The Iron Age 1908-05-07: Vol 81 Iss 19

Published every ‘Chursda Vol. 81: No. 79. Reading Matter Contents....... page 1490 Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ‘* 278 Classified List of Advertisers * 267 Advertising and Subscription Rates ‘* 1508 REED F. BLAIR & C0. FOUNDRY PURNACE CRUSHED The American Mfg: Co. Ropes and Twines 65 Wall Street, New York THE BRISTOLCO. Manufacturers of BRISTOL’S RECORDERS Wm. H., Bristol Electric eters and Patent Frictionless Smoked Chart Recorders. The Bristol Co., Waterbury, Conn, 4 Liberty ma Chicago and ; “4; Vesey St., There’s More Money in Samson Spot Cord Than there is in Cheap Grades. Samson Cordage Works, Boston, Mass. - TURNBUCHKLES iii Cleveland City Forge and tron Co., - Cleveland, 0. TURN BVOC HB TEES. MERRILL BROS. ira Maspeth, New York, N. Y. IRON ORES. & c Girard Building, Phila. Machesney Bldg., Pitte’g Pilling rane Empire Bids.. New York | TAPES | and RULES | D IN AMERICA and THE BEST IN THE WORLD THE LUFKIN RULE O©O., Saginaw, Mich., U.S.A. New York, London, Eng. Windsor, Can. ‘Apollo Best Bloom” Galvanized Sheets are right in every respect—that is why Jobbers all over the country carry theme AMERICAN SHEET AND TIN PLATE COMPANY Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. See our Ad. on page 17. New York, Thursday, May 7, 1908. ON AGE David Williams Co. 14-16 Park Place, New York. $5.00 a _ Year, including Postage. Single Copies, 15 Cones Price Moderate Quality High Trap and field shooters unite in opinion that U M C Nitro Club shells are the best moderate priced shot shells on the market. If you already carry U M C Nitro Clubs, you know the truth of this state- ment. If you don’t carry them, you are overlooking a ‘‘good thing.’” They are backed by the reputation of the largest ammunition factory in the world. U MC Shells sell themselves THE UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE COMPANY Agency, 313 Broadway, New York NITRO CLUB SHOT SHELLS WATER TUBE OG6he Babcock @ Wilcox Co., BOILERS See page 57 adi oe gai New York ECONOMY “ Capewell ” Nails Most Economical, are the most perfect There are more nails in a pound of ' «6 Capewell * than of other brands. So more work can be being made from if the very best qual- ity of steel obtain- able in the markets done with a given of the world. quantity. Made by THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL CO., Hartford, Conn, JENKINS BROS. VALVES STANDARD PATTERN. Made of new steam meta! of the best grade. Fitted with the Jenkins Disc asgur- ing an absolutely steam tight valve under all ordinary pressures. When fitted with a soft Jenkins Dise they are the most satisfactory valves that can be obtained for use on water, air or gas. All parts interchangeable. Every valve bearing the Trade Mark is guaranteed. JENKINS 8ROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, London. is Unex- “SWGOON” GOL Rolled SCE cece in DTA ing a Stampin THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING COMPANY SEE 25 (Water and Rail Delivery) BRIDGEPORT, CONN. PAGE MAGNOLIA ,.20".~ METAL The Standard Babbitt of the World FRICTION a perme bape everything in the Babbitt Line. MAGNOLIA METAL CO. SS New York: 115 Bank St. Chicago: Fisher Building. Montreal: 31 St. Nicholas St. 2 THE IRON AGE Bright Charcoal BRASS} ROD wae TiN Plate COPPER! Sheet Steel is si Any Gauge GERMAN ey SILVER LOW BRASS, SHEET BRONZE, SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, BRAZED BRASS AND BRONZE TUBING : : : ¢ ¢ Waterbury Brass Co. WATERBURY, CONN. »9 John St., New York. Providence, R. §. WIRE STAMPING-DRAWING and SPINNING QUALITIES A SPECIALTY FOLLANSBEE BROTHERS COMPANY Pittsburgh Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal Co. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Phosphor and Deoxidized Bronze Composition, Yellow Brass and Alumie num Castings, large and small MILLS: FOLLANSBEE, W. VA. Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. La Salle, Illinois. SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACIO Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers and Lithographers’ use. Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. Stove and Washboard Blanks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. 105 -109 So, Jefferson St., Chicago. Best Bronze, Babbitt Metals, Brass and Aluminum CASTINGS GERMAN SILVER | ce Brass, Bronze. and Cepper THE SEYMOUR MFG. CO. - - SEYMOUR, CONN. HENDRICKS BROTHERS Sheet and Bar Copper, Copper Fire Box Plates and Staybolts, Wire and Braziers Rivets Importers and Dealers in Ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, Bismuth, Nickel, etc. 49 CLIFF STREET, - - -_ - THOMASTON, CONN. Postal Telegraph gpatiding Brass Copper Metal Goods made to order from Sheet, Rod. Wire and Tubjng. NEW YORK!“ 34° = The Plume & Atwood Mfg. Co Manufacturers of Sheet and Roll Brase WIRE Printers’ Brass, Jewelers’ Metal, German Silver and Gilding Metal, Copper Rivets and Burrs Brass Butt Hi Jack Chain K a, 8 urners, lenes. Lame tl maminee. = 279 Broadway, NEW YORK Room 508 Heyworth Building, East Madi- son St., CHICAGO, ILL. Rolling Mill Factories WATERBURY, CONN SCOVILL MFG. CO. BRASS, GERMAN SILVER, Sheets, Rolls, Wire Rods, Bolts and Tubes, Brass Shells, Cups, Hinges, Buttons, Lamp Goods, Speciai Brass Goods to Order. FAcToRIEs: WATERBURY, CONN. DEPotTs: CHICAGO NEW YORK BOSTON HenrySouther Engineering Co, HARTFORD, CONN. Consulting Chemists, Metallur- gists and Analysts. Complete Physical Testing Laboratory. Expert Testimony in Court and Patent Cases. Arinur T. Rutter & Co. 256 Broadway, NEW YORK. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. . | German Silver Wire. Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tube. Copper and Brass Rod. THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO. Copper, Brass and BRIDGEPORT, CONN. seentwar and ine om 5 Yor “57 Peart’ St., 7th ‘sts oS hilladelphis akomsnaea OF SHEET TUBING WIRE AND PHOSPHOR-BRONZ' GERMAN SILVER THE RIVERSIDE METAL CO. RIVERSIDE, N. J. THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, May 7, 1908. THE IRON INDUSTRY OF CHINA. Description of the Hanyang Iron & Steel Works. Our importations of pig iron from China have at- tracted the attention of the trade to the industry of that country, and therefore much interest attaches to reliable data published in Stahl wnd Eisen by C. Blauel of Dues- seldorf-Obercassel, Germany, formerly chief engineer of the Hanyang Iron & Steel Works, the only plant of any consequence in China. It is located at the confluence of the Han and Yangtse rivers, close to Hankow, the largest and most promising commercial town on the great inland waterway of the East, the distance from the sea | ce A, ‘Ling Pe Early Operations Unsatisfactory. The blast furnace plant has been running since 1894, with interruptions, and in the earlier years only one fur- nace was usually in blast. By enlarging the hot blast stove equipment and making other improvements, the daily production was increased to 70 to 100 tons per day according to the grade of iron made. The puddle mill ran only for a short time and was stopped on account of the large consumption of fuel. Toward the end of the ’90s the Bessemer plant made Ww usung= . Shan hai ‘ 3 2 = OlsTRicr . Map of China, Showing the Location of Its Iron Industry. being 750 miles. The accompanying map shows the lo- cation, The enterprise was started in 1891, when English engineers put in the plant purchased chiefly in England by Chang-Chi-tung, then recently made governor of the province of Hu-Peh. It consisted of two 50-ton blast furnaces with two Cowper stoves each; 20 puddling fur- naces with two hammers and a muck mill; two 5-ton Bessemer converters; one 12-ton basic open hearth fur- nace; a 30-in. combination blooming and rail reversing mill with three stands; a 13%-in. three-high bar mill and a two-high plate mill, the two latter driven by a common engine. There were also a foundry, a forge with a struc- tural shop, a machine shop, a bolt and nut factory and a plant for manufacturing fire brick. The works took five to six years to build, the erection being in charge of engineers and foremen from a large Belgian company which at that-time had business rela- tions with the Hanyang Iron & Steel Works, About 80 Chinese were first trained for a year at the Belgian works. steel, from cupola metal, for the rails for the Hankow- Peking Railroad, which was built from 1900 to 1905 with rails chiefly made at the Hanyang Iron & Steel Works. Incidentally, both the Bessemer plant and the open hearth furnace, which latter worked with 30 per cent. of pig iron, produced steel for the bar and plate mills. The total output of rolled products at that time is not sup- posed to have exceeded 15,000 to 20,000 tons per annum, and during the greater part of that time was below these figures. The layout of the plant and the use of poor coke and coal did not permit of making a profit, in spite of high prices, and the enterprise suffered at times from lack of funds. It was on such an occasion, prior to 1900, that a contract was made with the Japanese works at Waka- matsu, against the advice of the engineers, to deliver, for 30 years, 100,000 tons per annum of the best low phos- phorus magnetites at the price of about $1.50 per ton, f.o.b, loading station. This contract imperiled the future of the Bessemer plant, because a part of the other easily reached ores contained too much phosphorus—from 0.1! —_ EERE aps ONE: WHEE apt: LAGI aoa cho Fe aa ~ 1436 to 0.25 per cent.—in order to produce pig iron in ade- quate quantities for the acid Bessemer converters. The fact must also be taken into account that a large part of the coke contains small quantities of phosphorus. In 1904 the greatest interest in the works came into the possession of Sheng-Kung-pao, the leading member of the syndicate which had acquired the company in 1896 from Chang-Chi-tung. In order to adapt the plant to working all the magnetites and specular ores of the Tajeh District, it was decided to raise money to put up an open hearth plant and a large modern rolling mill. It was the plan to increase the number of blast furnaces and open hearth furnaces to keep pace with the demand, provided the enterprise proved profitable. The managers appointed by Sheng-Kung-pao visited the United States, England and Germany, in order to purchase the new equipment. The Iron Ores, Before describing the new works, some reference may be made to the supply of raw materials. The iron ores of the Tajeh District, which is located about 60 miles southeast of Hankow on the right bank of the Yangtse River, are red hematite and magnetic which carry from 58 to 68 per cent, of iron, 3 to 7 per cent. of silica, 1 to 2 per cent. of alumina, 0.2 to 0.4 per cent. of manganese, 0.04 to 0.25 per cent. of phosphorus, 0.05 to 0.1 per cent. of sulphur and 0.05 to 0.25 per cent, of copper. There are also brown iron ores carrying 6 to 9 per cent. of manganese. It is estimated that there are available of the two principal grades of ore over 100,000,000 tons. The ores occur in an uninterrupted ridge of about 7.5 miles. The vein dips sharply and averages about 235 ft. On the section of the deposit where lower phos- phorus ores are found, the vein is in contact with almost pure limestone in very large quantities. This locality is certainly one of the future centers of the iron industry of China, because there is coupled with the wealth of ore and of limestone the existence of coal suitable for cooking. It occurs in workable quantity, at a moderate depth, and is only distant 20 to 25 miles from the iron ore. The ore mines are connected by a 15-mile standard gauge road with a loading station on the Yangtse River. The ore and limestone are conveyed from the loading sta- tion to the works by lighters hauled by tugboats owned by the company, the distance being about 75 miles, The ore for the Japanese market is shipped directly in steamers. The loading and unloading are done by coolies, whose low wages, about 7 cents per shift, make elaborate loading appliances unnecessary. Coal and Coke. During the first years of their existence the works used a coke of good quality from Kaiping, located north- east of Tientsin. Later, coke from the owned collieries at Man-gan-hsan, province of Hupeh, and at Peng-hsiang, province of Kiang-si, was employed. Incidentally, there was also used the so-called native coke made by Chinese methods—usually a bad material high in ash—which was delivered from the province of Hunan. Now the col- lieries at Ping-hsiang having been equipped with coal washers, and having opened good seams, have reached the point that a firm coke is made with an average of 12 to 15 per cent. of ash and 0.8 per cent. of sulphur. The production is large enough to operate the Hanyang furnaces exclusively with this coke. Ping-hsiang lies in the western part of the province of Kiang-si, close to the border of the province of Hunan. Coke and coal are car- ried over a standard gauge road about 60 miles long to the Siang River, where it is loaded by coolies on lighters which are towed down the river through Lake Tung-ting to the Yangtse River and to the works. A great draw- back is the cost of the haul from the mines to the works. Since the route is over 250 miles long it occupies much time and the price of the coke is increased by the duties to be paid on the coke for its passage through the prov- ince of Hunan, The Ping-hsiang coals are not as suit- able for gas making as the Japanese coals, so that the latter are preferred unless the price is not much higher than that of their own coals. The cost of the raw materials, which was formerly THE IRON AGE May 7, 1908 considerably higher, is about 75 cents per gross ton for ore, 50 cents for limestone, $6.25 to $7.50 for coke and $4.50 for coal, all delivered at the furnaces. It is as- sumed that these prices will be lowered considerably in the near future, owing to the increased consumption. The New Plant, In undertaking to rebuild and enlarge the plant the question was given consideration of moving the works or of erecting the new parts at the iron deposits, but serious reasons overruled the plan. The first step was to de- velop an open hearth plant suitable for working up the pig iron, and next to enlarge and modernize the rolling mill. With this object there were purchased in Germany and in England, from 1904 to 1906, three 30-ton open hearth furnaces, a gas heated 150-ton mixer, a gas pro- ducer plant, two traveling casting cranes of 50-ton and 35-ton capacity, 20 and 15 ton auxiliary cranes, a strip- ping plant, iron ladle cars, casting ladles, ingot cars, locomotives, &c. There were also purchased three large reversing mills with electrically driven tables and rolls, one being a 438-in. blooming mill, one a plate mill with two stands for 98-in. plates and the third a 33.5 in. beam and rail mill with three stands, The equipmentincluded gas heated pit furnaces, a steam hydraulic bloom shear, an electrically driven billet and slab shear, a large elec- trically driven plate shear, edge milling machines, roll lathes, three electrically driven traveling cranes, two charging cranes, a boiler plant of 10 two-flue boilers and five water tube boilers, a dynamo plant for operating cranes, &¢c. For the new buildings the structural material was purchased in standard lengths and the greater part of the rivets was bought. The shop work was done at Han- yang. The stee] shop was new while the old puddle mill and rolling mill buildings were used, with some addi- tions. Later, toward the beginning of 1907, there were or- dered in Germany a third 300-ton blast furnace with four Cowper stoves, 12 two-flue boilers, a 600-kw. electric plant, a Parsons turbo-blower, &c. A fourth and fifth open hearth furnace and a second mixer are to be built and there is to be a fourth blast furnace of 300 tons capacity, on the foundations of which work has already begun. During the building of the new plant the old blooming and rai] mill and the bar mill were again put in order and the old Bessemer plant and the puddle mill with its hammers and muck mill and the intermediate plate mill were torn out. A new bar mill took the place of the latter. The two old blast furnaces were equipped with a gas cleaning plant. The status of the plant at the close of 1907 was that the two old blast furnaces were making basic and foun- dry pig iron and the old 12-ton open hearth furnace, the old rolling mill, the new bar mill and the mill for flats and a part of the electric plant were in operation, The new steel works and the new rolling mills were being started and it was expected that the third blast furnace would be soon in operation. Chinese Labor. All the labor in construction and operation connected with masonry, erection, riveting, with the blast furnaces, open hearth furnaces, rolling mills, &c., was done by Chi- nese exclusively without the aid of foreign erectors or foremen. They worked under the direction of the Euro- pean engineers; these directions, it is true, being more detailed than is usual elsewhere. The Chinese are not careful on contract work and often waste a good deal of time. While the wages of the coolies are 6 to 8 cents per shift, the wages of the more skilled workmen who are paid by the month are considerably higher. Accord- ing to age and ability, the following wages are paid for about 25 to 28 shifts of 10 hr. each, per month: Pattern- makers, $5 to $17.50; molders, $4 to $25; locksmiths and lathe hands, $5 to $17.50; roll turners, $10 to $22.50; erectors, $10 to $25, and machinists, $3.75 to $20, Fore- men and head men at furnaces, rolling mills, shops, &c., are paid varying sums, their salaries ranging between $10 and $47.50 per month. The Future. Blauel states that it is difficult, in view of the in- ability to calculate the bearing of the questions involved, May 7, 1908 THE to express a correct opinion as to the future of the Han- yang Iron & Steel Works. The prospects of success are now better than ever because the plant is more suitable and far better, because the working population has been trained to some extent, and chiefly because the question of the supply of raw materials has been settled. The production of steel and of rolling mill products may reach 40,000 to 50,000 tons this year unless unexpected difficulties intervene. In 1909 or 1910 it may rise to 100,000 tons per annum. It may be assumed that a profitable development of the works will have a favor- able effect upon the entire iron industry of China, pro- vided there be at the head of the new operations men of the type of the present general manager, V. K. Lee. The technical management of the plant has since the begin- ning been in the hands of European engineers, English- men, Belgians. Germans and Frenchmen alternating. Generally, however, like the present time, the staff is in- ternational, Climatic Conditions, The long tropical summer of the middle Yangtse Val- ley renders residence acceptable to only few Europeans. At this season the temperature, corresponding to the continental location of Hankow, ranges for weeks, day and night, above 86 degrees, F., even up to 100 degrees. In July and August it becomes too hot even for the Chi- nese, so that hitherto work at the steel plant and rolling mills has been suspended for some weeks. With the bet- ter arrangements and the new higher buildings these dis- turbing stoppages may cease. The product of the blast furnaces, which in the years 1905 to 1907 consisted chiefly of foundry iron, steel mak- ing iron and high grade spiegeleisen, was used at the works themselves, in Japan, in the Chinese ports: and in the United States. Shipments are made by steamer di- rectly from the dock of the works. The Yangtse River, with its enormous traffic, is navi- gable for the largest ocean steamers up to Hankow from April to October, while in winter the stage of the water permits the movement of vessels drawing 10 to 13 ft. The difference in level between high and low water is at Hankow 37 to 50 ft. every year. Thirty-five river steamers of 1000 to 3000 tons take care of the traffic between Shanghai and Hankow and the intermediate larger ports. Above Hankow navigation is not so favorable. At high water small ocean steamers run up to Ichang, 375 miles up stream, At other times there are only shallow draft river steamers of 300 to 600 tons which ply on the river, including a branch line from Hankow to Chang-sha on the Siang River. The Ping-hsiang collieries are 75 miles distant from the latter point. Above Ichang the rapids of the Yangtse prevent further navigation, except for junks, which are drawn over them by hundreds of coolies. Further up, the river is navigable for hundreds of miles. Mineral Wealth of the District, While the territory of the middle and upper Yangtse River has been little explored as to its mineral wealth, it may be assumed from the finds made that besides rich gold, copper, silver, lead and antimony deposits, there are coal and iron on a large seale. Rich iron ore has been opened in the provinces of Kweicheou and Kiang su; brown ore carrying about 20 per cent. of manganese has been found in large quantity on Lake Poy and about 150 miles below Hankow, and ore containing 45 per cent. of manganese exists in the vicinity of Ping-hsiang. When account is taken, outside of the Yangtse District, of the rich iron ore deposits of Shan tung, Hunan, Kuang tung and Kuangsi, and of the extremely rich beds of Tongking, then it is realized that the iron ore resources of China are not much inferior to those of the United States. While coking coals are not equal in quality or in quan- tity to those of the latter country named, they are abun- dant enough to hold out the promise of a brilliant devel- opment of the iron industry, under normal conditions, for the distant future. Conditions are most favorable for the development of the iron industry of China in the Yangtse District, on ac- count of its water transportation. Besides the Hanyang Iron & Steel Works, the government arsenals at Shang- hai, Hanyang, Fouchow and Tientsin have built steel works with open hearth and crucible furnaces which IRON AGE 1437 were bought in England, France and Germany. Aside from the fact that the building of the works took an ex- traordinary amount of time, the operations were stopped after a longer or shorter period because it was found that the profit and loss account was most favorable when they were idle, Early in the ‘90s an effort was made to start an iron plant in the province of Kweicheou. A small blast furnace, purchased in England with its equipment, was to be started by Chinese who had studied blast furnace practice for a few months at an English plant. They be lieved that they could do it without the aid of foreign engineers, and therefore were much disappointed when the furnace froze on them while blowing in. Since that time the furnace has stood, filled with its charges, de- serted, as a striking monument to the Chinese dislike of foreigners and their science. ————_—_»-e The Ore Docks of the Great Lakes. The Duluth & Iron Range Railroad Company has is- sued its annual statement of ore dock changes, covering the year ending with May 1. This shows three impor- tant changes in the past year. The chief of these is the addition of No. 6 dock at Two Harbors, which, though not put into totals in the statement, might as well have been. It adds 37,360 tons to the storage capacity of Two Harbors, and gives that port an annual shipping capacity of nearly 10,000,000 tons. The second is the addition of capacity by the Chicago & Northwestern at Ashland, by the reconstruction of its No. 2 dock there, an increase of 16,380 tons storage, and a far greater relative increase in capacity, for the new dock is of modern lines and hight while the former was too low to handle ore to the modern freighters. The third is the reduction of the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic’s capacity at Marquette by the razing of its No. 1 dock, reducing its theoretical capacity by 27,000 tons. But this reduction is mererly apparent and is not real, for the dock was long since relegated to oblivion on account of its dimensions being much too small for modern shipping. It is doubtful if a single ore ship that will ply the lakes this year could have loaded there, except at great cost of time and trouble. There are now on the lakes 24 ore shipping piers, con- taining more than 6000 pockets, of an average storage capacity for 214 tons, some as high as 350, and others, of oldest design, of about 150. The total storage capacity of the 24 piers is 1,327,000 gross tons, and their annual shipping capacity, given fair dispatch and plenty of cars and ships, not far from 50,000,000 tons, to be covered in the lake season of about eight months. The investment in these piers cannot be much less than $15,000,000. The various railroad systems show dock capacities, in gross tons, as follows: Chicago & Northwestern, at Es- canaba, 188,383, at Ashland, 84,240; Great Northern at Allouez bay, near Duluth, 283,500; Duluth, Missabe & Northern, at Duluth, 269,034; Duluth & Iron Range at Twin Harbors, near Duluth, 225,770; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, at Escanaba, 113,900; Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic, at Marquette, 78,000; Wisconsin Central, at Ashland, 48,356; Lake Superior & Ishpeming, at Mar- quette, 36,000; Algoma Central, at Michipicoten, no storage, but 12 shipping pockets. SS The Pittsburgh Construction Company, Diamond Bank Building, Pittsburgh, is completing the erection of a high- way Scherzer rolling lift bridge over Swan Creek, Toledo, Ohio, for the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. It will have an 83-ft. span and 30-ft. roadway, with side- walks, and 200 tons of structural steel were used. The bridge was fabricated in the plant of the King Bridge Company, Cleveland. This is the first bridge of its type to be erected in Toledo. The Pittsburgh Construction Company also lately completed a double track 102-ft. span plate girder type of 150 tons to replace an old 100-ft. through pin connected span, for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Darby, near Philadelphia. The company also recently received a contract for the erection of a 150-ft. double track riveted truss bridge for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Chester, Pa., to replace an old span of similar construction. en Mamaieeipaigag A Lule .. ese See. ne i etaiieeaen rahinaiaiiede g - cae ‘ 18h a a. Back "adits oan 2 ae I E ~— 2 a <i a ee % 1438 THE The Queen City Shaper Gear Box. Borrowing, in a measure, from automobile practice in change gear devices, the Queen City Machine Tool Com- pany, Cincinnati, Ohio, has developed an improved gear box for shapers. Figs. 1 and 2 show it applied to a 20-in, back geared crank shaper. In its design and construction it has been the aim to avoid the faults common to many devices of the sort which have been tried on machine tools, such as weak or complicated parts likely to get out of order, or a mechanism subject to shocks and jars, shorten- ing not only its own life, but that of the whole machine. Fig. 1.—A 20-In. Back Geared Crank Shaper Built by the Queen City Machine Tool Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Equipped with the Improved Gear Box. The advantage of a satisfactory form of change gear de- vice is acknowledged ; it allows a single pulley drive using a wide belt that it might be impracticable to shaft, or a constant speed motor, and it renders the changing of speeds so easy that it is not likely to be neglected when ———— = BOX SHAFT ——- IRON == ae ae = ye TW ae FE Fis Sw BEARING FOR DRIVEN SHAFT ON THIS| END, 18 NOT SHOWN AGE May 7, 1908 Fig. 8, gives a sectional view from the front of the shaper, and Fig. 4 end and rear elevations and a plan of the lever latching devices. The driving pulley in Fig. 3 is mounted on the gear box shaft, which extends through the shaper, and at its opposite end carries the expanding member of a friction clutch operated through a sliding cone by the lever at the right. The other member of the clutch is integral with a sleeve on the gear box shaft, which has keyed to it four gears, a, b, c and d. Almost vertically over this shaft is an intermediate shaft carry- ing three sliding sets of two gears each. e f, g h and i j. sy means of the gear shifting lever of Fig. 4 gears e and f may be alternately engaged with gears a and b or Fig. 2.-—Detail of the New Queen City Shaper Gear Box. gears g and h with gears c and d. The latch mechanism shown in Fig. 4 permits only one of these two sets of gears to be engaged at atime. The shifting fork of gears, e and f, is attached to the sliding rod k, and that of gears, g and h, to the sliding rod 7, Between the sliding rods are two fixed stop rods which prevent the gear shifting | Fig. 3.—Sectional View of the Gear Box from the Front of the Shaper. the work requires it. The similarity in principle of this new gear box and those used on automobiles is apparent from the accompanying drawings, Figs. 3 and 4, but its construction is considerably modified and its particular application is entirely new. The operation will be understood from the drawings, lever from being transferred from engagement with one set of shifting forks to the other, except when each set is in its neutral position, so that none of the gears g, h, e and f are in mesh. The gear shifting lever will be seen to have two mo- tions lateral and in and out. When thrown toward the May 7, 1908 gear box it comes between the shifting forks of the gears g and h and a stop on the sliding rod 1. If now the lever is thrown to the left, as seen in Fig. 4, the gear h engages with the gear d of Fig. 3, and if thrown to the right the gear g is engaged with the gear c. To shift the gear set e f the lever is moved outward or away from the gear box, passing between the fixed rods, until the stops on the slid- ing rod k are engaged, when shifting to the right engages the gear e with the gear a and shifting to the left the gear f with the gear b. None of these changes are made with the friction clutch engaged and the driving shaft running. Before a change is made the friction clutch is disengaged, so that the gears on the sleeve a, b, c and d are stationary until the change has been made; then the friction clutch is re-engaged to start the drive. . The four changes, which it will thus be seen are made through the gear box are doubled by the back gears i and j on the intermediate shaft, which are operated by the sliding rod and shifter above them, as in the company’s standard machine. These changes are also made while the gear box shaft is disengaged through the friction clutch. The gear j may be engaged with the gear m on the driven shaft, giving one series of four speeds through the other changes in the gear box, or the gear i may be engaged with the gear n, also keyed to the driven shaft, to give a second series. The driven shaft carries a pinion which meshes the bull wheel of the shaper. In the drawings the clutch and all the gears are shown disengaged, and it will be noticed that the length inside of the box is only equal to the sum of the gear faces; the floor space required does not exceed that of the cone drive. The expand- ing clutch and all gears are auto- matically and independently locked in their different working and idle positions by spring actuated plung- ers entering sockets. When it is desired to shift the gears for a new speed, after throwing out the clutch the driving shaft alone is running and the sleeve continues to creep slowly around without force, facili- tating the meshing of the desired gears. Since in all cases of speed changing the load is off, no shock occurs, although the power when the drive is engaged is much greater than with a cone pulley drive. When using a constant speed motor the changes can be made without stopping it. When the shaper pul- ley is belted direct to a line shaft so as to run at 315 rev. per min. the following cutting strokes per minute are obtained: 7.2, 10.96, 15.4, 23.5, 34.8, 53.1, 74.7 and 114. An index plate shows how to obtain the proper speeds. The gear box proper is a pressed fit in the column, be- sides being firmly bolted to it. All parts are easily accessible for inspection without taking the box from the column. The gear box can be fitted to all sizes of shapers and no special column is required. The provision for lubricating the gears in the gear box and various shafts is indicated in Fig. 3. There is an oil reservoir in the bottom of the gear box, into which the gears a, b, c and d dip and carry lubricant up to the other gears with which they mesh. The sleeve of the gear box shaft and other journals are lubricated through the oil tubes as indicated. FRICTION CLUTCH LEVER ——~+-e—___ The Pacific Metal Trades League Organized. On April 25 the Pacific Metal Trades League was or- ganized in Portland, Ore., at a convention of representa- tives from four large metal associations of the Pacific Coast. It amounts to a huge federation of manufactur- ers in the iron and steel industries covering California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. On April 28 the Executive Committee of the California Metal Trades Association of San Francisco voted to become a member of the new organization. The league is the strongest THE IRON SHAPER COLUMN ' AGE 1439 employers’ association on the Pacific Coast in numbers and resources, including the various metal trades and founders’ associations from Los Angeles, Cal., to Vancou- ver, B. C. Members of the California Metal Trades Asso- ciation state that the joining of the league is by far the most important step that has ever been taken by the metal trades operators of the Coast. After considerable planning the efforts to bring all of the manufacturers together in one united association finally came to a head at the recent convention. Prominent among the organizers were: Harry F. Da- vis, secretary, and James W. Kerr, vice-president of the California Metal Trades Association, and W. H. Corbett and Charles M. Gunn of the United Metal Trades Associa- tion of the North Coast cities. Harry F. Davis of San Francisco was chosen as secretary of the Pacific Metal Trades League. The headquarters of this organization will probably be in San Francisco. The president and remaining officers will be chosen at a later meeting. The four associations represented at the Portland con- vention are: The California Metal Trades Association of SLIDING ROD FIXED RODS SIDING ROD GEAR EXPANDING LEVER EXPANDING CONE - ' baw band vs =i oo omen u .—End and Rear Elevations of the Gear Box and Pian of the Lever Latching Devices. San Francisco and Oakland; the United Metal Trades Association of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia ; the Employers’ and Founders’ Association of Los Angeles, and the Pacific Foundrymen’s Association of Seattle, Wash. Among the prominent firms in the organizations that have joined the league are: The Union Iron Works, Risdon Iron Works. Vulcan Iron Works, United Engineer- ing Works and 80 other iron and steel firms in San Fran- cisco and vicinity; the Willamette Iron and Steel Works, ~ Phenix Iron Works, Smith Bros. & Watson, Pacific Iron Works, Oregon Brass Works and Columbia Steel Company of Portland; Moran Bros. Company, Vulcan Iron Works, Eagle Iron Works, Hetfernan Engine Works and Puget Sound Iron & Steel Works of Seattle and Tacoma; Sum- ner Iron Works of Everett. Wash., and Letson & Burpe of Bellingham, Wash. The purpose of the great organization of metal manu- facturers described above is to strengthen and more com- pletely unify the iron and steel interests of the Coast, as well as to bring about the satisfactory adjustment and settlement of such labor disputes as may arise. The atti- tude of the league toward labor interests, however, will be cordial. It is recognized that cases will arise where a method of settling labor demands in one section would not apply in another manufacturing center. In such an event league members are to meet and discuss the points at issue with representatives of the labor unions in an endeavor to bring about an amicable agreement. 1440 The Effect on Coal of Water and Fine Crushing. BY H. M. CHAPMAN AND EDWIN BARNHART, SPARROWS POINT, MD. In the past two years many tests have been made with finely ground coal in by-product coke ovens. These have demonstrated that finely ground or pulverized coal will give the strongest and most homogeneous coke. The result has been to cause a great demand for fine coal 90 to 95 per cent., of which would pass through a screen with 4-in. meshes. The effect of water on this fine coal has apparently not been recognized. The writers have made a large number of tests at the plant of the Maryland Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Md., which prove conclusively that a cubic foot of wet coal up to 7 per cent. of water weighs less than a cubic foot of dry coal, and that the finer the coal the greater is the decrease in weight, the percentage of water remaining the same. Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 give in detail the varia- tions in weight due to fine crushing and an increased per- PERCENTAGE OF WATER 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - ra ra rag 3 a o a & CS | Et ual | | | as | | | | ' to POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT, DRY COAL & | 40 39 36 2 . 4 Diagram Showing Weight of Wet Coal Compared with that of an Equal Bulk of Dry Coal. centage of water. The same mixture of coals was used in all the tests, and was made up as follows: Forty per cent. of a good gas coal averaging 33 per cent. volatile matter and 60 per cent. of a coal averaging 26 per cent. volatile matter. The analysis of the mixed coal was as follows: Per cent. EO, CETTE ETC EE ET eT 28.8 a ere ee er ae ee ee es 61.7 DP Stee Lat coon soa kek ke RACERS AA THe Shean Des eee 9.50 The Method of Making Tests. All the tests were conducted exactly alike. The coal was first dried thoroughly at 210 degrees F. It was then allowed to run from a fixed hight into a copper cylinder, the capacity of which was exactly 0.4 cu. ft. Particular care was exercised in filling the cylinder, so as to pre- vent any error due to irregular packing of the coal, and also to obtain as nearly as possible the conditions under which an oven is charged. The cylinder was filled level full, and then both cylinder and coal were weighed (the weight of the empty cylinder being deducted). One per cent. of water by weight was then added, intimately mixed and the coal then allowed to stand until the water THE IRON AGE May 7, 1908 had thoroughly penetrated it. The coal was then run into the copper cylinder until level full. A similar pro- cedure was followed with the subsequent additions. Data as to the fineness of the coal and the weight as affected by additions of water are given below: Table 1. Per cent. Through SURE NN Sane ce okt e ciate sth Bw patie ave ae Ob 100.00 Through ED GENIN on sav kS oh aS ea weewuswswems 48.15 Through I IR ab Chip kd Dal a Wie ial alee aa 27.05 ee: NIN ria daw tw oe dun 6 00 eS abe we lee 21.85 ee, IR cn wip ao 4 eye Boe Awe wre Oa ae aS 12.00 CO Nn oie vis 6 oa oO ese Oe Ales ON 6.95 RR. os law obak a peaks oes ae gee em 5.10 nn Dep NE UID ss o.d odd so seb sae eee Kee 3.30 ° Weight of Lb. of dry coal in a cubic foot of coal and water. coal and water. Pounds per cubic foot. Amount of water added. BN eh nc wigin sine alee k OS ae Saw ae 52.45 52.45 INN 6 isc a 'srals als pic sua ee be Saas See 51.69 51.17 ANNES nic sks ob sa sex ap ahh wenn 50.35 49.34 Be Ns Sean CU RKEN EASA eS CRS 49.60 48.11 ON 0) a ere ree eee 49.30 47.33 INES ase Sas o 4 aha Ce eas a) SS 49.16 46.70 | A are ee rere res 49.16 46.21 PRN ces ass seen ws ea elaawn seen ew 49.52 46.05 Table 2. Per cent. Through EN PIN. 5a od be aie cn ad wlan ace sa 65.35 Through NN TI he Sine Wig ae ate Goan Whe me ae ae 42.15 nO or os ac o's ov am ao a neS eka week 35.87 | SPI CU 6 5 sa lige pa le ee iw ec 21.97 En Se II Sc SS a Sara wise aa baw Sw a ele a enslae 13.10 I CED (ONO ns G's we ais Wie trae bea ace es aiwelee 9.85 EE MIN ood Vow ee ae eR wee 5.85 Weight of Lb. of dry coal in a cubic foot of coal and water. coal and water. Pounds per cubic foot. Amount of water added. IE re So ee a te eT 50.09 50.09 EN URIs is ineGe sae saci tics ceae® 49.02 48.53 IRs occrks Skip a ora ck eee 6 a waa 47.59 46.62 PE UNG 6 acs Kshs oa ela hae eae 46.72 45.32 | ee ae, Ae ee 46.43 44.57 eee eee eee een ern a 46.39 44.07 Be San ois sek ok Gianwew ae oan ee 46.55 43.76 Fe sini ss eeK ae de ee esis o Sha eae 47.01 43.72 Table 3. Per cent. Through PE IN Sooo ko ke wie ee seid als ee wa alee 93.30 Through TU ED cin a Suite 6 ws wae ieee 69.50 ET ee ee Pe ee 60.40 rn . on Gelb ac ea eas SALE Se abe eo 38.95 ee Se CN ss Cask hd o's b ae bee eee hen &s 23.35 EL: RIPE RII Gs ia 'b's:65 8-4 Kaw oS OS Ae ces eee 17.10 pe. ee Sears 8.00 Weight of coal and water. Lb. of dry coal in a cubic Amount of Pounds per foot of coal water added. cubic foot. and water. SENN ee ee haus cece aes ak eee eee 49.73 49.73 NI sia chs: rk Bid! 1a bi sas ¢ Sate eve be bi 48.64 48.15 | ee eT er 46.67 45.74 Og er oe 45.23 43.87 | er rier ey ayy 44.31 42.54 Pe Ras sok sb Sake wiee se we oes ae 44.07 41.87 Ph iin ce een a es.WS ON wae 44.01 41.37 7 OE +66 see at enn at nnane eure 44.36 41.25 Table 4 Per cent. Through Se a aceneks as aka eyes sca Bae eewe 100.00 Through PUIG Oia fo-o: ava 6b a-cil's 6 Ke Sins ded wa alee 75.80 eS id alu rala oi, gi ahs ne Bees Ad 4 ee 65.20 I cI TS tars sees Sha ce Naw ww Oc 39.60 EE SY I cise -c as ba 96's Gea howe ee ae 23.00 rN Scag iwigte io waik.e a e's WOin's Sa wwe «8 15.80 en Pa ND sda ap. ba 'w'6 os wine Sere clale-6 eee 8.00 Weight of Lb. of dry coal coal and water. in a cubic Amount of Pounds per foot of coal water added. cubic foot. and water. PE cle Sos ONG Nhs cs ds sbnae an see ee ean 49.18 49.18 REE 6s vn k's: ae WAN ARR Wee 47.80 47.32 eee re ee re Te 46.04 45.12 | errr re eerie e ie 44.06 42.73 Se soca th oe cae See bao ke we eae 43.39 41.65 Pa ONE one weee Genes SRehse esc eeR 42.83 40.69 eT asa. pad Sie elles aK ae an ee 42.77 40.20 TO TNE. 5 catia be sc edtaekea ede eee 42.96 39.96 Test 1 was started with coarse coal, about 52 per cent. of which was above \% in. in size. With the addition of- water there was a decrease in weight of a cubic foot until 6 per cent. had been added. Further addition of water May 7, 1908 THE had no appreciable effect on the weight of coal per cubic foot. The coal after being used in test 1 was thoroughly dried, and then crushed for test 2, so that about 35 per cept, was above 4 in. in size. The weight of a cubic foot of this coal when dry was 2.386 Ib. less than the weight of the dry coal in test 1. This was due to the coal being crushed finer. With the addition of water the decrease in weight of a cubic foot was in very nearly the same ratio as in test 1. For test 3 the coal was crushed so that about 7 per cent. remained above 14 in. in size. With the addition of water the decrease in weight of a cubic foot was much more rapid than in tests 1 and 2. The coal used in test 4 was all below 4 in. in size. The weight of the dry coal was 0.55 Ib. less than the weight of the dry coal in test 3. Lessened Weight of Wet and Fine Coal, Plotting these values, figured on dry coal, we get the curves 1, 2, 3 and 4 shown in the diagram, corresponding to tests 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. As will be seen from the foregoing data, the addition of water to the coal and the fine crushing had a like effect—an increase in the volume. When the coal and 7 per cent. of water were placed in the cylinder and the final weight was taken, the cylinder contained nearly 24 per cent. less of dry coal than the original weight taken. This surplus of 24 per cent. could not be put into the cylinder, even by jarring it down. It was necessary to stamp the coal in order to get it all in again. The decreased weight due to finer crushing is fully explained by the increased voids, which are the direct re- sult of crushing. The decrease caused by the addition of water is the result of adhesion of the water to the fine particles of coal, which prevents the finer pieces from filling up the voids between the larger ones. The simi- larity of the curves in the diagram is very marked. They all show a sharp decline until 4 per cent. of water has been added. From there to 6 per cent. the decline is moderate, and beyond 6 per cent. the curve is practically a straight line. Since August 1, 1907, the average oven charge per day has been determined as follows: A sample was taken of the coal charged on both day and night turns. The percentage of water and the weight of a cubic foot of the wet coal was then determined. From the latter the weight of water present was deducted, and this value multiplied by the cubical capacity of the oven gave the weight of coal charged into each oven. An average of 1000 tons of coal per day was used. Part was unloaded from cars and part brought in from stock. Altogether 15,000 tons was taken from stock. When the pile was cleaned up the difference between the amount put in and the amount taken out (figured according to the weight of a cubic foot, as explained above), was only 100 tons, or 0.7 per cent. In actual practice the variation in the percentage of water in the coal from day to day is entirely due to at- mospheric conditions, and is much higher during the win- ter months than in summer. The amount of water ranges from 2.25 per cent. to 6.05 per cent. With coarse dry coal the oven charge has been as high as 19,500 .b., while with wet, fine coal, it has been down to 15,400 Ib., a difference of 4100 Ib., or 21 per cent. With fine coal the average oven charge was 17,000 lb., or nearly 13 per cent. less than is possible with coarse coal. The value of 18 per cent. more product, namely, coke, ammonia, gas and tar, must certainly be considered. It is a question if the superior quality of the coke obtained from finely crushed coal counterbalances the increased cost of manufacture due to running a plant under capacity. ————_.3-- oe ———————— The Iron City Steel Company, which has moved into more commodious quarters at 717, 718 and 719 Bessemer Building, Pittsburgh, has taken the exclusive agency in the Pittsburgh District of the Interstate Iron & Steel Company, Cambridge. Ohio, and will handle all the prod- ucts of that mill. C. H. Daker will be in charge of the selling. IRON AGE 1441 The W. P. I. Motor Driven Drill. The new sensitive drill recently brought out by the Washburn shops of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass., which was described in The Iron Age April 2, 1908, is shown in its motor driven form in the illustration. The motor is bolted to the rear of the col- umn, just high enough to clear the square table when this is swung aside for the use of the round table, crotch or cup centers, and be above the reach of chips brushed from the table. A constant speed alternating current motor is used, the speed variations of the machine being A New Type of Motor-Driven Sensitive Drill Built by the Wash- burn Shops of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. mechanical. The motor runs at 1200 rev. per min., which gives a variation of from 400 to 1600 revolutions of the spindle through the medium of the double disk friction. The spindle is stopped without stopping the motor by throwing the speed lever to its extreme or neutral posi- tion when the driver disk is out of contact with its roll, the latter resting opposite a recess in the disk. Conse- quently the motor is started without a load. When the roll is thrown into contact with its disk little power is required to run the machine, as the normal pressure on the roll is slight until the drill is in use, when the pres- sure increases or decreases with the demand made upon the tool. The induction motors regularly furnished are wound for 110 and 220 volts, two or three phase, 25, 40 and 60 cycles. ———s- o_—_——_- Of the 57 miles of Paris undergrouna railroads author- ized, 32 miles are in operation and work is in progress on the remainder. At present the travel averages 350,000 passengers a day. There are two tracks parallel to the Seine and serving the traffic of the central portions of the city, a circular line surrounding the city and situated between the-central quarters and the fortifications, oc- cupying somewhat the position of the outer boulevards, and lastly, two transverse lines at right angles to the course of the river. The system has a double track tunnel throughout, except where it crosses under the Seine, through two iron lined tubes, each 16.4 ft. inside diam- eter. These subaqueous tunnels are being excavated un- der pressure by the shield method. 1442 A Bridgeford Motor Driven Geared Head Lathe. One of three lathes recently built for the new shops of the Jones & Laughlin Steel Company, at Woodlawn, Pa., by the Bridgeford Machine Tool Company, Roches- ter, N. Y., is illustrated herewith. It is a 36-in. motor driven patent geared head lathe, with a 32-ft. bed and has several special features. The design throughout is such that it will give the service that would be required of it in a modern shop where high speed steel tools are used. The drive is from a 15-hp. Westinghouse motor having a speed variation of from 300 to 900 rev. per min., con- nected to the driving shaft of the lathe through a raw- hide intermediate gear. There are 15 changes of speed ranging in geometric progressien, and obtained through a speed variator in the headstock. When the lathe is belt driven the gear on the driving shaft is replaced by a pulley running at a constant speed of 300 rev. per min., and the ratios of the gearing are such that one revolution of the face plate is obtained with from 2 to 98.1 revolu- tions of the pulley; or, in other words, the spindle speeds range from 3 to 150 rev. per min., which are sufficient for THE IRON AGE May 7, 1908 ib., but it can be built with any length of bed desired, and furnished with all regular attachments. Motors varying from 15 to 25 hp. are used, according to the requirements. A constant speed motor may be used, although a variable speed is preferable. This type of lathe is built with 26, 32, 36, 42 and 48 in.