The Iron Age 1906-12-06: Vol 78 Iss 23

THE IRON AGE A Review of the Hardware, Iron, Machinery and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co. 14-16 Park Place, New York. Vol. 78: No. 23. Reading Matter Contents...... page 1564 Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ‘‘ 274] Remington Autoloading Rifle Classified List of Advertisers - Advertising and Subscription Rates “ eS FORSTER PULLEY WORKS, Cube, a. ¥. A The American Mfg. Co. Ropes and Twines 65 Wall Street, New York Bristol’s Patent Steel Belt Lacing Time, Belts, Money. Greatest Strength with Least Metal, Send for Circue lar Q and Free OY TO ADOLY «= FYNISHED JOWT Samples. THE BRISTOL CO., Waterbury, Conn. New York: 114 Liberty St. Chicago : 753 Monadnock Bldg. SAMSON SPOT CORD Alse Linen ané icaliaa Hemp SER PAGF XS. Sash Uord. Samson Cordage Works, "sts" - SORNBUCKLES — Branch Office, 11 Broadway, New York. Cleveland City Forge.and Iron Co., - Cleveland, O. TURN BUCH UES. MERRILL BROS. QT iret 5 3 47 500 a Brooklyn. E.D.. N.V BASIC PIG. irard Building, Phila. Pilling & Crane t= 102. risaire Empire Bidg., New York. EVERY HONEST ROOFER cannot but welcome the new step we have taken—It means more and a better class of busi- ness for him—consequently greater profit. SEE AMERICAN SHEET & TIN PLATE COMPANY’S Adv. on Page 17. New York, Thursday, December 6, 1906 $5 00 a Year, including Postage Single Copies, 15 Centa Big Enough for the Biggest Game The penetration of the Remington Autoload- ing Rifle is shown by this cut, showing steel 5-16 of an inch cleanly penetrated by the .35 calibre bullet. Five smashing knock down blows at light- ning speed,—a solid breech and safe safety,—a rifle that meets the requirements of big game hunters List Price $30. For sale by all leading dealers. REMINGTON ARMS COMPANY, Ilion, N. Y. AGENCY SALES OFFICE 8318 Broadway, New York City San Francisco, Cal. WATER TUBE Stirling Consolidated BOILERS Boiler Co., "x22" WE CO-OPERATE WITH THE HARDWARE MERCHANTS Our salesmen Develop Trade Turn Business to Dealers and Assist them in holding it. ::: ‘‘Capewell’’ Horse Nails are the Best in the World Made by The Capewell Horse Nail Company Hartford, Conn. Excelsior Straightway Back-Pressure Valve has a full, unobstructed passage through it nearly in line with the pipe, and therefore offers no resistance to the free flow of steam. Thoroughly reliable when used as a back pressure valve, it is also adapted for use as a relief or free exhaust valve for condensers. By changing position of outside lever, it will work equally well ina vertical or horizontal position. JENKINS BROS., New York, Boston, Pamesstonte, Chicago, Lenten. THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING COMP A+, 8 (Water and Rail Delivery) BarperpPort, Conn. MAGNOLIA M ETAL. Best Anti-Friction Metal for all Machinery Bearings _ MAGNOLIA METAL CO., Owners and Sole Manufacturers, 113-115 Bank Street, Chicago, Fischer Bidg. NEW YORK San Francisco, Montreal and Pittsburg. We manufacture all grades of Babbitt Metals at competitive prices. OUR OPEN HEARTH STEEL WORKS, TIN PLATE AND BLACK SHEET MILLS are getting to be “one cf the show places” In this section with visitors of a Pprac- tical turn. We can under- stand the interest they | must natural- ly takein seeing the goodsthey have been turning into THEIR bread and butter, and a little more besides, we hope, produced COMPLETE from the RAW MATERIALS! FOLLANSBEE - BROTHERS - CO. PITTSBURGH. = nails BRASS PLAIN STRAIGHT FACTS lst. The best produced, A strong statement, but the goods rove it. rass cast and rolled on the premises. Care is taken in the stock, which is clean, ductile and the right temper. as 8d. Inspection rigid; pac contain perfect nails ~~ No splinters nor imperfect heads. 4th. Packed in 2 oz, and 4 oz. metal boxes. 20z., 40z., 4b. and Ib. papers. One dozen packages in a carton. All goods full weight. Get our prices. 2d. RIVER COMPANY, Pe Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal Co. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Phosphor and Deoxidized Bronze Composition, Yellow Brass and Alumie num Castings, large and <mal!’ Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., LA SALLE, ILLINOIS, SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET ZINC AND Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. SULPHURIC Rolled Battery Plates. ACID. Selected Plates for Etchers' and Lithographers’ use. Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. Stove and Washboard Blanks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. ANN ier PAE THI 105-109 So,Jefferson St... Chicago. Best Bronze, Babbitt Metals, Brass and Aluminum CAST/NGS GERMAN SILVER | The Seymour Mfg. Co., <= -« HENDRICKS NICKEL ANODES BRASS, BRONZE, aad GOPPER Seymour, Conn. BROTHERS “ROPRIETURS OF THE Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, MANUFACTURERS OF Braziers’ Bolt and Sheathing COPPER, COoOPrPvrER WiRE AND RIVBTS. Importers and Dealers in ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. 49 CLIFF ST., NEW Y_RK. ThE PLume & Atwooo Me6. Co, MANUFACTURERS OF Sheet and Rall Brass WwiR PRINTERS’ JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN SILVER AND GILDING METAL, Cop- PER RIVETS AND BURRS. Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kero- sene Burners, Lamps, Lemp Trimmings, &c. BRASS, 29 MURRAY ST., NEW YORK. 199 LAKE ST., CHICAGO, ROLLING MILL: | THOMASTON, CONN, FACTORIES : WATERBURY, CONN, SCOVILL MFG. CO. MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS, GERMAN SILVER, Sheets, Rolls, Wire Rods, Bolts and Tubes, Brase Shells, Cups, Hinges, Battons; Lamp woods. Special Brass Goods to Order. FaCPORIES: WATERBURY, CONN. Drrors NEW YORK. CHICAGO. BOSTON. Henry Souther Engineering Go, HARTFORD, GONN. Consulting Chemists, Metallurgists and Analysts. Complete Physical Testing Laboratory. Expert Testimony in Court and Patent Cases. Arthur 1. Rutter & G0. 256 Broadway NEW YORK Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire. Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tube. Copper and Brass Rod. THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO, BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Postal Telegraph Buildin Broadw and Murr St., Neo feck, - 85-87 1 St., Boston. 17 N. 7th st., Philadelphia, MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET AND TUBING Copper \ WIRE Metal Goods made to order from Sheet, Rod, Wire and Tubing. PHOSPROR-BRONZE GERIIGN SILVER THE RIVERSIDE METAL CO. RIVERSIDE. N. J. Brass THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, December 6, 1906. A Vertical Lever Punch and a Vertical Lever Shear. The accompanying illustrations, Figs. 1 and 2, show a vertical lever punch and vertical lever shear of type. English These were furnished the Creat Lakes Engineering fig. 1.—Vertical Lever Punch, English Type, Fig. 2.—Vertical Lever Shear, English Type, Works, Detroit, Mich., by the United Engineering & Foundry Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., and are about the first built in this country. They are very powerful machines and of very massive construction, as can be seen by comparison with the men standing beside them. The levers are of cast steel, as are also the gearing, brackets, &c., while the main housing is of cast iron. These machines are built in all sizes. The Built by the suilt by the puneh illustrated is capable of punching a 1%-in. hole in a 1%-in. plate, while the shear is capable of shearing a 1%-in. plate. The the shear are 24 in. The weight of each machine is 70,000 Ib. each is 16 ft. over all and the width 8 ft. have a 9-in. knives on long. The length of The main gears face. These machines are especially adapted for shipyards 2 SR te owe Me bbe Tue inow Ace United Engineering & Foundry Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. United Engineering & Foundry Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. . und structural shops, where large and cumbersome plates are handled, as there is no overhead gearing nor does any part of the machine interfere with traveling crane chains. They also permit the operator to stand close to the work and so have better control of the machine. Al: the shafting, pins, &c., are of forged steel, made of ample size, while most of the bearings are brass-bushed, as are also the sliding heads. 1506 A Census of Stove and Furnace Manufactures. The statistics of stove and furnace manufactures have, in the United States Industrial Census of 1904, been BOE ctnccetemercnninnitipll MICHIGAN _______- | RAINOW ....2<.5 PENNSYLVANIA --_ MISSOURI _.__..... NEW YORK....... ae oO m ° D2 2 oa THE IRON AGE December 6, 1906- nearly $7,500,000. Besides the figures for the value of output, the table shows also the number of establishments, capital invested in plants, the amounts of salaries, labor, cost of material and other expenses and charges, and finally the total value of the product. La eae eee aE TS NT EeateeN TTT | a lan ial Diet a eee ee Ld ca aie Re eit Be Riri et ee end ; ie AE Ee saideaaheeeaene ein... Monaiieiliaianetieh inet la I ace ec WISCONSIN ______ peninmaliamatetanatl aii ma NEW JERSEY. ____ TENNESSEE ______ KENTUCKY_______ MARYLAND. _.___- VIRGINIA .....-.-- KANSAS... el Rcicnicceneial WI cc eccccunt MINNESOTA _______ ALABAMA... CALIFORNIA _._._.. OREGON _.....-..- CONNECTICUT. ___- ALL OTHER STATES. VALUE IN DOLLARS OF STOVES AND FURNACES MANUFACTURED !N 1904. COMPARATIVE VALUES BY STATES OF PRODUCTS OF STOVE AND FURNACE MANUFACTURERS IN 1904. separated for the first time from those of manufactures formerly all grouped together under the classification, “General Foundry and Machine Shop Figures.” They show that the production of stoves and furnaces reached It is interesting to note that the value of the product for the year mentioned exceeds a little that of the capita} invested, which is unusual, perhaps, in manufacturing es- tablishments. The greatest number of establishments lo- TABULAR STATEMENT OF MANUFACTURES OF STOVES AND FURNACES, NOT INCLUDING GAS AND OIL STOVES, FOR THE YEAR 1904. Salaried officials, 7—— Wage earners.——, Number of clerks, &c. States. establishments. Capital. Number. Salaries. United States...... 415 $52,971,105 38,206 $4,031,908 Alabama ....%@...... 7 183,701 18 17,315 Califormia ..cccccvee 7 156,381 15 12,705 Connecticut ......... 3 106,332 9 9,328 DOIIE hckcke vsccas: 7 848,483 84 38,380 PD kvcansseueeed 57 6,183,531 887 471,016 BROIOME 20. ce svsccses 23 1,703,877 131 163,701 BE 0s os cb et sondaaa il 276,462 34 25,637 Ee oe 3 385,900 35 41,440 OCMC ocak ccccccs 7 726,249 44 56,620 Pi inckusstcsewen 4 882,185 24 87,844 Maryland .......00. 5 703,872 53 58,040 Massachusetts ....... 16 2,532,578 158 228,447 Michigan ......+.++. 21 5,126,019 893 513,937 Minnesota .......... 10 298,218 41 41,180 BAEMMDOUTE nck ccc nccvese 22 5,004,450 387 536,260 New Jereey......se0. 4 958,069 54 131,187 Rew Week. o2ccccnass 35 5,447,337 842 409,179 DOES. cacsentacsedns 82 7,224,592 428 486,794 DORs ov ncn s4s205 3 213,552 14 22,244 Pennsylvania ........ 53 10,130,871 379 411,503 ae 10 1,158,263 53 60,092 Virginia ....cccosees 4 474,497 82 44,106 Wisconsin .........-- 11 2,591,149 165 184,494 654,537 26 80,559 All other States*..... 10 Average Miscellaneous Cost of Value number, Wages. expenses. materials used. of products. 29,728 $17,823,484 $6,790,676 $18,483,865 $54,409,108 175 124,887 16,743 78,936 _ 283,197 167 90,190 9,089 97,535 279,450 75 45,319 15,111 23,141 121,431 279 185,281 43,694 119,015 461,868 8,562 2,150,907 1,101,122 2,314,315 6,957,542 1,070 588,547 238,633 807,363 2,029,841 134 71,625 87,118 126,120 309,960 206 111,264 55,756 132,803 871,105 540 344,611 55,229 201,918 720,250 207 117,599 41,590 71,863 804,268 349 195,561 64,764 196,792 646,451 1,372 938,604 240,589 1,560,683 3,437,554 3,980 2,283,705 960,230 2,378,198 7,112,874 109 58,768 28,653 101,549 303,856 2,147 1,462,372 716,83) 2,085,826 5,932,498 665 564,972 190,914 439,766 1,517,665 2,413 1,574,453 655,315 1,546,869 4,631,838 5.204 2,908,540 823,806 2,547,459 7,457,128 30 25,500 85,458 20,325 139,000 4,220 2,503,420 930,076 1,915,213 6,794,165 819 404,292 103,196 348,737 1,115,889 299 185,823 62,687 180,986 537,258 1,359 665,652 822,362 1,051,663 2,444,667 347 221,542 41,710 186,790 499,353 * Includes establishments distributed as follows: 5 Cotaente, 1; Mississippi, 1; New Hampshire, 2; Rhode Island, 1; South Dakota, 1; Vermont, 1; Washington, 1; West — ia, in value the total of $54,409,108 for the year, and from them have been prepared the accompanying chart and the accompanying table. The chart indicates the total values of the products by States, with Ohio in the lead with i cthaprtaia . , reste rnreieesmamtaarcammar ia laatinar ntact i S=_v_eecaoahe=—€—N€0—=0—0—OTNGaeaeaq0a—>——aNaS90“—™@“VW0R>—00O0" cated in any one State is in Ohio, where there are 82, and the value of production is, as before mentioned, the great- est of any State. Illinois ranks second with 57 establish- ments, but in the value of products Michigan stands sec- December 6, 1906 ond with $7,112,000. The center of production, also the place of greatest production, has long been considered as the Middle West, and it is interesting to note that near- ly half the production, or, to be exact, $23,557,385, is made in the four contiguous States—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. The original intention of the Census Bureau was to separate completely the value of the different classes of stoves and furnaces, such as the total produc- tion of steel stoves and ranges, cast iron stoves and ranges, oak stoves, heating stoves, tabulating in all about 80 separate schedules. The Department prepared blanks and a printed schedule, sent to stove manufacturers. The scope of the information desired aroused some objections and a detailed analysis of conditions was abandoned by the Director of the Census. The causes are explained in the following extract of a letter from the statistician of the Department of Commerce and Labor: “A supplemental schedule for the manufacture of stoves and furnaces was printed and sent to all of the stove manufacturers. However, a number of the prin- cipal manufacturers located in Quincy, Ill, joined in a protest to the Director of the Census against the use of this schedule. They contended that the information wus of no general interest to the public, and also to fill the schedule properly would inflict a hardship on stove manu- facturers generally. In reply to this protest the Director advised the manufacturers as follows: “* Referring to my previous correspondence with you in regard to the special schedule prepared by this office for the stove manufacturer, I now beg to say that I have been presented with a statement addressed to L. B. Boswell of Quincy, and signed by all the stove manufacturers of that city, requesting the abandonment of this speci! schedule in connection with the approaching census of manufactures, and after going carefully over the ground with Mr. Boswell, I have notified him that the scheduk will be withdrawn, and have requested him to so inform the Quincy stove manufacturers. This office has no desire to attempt the collection of any statistics regarding manu- factures which the manufacturers themselves agree in saying cannot be of any benefit to their industry.’ “Therefore the special schedule was abandoned and no statistics other than those covered by the general re- port on manufactures, as indicated by the inclosed table, have been compiled for the industry.” The statistics have necessarily taken into account 2 number of manufacturers of stoves or ranges whose entire equipment was not strictly devoted to the manufacture of these products, as is shown by the large number of estab- lishments—namely, 415.—The Metal Worker. ———_3-e—_—__—___— The Pressed Radiator Company.—On October 4 the Kinnear Pressed Radiator Company took action at a reg- ular meeting looking toward the change of its name to the Pressed Radiator Company. The company is now operating under the new name, and is manufacturing sheet steel radiators for house heating at West Pitts- burgh, Pa. The plant is modern in every detail. It is equipped throughout with automatic machinery operated entirely by electricity. The building is 600 ft. long and includes 54,000 ft. of floor space. It is of steel and con- crete construction, but one story in hight, and much at- tention was devoted to the securing of the best possible light and ventilation. The headquarters of the company are located in commodious offices in the Bailey-Farrell Building, Pittsburgh, and branches have been established in different cities as follows: New York, Flatiron Build- ing; Chicago, First National Bank Building; St. Louis. S. H. Brooks & Co., 312 South Eighth street; Kansas City, Heist Building; Toronto, Ont., 302 Queen street; London, England, 19-21 Tower street; Upper St. Martin’s lane; Seattle, 408 Occidental avenue; Indianapolis, State Life Building; Oakland, 922 Franklin street; Detroit, Buhl Building; San Antonio, Moore Building; Minne- apolis, 407 Boston Block; Milwaukee, 69 Second street. —_o---e—______ The third annual convention of the Northwestern Cement Production Association will be held at St. Paul, Minn., January 16. There will be on exhibit at the con- vention all cement productions, as well as operating ma- ehinery. ef jf THE IRON AGE 1507 An Important Bankruptcy Decision. WasuineTon, D. C., December 4, 1906.—The United States Supreme Court has handed down a decision under the Federal bankruptcy law, which should be examined with special care by all business men, whether of the debtor or creditor class. The decision of the Court sus- tains: the action of the Court below in permitting a bank to retain a bankrupt’s entire deposit as an offset to its claim, notwithstanding the fact that the bankrupt’s es- tate was not sufficient to pay 100 cents on the dollar. In other words, the bank is not required to turn the deposit over to the trustees and to share it with other creditors, but may keep the whole of it and present a claim for the remainder of the debt due it by the bankrupt, receiving vn that account a proportionate share of the dividends from the estate. rq The Supreme Court, however, lays down another equally important proposition in deciding this case— namely, that the so-called General Orders in Bankruptcy promulgated by the United States Supreme Court have all the force of law and make it necessary for all appeals to the Supreme Court from any court of bankruptcy to be taken within 30 days after the filing of the judgment or decree appealed from. This provision of the rules has been very generally ignored by the courts below, and as a result trustees in bankruptcy in many cases have sacri- ficed the rights of the creditors whom they represent. In deciding this case the Supreme Court says: The law provides that appeals shall be taken “ within such time as may be prescribed by the Supreme Court of the United States,” and by General Order XXXVI this court prescribed the time and limited it to 30 days, in harmony with the policy of the bankruptcy act, requiring prompt action and the avoidance of de- lay. The limitation has the same effect as if written in the statute, and the allowance of an appeal on certificate cannot operate as an adjudication that it is taken in time. The present appeal was allowed four months “ after the judgment of decree” ap- pealed from and three months after the time to appeal had expired. But it is said that the limitation should be referred to the date of the order denying the petition for rehearing, and the trustee prayed an appeal from that order as well as from the judgment. No appeal ‘ies from orders denying petitions for re- hearing, which are addressed to the discretion of the court and designed to afford it an opportunity to correct its own errors. Appellant might have made his application for rehearing and had it determined within the 30 days, and still have had time to take his appeal. But he let the 30 days expire, as it did Febru- ary 22, 1905, and did not file his petition until May 8, 1905. The right of appeal had then been lost and appellant could not reinvest himself with that right by filing a petition for rehear- ing. The cases cited for appellant, in which it was held that an application for a rehearing, made before the time for appeal had expired, suspended the running of the period for taking an ap- peal, are not applicable when that period had already expired. “When the time for taking an appeal has expired it cannot be arrested or called back by a simple order of court. If it could be, the law which limits the time within which an appeal can be taken would be a dead letter.”” Credit Company, Limited, vs. Arkansas Central Railway Company, 128 U. S., 258, 261. Counsel for the trustee in this case suggested in his argument that as there is but one term of the Circuit Court of Appeals, and as the rules of practice of that court permit petitions for rehearing to be presented at any time during the term, therefore this rule of practice operated to enlarge the limitation of the Bankruptcy act, but the Supreme Court dismissed this contention with the terse declaration that it was “ without merit.” W. L. C. + ~-—_—___—_. At the shipyard of the Delaware River Iron Ship- building & Engine Works, Chester, Pa., December 1. the turbine passenger steamship Yale of the Metropolitan Steamship Line was successfully launched. The hull will be towed to the works of the W. & A. Fletcher Com- pany, Hoboken, N. J., where triple turbine engines of 10,000 hp. will be installed and the steamship completed. It is intended for the outside line between New York and Boston. The Harvard, a sister steamship, will shortly be launched at the same shipyard. These steamships are designed to be the fastest in the coastwise service of the United States, the expectation being that they will make 23 knots. The dimensions of these boats are 407 ft. over all, 63 ft, in breadth over guards and draft 16 ft. ‘ THE IRON AGE December 6, 1906 THE ART OF CUTTING METALS". BY FRED W. TAYLOR, PHILADELPHIA, PRESIDENT AMERICAN The experiments described in this paper were under- taken to obtain a part of the information necessary to establish in a machine shop our system of management, the central idea of which is: (A) To give each workman each day in advance a definite task, with detailed written instructions, and an exact time allowance for each ele- ment of the work. (B) To pay extraordinarily high wages to those who perform their tasks in the allotted time, and ordinary wages to those who take more than their time allowance. There are three questions which must be answered each day in every machine shop by every machinist who is running a metal cutting machine, such as a lathe, planer, drill press, milling machine, &c., namely : a. What tool shall I use? b. What cutting speed shall I use? c. What feed shall I use? Our investigations, which were started 26 years ago with the definite purpose of finding the true answers to these questions under all the varying conditions of ma- chine shop practice, have been carried on up to the present time with this as the main object still in view. Roughing Work Exclusively Considered. The writer will confine himself almost exclusively to an attempted solution of this problem as it affects “ rough- ing work;” i. e., the preparation of the forgings or cast- ing for the final finishing cut, which is taken only in those eases where great accuracy or high finish is called for. Fine finishing cuts will not be dealt with. Our principal object will be to describe the fundamental laws and prin- ciples which will enable us to do “roughing work” in the shortest time, whether the cuts are light or heavy, whether the work is rigid or elastic and whether the ma- chine tools are light and of small driving power, or heavy and rigid with ample driving power. In other words, our problem is to take the work and machines as we find them in a machine shop and by properly changing the countershaft speeds, equipping the shop with tools of the best quality and shapes and then making a slide rule for each machine to enable an intelligent mechanic with the aid of these slide rules to tell each workman how to do each piece of work in the quickest time. It may seem strange to say that a slide ruie enables a good mechanic to double the output of a machine which has been run, for example, for 10 years by a first-class machinist having exceptional knowledge of and experi- ence with his machine and who has been using his best judgment. Yet our observation shows that, on the aver- age, this understates the fact. To make the reason for this more clear it should be understood that the man with the aid of his slide rule is called upon to determine the effect which each of the 12 elements or variables given below has upon the choice of cutting speed and feed; and it will be evident that the mechanic, expert or mathema- tician does not live who, without the aid of a slide rule or its equivalent, can hold in his head these 12 variables and measure their joint effect upon the problem. These 12 elements or variables are as follows: a. The quality of the metal which is to be cut. b. The diameter of the work c. The depth of the cut. d. The thickness of the shaving. e. The ¢lasticity of the work and of the tool. f. The shape or contour of the cutting edge of the tool, to- gether with its clearance and lip angles. g. The chemical composition of the steel from which the tool is made, and the heat treatment of the tool. h. Whether a copious stream of water, or other cooling medium, is used on the tool. j. The duration of the cut—é. e., the time which a tool must last under pressure of the shaving without being reground. k. The pressure of the chip or shaving upon the tool. l. The changes of speed and feed possible in the lathe. m. The pulling and feeding power of the lathe, Broadly speaking, the problem of studying the effect * Extracts from Part I of the president’s annual address at the New York meeting (December, 1906) of the American So- ciety of Mechanical Engineers. ‘ SOCIETY MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. of each of the above yariables upon the cutting speed and of making this study practically useful may be divided into four sections, as follows: (A) The determination by a series of experiments of the important facts or laws connected with the art of cut- ting metals. (B) The finding of mathematical expressions for these laws which are so simple as to be suited to daily use. (C) The investigation of the limitations and possi- bilities of metal cutting machines. (D) The development of an instrument (a slide rule) which embodies, on the one hand, the laws of cutting metals, and on the other the possibilities and limitations of the particular lathe or planer, &c., to which it applies, and which can be used by a machinist without mathe- matical training to quickly indicate in each case the speed and feed which will do the work quickest and best. The Experiments Begun in 1880. In the fall of 1880 the machinists in the small ma- chine shop of the Midvale Steel Company, Philadelphia, most of whom were working on piecework in machining locomotive tires, car axles, and miscellaneous forgings, had combined to do only a certain number of pieces per day on each type of work. The writer, who was the new- ly appointed foreman of the shop, realized that it was possible for the men to do in all cases much more work per day than they were accomplishing. He found, how- ever, that his efforts to get the men to increase the output were blocked by the fact that his knowledge of just what combination of depth of cut, feed and cutting speed would in each case do the work in the shortest time was much less accurate than that of the machinists who were com- bined against him. His conviction that the men were not doing half as much as they should do, however, was so strong that he obtained the permission of the manage- ment to make a series of experiments to investigate the laws of cutting metals, with a view to obtaining a knowl- edge at least equal to that of the combined machinists who were under him. He expected that these experi- ments would last not longer than six months. With the exception of a few comparatively short periods, however, these experiments have continued until the present time, through a term of about 26 years. The writer wishes to call attention to the fact that in these first experiments he was far more fortunate than almost all of the experimenters who have investigated the subject since then, in having at his disposal a com- paratively large mass of uniform metal to work upon, and a comparatively large and powerful machine to work with, a 66-in. diameter boring mill and large locomotive tires made of hard tire steel of uniform quality having been used. He was also especially fortunate in having over him as president of the company William Sellers, who, as is well known, was one of the most patient and broad minded experimenters of his day. Mr. Sellers, in spite of the protests which were made against the contin- uation of this work, allowed the experiments to proceed, even, at first, at a very considerable inconvenience and loss to the shop. The extent of this inconvenience will be appreciated when it is understood that we were using a 66-in. diam- eter vertical boring mill, belt driven by the usual cone pulleys, and that in order to regulate the exact cutting speed of the too] it was necessary to slow down the speed of the engine that drove all of the shafting in the shop, a special adjustable engine governor having been bought for this purpose. For over two years the whole shop was inconvenienced in this way, by having the speed of its main line of shafting greatly varied, not only from day to day but from hour to hour. Before the two years had elapsed, however, the writer had obtained such valuable and unexpected results from the experiments as to much more than justify all of the annoyance and expenditure, and soon after that he readily obtained permission to em- December 6, 1906 THE ploy a young technical graduate to devote his whole time to the continuation of this work. Acknowledgments to Those Who Assisted in the Work. G. M. Sinclair, a graduate of Stevens Institute of Technology, devoted his entire time to this work from 1884 to 1887, when he left the employ of the company. H. L. Gantt, also a graduate of Stevens Institute, suc- ceeded Mr. Sinclair in July, 1887, and has been interested with us in carrying on these experiments throughout their whole period. In 1898 Maunsel White of Bethlehem, another graduate of Stevens Institute, joined us and has been actively interested in our work up to this time. Carl G. Barth, a graduate of the Technical School of Horten, Norway, joined us in 1899, and is still actively working on our investigations. During these years we have consulted so freely to- gether in all matters relating to these experiments that with few exceptions hardly a step has been taken which can be said to have originated with any one man. There- fore, whatever credit or blame may come to this work should be impartially divided among us. In writing this paper, then, no effort will be made to discriminate, as to the results which have been obtained in our investiga- tions, between the work of one man and another. In addition to the five men who have mainly directed and carried on this work the writer wishes to acknowl- edge the most loyal and efficient aid and co-operation of many others who have assisted in the actual running of the machines and in recording or tabulating the data. Among these he would particularly mention Dwight V. Merrick, D. C. Fenner, James Kellogg, Sidney Newbold, Joseph Welden, N. W. Wickersham, Edward Kneisley, and Leonard G. Backstrom. Our experiments were continued in the works of the Midvale Steel Company until 1889, when the writer left its employ. Since then these investigations have been earried on in various shops and at the expense of different companies. Among these we would especially acknowl- edge our indebtedness to the Cramp’s Shipbuilding Com- pany, Wm. Sellers & Co., the Link-Belt Engineering Com- pany, Dodge & Day, and, more than all, to the Bethlehem Steel Company. In carrying on this work more than 10 machines have been fitted up at various times with special driving ap- paratus and the other needed appliances, all machines used since 1894 having been equipped with electric drives, so as to obtain any desired cutting speed. The thorough- ness with which the work has been done may perhaps be better appreciated when it is understood that we have made between 30,000 and 50,000 recorded experiments, and many others of which no record was kept. In study- ing these laws we have cut up into chips with our ex- perimental tools more than 800,000 Ib. of steel and iron. More than 16,000 experiments were recorded in the Beth- lehem Steel Company. We estimate that up to date be- tween $150,000 and $200,000 have been spent upon this work, and it is a very great satisfaction to feel that those whose generosity has enabled us to carry on the experi- ments have received ample return for their money through the increased output and the economy in running their shops which have resulted from our experiments. Secrets Guarded 26 Years Now Revealed. Throughout the whole 26 years we have succeeded in keeping almost all of these laws secret, and in fact since 1889 this has been our means of obtaining the money needed to carry on the work. We have never sold any information connected with this art for cash, but we have given to one company after another all of the data and conclusions arrived at through our experiments in con- sideration for the opportunity of still further continuing our work. In one shop after another machines have been fitted up for our use, workmen furnished us to run them, and especially prepared tools, forgings and castings sup- plied in exchange for the data which we had obtained to date; and. we have the best indication that they received full value for the money spent from the fact that the same company fitted up for us at intervals of several years three sets of apparatus, the additional knowledge obtained IRON AGE 1509 each time evidently warranting them in making the added outlay. During this period all of the companies who were given this information, and all of the man who worked upon the experiments, were bound by promises to the writer not to give any of this information away nor to allow it to be published. Most of these promises were verbal; and in this day, when there is so much talk about dishonesty and graft in connection with some of our cor- porations and prominent business men, it is a notable fact that through a period of 26 years it has not come to our knowledge that any one of the many men or companies connected with this work has broken a promise. The writer has his doubts whether any other country can pro- duce a parallel record of such widespread good faith among its engineers and mechanics. It seems to us that the time has now come for the en- gineering fraternity to have the results of our work, in spite of the fact that this will cut off our former means of financing the experiments. However, we are in hopes that the money required to complete this work may be obtained from some other source. The writer has no doubt that many of the discoveries and conclusions which mark the progress of this work have been and are well known to other engineers, and we do not record them with any certainty that we were the first to discover or formulate them, but merely to in- dicate some of the landmarks in the development of our own experiments, which to us were new and of value. The following is a record of some of our more important steps: Chronology of Discoveries. A. In 1881, the discovery that a round nosed tool could be run under given conditions at a much higher cutting speed and therefore turn out much more work than the old-fashioned dia- mond pointed tool. B. In 1881, the demonstration that, broadly speaking, the use of coarse feeds accompanied by their necessarily slow cut- ting speeds would do more work than fine feeds with their ac- companying high speeds. C. In 1883, the discovery that a heavy stream of water poured directly upon the chip at the point where it is being removed from the steel forging by the tool, would permit an increase in cutting speed, and, therefore, in the amount of work done of from 30 to 40 per cent. In 1884 a new machine shop was built for the Midvale Steel Works, in the construction of which this discovery played a most important part; each machine being set in a wrought iron pan in which was col- lected the water (supersaturated with carbonate of soda to prevent rusting), which was thrown in a heavy stream upon the tool for the purpose of cooling it. The water from each of these pans was carried through suitable drain pipes beneath the floor to a central well from which it was pumped to an overhead tank from which a system of supply pipes led to each machine. Up to that time the use of water for cooling tools wags con- fined to small cans or tanks from which only a minute stream was allowed to trickle upon the tool and the work, more for the purpose of obtaining a water finish on the work than with the object of cooling the tool; and, in fact, these small streams of water are utterly inadequate for the latter purpose. So far as the writer knows, in spite of the fact that the shops of the Midvale Steel Works until recently have been open to the public since 1884, no other shop in this country was similarly fitted up until that of the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1899, with the one exception of a small steel works which was an offshoot in personnel from the Midvale Steel Company. D. In 1883, the completion of a set of experiments with round nosed tools; first, with varying thicknesses of feed when the depth of the cut was maintained constant; and, second, with varying depths of cut while the feed remained constant, to determine the effect of these two elements on the cutting speed. E. In 1883, the demonstration of the fact that the longer a tool is called upon to work continuously under pressure of a shaving, the slower must be the cutting speed, and the exact determination of the effect of the duration of the cut upon the cutting speed. F. In 1883, the development of formule which gave mathe- matical expression to the two broad laws above referred to. Fortunately these formule were of the type capable of logarith- mic expression and therefore suited to the gradual mathematical development extending through a long period of years, which resulted in making our slide rules and solved the whole prob- lem in 1901, G. In 1883, the experimental determination of the pressure upon the tool required on steel tires to remove cuts of varying depths and thickness of shaving. H. In 1883, the starting of a set of experiments on belting described in a paper published in Transactions, Vol. 15 (1894). J. In 1883, the measurement of the power required to feed a round nosed tool with varying depths of cut and thickness of shaving when cutting a steel tire. This experiment showed 1510 that a very dull tool required as much pressure to feed it as to drive the cut. This was one of the most important discov- eries made by us, and as a result all steel cutting mach‘nes purchased since that time by the Midvale Steel Company have been supplied with feeding power equal to their driving power and very greatly in excess of that used on standard machine tools. K. In 1884, the design of an automatic grinder for grinding tools In lots and the construction of a toolroom for storing and issuing tools ready ground to the men. L. From 1885 to 1889, the making of a series of practical tables for a number of machines in the shops of the Midvale Steel Company, by the aid of which It was possible to give definite tasks each day to the machinists who were running machines, and which resulted in a great increase in their output. M. In 1886, the demonstration that the thickness of the chip or layer of metal removed by the tool has a much greater effect upon the cutting speed than any other element, and the practical use of this knowledge in making and putting into everyday use in our shops a series of broad nosed cutting tools which enabled us to run with a coarse feed at as high a speed as has been before attained with round nosed tools when using a fine feed, thus substituting, for a considerable portion of the work, coarse feeds and high speeds for our old maxim of coarse feeds and slow speeds. N. In 1894 and 1895, the discovery that a greater pro- portional gain could be made in cutting soft metals through the use of tools made from self-hardening steels than in cutting hard metals, the gain made by the use of self-hardening tools over tempered tools in cutting soft cast iron being almost 90 per cent., whereas the gain in cutting hard steels or hard cast iron was only about 45 per cent. Up to this time the use of Mushet and other self-hardening tools had been almost ex- clusively confined to cutting hard metals, a few tools made of Mushet steel being kept on hand in every shop for special use on hard castings or forgings which could not be cut by the tempered tools. This experiment resulted in substituting self- hardening tools for tempered tools for all “ roughing work” throughout the machine shop. P. In 1894 and 1895, the discovery that in cutting wrought iron or steel a heavy stream of water thrown upon the shaving at the nose of the tool produced a gain in cutting speed of self-hardening tools of about 33 per cent. Up to this time the makers of self-hardening steel had warned users never to use water on the tools, Q. From 1898 to 1900, the discovery and development of the Taylor-White process of treating tools: namely, the dis- covery that tools made from chromium-tungsten steels when heated to the melting point would do from two to four times as much work as other tools. R. In 1899-1902, the development of our slide rules, which are so simple that they enable an ordinary workman to make practical and rapid everyday use in the shop of all the laws and formule deduced from our experiments. S. In 1906, the discovery that a heavy stream of water poured directly upon the chip at the point where it is being re- moved from cast iron by the tool would permit an increase in cutting speed, and therefore in the amount of work done, of 16 per cent. T. In 1906, the discovery that by adding a small quantity of vanadium to tool steel to be used for making modern high speed chromium-tungsten tools heated to near the melting point, the hardness and endurance of tools, as well as their cutting speeds, are materially improved. The Gain from the Slide Rule Greatest of All, While many of the results of these experiments are both interesting and valuable, we regard as of by far the greatest value that portion of our experiments and of our mathematical work which has resulted in the de- velopment of the slide rules—i. e., the patient investiga- tion and mathematical expression of the exact effect upon the cutting speed of such elements, as the shape of the cutting edge of the tool, the thickness of the shaving, the depth of the cut, the quality of the metal being cut and the duration of the cut, &c. This work enables us to fix a daily task with a definite time allowance for each workman who is running a machine tool, and to pay the men a bonus for rapid work. The gain from these slide rules is far greater than that of all the other improvements combined, because it accomplishes the original object for which in 1880 the experiments were started—i. e., that of taking the contro! of the machine shop out of the hands of the many work- men and placing it completely in the hands of the man- agement, thus superseding “rule of thumb” by scientific control. By far the most difficult and illusive portion of this work has been the mathematical side: First, finding sim- ple formule which expressed with approximate accu- racy the effect of each of the numerous variables upon the cutting speed, and, second, finding a rapid method of using these formule in the solution of the daily machine shop problems. Several times during the progress of this THE IRON AGE December 6, 1906 mathematical work the writer, feeling himself completely baffled, has asked the expert assistance of some of the best mathematicians in the country. They all smiled when told that we expected to solve mathematically a problem containing 12 variables, and in each case, after keeping the formule before them for a longer or shorter time, returned the problem to the writer with the state- ment that it belonged distinctly in the realm of “rule of thumb” or empiricism, and could be solved only by the slow method of trial and error. Two Types of Experiments, In the investigation of an art such as that of cutting metals, and about which at the time our work was started there was so little scientific knowledge, two types of experiments are possible: First, the thoroughly scientific type, in which, after an analysis of all the variable elements which affect the final result, an attempt is made to hold all of the elements constant and uniform except the one variable which is under investigation, and this one is systematically. changed and its effect upon the problem carefully noted. It is to this type that our experiments belong, thanks mainly to the fact that William Sellers (one of the most scientific experimenters of his day) was president of the Midvale Steel Company when the writer started his work. Second, the type of experiments in which the effect of two or more variables upon the problem is investigated at the same time and in the same experiment. This method is of course much quicker than the thoroughly scientific type, and it is largely for this reason, in the opinion of the writer, that almost all of the other ex- perimenters in this field have chosen it. Several of the experiments of this type have proved most valuable and developed much useful information, and it is with hesi- tancy that the writer criticises the work of any of these experimenters, since he appreciates most keenly the diffi- culties under which they worked, and is grateful for the information contributed by them to the art. Almost the whole course of our experiments is marked by imperfections in our methods, which, as we have real- ized them, have led us to go again more carefully over the ground previously traveled. These errors may be divided into three principal classes: (A) The adoption of wrong or inadequate standards for measuring the effect of each of the variables upon the cutting speed. (B) Failure on our part from various causes to hold all of the variables constant except the one which was being systematically changed in order to study the effect of these changes upon the cutting speed. (C) The omission either through oversight or carelessness on our part of some one of the precautions which should be taken to insure accuracy, or failure to record some of the phenom- ena considered unimportant at the time, but which after- ward proved to be essential to a complete understanding of the facts. Effect of Each Variable on Cutting Speed, The effect of each variable upon the problem is best determined by finding the exact rate of cutting speed (say, in feet per minute) which shall cause the tool to be completely ruined after having been run for 20 min. under uniform conditions. For example, if we wish to investigate the effect which a change in the thickness of the feed has upon the cut- ting speed it is necessary to make a number of tools which are in all respects uniform as to the exact shape of their cutting edge, their clearance and lip angles, their chemical composition and their heat treatment. These tools must then be run one after another, each for a period of 20 min., throughout which time the cutting speed is maintained exactly uniform. Each tool should be run at a little faster cutting speed than its predecessor, until that cutting speed has been found which will cause the tool to be completely ruined at the end of 20 min. (with an allowance of a minute or two each side of the 20-min. mark). In this way that cutting speed is found which corresponds to the particular thickness of shaving which is under investigation. A change is then made in the thickness of the shaving December 6, 1906 -and another set of 20-min. runs is made, with a series of similar uniform tools, until the cutting speed correspond- ing to the new thickness of feed has been determined ; and by continuing in this way all of the cutting speeds are found which correspond to the various changes of feed. In the meantime every precaution must be taken to maintain uniform all the other elements or variables which affect the cutting speed, such as the depth of the cut and the quality of the metal being cut; and the rate of the cutting speed must be frequently tested during each 20-min. run to be sure that it is uniform. The cutting speeds corresponding to varying feeds are then plotted as points upon a curve, and a mathemat- ical expression is found which represents the law of the effect of feed upon cutting speed. We believe that this standard or method of procedure constitutes the very foundation of successful investigation in this art, and it is from this standpoint that we propose to criticise both our own experiments and those made by other inves- tigators. It was only after about 14 years’ work that we found that the best measure for the value of a tool lay in the -exact cutting speed at which it was completely ruined at the end of 20 min. In the meantime we had made one set-of experiments after another as we successively found the errors due to our earlier standards, and realized and remedied the defects in our apparatus and methods; and we have now arrived at the interesting though rather humiliating conclusion that, with our present knowledge of methods and apparatus, it would be entirely prac- ticable to obtain through four or five years of experi- menting all of the information which we have spent 26 years in getting. The following are some of the more important e