the finished steel, and the tests taken at different intervals throughout the blow: Table II].—-Analyses of Metal Tests, hina Sita, Charge No. 1. Minutes. No. Car. Sil. Man. Phos. Sul. Pigiron 3.354 0.481 0.85 2.009 0.177 PRE Dee. ccnccseds 1 3.081 0.036 0.80 1.998 0.098 OS, a 2 2.624 0.006 0.42 1.910 0.120 et es oo sce ant 1.934 0.007 041 1.866 0.128 5% to-6%........ 4 1.321 0.009 0.45 1.786 0.128 GO te Oks cs. <s 5 0.733 §©6©0.010 0.55 1.7385 0.128 sO OO. ioe 350 6 0.094 0.005 0.52 1.486 0.112 SS | See 7 0.084 9009 O55 0.526 0.067 11% to 18%........ 8 0.015 0.009 0.34 0.117 0.084 Ee | Se 9 0.016 0.013 0.23 0.066 0.077 Steel 0.26 0.033 0.88 0.097 0.059 Charge No. 2. Pigiron 3.42 0.83 1.06 1.789 0.092 0 SO. Bis visacvinc 1 3.29 0.02 0.54 1.785 0.073 Pet Go owki'n senha’ 2 2.85 0.012 0.39 0.033 0.086 C8 Wn xccanes 3 1.85 0.008 0.26 1.586 0.095 OR O- . c ska 4 0.92 0.009 0.24 1.526 0.091 R00 BR a ocx end x 5 0.025 0.007 0.18 1.386 0.107 ee 6 0.014 0.008 0.24 0.134 0.062 19 40 SOs cies es 7 0.014 0.007 0.18 0.041 0.043 138% to 14%....... 8 0.014 0.007 0.16 0.029 0.034 Steel 0.16 0.007 0.26 0.050 0.040 “The silicon shows a great difference in the two heats, being 0.48 per cent. in the first case, as against 0.83 in the second. In the first 3 min. it is oxidized to a mere trace, and from the third minute remains at about the same hight. The manganese is lowered in both heats to about 0.45 per cent. in the first 3 min. From the third minute the manganese percentage changes in an essentially dif- ferent way: With the first charge it keeps at about the same hight to the fifth minute; it then increases, as ob- served in 1879 by Windsor Richards, being supplied directly by reduction of the oxide of manganese. This reduction is most probably brought about by the phos- phorus, which is certainly the case after the tenth min- ute,. the manganese again increasing slightly in the bath from which the carbon has almost entirely disappeared. ~~ * January 27, 1909, pages | 121-133. THE IRON AGE March 18, 1909 The sulphur acts about the same with both charges. It decreases with the first 2 min., especially in the first heat, which has a very high percentage to begin with. It then increases slightly, and again decreases after the tenth minute. ‘The total desulphurization is about 56 per cent: in charge No. 1 and 60 per cent. in charge No. 2. The carbon is slightly lower in the pig iron of charge No. 1, being 3.35 per cent., compared with 3.42 per cent. The slight loss in the first 2 min. of charge No. 2 is striking, and is undoubtedly due to the high silicon con- tained in this heat. The phosphorus remains in both cases at the same percentage for the first 2 min.; then there is, from the | second to the eighth minute’a small but noticeable de- crease. It amounts to about 0.2 per cent with both heats. With charge No. 1 0.6 per cent. of phosphorus is oxidized together with the carbon, which equals 33 per cent. The other charge shows a smaller oxidation—namely, 22 per cent.. The colder the charge the greater will be the amount of phosphorus oxidized with the carbon. The statement is often found in text books that the phosphorus first begins to be removed from the bath after the carbon, but from the foregoing results it is evident that this is not wholly the case. Such a statement must be rectified, for about 25 per cent. of the phosphorus is removed together with the carbon, while the chief part is attacked after-the carbon is almost completely oxidized. PERCENTAGE WEIGHT. uveitis 6.4 B08 4,618. 2 9 10 ; TIME : MINUTES Fig. 1.—Composition of Converter Gases. The last 75 per cent. of the phosphorus needs about 3 min. for its removal. Slag Analyses, In table IV are given the analyses of the slag tests: Table IV.—Analyses of the Slag Tests. Blowing Charge No. 1. time. COs+ Minutes. No. MnO Al,0; MgO P.O, SiO, CaO CaS FeO 4H,0 0 - 1%..1 0.84 0.20 0.00 0.05 2.88 79.84 0.63 0.84 14.72 1% 3%..2 8.27 0.22 0.00 2.98 18.14 58.85 0.76 4.44 9.34 84- 5%..8 5.04 0.20 0.00 2.48 7.74 67.20 0.51 2.04 14.79 54%- 6%..4 4.02 0.20 0.00 2.29 7.72 68.27 0.60 1.90 15.50 6%- 8%..5 2.81 0.23 0.00 2.96 4.98 69.93 0.70 2.32 16.07 84-10 ..6 5.80 0.26 0.64 5.40 12.25 62.95 0.72 465 7.76 10 -11%..7 3.13 0.70 1.74 21.11 8.17 58.28 1.69 4.16 0.00 11%-13%..8 4.60 0.82 2.79 21.66 6.53 48.92 1.19 13.30 0.00 184-15 ..9 4.19 0.92 2.89 17.88 5.17 48.31 0.98 24.80 0.00 Charge No, 2. 0 -2 ..1 3.75 0.27 0.52 0.66 8.00 683 0.87 1.31 16.10 2-4 ..2 5.72 0.33 0.81 2.26 8.80°65.1 0.42 2.64 12.81 4 - 6%..3 4.74 0.34 0.64 2.87 689 638.0 053 2.90 17.31 6%- 8%..4 4.26 0.51 0.86 2.81 6.90 63.68 0.50 3.30 16.59 84-10 ..5 5.50 064 0.91 6.36 12.10 58.8 0.72 4.64 7.58 10 -12%..6 4.86 0.70 0.98 19.64 8.74 52.46 0.56 10.24 0.25 124%4-13%..7 4.72 0.72 2.87 14.80 6.34 49.88 0:18 19.20 0.61 13%-144%..8 4.23 0.57 2.89 11.57 6.05 47.82 0.18 25.58 0.86 At the beginning of the process the slag is not thor- oughly molten, so that in the test ladle pieces of lime ,are removed covered with a thin coating of slag. The analyses of the first tests are, therefore, not altogether reliable. It can be seen, however, that in charge No. 1 the lime contents drop remarkably quickly from the first to This is not only due to the formation the third minute. March 18, 1909 of silica but to the oxidation of considerable iron, owing to the cold condition of the charge. Then, owing to a reduction of iron and manganese back again into the bath by the carbon, the lime contents increase up to the 0 1 2 es 5 66 > 2 59 dw HhkR BHM bb MINUTES lig. 2.—Balance of Materials in Charge No. 1. eighth minute, when they again decrease, accompanying a clear gain in phosphoric acid. The P,O, reaches its miximum in the twelfth minute, after which it is some- what diluted in the slag, owing to a considerable oxida- tion of iron. The lime contents of the slags of charge No. 2 show a somewhat similar relation. Concerning the oxide of manganese, the cold condition ! 1500 ‘1460 | | | — DEGREES CENTIGRADE wouhrt BH YB EL IY C. 2- ae Or ats e Le oe MINUTES Fig. 3.—Temperature Estimations of Basic Bessemer Flame. of charge No. 1 immediately occasions a considerable for- mation, as well as that of oxide of iron. A part is re duced back into the bath. Then follows a slight oxida- tion reaching a maximum in the tenth minute. It is again reduced back into the bath, from which, in the last 2 min., it is almost completely oxidized. The slags show more plainly than the metal the extraordinary part played by the manganese. In the third to the fifth min- ute its oxidation reaches a maximum whereby, in con- junction with the silicon oxidized at this time, the tem- perature of the bath is increased considerably. Now THE IRON AGE carbon reduces metallic manganese back into the bath. Through the progressive oxidation of the carbon the tem- perature of the bath sinks again, so that the blast again attacks the manganese, thereby increasing the oxide of Imanganese contents of the slag. The manganese plays, therefore, the as yet unknown part of heat accumulator for the process. It burns at first and supplies, at this stage of the process, a great part of the necessary heat, whereby the temperature of the bath is considerably raised and is then reduced, and to some extent re-enters the bath. The procedure is united with a deficit of heat. The silica contents of both charges show two maxima corresponding exactly with the oxide of manganese. It is very probable that the silicon plays a similar part to the manganese, which could be proved if the tests were taken at the right moment. The course of the oxide of iron is very interesting and instructive. In charge No. 1 the iron is oxidized up to the third minute, then reduced and enters the bath. From the fifth to the eighth minute it remains constant at about 3 per cent., increasing in the tenth minute to 4% per cent. Here is seen a slight reduction by means of the phosphorus. From the twelfth to the fifteenth minute it increases from 4 to 25 per cent. It also clearly shows in this heat that, like the manganese, the iron is oxidized and furnishes heat. Metallographic Examination, Corresponding to the change in composition, the struc- ture of the metal also changes. This was followed by examining most of the metal tests from the two heats. The pig iron shows three constituents: Cementite in needles, a pearlitic constituent, etching dark with dilute nitric acid, and occuring in rounded areas, and a ternary eutectic of ferrite, cementite and phosphide of iron, which is gray when etched with dilute nitric. Previous work of one of the writers had shown it to consist of about 2 per cent. carbon, 6.7 per cent. phosphorus and 91.3 per cent. iron. In order to be sure in what condition the sulphur existed in a manganese free pig iron, a sample was pre- pared containing 0.405 per cent. sulphur and 3.65 per cent carbon. On examination the whole mass showed abundant well formed crystals, appearing gray to grayish blue after etching with picric acid. They are seen most plainly when surrounded by clear cementite. The pig iron of charge No. 1 shows similar crystals, which are rich in sulphur, as proven by the Baumann test. They are evidently the first to form, as shown by their definite shape. With the gradual removal of the carbon from the bath there is left a material which should contain chiefly iron and phosphorus. It should, therefore, according to — Stead, hold up to 1.7 per cent. phosphorus in solid solu- tion. Test No. 6 of charge No. 1, with 0.094 per cent. car- bon and 1.4 per cent. phosphorus ought, therefore, to give a small amount of pearlite and no phosphide eutectic. On the contrary, it showed a nonhomogeneous material, one part rich, the other poor in phosphorus. This is illustrated, as also the pig iron, by photographs. With relation to the sulphur, the carbon free but yet phosphorus holding iron crystallizes before the sulphur compound, which is, therefore, found between the crys- tals. This is also photographed. Lastly a photograph is given of a sample with 0.5 per cent. phosphorus, which presumably should give a uniform structure. On the contrary, many small points of a dark constituent are seen, especially when the sample is etched with picric acid. These the author believes to be phosphate of iron, 3 FeO., P.O. The finished steel shows, as usual, pearlite and ferrite. Balance of Materials. In text books it is only possible to find statements concerning the changes which the materials undergo in the different stages of the process. Nowhere are the weights of the iron and the impurities given for any definite period. The authors now make the attempt to calculate from the tables the actual weights of all the materials at the different time intervals of the blow. The weights of the bath, the iron and other constituents are given in the original paper. 889 890 THE IRON AGE These results allow one to give the amounts of the blast necessary at the different times for the oxidation of the impurities and the iron. It must be remembered, however, that the moisture in the air and lime furnishes oxygen through decomposition. This may be calculated from the hydrogen in the gases. On the other hand, not all the oxygen is used, which again is found out from the gases. On this account it was necessary to obtain the analyses of the converter gases. Composition of Converter Gases, Samples were secured from five heats and average results obtained. A skew-shaped pipe of refractory ma- terial was used, and placed in the nose of the vessel. It was joined to a silver tube, inclosed in an angle ‘iron, and wrapped around with asbestos cord. The average compositions of the gases are given in table V and shown graphically in Fig. 1. Table V.—Average Analyses of Converter Gases. Blowing time. Carbon Carbon _ Hydro- Nitrogen. monoxide. dioxide. Oxygen. gen. 8.71 10.53 0.075 0.155 77.12 12.17 10.55 0.083 0.134 75.32 15.84 8.64 0.120 0.119 24.92 5.48 0.006 0.143 25.90 5.38 0.000 =: 0.146 29.28 4.94 0.000 0.110 30.64 5.04 0.089 0.112 64.08 30.92 4.78 0.107 0.111 64.86 31.46 3.46 0.076 0.122 67.30 29.72 2.74 0.046 80.141 73.26 23.92 2.56 0.031 0.151 85.92 11.96 1.98 0.008 0.171 92.12 6.18 1.60 0.000 0.175 95.60 3.10 1.16 0.000 0.194 95.02 2.77 1.03 0.000 0.183 2.40 0.65 0.000 =-: 0.196 2.00 0.33 0.000 6.203 Then follow calculations, the results being given in tabular form, @f the weights of the different constituents of the converter gases of the two charges. The total weights are: Charge Charge No. 1. No. 2. Pounds. Pounds. Nitrogen 7,723 9.096 Hydrogen 15 17 SN PR io 55s wie bie ernaynie «alls 2,500 2,965 Carbon dioxide ‘ 538 619 The formation of a balance sheet of materials is now possible without great difficulty from the different tables. It is not shown in tabular form because of the enormous number of figures, but is given for charge No. 1 diagram- matically in Fig. 2. The co-ordinates are time in minutes and material in tons (metric tons of 2204 Ib.). It is assumed that at the beginning of the process the total amount of blast is sup- plied for the carrying out of the process. As the process continues, less and less blast is necessary, corresponding to an increase in the amount of gases produced. With this charge an original amount of air of 4.596 tons pro- duces a total weight of gases of 4.888 tons. The lime addition is 1.43 tons, while the slag at the end of the process reaches 2.63 tons. It must be remem- bered that the lime contains 14 per cent. carbonic acid and water, so the amount of slag forming constituents through the oxidation of the impurities has more than doubled. The metal has decreased from 10.48 to 9 tons, corresponding to a loss of 14 per cent. The Heat Economy of the Process, Next was undertaken the task of finding the amounts of heat stored up in the liquid pig iron and furnished by the oxidation of the impurities. The specific heats and the latent heats are very imperfectly known. They were estimated directly by observing the increase of tempera- ture of a known amount of water when fluid material was added. The tests gave for pig iron 277 calories, for steel 336 and for slag 536, these figures representing the heat necessary to raise the temperature of the material and also to smelt it. , A Wanner optical pyrometer was used for all tem- perature measurements, after being carefully checked with a Le Chatelier, which latter was suitably protected. The average results of the temperature readings of the flame of seven heats are given in table VI, and shown graphically in Fig. 3. March 18, 1909 Table VI.—Average Temperature of Flame. Blowing time. Temperature. Blowing time. Temperature. Minutes. Degrées C. Minutes. Degrees C. Wii werd rete owes 1,041 TEE ve SOF se csic eevee 1.369 DEUS tT nS Owe wie ds 1,098 EE ee 1,412 iss Gee ae ae 1,438 In the first 5 min. there is an increase in temperature of about 200 degrees C., and it is to be supposed that the temperature of the metal increases in a similar way. Then comes a period in which the excess of heat is so small that the carrying out of the process would be in question, were it not for the heat stored up in thé bath. This dangerous condition may last more than a minute. The excess of heat then begins to increase, reaching a maximum in the case of charge No. 2, with the twelfth minute. The finished steel, after the addition of the spiegel, &c., is on the average 1552 degrees C. The bath is about 50 degrees C. hotter at any stage than the flame shows, and the slag about 25 degrees C. hotter still. The temperature of the pig iron is 1262 degrees C. From the data now obtained tables are constructed showing the heat relations of the different parts of the process, but they are too large to reproduce. In charge No. 1 the pig iron brings in 43 per cent. of the heat, the remaining 57 per cent. being supplied by the oxidation of the constituents of the bath. Of this total heat 24 per cent. is carried away by the gases, and is also used to decompose the moisture; 20 per cent. goes to the heating of the lime, and is carried away by the slag; 8 per cent. is lost by radiation, and the remaining 48 per cent. remains in the steel. With the other heat the results are slightly different. Thirty-eight per cent. is brought in with the pig iron and 62 per cent. supplied by oxidation of the impurities. Twenty-five per cent. is carried away by the gases, 21 per cent. goes to the lime and the slag, 1 per cent. to melting the scrap, 11 per cent. lost through radiation and 42 per cent remains in the steel. It now becomes possible to inquire what influence dry air, hot air or air enriched with oxygen would have on the process. The conclusion is reached that they would not remove the unfavorable points, thus insuring its fu- ture. Dry air would have no great influence on the heat economy of the process, but it would undoubtedly lead to an improved product, because of no opportunity being given the metal to absorb hydrogen. The use of blast enriched with oxygen is not a profitable undertaking. With the same amount of blast it would finish the heat a little more quickly. This small advantage is more than overbalanced because the heat would be so hot toward the end of the process that it would be impossible to re- move the last traces of phosphorus without the sacrifice of a large amount of iron. The use of hot blast would give similar results to that of blast enriched with oxygen. It would be cheaper and could be advantageously used to increase the temperature at the beginning of the process if the silicon were low.in percentage. The greatest excess of heat is brought about during the separation of the phosphorus. It is the reason for the great oxidation of iron. This is necessary for the carrying out of the process, but it would be much better if it came at the beginning, as in the ordinary Bessemer process. Some advantage is taken of this excess of heat by adding scrap or lime briquettes, as in the Flohr proc- ess, but it still remains the chief objection of the basic Bessemer process. The paper closes with a brief comparison of this process and the basic open hearth, to the advantage of the latter. G. B. W. ——_-- The British daylight bill has passed second reading in Parliament. It provides that all public clocks shall be moved 20 min. forward each Sunday in April and 20 min. back each Sunday in September, thus gaining an hour and 20 min. of daylight for business purposes dur- ing the summer months. POL SAP RE > ey IPI oa ereganaee ont nit ee ee i 3 z et a alt ee ie ee March 18, 1909 The Perfect Power Hammer. Simple and durable construction and effective opera- tion are the claims for the Perfect power hammer, built by the Macgowan & Finigan Foundry & Machine Com- pany, St. Louis, Mo. The main frame is one heavy cast- ing, and the head carrying the spring moves in planed guides ; consequently the spring and head are in a direct vertical line, which diminishes the strain on the guides and spring and increases their durability. The guides are 27 in. long and are bolted to the main frame, allow- ing them to be easily replaced should they be damaged. A recently invented friction clutch in connection with the belt pulley, which controls the operation of the hammer by foot pressure and regulates the force of the blow, is one of the special features that conduces to effectiveness in operation. Phosphor-bronze couplings are provided in the con- necting rod, through which its length is adjustable, and the spring is held in a phosphor-bronze cross head. The The Perfect Power Hammer, Built by the Macgowan & Finigan Foundry & Machine Company, St. Louis, Mo. tension of the spring is adjustable and there is no side pull on the hammer head. The head is forged from tool steel tempered. The hammer is made in three sizes. The smallest has a ram 2% in. square, weighing 30 1b., which will work iron 114 in. thick and under. The second size has a 3-in. square ram weighing 40 Ib., and will work 2% in. thick iron. The largest hammer has a 4-in. square ram weigh- ing 80 Ib., and will work iron up to 3% in. thick. The two smaller sizes weigh, ready for shipment, about 1100 lb. each, and each is driven by a 12 in. diameter 4 in. face pulley, intended to run at 275 to 280 rev. per min. One horsepower is sufficient for the drive. The hight of these hammers is 6 ft. 9 in. and the floor space 20 x 30 ine The 4-in. hammer is driven by a 14 in. diam- eter 6 in. face pulley, intended to run at 250 to 275 rev. per min., and may also be run by 1 hp. The hight of THE IRON AGE 891 this machine is 7 ft. 6%4 in. and the floor space 28 x 38 in., and the shipping weight about 1800 Ib. In connection with these hammers there is furnished an attachment intended to assist in the sharpening of harrow and’ plow disks. A handle is furnished which passes through the hole of the disk and has a prolonga- tion which is inserted in one of the holes in a flat curved steel bar, arranged to move freely from or toward the center of the hammer, to permit the disk to be ham- mered at the extreme edge or further toward the center, as may be required. Its outer end may be adjusted to suit varying curves of disks. By means of the handle the operator can revolve the disk under the hammer. Also for this work there is furnished a special anvil with a curved face, so that there may be no risk of in- jury to the regular curve of the disk. The device may be quickly attached to the hammer, and its lowest sup- port may be left in position when not in use. ———q+s-o___ A Tin Plate Duty Wanted in Canada. Toronto, March 13, 1909.—Application has again been made to the Dominion Government for a duty on tin plates and galvanized sheets. It will be recalled that strong efforts were put forth to have these products made dutiable at the time of the last revision of the tariff. Mr. Fielding referred to the matter in the budget speech made upon the occasion of the introduction of the new tariff, and he explained that the Government had not seen its way to levy an import duty on the material of the cans in which are put up vegetables, preserved fruits, salmon, lobster, meats and other of the prepared food products raised in the country. In due course the manu- facture of tin plate was begun at Morrisburg, Ontario, but for some time the Government declined to recognize its.output as sufficient to warrant the application of even the antidumping duty to imports of tin plate. Strong representations having been made to the effect that tin plates were being offered at slaughter prices in Canada, the Government finally yielded to the petition for the putting on of a dumping duty. This has not stopped the agitation for a general duty, and the interests most to be benefited by such an impost are again urging the mat-- ter upon the Government. Tin plates are on the free list of all the country’s tariffs—the general, the inter- mediate and the preferential. Galvanized sheets are sub- ject to a 5 per cent. ad valorem duty when imported from the United States or any other country to whose products the general tariff of Canada is applicable. Admitted un- der the preferential or intermediate tariff, galvanized sheets are free. The petitioners ask that both classes of coated sheet metal be regularly subject to duties from whatever countries they are imported. Until quite recently the antidumping duty has proved satisfactory to Canadian makers as a regulator of the price. Exporters from the United States were deterred from selling in Canada at bargain prices when it became necessary to hand over to the Dominion Government the equivalent of every concession made to Canadian import- ers from the regular price in the country of production. But the sharp cut lately made in the United States price of tin plates has affected the Canadian market detri- mentally for the Canadian tin plate manufacturers. The cut price in the United States is now the regular price, and the antidumping duty is not serving as a check on imports from that quarter as it did before. Moreover, the antidumping duty helped British trade quite as much as it helped the Canadian manufacturing concern. When the selling of American tin plates in Canada at sacrifice prices was stopped by the imposition of the antidumping duty, Canadian orders that had formerly tended to go to the United States were in greater volume diverted to Britain. CG. A. CJ. + oe -—_—_ Work on the rebuilding of Pickands, Mather & Co.'s Ella Furnace at West Middlesex, Pa., is. progressing rapidly. William McIntyre & Son, Sharon, Pa., have completed the foundation. The ironwork is being done by the Meehan Boiler & Construction Company, Lowell- ville, Ohio. The brickwork will start in about two weeks. C. F. Kaufholz is manager of this stack. Te eS a 890 THE IRON AGE These results allow one to give the amounts of the blast necessary at the different times for the oxidation of the impurities and the iron. It must be remembered, however, that the moisture in the air and lime furnishes oxygen through decomposition. This may be calculated from the hydrogen in the gases. On the other hand, not all the oxygen is used, which again is found out from the gases. On this account it was necessary to obtain the analyses of the converter gases. Composition of Converter Gases, Samples were secured from five heats and average results obtained. A skew-shaped pipe of refractory ma- terial was used, and placed in the nose of the vessel. It was joined to a silver tube, inclosed in an angle ‘iron, and wrapped around with asbestos cord. The average compositions of the gases are given in table V and shown graphically in Fig. 1. Table V.—Average Analyses of Converter Gases. Blowing time. Carbon Carbon _ Hydro- Nitrogen. monoxide. dioxide. Oxygen. gen. 8.71 10.53 0.075 0.155 12.17 10.55 0.083 0.134 15.84 8.64 0.120 0.119 24.92 5.48 0.006 0.148 25.90 5.38 0.000 =s-: 0.146 29.28 4.94 0.000 0.110 30.64 5.04 0.089 0.112 30.92 4.78 0.107 0.111 31.46 3.46 0.076 0.123 29.72 2.74 0.046 80.141 23.92 2.56 0.031 0.151 11.96 1.98 0.008 0.171 6.18 1.60 0.000 0.175 3.10 1.16 0.000 0.194 2.77 1.03 0.000 0.183 2.40 0.65 0.000 0.196 2.00 0.33 0.000 6.203 Then follow calculations, the results being given in tabular form, of the weights of the different constituents of the converter gases of the two charges. The total weights are: Charge Charge No. 1. No. 2. Pounds. Pounds. Nitrogen 7,723 9.096 Hydrogen 15 17 on. san kL eig twlemie ond 2,500 2,965 Carbon dioxide ; 538 619 The formation of a balance sheet of materials is now possible without great difficulty from the different tables. It is not shown in tabular form because of the enormous number of figures, but is given for charge No. 1 diagram- matically in Fig. 2. The co-ordinates are time in minutes and material in tons (metric tons of 2204 Ib.). It is assumed that at the beginning of the process the total amount of blast is sup- plied for the carrying out of the process. As the process continues, less and less blast is necessary, corresponding to an increase in the amount of gases produced. With this charge an original amount of air of 4.596 tons pro- duces a total weight of gases of 4.888 tons. The lime addition is 1.43 tons, while the slag at the end of the process reaches 2.63 tons. It must be remem- bered that the lime contains 14 per cent. carbonic acid and water, so the amount of slag forming constituents through the oxidation of the impurities has more than doubled. The metal has decreased from 10.48 to 9 tons, corresponding to a loss of 14 per cent. The Heat Economy of the Process. Next was undertaken the task of finding the amounts of heat stored ‘up in the liquid pig iron and furnished by the oxidation of the impurities. The specific heats and the latent heats are very imperfectly known. They were estimated directly by observing the increase of tempera- ture of a known amount of water when fluid material was added. The tests gave for pig iron 277 calories, for steel 336 and for slag 536, these figures representing the heat necessary to raise the temperature of the material and also to smelt it. ’ A Wanner optical pyrometer was used for all tem- perature measurements, after being carefully checked with a Le Chatelier, which latter was suitably protected. The average results of the temperature readings of the flame of seven heats are given in table VI, and shown graphically in Fig. 3. March 18, 1909 Table VI.—Average Temperature of Flame. Blowing time. Temperature. Blowing time. Temperature. Minutes. Degrees C. Minutes. Degrees C. BREN ce Ui dccvedsonede 1,369 BI so Aje9 91s 26 6.0\n inte ox 1,412 Da akin cseese rte cas 1,438 In the first 5 min. there is an increase in temperature of about 200 degrees C., and it is to be supposed that the temperature of the metal increases in a similar way.