The Iron Age 1908-09-24: Vol 82 Iss 13

THE IRON AGE Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co. 14-16 Park Place, New York. Vol. 82: No. 13. New York, Thursday, September 24, 1908. $5.00 a Year, including Postage Reading Matter Contents........ page 888 Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ‘‘ 180 Classified List of Advertisers ae 170 Advertising and Subscription Rates ‘‘ 895 REED F. BLAIR & CO. FRICK BUILDING, PITTTBURG, PA. STANDARD CONNELSVILLE COKE FOUNDRY _—-_—OFURNACE _—_—s CRUSHED The Original and only Genuine ‘* STILLSON WRENCH "’ THIS CUT SHOWS IN REDUCED SIZE THE 1908 U.M. C.-REMINGTON WINDOW TRIM Jit is lithographed in six printings and is full of life and color. Can be adapted to any size of window 6 ft. or overin width “Sent free to any dealer who guarantees to use it for a The Bristol Company reasonable length of time. MANUFACTURERS OF Bristol's Recording Thermometers for Pressure, Temperature Address, Dept. No. 1 and Electricity M. HARTLEY COMPANY, 313 Broadway, New York City TRE BRISTOL CO. cepa has Waterbury, Conn. WATER TUBE Ghe Babcock @ Wilcox Co., is manufactured by waLwoaTH MFG, CO., Boston, U. S. A. And bears their registered Trade-Mark Write for this powerful business getter reat aera SPOT SASH CORD BOILERS s.. paseso | © New vor MASSACHUSETTS SASH CORD PHOENIX SASH CORD Best quality, lowest prices. Samson Cordage Works, "osteo" RSE Fc acenibsinesamnennesestmenamennsnacnm bl TURNBUCHKLES meatal. a and of ALL HORSE OWNERS AND HORSESHOERS “The Capewell’’ nail should be used in shoeing horses of all Cleveland City Forge and Iron Co., - Cleveland, 0. classes. TURN BVO BUDS. ; : MERRILL BROS. No danger of nails splitting! No danger of nails break- ing at a critical moment! No danger of injuring a horse’s Maspeth, foot or hoof on account of dull points or weak blades when New York, N. Y. 6s ” . Capewell’’ nails are used. & os Mill Cinder iORS Real Estate Trust Bldg, ,Ph Pilling & ( Crane: eat poiae Resonance HARTFORD, CONN., U.S. A. mp ire Bldg , New Y¢ -_— | TAPES | | U/, a, | JENKINS BROS. VALVES STANDARD PATTERN RULES Made of new steam metal of the best grade. Fitted with the Jenkins Disc, assur- MADE IN AMERICA and ing an absolutely steam-tight valve under all ordinary pressures. When fitted with THE BEST IN THE WORLD a soft Jenkins Disc they are the most satisfactory valves that can be obtained for use THE LUFKIN RULECO. on Mich., U.S.A. on water, air or gas. All parts interchangeable. Every valve bearing the Trade New York, London, Windsor, Can. “APOLLO BEST BLOOM” ie “Swedoh” Cold Rolled Stee ace awe SANDINY Ro > () te, THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING COMPANY Ss s/ “W Lig ( Water and Rail Delivery) BRIDGEPORT, CONN. paAGE 26 on MAGNOLIA ,,“™. METAL nviieteen 7 An Apollo Weight Card—valuable to every The Standard Babbitt of the World We manufacture metal worker, showing the various sizes, gauges and weights of galvanized sheets— everything in the Babbitt Line. will be sent free for the asking., MAGNOLIA METAL CO, American Sheet & Tin Plate Company ee eS New York : : 115 Bank St. Chicago: Fisher Building. Montreal: 31 St. Nicholas St. Mark is guaranteed. JENKINS BROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, London Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 2 THE IRON AGE QCOOOOQOOOOOEFHDOOOOOOOOGOOOOOO® ©) FINE STEEL SHEETS Follansbee Blue FollansbeePolished ELECTRICAL SHEETS AND DEEP DRAWING QUALITY IN ANY REQUIRED FINISH BRIGHT TIN ROOFING TIN all made from HAMMERED OPEN HEARTH BLOOMS FOLLANSBEE | BROTHERS COMPANY PITTSBURGH = QCOOOQOOOQOOQO’EDOVOOOOOOOOOCOSGE CODOQQOOOOOQOPDOQONESE Only American users of the old successful, Welsh Hammered Open Hearth process 99 John St., New York. BR ASS (NRO \COPPER; :| GERMAN a: ROD WIRE SILVER LOW BRASS, SHEET BRONZE, 2 | SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, BRAZED BRASS AND BRONZE TUBING : —_—_—_—_——_ >| Waterbury Brass Co. WATERBURY, CONN. Providence, R. I. Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal Co. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Phosphor and Deoxidized Bronze Composition, Yellow Brass and Alumi- num Castings, large and small Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. La Salle, Illinois. SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID Special Sizes of Zine cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers and Lithographers’ use. Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. Stove and Washboard Blanks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. a Sharer ET 195 -109 So, Jefferson St., PEE BGI MNO OUa OC cee et lini) coeaahoc GERMAN SILVER THE SEYMOUR MFG. CO. HENDRICKS On Short Notice NICKEL ANODES Brass, Bronze, and Copper SEYMOUR, CONN. BROTHERS Sheet and Bar Copper, Copper Fire Box Plates and Staybolts, Wire and Braziers Rivets Importers and Dealers in Ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, Bismuth, Nickel, etc. 49 CLIFF STREET, - NEW YORK The Plume & Atwood Mfg. Co. Manufacturers of Sheet and Roll Brass WIRE Copper Rivets and Burrs Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kerosene Burners, Lamps, Lamp Trimmings, &c. 279 Broadway, NEW YORK Room 508 Hayworth Building, East Madi- son St., CHICAGO, ILL. Rolling Mill Factories THOMASTON, CONN. WATERBURY, CONN, SCOVILL MFG. CO. Manufacturers of BRASS, GERMAN SILVER, Sheets, —_ Wire, and 5. Brass Shells, Cups, Hinges, Buttons, Lamp Goods. Special Brass ‘Goods to Order. Factories: WATERBURY, CONN. Depots: CHICAGO NEW YORK BOSTON HenrySouther Engineering Co. HARTFORD, CONN. Consulting Chemists, Metallur- gists and Analysts. Complete Physical Testing Laboratory. Expert Testimony in Court and Patent Cases. Arthur T. Rutter & Co. 2560 Broadway, NEW YORK. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire. Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tube. Copper and Brass Rod. THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Post: - Felegrans eg, Broadway nd Murray St., New rk, rte 87 Pearl St., eae 17 N. 7th St., Philadelphia, MANUFACTURERS OF Brass | SHEET AND , TUBING Copper | WIRE Metal Goods made to order from Sheet, Rod, Wire and Teen 22, PROSPHOR-BRONZE GERMAN SILYER THE RIVERSIDE METAL Co. RIVERSIDE, N.¢. Se THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, September 24, 1908. A Powerful Russian Hydraulic Dredge. BY H. The most powerful dredge ever constructed is shown in the accompanying illustrations. It is one of the hy- draulic type, and was built in Belgium at the Liege works of the Société John Cockerill for the Russian Gov- ernment from the plans of Lindon W. Bates of New York City. The performance of this compound dredge is mar- vellous, and in the tests it developed an almost incredi- ble capacity. The Russian dredge is built in two parts, as is shown in the half-tone engravings. It is constructed in this manner as its breadth was limited to the width of the canal system Marie, through which it passed on its way from the Baltic Sea to the Volga River. This double dredge can be operated as a whole, making a bottom cut 62 ft. wide, or each half can be operated separately, as is usually the case. Each half measures 216 ft, long by 31% ft. wide and 9 ft. deep. At light draught the hull draws 4 ft., and the working draught is 8 in. greater. The Volga dredge is electrically self-propelled and PRIME KIEFFER, BERLIN, GERMANY. Each dredge is propelled by two 4-ft. diameter screws. In front are also arranged two screws for maneuvering the vessel. Each of the four screws is operated by a direct connected 550-volt, 185 hp. motor. Maneuvering may also be accomplished by means of cables turning around the drums of windlasses installed on the bridge in front. The same windlasses serve also for lifting the suction tubes and cutters by means of cranes arranged in front on the bridge. <A vertical lath indicates automatic- ally the depth of the dredging. The cutters are operated by a double compound engine, installed in front under the bridge. Each one of the two hulls is provided with a double bottom over two-thirds of its length, made of Cockerill steel. In front is the dredging apparatus proper. It consists of four large drums or drills, the peripheries of which have sharp steel knives or cutters, which by rotat- ing loosen the material to be dredged. The drills are hollow, and through them a powerful centrifugal pump ? The Compound Dredge Designed by Lindon W. Bates, New York, and Constructed by the Société John Cockerill, Belgium, for the Russian Government. controllable, the electric installation of each half con- sisting of a 600-kw. generator directly connected to a quadruple-expansion engine. The generators supply two stern motors and two bow motors, each of 125 hp., mounted in the distributing pontoon, and arranged to control the position of the pontoon line as required by operations. Lighting is done from a separate installa- tion. Control of all motors is centralized in the pilot- house. The dredge is propelled by screws driven by electric all other movements are effected by the direct use of steam. The fundamental idea in installing the electrical equipment and all the machinery was that the directing mind in the operating room might have close at hand and always ready for instant use the means to stop. start, or modify all the movements of the great machine. To this end the control of the entire electrical apparatus is placed to the right and left of the operator in the pilot house in the form of switches, rheostats, controllers, and compensators. Three-phase, alternating current is used, which permits cheaper and lighter ma- chinery, and promises less trouble in maintenance, than direct current, although bringing with it difficulties pe- culiar to itself. The entire equipment was furnished by the General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y., and so far as possible the apparatus is standard. Motors ; sucks the material loosened by the cutters and forces it to a long line of pontoons arranged behind the dredge. About amidships is located the centrifugal suction and force pump, which is operated by a vertical triple-com- pound engine. The suction pipes from the drills unite in two lines which are again united at the suction end of the pump. The discharge from the pump is a single central pipe, through which the material is forced. This pipe connects at the stern of the vessel with the distributing pontoons mentioned above. Behind the engine room is the boiler room, containing four Babcock & Wilcox water tube boilers, fired exclusively with naphtha. The pipe pontoons are elliptical air jackets, reversible and not easily affected by winds, waves, or currents. Metal joints are used, as these do not obstruct the dis- charge stream so much as rubber connections. Each pair of compound cutter engines actuates four cutters. Each main pump engine can develop 1500 indicated horse- power. Mr. Bates in designing the Volga dredge did not set himself so much the task of exceeding former capacity trials (output must always have a ratio to the size and power of engines), but rather the task of supplementing the first achievement by the additions of self-actuating features, which would eliminate loss of time in maneu- _ | 4 i ; ante a THE IRON AGE September 24, 1908 A View of the Dredge at Work During the Trials on the Scheldt Rive: vering and in adjusting lines. To insure that the mixture of solid matter and water shall be of the right propor- tion for the most efficient dredging, four Bates cutters are mounted on each of the two hulls forming the dredger. In order that work may be done at different depths, these cutters, through proper mechanism de- scribed later, can be raised and lowered on a fixed hori- zontal axis on the dredge. The cutters can work to a depth of 16 ft. The cutter engine, in the forward part of the hull, drives a shaft, which coincides with the hori- zontal axis of the cutter carriage, and through bevel gears and secondary shafts the power is transmitted to the cutter shafts. When the cutters are down in normal working condi- tion they may work backward as well as forward, taking a face the full depth of the cutter. The greater part of the weight of the cutters and the suction pipes is car- ried by two hoisting cables through sheave-blocks and sheave-legs to the hoisting drums, and by these the depth of the cutters is regulated. The bearings which are under water are protected chiefly by a constant stream of water fed to the center of each journal, at a pressure of about 60 lb. from a special pump on the dredge. Removable sheet iron covers with handholes are placed over all gears which are under water. The pipe throughout is of cast steel, and is supported at the hull by two trunnions, which are carried by strong cast steel bracket bearings. The trunnions are bored out around the center of rota- La ied, (? Nl é ‘ * View Showing the Cutting Mechanism of One of the Halves af et 4 rh tion to permit the countershaft to pass through the inner one. The shaft has an outward bearing midway between the trunnion bearings. The design of the pontoon carrying the discharge dif- fers somewhat from any heretofore employed. The dis- placement is such that when the contained pipe is fully loaded the draught of the pontoons is not quite 2 ft. With the exception of the two forming the ends of their respective lines of discharge pipe, all are of uniform con- struction. Each is 50 ft. long from center to center of couplings. The cross-section is elliptical, the horizontal axis measuring 9 ft. 3 in. and the vertical axis 3 ft. 3 in. Through the center of the pontoon is placed the dis- charge pipe, which is 33 in. in diameter. Thus the pon- toon proper forms an elliptical jacket for the pipe whose axis coincides with its own. The greatest wear being on the lower half of the pipe, there is an advantage in being able to invert it, which the symmetrical form of the pontoon makes a simple matter. This section also has an advantage over the circular in having less draught, and a stable equilibrium enabling the men to walk freely along the line. There is also an advantage over the rectangular form, as there are no edges, and hence no longitudinal angles with corresponding increase in the amount of riveting. The form is one least influenced by wind, waves, or current. The total length of the pontoon and the angle of deflection to be allowed at the coupling are determined by the curvature required of the line of Af | Vi \ HIT ne of the Compound Dredge Out of Water. ee ane OTTER LEA September 24, 1908 THE IRON AGE Dredge. and Sectional Elevation of One Half of the New Bates Plan 837 pontoons as a whole. In this case, the length of pontoon adopted being 50 ft., 10 degrees was fixed as the angle to which the coupling must permit deflection. This gives the line of pontoons a maximum pos- sible curvature which corresponds to a railroad curve of about 20 degrees, or the whole line of 1000 ft. can be brought to a little more than a semicircle. The distribution of the material is al- ways of interest. It is usually not enough that material excavated by the dredge shall be discharged a certain distance. The place of deposit must in most cases be regulated. The control of the end of the pontoon line may be accomplished in various ways. As a first requisite, it is necessary that unbalancing produced in the interior of the discharge pipe by the free discharge shall be compensated, in order that the pontoon line may hold the position given it without tendency to writhe or kink. That being accomplished, motion may be given to the discharging pontoon by altering the direction of the outflow, by independent means, or by both. The latter plan has been adopted here. The simplest and the usual expedient for balancing the reaction is by a baffle plate, held by fixed or adjustable stays, just back from the end of the pipe, and nearly perpendicular to the discharging stream whose impact it receives. In the present ease, the ordinary baffle plate is supple- mented by two curved plates in front and bearing on it. These plates form a verti- cal wedge which is normally in the middle of the discharge stream, dividing it in equal parts and deflecting both equally to right and left. On the back of the wedge is a horizontal rack, moved by a pinion, which receives its rotation from the pon- toon through a hand-wheel and a worm gear. By moving this wedge to one side or the other the horizontal balance of the deflected stream is destroyed, and trans- verse motion to the pontoon is thus im- parted. Before the dredge departed for the Vol- ga River it was subjected to trials by the Russian Government. One set of tests for one-half of the dredge was conducted in a basin of about 40 acres at Drygoten, Bel- gium, and the other at Steendorf, on a bar in the river Scheldt, about 10 miles above Antwerp. After a number of unofficial trials had taken place the official trials began with a crew which had become fa- miliar with the mechanism of the dredge. In this trial at Drygoten the result was as follows: NN. o.5 15. aca yw 4e eid Bik ee are Se 1 000 ft. RR an ic eiig- 1a ahs oy itd greta 41% 0 AGTAMES OOF MIBUE. ow 6c ckccecccaces 28.8 ft. PR EEG ook ce See db bone ee ke ean 2.44 ft. eer Serre re ee 4,524 cu. yd. The material in this cut was favorable, half of it being a loose sand, the other half a compacted sand mixed with clay. The other half of the dredge was tested at Steendorf, on a bar composed of very fine sand; some cuts were along hard packed material, others in material rela- tively loose. None of the material in the Scheldt is so favorable as the coarse, loose sand met with on the cross-over bars of the Mississippi or the Volga. This test at Steendorf resulted as follows: RE SUN oe ne etwas awaeceueeds 2,129 ft. SS ob ag Veale a a4 Caw Sas ne ewe 180 min. AGvanmce por minute... 2. cccscccees 11.83 ft. eR bo ax aie kd OW x $009 0:06 6 oo eC EO MOte Per ROU. «2.6. csr vccenes 2830 cu. yd. ER SRE EEE NETeenreenerrnesnenenteneesmemeneen 838 THE IRON AGE The material here was fine compact sand. All tests were conducted with 700 ft. of discharge pipe. All meas- urements were in excavation, and to determine the ca- pacity upward of 500 soundings were taken. At the termination of the trials it was officially considered that the dredge could be rated without exaggeration as having a capacity of about 7000 cu. yd. hourly. This means, then, that this dredge working in material which is at all favorable can take out about 2,000,000 cu. yd. of material in a month, working 10 hours daily. Foundry Cupola Construction.* Varied Requirements of a Wide Range of Practice. BY THOMAS D. WEST. In years back, when one foundry was supposed to make almost everything from stove plate to an anvil block, the one arrangement of a cupola was made to an- swer all purposes. In other words, it was a jobbing cupola that was not pressed severely by competition. Our great diversity of specialties to-day has brought about such a demand for corresponding differences in cupolas that the wise founder will learn what features he should have in a cupola that it may best meet special conditions. specialty Cupolas. We have now in our different classes of foundries conditions that call for: 1. A cupola that can run steadily and continuously for 12 to 144 hr., or all the week, day and night. 2. A cupola that can run at intervals of 1 to 2 hr., but without dropping its bottom for from 4 to 8 hr. 3. A cupola that can melt fair sized heats of very fine or dirty scrap alone or mixed with pig iron. 4. A cupola to melt steel scrap, tin scrap or sheet iron mixed with grades of cast iron scrap or pig iron. 5. A cupola that will burn out the lining the least. 6. A cupola capable of melting large heats in propor- tion to capacity most speedily. 7. A cupola that can melt a large heat in the shortest time, or as fast as the metal can be taken away from it. 8. A cupola most economical in its use of fuel. 9. A cupola requiring the least labor in cleaning out and the droppings from which are freest of shot iron. Cupolas for General Purposes, 10. A cupola that can hold from 2 to 10 tons before being tapped. 11. A cupola from which metal can be taken con- tinuously. 12. A cupola that will give the best “ hot” and clean iron. 13. A cupola that can best melt very large scrap. 14. A cupola best adapted to the use of coke or coal or the two mixed. 15. A cupola that can melt a large or medium heat slowly so that its metal can be taken steadily by occa- sional taps in the lapse of 5 to 9 hr. All of the above different features involve more or less blending of variations that make a very interesting study in the flexibility of cupola practice. In treating of the special points raised, the writer can only cite the main conditions involved, but these should be sufficient to place any one at all conversant with founding in the way of attaining the desired ends. Points of Covstruction, In taking up a brief description of the chief features and combinations required in the construction of cupolas, we will refer in order to the foregoing numbers: 1. Those that must have the main tuyeres from 3 to 4 ft. above the bottom plate; a slag hole 12 to 18 in. below the bottom of the tuyeres, and two to three rows of tuyeres. The cupola should have a hight of 16 to 20 ft. from its bottom plate to the bottom of the charging door, and not less than 60 in. inside diameter; the walls to be generally of a straight character. *Kead at a meeting of the New England Foundrymen’s As- sociation, Boston, Mass., September 9, 1908. September 24, 1908 2. This calls for a cupola so arranged that all openings below the charging door can be closed to prevent the ad- mission of air at any point. It should have a large breast that can be removed at the end of every period in melting, to take out all iron droppings and slag before banking. This latter holds the incandescent fuel from further burn- ing until all is again ready to charge more fuel and iron and put on the blast. If a warm blast is used the better the success in continuing such intervals of melting. The principle adopted by the Baillot patent cupola shown at the American Foundrymen’s Association convention at Toronto in June, 1908, is excellent for intermittent melting. 3. A cupola for this will also serve for No. 4. It should have two rows of tuyeres, the bottom row being from 24 to 36 in. above the bottom plate and having a slag hole 10 to 14 in. below the bottom of the tuyeres. The cupola should be from 36 to 50 in. inside diameter. but if larger than 60 in. a center blast would be found very advantageous. In hight such cupolas should range from 10 to 16 ft. 5. The best of all features for this is center blast alone or in combination with outside tuyeres, when used in cupolas over 60 in. inside diameter. Without center blast the lining would need to be brought in at the lower tuyeres, and the latter should have large openings. Upper tuyeres are not used in this cupola for reasons stated later. This cupola should also be sufficiently large in diameter to permit of medium sized heats and a mild blast. 6. This cupola invariably calls for high tuyeres and a slag hole 8 to 12 in. or more below the bottom of the tuyeres. It is best to have upper tuyeres, and flux should be charged with the fuel and iron to help form a fluid slag that can be run off between taps after the cupola has been melting about 30 min. Blast should range from 8 to 12 oz. pressure and pass through large area tuyeres. Cupolas under 50 in. inside diameter are best with a straight lining; over 60 in. the lining could be brought in or boshed or a center blast could be used. 7. This must be of a large size for its capacity, have low tuyeres and no slag hole. The tuyeres should be of large area and it is all the better if there is an upper row. With cupolas over 40 in. inside diameter, the tuyeres may well be brought inward or boshed, or if the diameter is over 60 in. a center blast should be used, the blast pressure to range from 10 to 15 oz. This is a cupola most desired by shops having a large force of men who pour off as soon as possible. Such cupolas cannot be expected to be the most economical in fuel, but if they can cut down the time of a large force, 15 min. saved on every htat pays for considerable fuel. FOR FUEL fconomy. 8. In this case we have first to consider that whatever size is used, the cupola will be run to near the limit of its eapacity. We have then to figure on a high cupola having tuyeres of large area brought in to work in connection with upper ones, and if over 60 in. inside diameter, to use a center blast in combination with the outside tuyeres. There must also be a slag hole 6 in. below the tuyeres and this is to be used after a cupola has run about one- third of its heat. The bottom row of tuyeres should be of fair area and range from 18 to 24 in. in hight from the bottom plate. Blast pressure is 8 to 10 oz. If this cupola cannot be run to its capacity, then lower the tuyeres 6 to 8 in. and dispense with the slag hole. The manipulation of such cupolas has also very much to do with the question, as a founder well versed in his own cupola and having progressive ideas will use much less fuel than one following the opposite policy. 9. Two plans may be adopted for this work. The first is to utilize a cupola after the features embodied in No. 7. The second is to use a center blast, or fairly high tuyeres of large area, and in all cases where cupolas are to be run over one-half of their capacity to utilize a slag hole to its best efficiency. In no case should any cupola be run over the limit of working in good order if a saving in cleaning out and in shot iron is an object for considera- tion above the other points. 10. An ordinary cupola having a slag hole and the 1 cman tice in cnt iat 6 Mi aciins TST Lee SAO 7 Si tin I te A ec a a APM haste cues inven SE eee ie Sate aetinoee» September 24, 1908 hight of tuyeres gauged to the greatest amount of metal desired to be held before tapping. FOR CONTINUOUS POURING. 11. This as a rule calls for a cupola larger than neces- sary for melting the size of the heat required, as with a continuous flow the metal should come down in a stream sufficient to prevent dull iron. As a rule such cupolas can be worked with low tuyeres, which means greater economy in fuel than having high ones for short heats, and do not require a slag hole. Upper tuyeres could be used here to increase the speed of melting; otherwise they can be omitted. 12. This demands large tuyere areas and in large cupolas bringing the tuyeres in all that is practical, or the use of a center blast in connection with the out- side tuyeres. The bottom of the tuyeres should be from 12 to 16 in. above the bottom plate, and the fuel should be carried up to support the iron as high above the top of the tuyeres as a blast pressure of 10 to’ 12 oz. will carry it to best locate the melting point. If a cupola re- quires to hold large bodies of metal before being tapped or to run long heats for its capacity, then it will be neces- Sary to carry the tuyeres higher and use a slag hole. Upper tuyeres would also be found serviceable here as an aid to the running of long neg) 18. The ends are best served here for medium heats by having the lower tuyeres from 14 to 18 in. above the bottom plate. The tuyeres should be of medium areas, and the blast pressure range from 12 to 16 oz. <A good pressure is needed for such work, because it is wise to carry a high bed to keep the heavy iron from settling down in dangerous proximity to the lower tuyeres. If the cupola is to run long heats for its rated capacity, the tuyeres should range from 8 to 12 in. higher and there should be upper tuyeres and a slag hole. The hight of the cupola from its bottom plate to the charging door should be of medium range. These cupolas are also best provided with a crane or other appliance by which very heavy bodies of iron can be lowered slowly to the bed, The largest single piece of iron the writer knows of being melted in a cupola was a solid block weighing three tons. This was melted by the Pratt & Whitney Company, Hart- ford, Conn., in a cupola 40 x 50 in. inside measurement, using all hard coal for fuel. 14. In using coal, lower and smaller tuyeres are util- ized than with coke. and if the two are mixed an average should be struck in placing the tuyeres. The rule for Slag hole is the same with one as the other, only there is not as much slag coming from hard coal as from coke. Cupolas for coal can be of less hight than for coke. Much slower melting may be expected with the former than with the latter. 15. The conditions for this cupola are largely the oppo- site of those required for No. 7. Here we require a cupola small in proportion to output, with high and large tuyere areas, and a slag hole well below the tuyeres. If the cupola is over 50 in. inside diameter, it is best to bring the tuyeres inward, or if over 60 in. to use a center blast. The blast pressure, ranging from 4 to 8 oz., is regulated largely by the fluidity of the metal required. The hotter it is wanted, the higher the bed of fuel needed and hence higher pressure of blast. Upper tuyeres work well in this cupola, Manipulation of Cupolas. By large tuyere areas we mean having the openings for the admission of blast to the interior of the cupola equal to about 25 per cent. of the area at the melting point. The minimum area for tuyere openings should not be less than 6 per cent. of the area at the melting point. Small tuyeres may in some cases do for melting with all hard coal, but for coke large tuyeres are best. In reference to the use of upper tuyeres it is to be understood that these create another melting zone. That means the additional burning out of a lining. It is chiefly in the case of running long heats and where a slag hole is necessary that upper tuyeres are most efficient. The disadvantage of the extra burning out of the lining is often so serious, that whatever advantages may be gained have but little weight. The function of upper tuyeres is to deliver needed THE IRON AGE 839 oxygen to the escaping carbon monoxide, thereby pre- venting a loss of heat. As far as this is concerned, the principle is correct and any who take advantage of it without being too seriously handicapped by the extra burning out of a lining, will find that upper tuyeres save fuel and permit a cupola to run long heats with less “bunging up” than otherwise. It is generally best to have upper tuyeres built in a cupola, and when not found of advantage they may be easily stopped up with valves and clay. Where reference is made to a slag hole, it is to be kept in mind that the greater the distance between the slag hole and the under side of the bottom of the tuyeres within limits, the better for running long heats or melt- ing down fine or dirty stock. Having a slag hole implies the use of limestone or other flux to create a fluid slag. The blast pressure given with the forms for construc- tion is to be understood as applying to coke. Where hard coal is used, the pressure will need to be from 4 to 8 oz. higher. Center Blast. Although the writer has used center blast most suc- cessfully for over six years and strongly recommends it for general use in large cupolas, he does not expect many to adopt it on account of a fear most foundrymen seem to have that it will cause them trouble. Those who are too timid to try center blast may have recourse to the design exhibited by John C. Knoeppel at the convention in Toronto. This form of a cupola has ample tuyere area and can be brought inward or boshed for large cupolas and made to meet other conditions re- fegred to above. Wherever a center blast is used in con- nection with outside tuyeres the lining of the cupola is to be kept straight, as the center blast makes it unneces- sary to bring the outside tuyeres inward beyond the face of the lining to form a bosh. One notable advantage of a center blast lies in permit- ting the use of a mild blast. The oxygen of the air and not pressure is what the fuel demands to cause combus- tion. We use pressure merely to force the oxygen in the air to the exterior and central portions of the fuel body. The greater this pressure the more cooling and “ bunging- up” effect it has on the body of stock facing the tuyeres when using cold blast. We can continue this cooling ef- fect until a cupola is completely “ bunged up.” Could we but have a hot blast as convenient as a cold blast, many of the difficulties encountered by founders in having bunged tuyeres and bad melting would be avoided. This point was well demonstrated by the Baillot cupola at the last convention of the American Foundrymen’s Associa- tion by the manner in which it could be banked and re- started to melt down iron at intervals. Something besides the mere cupola is to be considered in’ securing its best efficiency for different conditions. Any one contemplating the purchase of a cupola should know what is to be required of it, and then see that it has a combination of the features that are best for the special conditions, After erecting a cupola, of course, a great deal depends upon its manipulation, but the best operator cannot make up for the lack of a construction meeting the special purpose for which the cupola is to be used. >= — In the German Empire, according to a report of United States Consul Norton of Chemnitz, Germany, there are 58 cities of a population of 50,000 or more. Of these 44 own and operate gas works, 38 operate electric light plants, 10 street railroads and 43 water works. From the electric lighting plants it is stated that $4,200,000 a year has been cleared, but the allowance for depreciation is not given. It is estimated that German municipalities now have nearly $1,000,000,000 invested in plants for public utilities. The consul says there is little evidence that municipalities will invade indiscriminately the field of general industrial competition. “ Municipal control is established when there is simply the choice between a public and a private monopoly, as in the case of gas, water, electricity, &¢., or else when the desirability of a utility is unquestioned, but the uncertainty as to profita- ble returns fails to attract private capital.” (pena 840 THE IRON AGE The National Tube Company’s Exhibit. Shown in Mechanical Hall, Sesqui-Centennial Exposition, Pittsburgh, Pa. The Pittsburgh sesqui-centennial is to be commem- orated with appropriate observances from September 27 to October 3, and with this in view the local manu- facturers are making more elaborate displays of thei products than usual at the Pittsburgh Exposition, which opened September 2 and is to close October 24. In the accompanying illustrations Fig. 1 shows a general view of the exhibit of the National Tube Company. The exhibit is especially interesting, as it not only shows the variety of the company’s products, but also the high quality of the steel used. The fence around the side September 24, 1908 seamless steel tubing is made. This bloom weighs about 1100 lb. The size of a section of this bloom is 7 x 7 in. (2) A solid rolled round billet of low carbon steel the first stage in the manufacture of this tubing (: Pierced billet (This is No. 2, but a piercing joini has rendered the billet hollow No. 3 is about five times the length of No. 2 (4) Next operation making hot drawn boiler tubes. This is No. 5 elongated, and it has acquired a smoother finish (5) Product of last operation in making hot drawn boiler tubes The surface is smooth, the tube is round and true to gauge (6) This is similar to No. 3, but in this case the tube is to be mude by cold drawing on a draw bench 7) A pierced, rolled and reeled billet (No. 6 with one more operation.) The surface is smoother, and ii is about twice as long, with a consequent reduction in the walls (S) The finished product—a Shelby cold drawn seamless boiler tube. The ends are cut off square, the hydraulic test has been applied and the tube is ready for the market, (c) Some Shelby seamless beiler tube tesi pieces: Fig. 1 General View of the National Tube Company's Exhibit at the Pittsburgh Exposition, Comprising Shelby Seamless Steel Tubing, National Welded Tubular and front of the booth is made from Shelby seamless steel tubing, bent in to represent grill work. The col- umns in front are entirely covered by square, seamless steel tubing capped by sections of round tubing going around and entirely concealing the columns. Following is a description of the exhibits: (a) Table made from Shelby seamless steel tubing. The sides are made from tubing cut lengthwise, the bottom from large pieces of tubing bent, and the top from hundreds of pieces of tubing of various shapes and sizes. As will be noted in Fig. 1, this table is made according to a symmetrical design—that is, all the parts are grouped around the center, and if the finger is placed on any one piece its counterpart will be found at a similar position on each of the four sides of the center. Eight men are necessary to move this table. (b) An exhibit of a large rack made of square, round end and rectangular seamless tubing in different sizes, to hold a number of pieces enumerated below, de- scriptive of the method of making Shelby seamless steel boiler tubes: (1) Low carbon bloom. The raw material] from which Shelby Material and Kewanee Fittings and Valves (1) A piece of 4-in. 10 gauge hot finish tube, tested to 4200 lb. hydrostatic pressure. The tube did not burst, but is appre ciably enlarged in diameter in places, (2) A piece of 4-in. 10 gauge hot finish tube, burst at hydro static pressure of 4400 lb. after a considerable enlargement of diameter. (3) A piece of 4-in. 10 gauge cold drawn tube. This was subjected to 4200 lb. hydrostatic pressure without bursting but is materially enlerged in places. (4) A piece of 4-in. 10 gauge cold finish tube. This burst under a hydrostatic pressure of 4200 lb. after a considerable enlargement of diameter. (5) A piece of 4-in. 10 gauge Shelby cold finish tube. This burst under 4300 lb. hydrostatic pressure after a very appre- ciable enlargement of diameter. : (6) One piece Shelby seamless boiler tubing, 4-in. 10 gauge, flanged cold to 5% in. diameter. There is no sign of a break or a crack. (7) One piece of Shelby seamless boiler tube, 4-in. 10 gauge, expanded cold to 4% in. diameter. There is no sign of a break or crack. A number of Shelby seamless tubing exhibits, some of which are illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, were as follows: (8) One piece of seamless tubing, 17/16 X °/se in. wall, upset to 2% x \ in. wall, by 144 in. long. (9) One piece seamless tubing, % x \% in. gauge, expanded to 2% in x » gauge for a length of 514 in. Note the enormous ae A Hit ACEO September 24. 1608 = 2.—Shelby Seamless Steel Tubing, Partially Described expansion. This piece to the booth. (10) One piece seamless tubing, 4 in., 10 gauge, by 3 in. long, hammered flat, cold, with no break or crack at the fold. (11) One piece of seamless tubing, 2°/;, x % in. gauge, ex panded to 4 in. by °/g. gauge, for a length of about 1% in. (12) One piece of seamless tubing, 4 in., 10 gauge, showing one end spun down and closed. (13) Four pieces of seamless tubing showing different fin ishes which have been applied to steel tubing—namely, nickel plate, copper plate, brass finish and oxidized finish. (14) Various tensile test pieces cut from tube in processes of manufacture, from billet to finished tube. (15) Several short lengths showing heavy gauge seamless tubing varying from % to 1\% in. and from 3 to 9 in. diameter. Particular attention is called to these pieces, inasmuch as many are of the opinion that Shelby seamless tubing is made only in small diameters and light gauges. As a matter of fact, it is made up to 30 in. outside diameter and with thickness of wall up to 1% in. in the larger sizes. deserves the attention of every visitor various (16) A dinner set made from Shelby seamless steel tubing. (17) A chime of bells made from Shelby formed steel bells. Each bell represents*a distinct note. and these are connected with a piano keyboard. ‘This chime is about 10 ft. in bight. (18) Some special pieces. The illustration Fig. 3 clearly shows these shapes. They are made by inserting small pieces inside of larger pieces in varied designs. These are cold drawn in long lengths, and then cut off in the small sections shown. The various pieces are not held in process, but place by any brazing or welding simply by the cohesion resulting from the cold drawing of the entire section, and the reduction in diameter thereby obtained on the outer section, forcing the inner sections so close together as to resist the strain of cutting off in thin sections. None but the best grade of material uniformly used in Shelby seamless steel tubing would ment. (19) Four tables made entirely of seamless tubing. The tops are made from square tubing and the legs are gracefully bent into a shape to support the tops. withstand such treat i THE IRON AGE Paragraphs Nos. &, 9, 12 and 15 of the Accompanying Article (d) Fittings and valves: (1) A special case containing various patterns of gate valves, both iron body and brass; also sectional view of the iron body. (2) Some specialties mannfactured by the National Tube Company, including Kewanee ells and tees, Kewanee union swing check valves and Kewanee boiler cduplings, also sample of Y valve in both brass and iron body. (3) A full line of Kewanee unions in sizes from \ to 4 in., both black and galvanized, and showing various patterns, includ- ing the round end, ociagon and male and female. (4) A line of cast and malleable iron fittings. ells, tees, crosses, &c., for standard, heavy and hydraulic service. (5) A line of valves and cocks, embracing globe, angle, gate and check valves for standard, medium pressure, extra heavy and hydraulic service. This includes an 18-in. standard iron body outside screw and yoke gate valve with flanged end, also a 12-in. extra heavy outside screw and yoke gate valve with by- pass. (6) Miscellaneous fittings, including well supplies, malleable pipe clamps, double saddle, flanged end fittings, &e. (e) Welded pipe. A number of pyramids different sizes of pipe from %& to 80 in. This embraces medium pressure, extra points and well wrought strap pipe showing This includes samples of merchant, extra strong, line pipe, Matheson joint pipe, drive pipe, tubing, double extra strong pipe, easing and boiler tubes. is stenciled, Each type of tubular materiai together with its size. ee A limited liability company, the Oesterreichisch- Amerikanischr Magnesit-Gesellschaft, with headquarters at Vienna, has been formed by winter, Otto Briede of Duesseldorf, to develop a Carinthia, Austria. Hugo Willisch of Koenigs- Benrath and magnesite mine at Hessenbruch of Millstatt, Fig. 3. Various Pieces of Shelby Seamless Steel Tubing. Described in Paragraph No. 18 7 4 ; | j IE =a ae 0 ceaieadicngeha eee OER He ee eS OU Re Hi P 842 THE IRON The Kensington All Steel Journal Box. An all-steel car journal box, known by the trade name Kensington, has been placed on the market by the Union Spring & Mfg. Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., man- ufacturer of coil and elliptic springs of all kinds, pressed steel spring plates, &c. The illustrations show two of these boxes, which differ only in that one has an outside spring on the cover and the other an inside spring. The box consists of three pieces—the top, which is made of cast steel; the body, which is pressed from 4-in. plate, and the dust guard pocket, which is pressed from 3-16-in. plate, making it a strictly all-steel box. All rivets are 5 in. diameter, and are driven by hydraulic pressure. The box is oil tight, as the back of the body is pressed solid to the full depth required by the Master Car Builders’ Association, and no rivets are located be- low the oil line. The box is of M. C. B. dimensions throughout and will therefore take the M. C. B. lid, wedge, bearing and dust guard. To make it a very rigid box, one that will not get out of square, even if the tie bar pull should become excessive, the cast steel top is provided with inside flanges, and the body has continuous corrugations run- ning around its three sides. Additional precaution has been taken to relieve the rivets of excessive strain y Two Patterns of the Kensington All Steel Journal Box Made by the Union Spring & Mfg. Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. providing slots in the lower edge of the inside brackets, into which the pressed body is solidly driven. Along the top the sides are held in a similar way by lugs pro- jecting from the top casting. These lugs, being located on each side of the corrugation, tie the latter firmly to the cast steel top at its extremities and impart its full stiffness to the box. Shearing strain on the rivets is avoided by fitting the top of the box neatly against the top flange of the easting. The top casting contains all the bearing sur- faces, and, since it can easily be gauged and ground be- fore assembling, the frequent trouble of the wedge and bearing not going into place has been successfully over- come. This top casting also takes all the vertical, lat- eral and longitudinal strains which can come upon the axles, and being made of cast steel it is stronger to resist these strains than either a gray iron or malleable iron box. Another former trouble. the breaking of the back of the box by side blows from the axle, has been elim- inated, as the blow that would break a gray or mallea- ble iron box world only dent the back of this box. If from a derailment the body of the box should become so distorted that it could not be straightened out, a new body can be refitted to the casting by cutting out 10 riv- ets, thus giving a salvage in the casting of about $1.25 per box, whereas, an entire cast or malleable box would have to be scrapped. The weight of the 5% x 10 in. box is SO lb., with the lid in place, which is considerably less than that of the regular M. €. B. box, which weighs 132 Ib.. or the mal- leable iron box which weighs from 105 to 110 lb. The Kensington all-steel box therefore saves considerably in the dead weight per car. —_——9--- The Fillmore Avenue Foundry & Iron Works, Ine., 153 Fillmore avenue, Buffalo, N. Y., has secured the contract to build the melting furnaces and annealing ovens for the new plant of the Torrance Malleable Iron Company, AGE September 24, 1908 Voorheesville, N. Y. This plant is to be equipped entirely with the improved Truesdell system for annealing and melting iron, and is expected to be ready to take off a heat about November 1. H. Truesdell, mechanical en- gineer, has entirely severed his connection with the Cyclone Grate Bar Company, Buffalo, which now has no rights to use the Truesdell system. He is associated with the Fillmore Avenue Foundry & Iron Works, Ine., of which Lyman P. Hubbell is president and Chas. T. Wal- lace secretary and treasurer. —— 2 oe —___. Ten Torpedo Boat Destroyers Contracted For. Secretary of the Navy Metcalf, on September 20, awarded contracts for the construction of 10 tor- pedo boat destroyers as follows: Two boats each to the Fore River Shipbuilding Company, New York Shipbuilding Company, Newport News Shipbuilding Company, Bath Iron Works and Wm. Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Building Company. The contracts to the Fore River and the Cramp plants are for the con- struction of vessels on their own plans for hull and machinery; the contracts to the other firms are for the construction of the vessels on the Department plans. The amounts of the several contracts are as follows: Fore River Shipbuilding Company, company’s plans for machinery, $610,000 each; Newport News Shipbuilding Company, Department’s plans, $620,000 each: Bath Iron Works, Department's plans, $644,000 each; William Cramp & Sons Company, company’s plans, $664,000 each, and New York Shipbuilding Company, Department’s plans, $665,000 each. The Department’s plans and specifications were for vessels of about 742 tons displacement, the hull and machinery being designed for a guaranteed speed of 291% knots, giving bidders at the same time the option to sub- mit plans of their own machinery. Cramp & Sons will construct 30-knot boats and the Fore River Company 2914 knots with their own plans for machinery. —_——_»--o-—__-___—_ Customs Decisions. Machinery Imported for Vessel Kepairing. The Board of United States General Appraisers, in denying the contention of Moral & Co., of Porto Rico, laid down the rule last week that machinery brought to the United States from a foreign country to repair a vessel lying disabled in an American port must be regarded as “imported merchandise ” within the meaning of the tariff act and as such subject to duty. The test case was brought because of the action of the Government in as- sessing duty on certain parts of machinery used in re- pairing the steamship Buenos Ayres, a Spanish vessel, lying in the harbor of Mayagues, Porto Rico. It appears from the testimony placed before the board that the steamer had become disabled at sea and was towed into the harbor for necessary repairs. The parts necessary for repairing the machinery of the Buenos Ayres were brought into the harbor of Mayagues by the Pathfinder, a vessel owned and operated by a line other than the company owning the Bneuos Ayres. In denying the importer’s contention, General Ap- praiser Hay, who writes the decision for the Board. says that machinery brought to the United States from a for- eign country to repair a vessel lying disabled in one of the American ports must be regarded for the purposes of duty as “imported merchandise.” According to Moral & Co., free entry should have been granted because the machinery was not actually imported. Mr. Hay, on the other hand, takes the position that every commodity hav- ing a value brought within the limits of the United States is “ imported merchandise” within the meaning of the customs law. The general appraiser makes the fur- ther point that machinery transferred without the super- vis