The Iron Age 1908-08-27: Vol 82 Iss 9

THE Vol. 82: No. 9. Reading Matter Contents........ page 604 Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ‘‘ 178 Classified List of Advertisers 2 169 Advertising and Subscription Rates ‘ 609 PRICK BUILDING, PITTSBURG, PA. STANDARD CONNBLLSVILLB POUNDRY PURNACE CRUSHED The Original and only Genuine ‘* STILLSON WRENCH ”’ is manufactured by WALWORTH MFG. CO., Boston, U.S. A. And bears their registered Trade-Mark READY TO APPLY The Bristol Company, Waterbury, Ct. FINISHED JOINT will last three to forty times as long as common cords. ASK WHY Samson Cordage Works, Boston, Mass. TURNBUCHLES iim Cleveland City Forge and Iron Co., TURN BvVOCBETS. MERRILL BROS. gh i Maspeth, or De es 3 - Cleveland, 0. Mew York, N. Y. BASIC PIG. Girard Building, Phila. Pilling & Crane ‘cr, 26.7"4 |) KING: IN AMERICA and THE BEST iN IN THE WORLD | THE LUFKIN RULE CO., Saginaw, Mich., U.S.A. London, Eng. New York, Windsor, Can. Don’t have a roof that bothers you or gives you trouble, use 32 pounds coating ROOFING TIN It is weatherproof—extremes of temperature do not damage it. AMERICAN SHEET AND TIN PLATE COMPANY Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. See our Ad. on page 17. New York, Thursday, August 27, 1908. REED F. BLAIR & CO. Address MM, IRON AGE Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co. 14-16 Park Place, New York. $8 00 a Year, including Postage. Single Copies, 15 Cents. THIS CUT SHOWS IN REDUCED SIZE THE 1908 U. M. C.-REMINGTON WINDOW TRIM It is Mthographed in six printings and is full of life and color. Can be adapted to any size of window 6 ft. or over fu width. Sent free to any dealer who will guarantee to display it for 30 days. Write for this powerful business getter. HARTLEY COMPANY azv. Dept. 313 Broadway, New York City WATER TUBE Samson Spot Cord BOILERS :.. ee, She Babcock Q Wilcox Co., 85 Liberty Street, New York (Water and Rail Delivery) New York: 115 Bank St. ‘‘ Driven All Over the World ’’ THE CAPEWELL NAIL Holds the Best! Drives the Best! NO imperfect NAILS TO SPLIT the foot. NO dull points to DAMAGE the most brittle or delicate HOOF. NO DANGER of your horse casting a shoe at a critical moment WHEN “CAPEWELL’’ NAILS ARE USED. Made by THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COMPANY Hartford, Conn., U.S.A. JENKINS ’96 SHEET PACKING The Original Unvulcanized Packing. Suitable for all steam joints. Not only does it make a tight joint quickly, but it makes a joint that ws// /ast. Made in sheets, and also, to order, in GASKETS cut to any size or shape. All genuine is stamped with Trade Mark as shown in the cut, and is guaranteed. JENKINS BROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, London “Smedon’” Cold Rolled Steel sett: Drawing =x Stamping THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING COMPANY BRIDGEPORT, OONN. pace 20 MAGNOLIA yyicrion METAL The Standard Babbitt of the World We manufacture everything in the Babbitt Line Chicago: Fisher Building. Montreal: 31 St. Nicholas St. THE IRON AGE B R ASS Pm COPPER}. GERMAN (steer SILVER WIRE LOW BRASS, SHEET BRONZE, SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, BRAZED BRASS AND BRONZE TUBING : —_—_—- Waterbury Brass Co. WATERBURY, CONN. Providence, R. I. TIN |e PLATE Bright Charcoal All Sizes Hee, (SHEET urans | STEEL ELECTRICAL SHEETS “Follanshee Blue” “Folansbee Polished” Write for samples and prices FOLLANSBEE BROTHERS COMPANY PITTSBURG Mills: Follansbee, W. Va. 99 John St., New York. Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal Co. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Phosphor and Deoxidized Bronze Composition, Yellow Brass and Alumi- num Castings, large and small Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. La Salle, Illinois. SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers and Lithographers’ use. Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. Stove and Washboard Blanks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. BSN preeeee UE HUE 105-109 So, Jefferson St., Chicago. CASTINGS On Short Notice Rest Bronze, Babbitt Metals, Brass and Aluminum GERMAN SILVER } econ THE SEYMOUR MFG. CO. - - SEYMOUR, CONN. HENDRICKS BROTHERS Sheet and Bar Copper, Copper Fire Box Plates and Staybolts, Wire and Braziers Rivets Ingot inn Block “Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, Bismuth, Nickel, etc. 49 CLIFF STREET, - - - - NEW YORK ”* The Plume & Atwood Mfg. Co. Manufacturers of Sheet and Roll Brass WIRE. Copper Rivets and Burrs Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kerosene Burners, Lamps, Lamp Trimmings, &c. 279 Broadway, NEW YORK Room 508 Hayworth Building, East Madi- son St., CHICAGO, ILL. Rolling Mill THOMASTON, CONN. SCOVILL MFG. CO. Manufacturers of BRASS, GERMAN SILVER, Sheets, —_— Wire, and 5. __ WATERBURY, CONN. CONN. Brass Shells, Cups, Hinges, Buttons, Lamp Goods. Special Brass ‘Goods to Order. Factories: WATERBURY, CONN. Depots: NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON Henry Souther Engineering Co. HARTFORD, CONN. Consulting Chemists, Metallur- gists and Analysts. Complete Physica) Testing Laboratory. Expert Testimony in Court and Patent Cases. Arthur T. Rutter & Co 256 Broadway, NEW YORK. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire. Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tabe Copper and Brass Rod. THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO, BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Postal Telegraph 7 New Yo Broadway and Murray St., me 85- 87 Pearl St. N. 7th St., Beniladelphia. MANUFACTURERS OF Brass SHEET AND } TUBING Copper | WIRE Metal Goods made to order from Sheet, Rod, Wire and Tubing. Cay PHOSPHOR-BRONZE éN) A aid GERMIAN SILVER Yat Jig 2 THE RIVERSIDE = METAL Co. RIVERSIDE, N.J. THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, August 27, 1908. THE SHORE SCLEROSCOPE. An Instrument for the Measurement of Hardness.—-Some Important Applications. ny J. F. The need of some method of determining degrees of hardness in metals was no doubt felt in very early times. Even before the file came into use, it would seem prob- able that men used very hard substances, such as the diamond, to test for hardness. But all such methods are exceedingly crude. What is needed in modern scien- tific work is a mode of procedure that will bring to light small differences in hardness. Thus, in electric motors, it is sometimes the spindle that is worn by the box; sometimes the box and spindle are equally worn, and sometimes the box is worn by the spindle. Of course, the last case is the only one which should be allowed to occur. But as the difference in hardness between box and spindle is a small one, it is necessary to employ some sensitive means of disclosing it. The scleroscope, to be described later, seems to be such a means. Just the one application referred to for such a device is im- portant. It enables the manufacturer to make sure that nowhere in his machines has he an expensive part in sliding contact with a harder inexpensive part. A Definition of Hardness, The question what is to be understood by hardness is by no means an easy one. We say that brass is hard and lead is soft. The file gives us reliable information as to this. But when we turn to manganese selfharden- ing steel and pure carbon tool steel, we may find that a specimen of the alloy steel offers the same resistance to the file as the pure carbon steel, but that the alloy is really softer. Some other quality of the alloy steel is Fig. 1—The Scleroscope and Attachments.—Specimen to Be Tested Seen in Clamp. SPRINGER. furnishing resistance to the file in addition to hardness. This appears to be the toughness. It would seem that particles of the alloy yield somewhat to the file at first, but resist actual separation, producing a total resistance to the file equal to that afforded by the pure steel. It appears thus as if time were a factor, the particles of the alloy suffering a slight displacement which occupies time, but in the end resisting determinedly any further displacement. This is the case also with tar asphaltum. A sharp, quick blow will shatter a block instantly into fragments, whereas it will yield under the mere weight of the hammer if time be allowed. The same may be said of sealing wax. It is comparatively hard for in- stantaneous impacts of tools, but soft for slow ones. Let us provisionally define hardness, then, as the re- sistance set up to instantaneous displacements. If dis- placements can be effected with an instantaneous effort which would fail if slowly operating, it would appear in the latter case that a second quality is assisting, name- ly, toughness. Perhaps we may say that the degree of hardness varies with the recuperative power of a sut- stance subjected to instantaneous and permanent defor- mation. About a century ago a method of testing for hardness by means of the diamond was proposed in Germany. This process of scratching with a diamond point was improved in England and proved of value, especially, it would seem, where toughness did not enter. With tough substances, however, the diamond, like the file, seems Fig. 2.—Method: of Using the Scleroscope in Testing Hardness. to have failed. A> more modern method is that developed under the name of the Brinell test. This consists essen- tially in pressing a steel ball into the specimen and then measuring the depth or diameter of the permanent dis- placement effected. This is, no doubt, a practical im- provement over the file and the diamond point. The Fig. 3.—105 Hardness; 1350 Degrees F. Fig. 4.— 98 Hardness; 1425 Degrees F. August 27, 1908 deeper the depression, other things being kept equal, the softer the metal is judged to be. As the pressure is ap- plied slowly, it would seem doubtful, however, that this process would be successful in eliminating the element of toughness. Details of the New Iustrument. Recently an invention by Albert F. Shore (Shore In- strument & Mfg. Company, 226 West Twenty-fourth street, New York City) has been put upon the market. If the provisional definitions heretofore given be ac- cepted, this new instrument would seem to supply the means of effecting accurate and scientifically correct measurements of hardness, for with it an instantaneous blow is struck, and the recuperative power of the speci- men is then measured by determining the extent of the rebound of the striking hammer, the elastic limit of the netal being tested having been exceeded. Fig. 1 gives on the right a front view of this instrument. There is an upright glass tube back of which is a graduated scale running from 0 to 140. This tube is entirely open at the bottom. In the same figure may be seen a specimen secured in a clamp and ready to be tested. This should be put in such position that the particular spot to be tested. is immediately under -the lower opening in the tube. The rubber bulb seen at the top is for the pur- pose of sucking up the hammer, which is a small piece of steel fitting snugly but smoothly the bore of the tube. The hammer is perfectly free, having no attachment to any portions of the instrument.. Upon releasing the upper bulb sharply, after: having compressed it, the lit- tle hammer will be drawn to the top of the tube and there retained by a suitable device until it is desired to strike the blow. . To make the test, the finger hook near the top and on the left side is first pressed down. Then by compress- ing the rubber bulb, seen resting on the base, and con- nected with the upper portien of the glass tube by a piece of small rubber tubing, the hammer will be per- mitted to fall. Upon striking the specimen it rebounds. The amount of this rebound, as read upon the scale, is Fig. 5— 90 Hardness; 1500 Degrees F. Fig. 6.— 70 Hardness; 1800 Degrees F. Photomicrographs of Specimens of 1.65 Carbon Steel, Showing Decrease in Hardness Due to Overheating. . August 27, 1908 THE IRON AGE regarded as a numerical statement of the degree of hard- ness. A small rod will be seen to the left of the glass tube. This affords rigidity and at the same time sup- plies a means of supporting a sliding holder. In the holder is secured a magnifying glass by which the re- bound may be observed distinctly and accurately. How- ever, not all operators use this glass, as a little practice is sufficient usually to enable the users to dispense with such assistance in reading the rebounds. Three thumb 110 100 90 80 SCLEROSCOPE, HARDNESS DEGREES =— df cn instrument has resulted. The steel ball has been aban- doned. Its form was unsuited to develop a sufficiently intense blow. The hammer is now cylindrical in the body portion. At the striking point, however, the area of actual impact has been enormously reduced. The form is not unlike that of a sharpened pencil. The sharp form of hammer strikes a terrific blow as compared with its area of impact. This blow is calculated as no less than 75,000 Ib. per square inch. Where a less severe [| o BALL TEST |__— SCLEROSCOPE Fig. 7.—Diagram Showing the Correspondence Between Hardness Tests Made with Balls’and with the Scleroscope on Pieces of Tool Steel, Unhardened. screws support the alternative base (seen to the left), and afford means of leveling it. To test whether the base is level—or rather, whether the tube is vertical—a plumb rod is employed. This may be seen at the right of the glass tube, where it swings freely from the upper support. The instrument proper may be disengaged from all supports. It may then be employed in testing pieces which are not adapted to ordinary handling. However, as shown in Fig. 1, secured to the swinging bracket, it is applicable to a great variety of uses. An illustration of this is shown in Fig. 2. It will readily be understood that. it is necessary to have a horizontal surface at the point: where the hammer strikes the specimen, If the specimen is very irregular so that it cannot be properly held in position by the ordinary methods in which a clamp vise or the table base is used, a special means of mounting may be necessary. The piece may be imbedded in a mixture of tar and asphalt and so oriented that it presents in a horizontal position the spot where the ac- tual test is to be made. The tar asphaltum combination is used, as it affords a suitable support, fitting the ir- regularities, and at the same time is practically unyield- ing to instantaneous shocks, such as those made by the falling hammer. The little cylindrical box seen in the middle of the foreground of Fig. 1 is supposed to contain this substance. The ring seen in the foreground to the right of ‘this box is an attachment which may be secured to the instrument when it is detached from the base. It serves the purpose of affording a support into which a finger may be placed when the instrument is used in the free way. The Development of the Hammer, The. hammer is really the most important element in the entire instrument. When Mr. Shore made his first model he employed a steel ball. This was dropped in a glass tube. In making comparative tests between glass- hard steel and that having spring temper, he found that while the rebound for the softer steel was less, the dif- ference was quite small. Still there was a difference, and Mr. Shore persisted in his experiments, developing a number of instruments. He obtained some good re- sults and some discouraging. The method was almosi abandoned when he met Dr. Paul Heroult, the French metallurgist and manufacturer, who made some valuable suggestions. By following these the present perfected blow is desirable, a hammer with a rounded point is used. But it was a very difficult problem actually to carry out such a design in practice. The sharpened point had to withstand an impact of 75,000 Ib. to the square inch. Its form was unsuited to this, the particles actually struck being insufficiently supported. The diamond and other jewels were tried, but were unequal to the require- ments. Prolonged investigation in the treatment of tool steel, however, resulted in producing a material that is at once tough and extremely hard. The instrument it- self assisted. in carrying on the experiments. In fact, Fig. 8.—The Use of the Scleroscope for the Rejection of Inferior Product. . = Set mE eRe ore eecerer a a: eee ren wep es ee ee a cae oe i 2 SS es PS ae RMN ER — A TU 558 THE it is, perhaps, not too much to say that a successful re- sult would have been doubtful apart from it. The new instrument has been named the scleroscope. The final syllable is from the Greek meaning “I see,” and the first part of the word contains the stem of the Greek word meaning “hard.” The word then signifies an instrument capable of distinguishing hard things. Some Hardness Determinations. It will be interesting to know some of the determina- tions of hardness as made by the scleroscope. The fol- lowing table gives a number of these. The table is ar- ranged to show, in the case of a number of metals, the effect of compression in increasing hardness. Table of Degrees of Hardness. Uncompressed. Compressed. » e Ee eee ee ee ee 2 3 a Ee ee en 4to9 ee RE, ab bbw et ace oe 0.8 s-0s0d nas eee oe 6 14 to 20 DIC usR VaR ehheRe ke eadn enanEn ss 8 20 SE oh Bak cans bh 65e bed os oo bos 6u 0 12 26 CS ee eee eee re er tee sete 14 WE POEs wd vies dan eeneeteas ss 18 30 Be Es wedat ase ion nos WA SO 48 > 20 21 ee a aes ae & ae ea 20 to 25 35 to 40 EE cde cb nde da bse s bea Weak ae 27 eae I i hik icek Sp kes Rane ese 30 35 Steel rails, 0.45 to 0.50 % carbon, an- SE ee knnis oc enh ore ese ean 26 to 30 Tool steel, 1 % (and over) carbon, an- PE cuctuphen ds an sh. bases wis eee 00 OD wats IS 5 wo wasass ences oan 35 Tool steel, 1 % (and over), carbon, af- ter being cold rolled in form of drill DD MeeeeSeLWdaGauas Shea wae ss» 0 © caoih 35 to 40 oe a 39 “enn Tool steel, 1 % (and over) carbon, un- OE 64554 chek dae edn bd cove ve 40 to 50 Tool steel, self-hardening............. 60 to 85 Tool steel, unalloyed, hardened.......90 to 110 High speed tool steel, hardened...... 80 to 105 DED cc incwcee saad sew Oo% © 120 CE aie area aaa s 6 wads ee 6 130 The indentation made by the instrument is very small and unobjectionable. The hammers have a commercial life. They may be readily repointed and their replace- inent is a trifling expense. The Basis of Comparisons, Now, if the definition of hardness as the recuperative energy instantaneously available upon permanent defor- mation be correct, then the scleroscope would appear to afford a reliable measure. For if the recuperative energy is nil the rebound is zero and is so indicated on the scale. If the recuperative energy in one case is double that in another, then the amount of work accom- plished in the former case will be double that in the lat- ter. But a rebound through double the space means double the work accomplished. So that when the sclero- scope records a rebound of 90 gradations in one case and 45 in another, these indicate recuperative energies in the same ratio of 2 to 1. Now this seems to contrast with the Brinell indentations. For even granting that the lat- ter vary with the hardness (inversely, of course), it can scarcely be contended that an indentation of double the concave f&rea means double the hardness. In fact, much more than double the energy is required to produce double the area. Where is the guarantee that the rate is proportional to the decrease in hardness? Referring back to the table of hardness, let us notice the effect of compression. Thus, lead shows a marked improvement in hardness due to compression of its par- ticles. This is generally the case, as may be seen by glancing over the table. Copper and zinc are especially noticeable for the very considerable changes arising from this source. The inventor finds that babbitt metal has a tendency in the opposite direction. The whole subject connected with the changes in hardness (and toughness) incident to hammering and rolling is well worth a thor- ough inquiry. Applications of the Scleroscope, In comparison with devices relying on the magnetiz- ing effect of the electric current, the field for the sclero- scope is very much wider, since it is applicable to any and all metals. Further, it would seem that its read- ing for various metals may be compared with each other. IRON August 27, 1908 AGE Thus it would be applicable to cases where the hardness of a brass box and a steel shaft needed to be compared. Further, the variations of hardness as they occur at different points over the surface may be determined. A further use to which it is thought the instrument may be put is in testing for crystalline structure in hard- ened steel. Of course, we may break the piece and look for crystals. This is somewhat like testing the quality of a match by striking it. That match is gone. The process as indicated by Mr. Shore is first to determine whether possibly the suspected piece has had its temper accidentally drawn. If, however, the file discloses un- affected hardness, the piece is next to be tested with the scleroscope. If this test discloses a loss of hardness amounting to 10 or 15 points, then the steel is crystal- lized. The decrease in hardness due to overheating may be seen by referring to Figs. 3 to 6. They all represent a single piece of high carbon steel (1.65 per cent.). This piece was overheated and quenched. As different parts had arrived at different heats, the results of overheating and quenching are unlike each other. The temperature of the heating is estimated and given. The hardness as shown by scleroscope tests is also given. The decrease in hardness corresponding to the rise in the temperature is seen to be very marked. There can be no question that there is an extremely extensive field for an instrument testing hardness, whose readings show not only progressive degrees of hardness, but may be relied on to disclose the relative amounts of hardness. To illustrate: The inventor lays down a law that cutting tools should be three or four times as hard as the work to be cut. When this proportion is adhered to, a strong, effective tool with a long life is the result. This law would seem to be very important. It intro- duces scientific methods where guesswork has long been supreme. We have all known that the cutting tool must be harder. But how much harder? It is possible we shall get a reliable answer from the scleroscope. The ball test is now some years old, and its results are accepted as affording some idea of relative hardness. It is interesting, therefore, to learn that the Firth-Sterl- ing Steel Company has tested with the ball a great num- ber of specimens of steel and that tests by the scleroscope were made by the makers of the instrument upon the same pieces. The steel company then made a tabulation of the two sets of results. The substantial agreement is quite marked. Fig. 7, a graphical comparison drawn up by the inventor, exhibits these two series of hardness numbers (the reciprocals of one series being, of course, taken in order to make them comparable). Each space between lines as one goes from left to right represents a distinct specimen. The position of the short horizontal line as measured above the base line indicates the re- sult of the scleroscope test upon the specimen. The dis- tance of the circle above the base line measures the re- sult of the ball test upon the same piece of steel. It will be seen at a glance that we have here a very close agreement. The use of the scleroscope in testing product before shipment is illustrated in Fig. 8. Such tests make it pos- sible to detect in time goods that are below the standard. a ee The Railway Equipment Company, Portland, Ore., has inoved its offices from the Chamber of Commerce Build- ing to 72 and 74 First street, where a larger and more complete line of railroad supplies will be carried. The move was made necessary from the fact that this firm, although in business but four years, and in spite of the recent depression, has been doing a large and increasing business throughout the Pacific Coast country. The results of investigations by Dr. Goerans, to deter- mine whether, in cases of welding by the pxy-acetylene flame, any process of carbonizing is set up at the weld, are given in detail by Stahl und Eisen. It is found as the outcome of the experiments that no brittleness results, and that no difference is perceptible in the structure of the metal whether the oxyhydrogen flame or the oxy- acetylene flame is employed. August 27, 1908 The Marvel Draw Cut Hack Saw. In line with the demand for increased cutting capac- ity and more accurate work of such tools there have been some recent important advances in the design and construction of power hack saws. The one here illus- trated is a new machine just placed on the market by Armstrong-Blum Mfg. Company, Chicago. Characteristic features of the saw are the draw cut and the spring ten- sion appliance to bring pressure upon the blade on its cutting stroke. The saw frame is mounted on a square sliding bar held in two adjustable guide collars, which are cast in one piece with a rocking arm pivoted on the main driv- ing shaft. By means of a rod hooked to the back of this arm and extending forward through a coil spring with a tension nut on the end and a side bar fitted on an eccen- tric on the inside of the crank, pressure is applied to the saw on the draw cut. On the opposite stroke the spring tension is released by the action of the eccentric and THE IRON AGE 559 ly, $2,460,000. The payments under the laws of the empire were 1,398,883.87 marks for sick funds; 1,557,- 014.46 marks for accident insurance, and 514,934.29 marks for old age pensions, a total of 3,465,832.62 marks. Besides these legal contributions, the firm has a series of special funds to which the payments were 15,088.38 marks, to aid and family funds; 1,347,754.69 marks, to workmen’s pensions, and 286,145.70 marks to officers’ pen- sions, a total of 1,648,938.77 marks. Then there was contributed to welfare work a total of 4,732,447.35 marks, which carries the amount to the total named. —W -T~-e—_—_ Production of Lead in 1907. The United States Geological Survey has issued an advance statement on the production of lead in 1907 by C. E. Siebenthal, who says: The following statement of the production of refined lead embraces all desilverized lead produced at works in this country’ and the pig lead recovered from the The No. 1 Marvel Draw Cut Power Hack Saw Made by the Armstrong-Blum Mfg. Company, Chicago. the blade is driven forward, carrying only the weight of the frame. The saw is equipped with a quick acting vise, the front jaw of which is fitted with a rack tooth ratchet enabling it to be quickly set up close to the work and then clamped by a hand screw. A lever at the rear of the machine, connecting with a sliding wedge engaging a projection of the rocking arm, raises and lowers the saw to any desired angle and holds it in position. The saw blades run close to the vise, and a bracket table in one piece, with the frame extends beyond the line of cut forming a rest for materia] on both sides of the saw. An automatic trip at the front of the frame serves to stop the machine automatically when the cut is finished. The drive shaft is provided with bronze bearings, and the slide bar bearings are lubricated through receptacles filled with oiled waste. The saw carries a 12-in, blade, and is designed to run at from 60 to 90 rev. per min. It has capacity for cutting 4 x 4 in., and weighs 110 Ib. +e —-— According to complete data just published, the firm of Fried, Krupp, of Essen, Germany, contributed to work- men’s insurance, accident, pension and other funds, dur- ing the year 1906 a total of 9,847,218.74 marks, or, rough- Mississippi Valley lead ores. It is exclusive of a product of 9910 tons of antimonial lead reported by refineries. Of the pig lead derived from Mississippi Valley ores 29,809 tons were desilverized and are therefore included under desilverized lead and not under soft lead. Production of Refined Lead in Tons of 2000 Lb. 1906. 1907. Production of desilverized lead..........313,886 314,241 Pro@metiom OF GOCl tOOG< 5 occ ke cc cccwccs 90,783 99,948 Total production of refined lead...... 404,669 414,189 Regarding the consumption of lead, the author states that it was impossible to obtain the domestic stocks held at the close of the year; hence, that available for con- sumption in the United States only is given as 391,000 tons. In 1906 the apparent consumption of lead was 376,000 tons. Of course the consumption in 1907 was less than in 1906. Snacks The Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad, operated by the Carnegie Steel Company, handled in July 741,000 tons of ore from Conneaut Harbor to the blast furnaces in the Pittsburgh District, this being the second largest tonnage handled by the road in any one month in its history. ce CI NE AN “~ ff Were ae ae — 500 THE IRON AGE August 27, 1908 A NEW EBERHARDT GEAR CUTTER. An Automatic Machine for Doing a Wide Range of Work. An automatic gear cutting machine of new design, by the Eberhardt Brothers Machine Company, Newark, N. J., is herewith illustrated. It will accommodate a large range of work, including spur, bevel, skew and face gears, all of which can be cut entirely automatically. It has been placed on the market to fill the requirements of those needing a heavy machine to rough out bevel gears preparatory to finishing on a bevel gear planer, as well as to afford the jobbing and repair shops a machine for finishing bevel gears by the milling method, and yet with- out limiting the capacity of the machine for spur gear work. The design, therefore, is not an adaptation of the present type of machines as built by this company which cases instead of hobbed worm wheel teeth, for meshing with a worm. The miter gears shown on the floor were cut entirely automatically, one having been roughed out only with one central cut, and the other being finished in two side cuts. As may be seen, the work head is adjustable in two directions. One is the adjustment which accommodates the different diameters of blanks, and sets the depth to be cut in the gear blank, while the other is at right angles to the first, and is used as such to accommodate bevel gears and pinions with various lengths of hub. This also is of course used to set the depth when cutting face gears. Adjustable dials are provided on both screws, graduated Fig. 1.—Front View of the New Automatic Gear Cutting Machine Made by the Eberhardt Brothers Machine Company, Newark, N. J. cut spur gears only, but it is a distinctly separate product, in which the only purpose has been to produce a rigid form of construction and yet provide the necessary con- veniences of operation and insure the accuracy of pro- duction which a machine of this type should embody. The machine uses a rotary milling cutter, or “ gear cutter,” as it is usually called, although the general ap- pearance of the machine itself is similar to that of the how accepted types of bevel gear planers. The method employed in cutting the large variety of gears above-named may be readily understood from the front view of the machine, Fig. 1. This view shows a cast iron wheel in place on the work arbor, the teeth of which include spur teeth, right and left hand “skew” teeth, and face gear teeth. These were all cut automat- ically. The “gashed” worm wheel teeth were cut by feeding the blank into the cutter by hand. It may be explained here that “skew” teeth are used in many to read to thousandths of an inch. The long screw, that which adjusts the head for different diameters of blanks, has a square cn both ends for convenience in setting, so that it may be operated at either end. The angular adjustment required for cutting bevel gears is made by means of the stanchion which supports the cutter carriage. This stanchion, clearly shown in Fig. 2, is adjustable through an angle of 90 degrees, in a hori- zontal plane, and is pivoted about the center of the ma- chine. The stanchion is secured to the bed by means of bolts in the circular T slots. For making the angular adjustment, a worm is provided, engaging the circular rack, which is secured to the bed. The worm carries a dial graduated to read to minutes of a degree, each whole degree being a whole turn of the crank. The illustration plainly shows that the stanchion is equally rigid at every angle, whether set for spur gears, bevel gears, or even when adjusted through the entire August 27, 1908 90 degrees for face gears. It was this factor of uniform stiffness that decided in favor of this type of construction, especially for a heavy duty machine, in preference to the usual type of machine in which the cutter carriage is elevated for bevel gears. Fig. 3, the line drawing, explains the “ swivel slide,” which is adjustable in a vertical plane, being pivoted about the trunnion, which is shown. This slide is oper- ated by means of the vertical screw, and graduations in- dicate the angle at which the “swivel slide” is set. The slide is securely bolted to the stanchion, and when loosened, while making the adjustment, is automatically held from sagging away from the joint. By swiveling this slide, the cutter carriage, which is mounted upon it, is thus made to travel in‘a path at an angle with the axis of the work spindle. This adjustment is used for cutting right and left hand skew gears, and for taking THE IRON AGE 561 work spindle have taper holes, and each is provided with a draw-in bolt, to draw in and foree out the arbors positively. Fig. 1 further shows the convenient hight of the ma- chine, and the accessibility of all parts, such as the hand indexing lever and feed lever at the left of the machine, near the feed hand wheel. These are used when setting the machine, and are always within easy reach, being about four feet from the floor. The drive may be traced from Fig. 3, which shows the single pulley running at constant speed, supplying the power for the entire machine. The arrangement is ideal for attaching a constant speed motor drive, when desired. The driving pulley runs on the cast iron sleeve which is bolted to the bed, thus relieving the shaft of the pull of the belt. The driving shaft then drives through the miter gears, shown in the center of the machine, this being the Fig. 2.—Rear View of the New Eberhardt Gear Cutting Machine. side cuts on bevel gears, thereby obviating the necessity of “rolling” the blank. The rolling method of cutting bevel gears may be used, however, as there may be work on which this method is desired, and the indexing worm is therefore graduated, to facilitate this adjustment. The “swivel slide” is also used to set the cutter at the angle of the worm thread, when gashing worm-wheels. The rotary cutter is mounted upon the vertical cutter arbor, the spindle bearing being adjustable vertically, to set the cutter central. A dial is provided, to be used to indicate the offset of the cutter, when taking side cuts on bevel gears. The lower end of the cutter arbor is sup- ported by an out board bearing. An outside support is also furnished for the work- arbor, as shown in Fig. 1. This accommodates wheels up to thé full diameter of the machine. The support is easily removed. Rim rests are provided to support the rim of large gears against the thrust of the cutter. A face plate is also furnished, with jacks and drivers to positively se- cure and drive large wheels. The cutter spindle and pivoted point about which the stanchion is adjusted when setting the cutting angle for bevel gears. The cross-over shaft then drives through spur gears, and across to the center of the “ swivel slide,” to a pair of miter gears. The driven miter gear is secured on the shaft which operates the cutter driving train on one end and the cutter-carriage feed and return mechanism on the other end. The cutter drive is obtained by means of spur gears of powerful ratio, operated by change gears for obtaining the different rates of cutter speed, these being arranged in geometrical progression. The feed of the cutter carriage is changed by gears in similar manner, but the return of the carriage is at a constant high rate of travel, which is independent of the speed or feed of the cutter. The cutter speeds and feed are also independent of each other. It will be noticed that there is an entire absence of ball joints and telescopic shafts in the drive train. The driving shafts run at constant speed, all changes being made at the last drivers. This is a great factor in reduc- THE IRON ing vibration under heavy duty, there being no shafts under excessive strain, whether the cutter is running at a high or a low speed. The cutter carriage is of exceptional length and trav- els on long guiding surfaces, of the same construction as the spur gear cutting machines made by the Eberhart Brothers Machine Company. The cutter spindle is in the center of the length of the carriage; this prevents the usual lifting or “ gouging” tendency of the cutter, when starting in each tooth. The thrust bearings for the feed screw are placed at each end, so that the screw is under no compression strain during either the feed or the return of the cutter car- riage; this “draw cut” principle reducing vibration and chattering, as the screw operates under tension only. The indexing mechanism is positive, and is operated by means of a rod from the feed-box trip mechanism, as is usual on the spur gear cutting machines made by the company. As the rod operates through the center of the machine, no adjustment or readjustment whatever is Fig. 3. required when the stanchion or swivel slide has been moved for different angles, or when the head has been moved in either direction. The use of all chains is elim- inated. There are only the two usual dogs to be set to suit the various lengths of face of the gear blanks; the mechanism governing the operation of the indexing move- ment being taken care of automatically. The indexing worm runs in a bath of oil, and engages the large master- wheel. This wheel is made in halves, to insure accuracy. Among the minor conveniences may be mentioned the hinged covers for the change gears, as well as the guards ineasing all gearing. Oiling facilities have been carefully studied out and provided. The bearings of shafts and spindles which operate in a vertical position have spiral oil grooves cut of the opposite hand to which the shaft runs, to retard the downward flow of the oil. Felt wipers are arranged on all the plane bearing surfaces, to keep dirt and chips out, and hold the oil in. The work spindle is a machinery stee] forging. The cutter spindle and arbor are of tool steel, and all driving shafts are of high carbon machinery steel. Shafts and spindles are ac- curately ground. An oil pump, driven by spur gears, supplies the cutting lubricant to be used when cutting AGE August 27, 1908 steel; the lubricant being returned to the suction pipe by means of the oil pan. The machine has a capacity of 48 in. diameter and 10 in. face, and will cut 3 diametral pitch in steel, and 2% diametral pitch in cast iron. Heavier pitches can, of course, be cut by taking stocking out cuts; for example, one of the first lot of these machines is cutting 2 dia- metral pitch in steel as regular work. a oe Temperature tables relating to the working of iron and steel and other metals, together with information on the use of fire brick and refractories, are given in a book- let recently published by the Brighton Fire Brick Com- pany, Ine., New Brighton, Pa. The “ Brighton ” fire brick are made for blast furnace inwalls and tops, hot blast stoves and pipe, heating and soaking pit furnaces, open hearth furnace checker work, &¢., while the “ Brighton S” is a plastic clay brick used for boiler settings, gas producers, jacket walls, cupolas, gas flues and gas wasb- Details of Construction of the New Eberhardt Gear Cutting Machine. ers. The Brighton special shape brick are the subjects of numerous illustrations in the new pamphlet. The Independent Pneumatic Tool Company, Chicago, has appointed the well-known firm of H. W. Petrie, Ltd., 131 Front street, West, Toronto, and 22 Victoria square, Montreal, and Vancouver, B. C., as exclusive agent for the sale of its Thor pneumatic tools and appliances in the Dominion of Canada. A complete stock of pneumatic tools will be carried in the various stores belonging to this agency, which will in consequence be able to make prompt deliveries from each of the several points named. There were 17 bids submitted under the opening of August 13 for 10 40-ton locomotives and 50 6-yd. dum» ears for the Isthmian Canal Commission. The lowest tender for the locomotives was that submitted by the H. K. Porter Company, Pittsburgh, which offered to deliver them at Colon for $59,450, while the lowest bid for the dump cars was that of Vermilye & Powers, New York, for $23,250. August 27, 1908 Lackawanna Steel Sheet Piling. e faint A new form of steel sheet piling is now manufactured by the Lackawanna Steel Company, Buffalo, N. Y., each piece being complete in itself as it comes from the rolls and requiring no fabrication. The piling is a special rolled oné-section bar, consisting of a web portion with flanges of like form at each edge, adapted to engage with Similar flanges of an adjacent section. Each pile inter- locks with the one previously driven. As shown in Fig. 1, the shorter flanges of the new pile are hook shaped and engage with the corresponding hooked flange of the adjacent section. The longer flanges are shaped to form a guard around the hook of the adjacent section. When the piling is driven the hooked flanges prevent longi- tudinal displacement, while the guard flanges prevent lateral displacement, and assist to prevent longitudinal displacement of the sections. The joint has three points of bearing which produce a positive and double interlock, offering in a built up wall a rigid resistance to the strain such a wall is subjected to, particularly the longitudinal strain, and the side or buckling strains. At the same time this interlock, with a bearing on both sides of the web, holds the piling in line while being driven, and the result is a straight wall. Before these sections were offered for general use, an THE IRON AGE 563 An ordinary piledriver is used, the head of the piling being fitted with an iron cap having a wooden cushion interposed between the iron cap and the hammer of the pile driver. In driving, satisfactory results have been obtained in keeping the vertical alignment of the bar. This is especially important where a long wall is driven and long lengths are used. In the closing of rectangular pockets the vertical alignment must be true so that the closing pile may drive freely for its full length and not strain the interlock. Fabricated corners are formed, as in Fig. 2, by fitting the edges of two half sections at the desired angle by means of structural steel angles. Junction members for cross walls are made up of a full section, a half section and two angles riveted together. Both styles of fabri- cated corners are shown. The 12%-in, Lackawanna bar has been adopted for the construction of the cofferdam for the new Govern- ment ship lock in Black Rock Harbor, Niagara River, at Buffalo, N. Y. This will be one of the largest ship canal locks in the world. About 7000 tons of piling will be re- quired for the complete cofferdam—the largest single order of this sort ever placed for Government work. The cofferdam is 947 ft. long, 245 ft. wide outside dimensions at one end, and 250 ft. at the other end, and requires lengths of 44 ft. to 50 ft. of piling. The wall of the cof- Fig. 1.—Lackawanna Steel Sheet Tiling. 7 DY Flanges of Similar Design on Same Side of Web. Fig, 2.—The Use of Angles in the Fabricated Corners. experimental cofferdam was driven with 32-ft. lengths of 12% in. sheet piling. The material inclosed was sub- sequently excavated in order to ascertain the condition of the piling after driving. It was found that the inter- lock was perfect, and that the joints were practically watertight. The average of tests conducted to determine the strength of the interlock, showed that with two 12%4-in. sections interlocked the joint has in tension a value of 9700 Ib. per linear inch of bar. Ability to turn various angles and still maintain a perfect interlock is also a feature of this bar, the shape of the interlocking flanges and hooks permitting a change in direction with a line of piling in case boulders are encountered. When these piles are driven in clay or quicksand, enough of the soil works into the joints to make them practically watertight. If driven in clear water the usual methods of packing, if necessary, may be employed to produce a watertight joint. The friction area in the interlock be- ing three narrow surfaces, is at a minimum, so that the piling can be driven and withdrawn a number of times, and when it has outlived its usefulness the discarded ma- terial can be sold for scrap. The table below shows the standard weights and widths of sections rolled: B. Cc. A. Weight per Distance Width Thickness square foot e. toc. Weight per of joint of web. of wall. of joints. linear foot. over all. Inches Pounds. Inches. Pounds. Inches. M4 40 12% 42.500 345 /ay % 35 12% 37.187 34 /e, M%4 19.70 7 11.500 15 /g, ferdam is made of two lines of piling 30 ft. apart, with division walls at 30 ft. intervals, forming 30 ft. pockets. Later these pockets will be filled with clay to form the solid wall of the cofferdam. 2. a —_—_—_— The Allis-Chalmers Company, Milwaukee, Wis., has sold a heavy rolling mill engine to the Pittsburgh Steel Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.; large power driven air com- pressors to the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railway Company, Birmingham, Ala., and Casparis Stone Company, Colum- bus, Ohio, and four huge vertical blowing engines to the Sloss-Sheffield Iron & Steel Company, Birmingham, Ala., and the Worth Brothers Company, Coatesville, Pa. The Allis-Chalmers Company has also closed a contract with the Southwestern States Portland Cement Company for two horizontal tandem gas engines rated at 2000 hp., to be installed in the new mill at Eagle Ford, Texas. Within two months and possibly before, five new blast furnaces in the Youngstown District will be ready for operation. Two of these are being built by the Youngs- town Sheet & Tube Company, two at the Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Company, and one by the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company. The five furnaces will make from 2000 to 2500 tons of iron per day. Tod Furnace, of the Youngstown Steel Company, is being rebuilt, but will not be ready for blast before November. — mmaecmspaar eae nip SL ~ ST anmaeatrone ie ' ii soe Soouoins 564 THE IRON AGE The Hoefer Drill Power Feed Attachment. A slight departure from the regular method of at- taching has been made in the new power feed attach- ment recently designed by the Hoefer Mfg. Company, Freeport, Ill, for its line of 16 in. drills. In the design of the feed, two worms are used to re- duce the speed from that of the upper shaft to that re- quired to give the proper feed to the spindle. The pul- leys are placed vertically. To engage the feed a small lever is thrown upward and the worm is brought into mesh with the worm wheel. A trip is placed on the sleeve of the spindle and the throwing out of the power feed is quickly and very easily accomplished. The feeds derived from the attachment on the 16 in. drill for which it was designed are 0.004, 0.008 and 0.012 A 16-In. Drill with Improved Power Feed Attachment Built by the Hoefer Mfg. Company, Freeport, Il. per revolution of the spindle, which have proved ample for all purposes. In construction the power feed device is simple and effective, and in applying it no sacrifice has been made of the convenience of the lever feed, for the right hand is free to use the lever feed if desired. ———»+—-e——____—_ A census of the working force of the Krupp plants made on January 1, 1908, shows that there were employed 63,084 persons, including 6198 officials. The Essen Works and the proving grounds employed 32,952; the Friedrich Alfred plant at Rheinhausen, 5372 men; the Gruson Works at Buckau, 4336; the Germania shipbuilding plant at Kiel, 3580; the collieries, 9447; the plants on the Middle Rhine, 1108; the steel works at Annen, 1002, and the iron ore mines, 5171. The Titusville Iron Company, Titusville, Pa., states that the reports that it will spend $500,000 in building large additions to its plant are entirely incorrect. It has no improvements under way or contemplated at the pres- ent time. August 27, 1908 A Gravity Feed Gang Press. A double pitman gang press of a new pattern has been brought out by the Toledo Machine & Tool Company, Toledo, Ohio. It is designed for operating a gang of six sets of dies for cutting out can tops or buttons and is adapted for operating dies for various other classes of work of a similar nature. The machine is set in an inclined position for the purpose of having the sheet of metal feed through by gravity. The accompanying reproduction of a photograph shows its general design and proportions and the drawing will serve to indicate the operation of tbe machine. A cam actuated shaft is shown for operating the gauges for locating the sheet. These gauges are raised automatically at the same time that the sheet is stripped from the punches after the cutting and forming operation is completed, permitting the sheet to slide forward where it is again correctly located for the following operation by the gauges referred to. The hand lever shown in Fig. 1 and just visible on the Fig. 1.—Gravity Feed Gang Press Made by the Toledo Machine & Tool Company, Toledo, Ohio. left hand side of the press is used when first placing the sheet-in the press, after which the press is started by the foot treadle in the regular manner, and runs continuously for the required number of strokes to finish the sheet. The press at this point is automatically stopped with a cam movement of the disk on the front right hand. side of the housing which disengages the locking device for the foot treadle, in this manner releasin