The Iron Age 1906-09-06: Vol 78 Iss 10

THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, September 6, 1906. The Steel Foundry at Cincinnati. An announcement was made in the columns of The Iron Age several months ago that the Steel Foundry Company, the only concern of its kind in the vicinity of Cincinnati, had made its initial run of metal, and that all of the indications were for a very successful year. Cincinnati has a number of foundries where gray iron castings are made, which are noted for the excellent quality of the work turned out, but local manufacturers have always had to depend on outside towns for any steel castings required. Owing to the difficulty experienced by local builders of tools in receiving supplies of this na- ture, it was deemed advisable to relieve the situation, and consultations held for that purpose resulted im the form- “"@ &* Fig. 1.—View in the Centra) Bay of the Steel Foundry, Cincinnati, Ohio. ing of the Steel Foundry Company. All of the stock was taken by Cincinnati manufacturers, among whom were several machine tool builders, who not only placed the plant on a sound financial basis, but are now devoting a portion of their time to looking after its interests in many directions. The site selected at Winton place, Cincinnati, has ex- ceptionally good railroad facilities, and the product of the plant can be shipped and raw material received di- rectly into the plant by track connections with the Balti- more & Ohio and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroads. The construction of the plant, a plan of which is given in Fig. 2, began early in the spring of this year. It includes a two-story brick office building, 30 x 90 ft., containing on the first floor the office, chemical labora- tory, storeroom and power plant, and on the second floor the drafting room, testing laboratory and pattern shop. The power plant comprises two Geary water tube boil- ers and a 200-hp. engine direct connected to a 125-kw. generator furnishing current at 220 volts. The laboratory where tests are made of both the materials used and the finished product is complete in all its details and is in charge of an expert chemist. The foundry building proper is 135 x 260 ft., and was built by the Pittsburgh Bridge & Iron Works Company. This building consists of a main bay 66 ft. 6 in. wide and 35 ft. high to the bottom of the roof trusses, and a bay on each side of the main bay 34 ft. wide and 16 ft. high. The crane runway in the central bay is designed for a 15-ton crane, shown in Fig. 1. which runs the length of the building. One of the side bays is reserved for bench molding and the other for furnaces, &c. The bench molding side is also provided with crane service by a 5-ton crane running its length. Two sliding doors at each end of the building permit the entrance of a locomotive and box cars. The main bay is lighted by two rows of windows in the Et ee monitor and two additional rows under the eaves. The bays are lighted by a continuous row of windows about 4 ft. from the ground. The roof and sides of the building are covered with corrugated steel sheeting, and the gen- eral design of the building follows the usual practice with respect to trusses, columns, girders, purlines, girts, &c. The main trusses are of the Fink type, and the gird- ers are built of plates and four angles. The west bay contains the furnaces, sand bins, core department and flask shop, and the east bay has the an- nealing oven, cleaning department, machine shop and mold drying oven. An industrial railway operates throughout the plant, facilitating the handling of heavy castings. At the north end of the building there is a yard for the storing of pig iron and scrap, which is connected with the works by an incline railway electrically oper- ated. The furnace equipment consists of one 15-ton acid open hearth and one 20-ton basic open hearth furnace. Both are of the stationary hearth type, and the checker work is situated beneath the furnace. Crude oil is used TRAC OO ae ES 594 for fuel, the air passing through the checker work only. The furnaces are charged by hand, and the metal tapped into ladles in the main bay, as shown in Fig. 3. The core department adjoining the sand bins contains two large brick ovens 8 x 8 x 16 ft., at the back of which are two Hill & Griffith ovens with swinging shelves. For finishing and cleaning the castings pneumatic chipping hammers are used almost exclusively. For the anneal- THE IRON AGE September 6, 1906 counted for upon the trains. At that time the average daily pay of the general officers was $11.61; other officers, $6.07; general office clerks, $2.22; station agents, if $1.93; enginemen, $4.10; conductors, $3.50; train dis patchers, $2.15. Injecting liquid cement by air pressure through a series of holes drilled through cellar and basement and ing of truck frames and other special castings there is all other underground walls has been recommended by a ; 2 VATE fwiTen % so1LeR ARCOM SIS FOR og teeing : INCLINED RY. TO FUPKECE ATECRM 54 ‘ SAND & T\ PLATFORM | \ Rcsliosteadl t a f 5 rv . Cc FIRE CcaYl [a - sraieieateeh T load) | SCAces = x >| | J | 90 TON BASIC [he TON actu etn] 2IN] CIN YARD FOR STOCK STORAGE o*, . L ¢ |] cane ss Sl m,- D Enaine G OH On 7 T PRIVATE SWITCH cr“ 3 ~ ROOM. WILLS 2 y °o ri i oa 2 ; = = iB aif ' -+———_——_ ny cS (ome MAIN BUILIDING 260°X 134 . eS COORG THACK — Sa) i CLEANING & CHIPPING ROOM x 2 s) 236 C - c RACK — a | ols Be MOLDING FLOCR SHAKING OUT COOLING T ee A <. 3©¢ a z s S © POURING a 3 | LOADING CRANE } — 3 fi] 2 = : eo fi) it we ae 6 os FS < *#°e « 5 « ill &€ Sus 2 my - “$ + 7 vr? 7 r | | | & ge S $ a é = iS in S os | e| ww Po * ake athe oats edhe ott = | | || oe ce coco [1b Taweaune = <2 | 2 MOLDING MACHINES Js Ty | oe = | | FURNACES ores: * 7 - i z il eye] crincers gL) j |: J MACHINE | —— - a ina a \>|) B RB 6 | L = CORES |} BENCH - F LARGE eo |} pLawer - OLACKSMITH He '§2' x 20 NU. sHOP by | a e | warm perch swe ‘ af | THE IRON AGE a | 1] S ‘. YARD FOR FLASK STORAGE Fig. 2.—Plan of the Steel Foundry Company's Plant, Cincinnati. Ohio. , 7 Ee rig. 3 View of One of the Open H provided an oven of the same size, heated with crude oil. Compressed air is supplied by a Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon duplex two-stage air compressor, having a capacity of 1000 cu. ft. of free air per minute at 100 Ib. pressure. - +e Of the employees of the railroad systems of the United States, a fact not generally recognized is that only one-fifth are employed upon the trains. Such, how- ever, is the case, for of the 1,296,121 persons in the service in 1904 only 254,000 were so employed. Count- ing 212,248 miles of main line track, this gives a total of 611 employees per 100 miles, of whom 120 were ac- Bie) altel Btls earth Furnaces in the Steel Foundry German engineer as a good way of making them water tight. An ordinary hand force pump, connected by hose with the vessel containing the cement and a _ suitable delivery pipe and jet are all that is necessary. Strictly speaking, this is simply one form of grouting, but for ordinarily inaccessible places it would seem to serve well. It is said to have been applied with excellent results in a damp tunnel, where numerous holes were drilled in the crown and cement forced in. Where there is a con siderable flow of water to contend with the cement may be made quick-setting by adding a solution of soda. when the setting takes place within a few minutes. =a) “ 2 S$ iy bg é September 6, 1yo6 THE IRON AGE 595 The Garvin Two-Spindle Profiler. of work that fall within the province of this machine. <eninedaeineliaae The work might be done by milling one side at a time, but The type of profiling machine shown in Fig. 1 and it would require two settings of the work or tool, and, it built by the Garvin Machine Company, New York, is is claimed, involve a loss of 50 per cent. in producing capacity, as compared with milling both sides at once. A single cutter would not be practicable, because when sround its absolute size is lost, and it cannot be used at ull when the two cuts differ in section. When the ways ure milled the next task is to mill the slide to fit it. and this involves the same problem. To fulfill the special requirements of such cases, this machine has two spindles, which are adjustable to and from each other, and staggered one in front of the other to give room for substantial spindles and bearings and permit the center distance sideways to be brought down to % in. The spindle slides have independent micrometer vertical adjustment and are fitted with binder handles for both adjustments. The spindles have taper top and bottom bearings and are driven on the W-sson system by universal joints and rods from a special countershaft on the ceiling, which can be run at high speed and requires no room for belt pulleys on the spindle. A large table, 16 x 24 in. is provided for the work and fixtures, and any special requirements in hight and width of uprights can be arranged for. Power feed with re- verse and automatic trip are provided, which conduces to more uniform work than hand feed alone. The ma- chine weighs 2460 Ib., and has three changes of speed and twelve changes of feed. —_———_ <-e—__- ——- The German Cast Iron Pipe} Syndicate. Some facts are given by the London Jron and Coal Trade Review concerning the German Cast Iron Pipe Syndicate, which was renewed early this year until March 31, 1908. The governing body is a council, and each works having a 10 per cent. additional allotment or more names a2 member. The council appoints the managing «ommittee. The members agree to sell to the syndicate all their output except certain unusual sizes of socket pipe. Small orders of not more than 10 tons may be for- warded directly from works to buyers, but otherwise all! Tre IRON AGE seek to increase their production by extending their plant or by new works, except with the consent of the manag- ing committee. When sales are not in accordance with Fig. 1—A Two-Spindlie Profiling Machine Built by the Garvim Machine Company, New York. adapted for that wide class of work wherein it is neces allotments, works which are in excess pay the syndicate « < « aioe sary to mill two surfaces, channel grooves, or ways, and = *' fine, while those in arrears receive an indemnity from the syndicate for the less quantity sold on their behalf, se iy ~ on condition that it is proved that they were in a posi- ? tion to make delivery. In placing orders the syndicate takes into account location and the previous relations of «ustomer and seller. Exports do not figure in the allot- ments for inland trade, but so far as possible such business is to pass through the syndicate’s hands. The inanaging committee controls expenses and has the right to examine books and .documents of makers. Fines are deducted from the members’ deposits, these latter amounting to not over $1250 for any works. ——_o- eo" The Russian Machinery Trade.—The London Engi- veer, referring to the machinery trade with Russia, says that British manufacturing engineers are fortunate in having few commitments in that country at present. While Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, and to some extent France, have looked upon Russia as a good = field for financial speculation, which has been the power- ful lever in favor of their manufacturers seeking trade | there, Great Britain has had few financial connections with Russian enterprises. For that reason she does not now find herself so heavy a loser by the Russian dis- asters as her neighbors. It is stated that while the destruction of machinery in Russia has been consider- able in the recent disturbances, it forms a very small percentage of the whole. <A few orders have been re- Fig. 2.--Examples of Work That Can Be Done on the Garvyia ceived in Great Britain for the replacement of destroyed Profiler. plants. The Engineer says that while many British man- ufacturers would not at present undertake any sort of to maintain these milled surfaces up to gauge distance business risk in dealing with Russia, some of them do apart. The sketches given in Fig. 2 show different kinds not share this view. sales are made by the syndicate. The makers are not to ete ergata CT COLL LLL - EC OT TT A CL. ee - eT ay b; POAPFLE OF RE 4 LEST RRS NIE ae 596 THE IRON AGE A Labor Law Declared Invalid. For many years the Williams Printing Company, a concern affiliated with but entirely separate from the David Williams Company, publisher of The Iron Age, has em- ployed in its bindery, in the production of a number of journals, a considerable force of women. The exigencies of promptly mailing the publications have demanded that the bindery be operated several nights in the week. The relations between the female employees and the company have been entirely satisfactory during that prolonged period, until the company was advised by the Labor Com- missioner of the State of New York that it was violating that part of the general laws relating to labor which provides that no female shall be employed or permitted to work in any factory before 6 o’clock in the morning or after 9 o’clock in the evening of any day, &c. Convinced that the act so far as it relates to the employment of females at night was an unwarranted invasion of consti- tutional rights of individual liberty and property the management of the Williams Printing Company decided to test the law, and after some conference with printing concerns similarly situated undertook the contest single handed and at its own expense. The case was brought to an issue before the Court of Special Sessions of the First Division of the City of New York, Julius M. Mayer, Attorney-General, being for the people, and Henry B. Corey of Douglass & Minton, with whom was associated Frederick B. House of House, Gross- man & Vorhaus, for the defendant, David L. Williams, an officer of the Williams Printing Company. The decision, which was written by Judge Willard H. Olmsted, contains the following: At twenty minutes after 10 o’clock on the night of January 31, 1906, a deputy factory inspector visited the bookbinding establishment of the defendant, No. 437 Eleventh avenue, in the County of New York, and there found one Katie Mead, a female, more than 21 years of age, and a citizen, employed in “ gathering,” to wit, as- sembling printed papers in the form of a book or pam- phlet for binding purposes. The defendant, one of the proprietors of the establishment, was present and in charge of the work and the employees, and among them were several other women, There is no pretext that the building was insecure, the light bad, ventilation defective, or the general sanitary condition deficient. In these re- spects the deputy testified, “It is the best factory of the kind in New York City.” The information upon which the defendant was tried and convicted charges a misdemeanor under Section 77, Article 6, entitled “ Factories” of the General Laws re- lating to labor, in that he employed, permitted and suf- fered the said Katie Mead to work in that factory after 9 e’clock at night on the date specified. So much of the section as is pertinent to the present inquiry is as follows: No mincr under the age of 18 years and no female shail be employed, permitted or suffered to work in any factory in this State before 6 o’clock in the morning or after 9 o'clock in the evening of any: day, or for more than 10 hours in any one day, except to make a shorter workday of the last day of the week; or for more than 60 hours in any one week or more hours in ove week than will make an average of 10 hours per day for the whole number of days so worked. The remainder of the paragraph makes provision for a schedule of the hours per day during which each person shall be employed, and grants permission for them to begin work after 6 o’clock and to quit before 9 o’clock, “but they shall not otherwise be employed, permitted or suffered to work in such factory, except as stated therein.” Section 384-L of the Penal Code provides that: Any person who violates or does not comply with (1) the provisions of article 6 of the Labor Law relating to factories ; is guilty of a misdemeanor. The establishment of the defendant, where Katie Mead was working, was a factory within the statutory defini- tion, yiz.: “The term factory when used in this chapter shall be construed to include also any mill, workshop or other manufacturing or business establishment where one or more persons are employed at labor.” (Art. 1, See. 2.) No issue of fact was raised-on the trial. The people September 6, 1906 called the deputy inspector to prove the bare facts of employment after prohibited hours in a factory and de- fendant’s connection therewith and rested. The defend- ant offered no evidence and was thereupon found guilty. Upon a motion in arrest of judgment defendant’s counsel contends, first, that Section 77 of the Labor Law, under which the conviction was had, is in contravention to the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, in that it is an infringement of the privileges and immunities of the citizen of the United States and denies to women the equal protection of the laws; second, that it contravenes Article 1, Section 6 of the State constitu- tion, in that it deprives a citizen'of her liberty and prop- erty without due process of law. The question of the constitutionality of the statute having arisen in a way permitting an appeal by either side, it is as much a duty of this court to pass thereon as it is, upon evidence, to pronounce judgment of acquit- tal or conviction. To labor and employ labor are inherent and inalien- able rights of our citizens, and cannot be taken away in whole or in part unless upon the broad ground of public good, which must be apparent and cannot be predicated on legislative dictum. It may be stated as a well settled legal proposition that the right to labor and to contract for that labor is both a liberty and a property right; when, therefore, the Legislature enacts a statute such as that under considera- tion it must be admitted that it has infringed in the enactment the rights which are very clearly accorded by the Constitution to the individual citizen. The people, therefore, are called upon to justify this invasion, and there is but one plea of justification, that the statute was enacted to protect the comfort, welfare and safety of the whole people, and the individual must suffer this cur- tailment of his granted rights in the interest of the com- mon good. In the case under consideration the right of the em- ployed and the right of the employer are equally involved. Nothing to the contrary appearing, it must be assumed that the woman was a willing worker for a. willing em- ployer, and that the result was mutually satisfactory and profitable. No argument is needed to show that both the employer and employed have been restricted in their rights by the law in question. Was this restriction within the constitutional power of the Legislature? The pro- vision of the State constitution invoked by the defend- ant is: No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or prop- erty without due process of law (Art. 1, Sec. 6). A correlated section is Section 1 of the same article: No member of this State shall be disfranchised or deprived of any of the rights or privileges secured to any citizen thereef unless by the law of the land or the judgment of his peers. The first legislative enactment in this State looking to the protection of women employed in factories was chapter 409, Laws of 1886. This statute formed the basis of what is now the Factory Law of the State. Prior thereto the law-making body had passed acts (chap. 856, Laws of 1867, and chap. 385, Laws of 1870) in which women were not referred to as a class, but might be in- cluded in the general designation of “ mechanics, work- ingmen and laborers.” It will be noted that the provi- sions of chapter 409, Laws of 1886, only relate to the em- ployment of women under the age of 21 years (minors, and as such, wards of the State). It did not prevent their employment at night. Not until 1889 (chap. 580, Laws of 1889) was any inhibition against nightwork in- jected into the statute. It was continued in chapter 398, Laws of 1890, and chapter 673, Laws of 1892, and in the Act of 1897, when the several acts relating to labor were codified and became chapter 32 of the General Laws. No attempt was made to restrict the rights of women other than those of minor wards of the State—women under the age of 21 years. It was not until 1899 that the Legislature undertook to enact that “no woman” should work in a factory after 9 p.m. and before 6 o’clock a.m., and it is under this statute that the criminal action we are now considering was brought. The general regulation of the hours of labor of the working classes in this State is to be found in section 3 of this same chapter, which reads in part as follows: September 6, 1906 Hight hours shall comstitute ‘a ‘legal day's work for all classes of employees in this State, except these engaged in farm and domestic services, anless otberwise provided by law. This sec tion does not prevent an agreement for overwork at an increased compensation, except upon work by or for the State er a muni- cipal corporation or by contractors or subcontractors therewith. The present constitution of the State of New York was adopted in 1894, and became effective January 1, 1895. All of the rights which adult women citizens possessed at that time were confirmed by that document. One of those rights certainly was the right to contract for her labor and to work when and where she pleased, without reference to the position of the hands upon the dial of the clock. It was not until four years after that the lawmaking power sought to place the limitation un- der consideration upon them. What was the legislative intent in doing this? The Attorney-General finds and urges no other reason than that the general welfare of the State demands that the progeny of women of the factories shall have mothers with healthy bodies to the end that the State may have sturdy citizens. Does the State look merely to the children of factory women for its future good citizens? Why should the housewife, the woman who toils at home, in mercantile houses, in offices, or she who toils not at all—the society woman—hbe ex empt from legislative interference, injunctive or man- datory, for the same reason? Some of them may be mothers of future citizens, and it should be of as great interest to the State that their progeny should have proper birth and breeding, to conserve its welfare. If this question of future citizenship is the only excuse for this assumption of police pewer, what becomes of the rights of the nonchildbearing woman, a considerable class? What of the woman beyond the age of child- bearing, physically strong, having expert technical knowledge, with opportunity to employ it in a factory and at no other time than during the hours which the statute prohibits—a woman who is sui juris and who is desirous of exercising her right of centract and to work at her accustomed trade, but is prevented from doing so by this statute? Surely, upon the theory of the Attorney-General, the general welfare is not concerned in the matter of her employment. With no other excuse this statute would appear to be most paipable special class legislation, Upon this question of the right of the State to exer- cise its police power for the promotion of a strong and robust future citizenship, the Supreme Court of the United States had the following to say in the case or Lochner v. New York (supra) : It is also urged, pursuing the same line of argument, that it is to the interest of the State that its population should be strong and robust, and therefore any legislation which may be said to tend to make people healthy must be valid as health laws enacted under the police power. If this be a valid argu- iment and a justification for this kind of legislation, it follows that the protection of the Federal Constitution from undue in- terference with liberty of person and freedom of contract is visionary, wherever the law is sought to be justified as a valid exercise of the police power. Scarcely any law but might find shelter under such assumptions, and conduct properly so called, as well as a contract, would come under the restrictive sway of the Legislature. Not only the hours of employees, but the hours of employers could be regulated, and doctors, lawyers, scientists, all professiona] men, as well as athletes and artisans. could be forbidden to fatigue their brains and bodies by prolonged hours of exereise, lest the fighting strength of the State be impaired. We mention these extreme cases because the contention is extreme. We do not helieve in the soundness of the views which uphold this law. On the contrary, we think that such a law as this, although passed in the assumed exercise of the police power, and as relating to the public health, or the health of the em ployees named. is not within that power, and is invalid. The act is not within any fair meaning of the term a health law, but is an illegal interference with the rights of individuals, both em ployers and employees, to make contracts regarding labor upon such terms as they may think best, or which they may agree upon with the other parties to such contracts. Statutes of the nature of the one under review, limiting the hours in which grown and intelligent men may labor to earn a living, are mere meddlesome interferences with the rights of the individual. Women are here classed with minors under the age of 16 years. All minors are wards of the State, and this classification of women with children seems to be an attempt to relegate women to their old position as de- pendent State wards. That women have not yet been accorded equal liberty under the laws with men must be admitted. They never were, however, in the same clasg as to wardship with children, and the whole trend THE IRON AGE 597 of modern legislation has been toward their emancipation from egal disabilities and a continued enlargement of their ‘rights, particularly of property and of contract: This ‘legislative emancipation has been supplemented by modern social development, which has resulted in the enployment of women in all sorts of callings where their labor has come in competition with that of men. This to the extent of almost wholly supplanting men in some fields of labor. It must be apparent that women, considered in the matter of their employment, should not need the same paternal protection that is accorded by the State to its minor wards. The reason for the prohibition under con- sideration, therefore, is not to be found in the right of the State to control the action of its wards, although the classification of women with children in the statute suggests it. The people contend that the law is a health regula- tion and that its purpose is to protect the health of a large class of the community—i.e., women employed in factories—and being an enactment of that character, in the interest of health and the public welfare, it is wholly within the police power of the State, and in no sense derogatory of the constitutional rights of the citizen. Is it such a health regulation? There are fifteen sections of Article 6 of the Labor Law which follow section 77. Fourteen of them are devoted to provisions for the health, safety and welfare of persons employed in factories. They relate to the operation and protection of elevators and hoisting shafts, provisions for proper stairs and doors, special protection of employees operating machinery, provision of ample fire escapes, washrooms and water closets, the size and cleanliness and ventilation of rooms, the reporting of accidents, inspection of boilers, employment of persons at polishing and buffing, and the requirement that suffi- cient time shall be accorded employees to secure their meals, together with a general power of inspection and regulation in the factory inspector. It is apparent on the face of these statutes that their purpose is to pro- tect the health and safety of persons employed in fac- tories and so to promote the public welfare. This pur- pose is not apparent on the face of the section under consideration. The provision of the statute against the employment of women more than a certain number of hours a day or week might be considered a health regulation and within the powers of the State, although the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois (Ritchie v. People, &c., supra) held such a law to be unconstitutional. But there is nothing in the prohibition of the section in question which indicates that its object is to promote the health or the public welfare. Had the statute been so framed as to provide that none of the employment of women for 60 hours a week or 10 hours a day should be between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m., or had it provided that women might work only a limited time after 9 o’clock p.m. and before 6 o’clock a.m. if they were employed dur- ing other hours of the day, its object as a health regula- tion might be apparent. When, however, it is so drawn as to prevent an adult citizen from exercising her right to contract for employment, even for so limited a period as one hour during the prohibited time, it cannot prop- erly be considered a health regulation, and is appar- ently an unreasonable and unwarranted infringement of the constitutional right of the individual, and not only of her right, but also of the right of him who would contract for her employment. Is this plainly and palpably a health regulation in the interest of the common good? Is it not plainly and palpably an unauthorized and unwarrantable interference with the constitutional] rights of the citizen? The statute which would prevent Katie Mead from working in a factory after 9 o’clock at night, under the best sanitary conditions, offers no prohibition against her doing the same work in a hall bedroom in a tenement house, under conditions more detrimental to her health. She may work at her usual employment all night if she so pleases and the State does not interfere to prevent pos- sible injury to her possible children who may be its future citizens. 598 THE IRON AGE We can arrive at no other conclusion than that there has been in this enactment an unwarranted invasion of the constitutional rights of individual liberty and prop- erty ; that for this reason the information of the district attorney herein does not state facts constituting a crime. The motion in arrest of judgment is granted and the de- fendant discharged. All concur. Such are the main points of the decision of the court. The people have appealed, so that the case will be finally tested and decided. ‘deeeeceeialilitlii saat Canada’s Want of Labor. Toronto, September 1, 1906.—The problem that above all others is perplexing conductors of enterprises in this country is that of manning their undertakings. Labor is scarce in every department of production. The effect is experienced not merely in the enhancement of cost, but in the enforced restriction of operations. Though prices of all products have risen by great percentages from the level of even a few years ago they apparently have not yet reached the summit at which consumption begins to fall oft. Consumption keeps up, goes on increasing and supplies all the motive power for increased efforts on the part of producers. These could materially enlarge their output without satisfying the demand. The reason that the country is not producing more of nearly every- thing is not that the present high cost has caused a con- traction of the market, but that production is limited by a shortcoming in the physical power of labor. High wages fail to attract all the hands that are required. In this fact, which is one of some years’ standing, is to be found part of the explanation of the progressive increase in the country’s imports of manufactured goods. Had Canada had all the labor its employing producers wanted the United States would not have sold $180,000,- 000 worth of merchandise here in the last fiscal year. A change in the labor conditions in their favor would prob- ably be of more benefit to the Canadian manufacturers than a favorable change in the tariff duties. The Unions Biamed in Part, For the scarcity of skilled labor the unions are to be blamed, at least in part. They are strong enough po- litically to impose their will on the Dominion Govern- ment in the matter of immigration. In obedience to their fiat the Government instructed its immigration agents in the United Kingdom and on the Continent to direct their efforts to the encouraging of agricultural laborers and untrained workers generally. AS a consequence the country has been receiving comparatively few artisans among its immigrants, and those it has received—mostly through media that are independent of the Immigration Department—are thoroughly disciplined unionists, at least as loyal to their organizations as to their employers. The Canadian Manufacturers’ Association has agen- cies in Great Britain, but so far the benefit has been below expectations. This may be due to some under- standing between the associated labor interests in Canad” and tbose in the United Kingdom. Such an understand- ing would tend to thwart efforts of the Canadian manu- facturers to get union men on the other side of the Atlantic, and the experience some British nonunion men had here in the Canada foundry and elsewhere wou!d deter the immigration of nonunioists. Of the sym- pathy, if not understanding, that holds between the union forces here and in Great Britain the fiscal resolu- tion of the Canada Trades and Labor Congress last year was an evidence. That resolution was against Chamber- lainism, as against protection for Canada, the reason stated for its anti-Chamberlain proposition being that it would be unfraternal for the Canadian unions to support a policy of which the effect would be to increase the ¢eost of the British workers’ loaf. British and Canadian Unions Co-operate, ‘ The presence in Canada at this time of John Ramsay MacDonald, M. P., Secretary of the Independent Labor Party in the United Kingdom, is a sign of co-operation between the British and the Canadian laborites. Shortly after his arrival he expressed his conviction that much September 6, 1906 good could come from more intimate relations between organized labor in Great Britain and organized labor in Canada. He felt that Canadian labor had yielded too much to the affinity exerted by American labor, for he had observed that the international labor organizations have as much authority here as in the United States. His criticism of the unions in Canada is that they are weak and backward, by comparison with those in Great 3ritain, a difference he attributes to the fact that Canada is fundamentally an agricultural country, whereas Great Britain is as distinctively a manufacturing country. The return to the British House of Commons of 30 candidates of the Independent Labor party has put heart into the Canadian untons, and it is expected that they will very generally dissociate themselves from the old parties and contest many constituencies with candidates of their own at the next general election. Some indica- tion of their readiness for the campaign was given when they captured the seat for one of the divisions of Mon- treal district in a recent bye-election. The success of the British Independent Labor party, not only at the polls but in the House, has developed in that party a propagandist spirit, of which Mr. MacDonald is to be re- guarded as the missionary in this country and New Zealand. Next election the labor party will be a reality in Canadian politics, for it will have candidates in the urban constituencies. Scarcity of Labor in Nova Scotia, John MacDougald, Commissioner of Customs, who has recently returned to Ottawa from a tour of the customs ports in the Maritime Provinces, reports a marked scarcity of labor there, especially in Nova Scotia. In consequence of that scarcity operations are being cur- tailed at the coal mines, and to some extent at the iron and steel works. Skilled labor for steel plants is not easily obtainable anywhere, there being at present no floating supply in the United States, whence help has heretofore been drawn by the steel companies. Canada’s alien labor act is in working order again, though as a check upon the supply it is a negligible factor, when so many other influences are at work to make a vacuum in the labor market. Upward of a year ago the deportation section of the act was declared by a judge of the High Court of Ontario to be ultra vires. His judgment was recently reversed by a decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in England, the final court of appeal within the British Empire. Agricultural Labor Also Scarce, In spite of the well-sustained immigration of this country Canada lacks agricultural labor no less than it lacks skilled labor. The scarcity of hands to till the land and take off the crops is beginning to tell upon the price of farms in some of the finest agricultural areas of Ontario. Of the 150,000 to 200,000 foreigners arriving every year the majority appear to become homesteaders in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. The cry of the farmers is being taken up loudly by the contractors who are building sections of the eastern and of the western divisions of the National Transcontinental Rail- way, as well as by those who have the new construction of the Canadian Pacific and the Canadian Northern in hand. These contractors are offering wages that must seem very tempting to men who were last year working at rates 20 to 30 per cent. lower. C/ a. Cy a. Ol Wh SOOO The new warehouse and office building of the Crucible Steel Company of America at 64 and 66 South Clinton street, Chicago, has been completed and the stock of Park and Howe-Brown brands of steel has been removed from the warehouse at 50 and 52 South Clinton street, which has been abandoned. The new building is three stories in hight and of brick construction. The office which had been maintained at 52 West Washington street has also been removed to the new location. All of the stocks of Park, Crescent, Sanderson and Howe- Brown brands of steel will be carried in the new ware- house, which will enable the company to handle the. city business to better advantage than heretofore. One of the largest stocks of high grade steel in the country will constantly be carried. ee Ss a aad age September 6, 1906 A Johrs Locomotive Beam Shear. With contained motor drive, used both for operating the shear and transporting it on its truck, the Johns patent beam shear, type T 30, is illustrated herewith. The outfit is one originally built for the steel works of Schneider & Cie, Creuzot, France, by Henry Pels & Co., of New York, London and Berlin. The motor, built by the General Electric Company, Berlin, runs at 940 rev. per min. and is of 744-hp. capac- ity, or ample to provide the necessary 6 hp. for operating the shear at its full capacity. To propel the truck at a speed of 65 ft. per min. 1% hp. is required. The motor, through one gear reduction, drives the driving shaft of the shear, carrying the flywheel. An extension of this shaft, capable of slight endwise movement, car- ries two friction disks, either one of which may be brought to bear against a leather bound friction wheel on a short vertical shaft extending down through the floor of the truck. The lower end of this shaft carries a worm meshing with a worm wheel keyed to the adjacent THE IRON AG= 599 through the material is developed through a combina- tion lever system known as the Johns lever mechanism, which was described in The Iron Age, June 22, 1905. The shear is capable of cutting beams up to 12 in., weighing 35 Ib. to the yard; channels up to 12 in., weighing 20% lb.; angles 5x 3 in.; tees 5x3 in., and zees 10x3 in. The weight of the shear without the truck and motor is 5000 Ib., the weight of the truck alone about 3000 Ib., and the weight of the motor and starter about 400 Ib., making the total weight nearly 8700 Ib. +o The Gary Land Company. The Gary Land Company, a subsidiary company of the United States Steel Corporation, began the sale of lots in the city of Gary, Lake county, Ind., September 3. The company has published pamphlets in which the price of each lot and the terms and conditions of the sale are designated. These pamphlets can be obtained by applica- tion to the Gary Land Company, Gerry, Ind. All streets in the first subdivision have been graded and contracts have been made for paving. The two main A Self-Propelling Johns Beam Shear with Contained Mctor Drive, Built by Heary Tels & Co,, New York. truck axle. The vertical lever at the right in the illus- tration controls the friction disks, one extreme of its movement causing the truck to travel in one direction and the other the reverse direction, while its mid-posi- tion disengages both disks, allowing the machine to stand still during the operation of the shear. The truck can be started or stopped gradually by grading the contact pressure between the friction surfaces, full speed being obtained when the lever is thrown to the extreme of its movement. Electric current is brought to the motor by a long cable, which is automatically wound or unwound as the machine travels toward or away from the point where the current is obtained. The shear is of the steel plate construction which distinguishes the Johns punching and shearing ma- chinery, and ¢uts the beams, channels, angles or other structural shapes in a very unique way. The upper knife penetrates the material, which is placed on the lower holder, acting against the back knives, and cuts with great rapidity through the webs and flanges of the beams. Then the beam or channel is turned for a sec- ond cut. Angles and tee bars are cut with one operation. The rapidity with which the upper knife is forced streets, known as Broadway and Fifth avenue, respec- tively, will be provided with concrete sidewalks. A mod- ern sewerage system has been designed by competent en- gineers and is now under construction. The cost of these improvements is included in the price of the lots, so that purchasers of lots will be subject to no expense therefor. A company has been organized for the construction of modern water works, a gas plant and an electric light plant, and is now actively engaged in their construction. The Gary Land Company has not attempted to make any profit out of the sale of lots, having fixed the price as low as the cost of the land and improvements will permit, the idea being to provide the most wholesome conditions of living for the employees of the Indiana Steel Company at a minimum cost. Gary is located 25 miles east of Chicago, on Lake Michigan, and is served by the following railroads: Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, Pennsylvania, Baltimore & Ohio, Wabash, Michigan Central, Indiana Harbor, and Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern. An electric street rail- road is now under construction for the purpose of con- necting Gary with Chicago, thus affording the best of transportation facilities. : | | | 600 The Pennsylvania Steel Passenger Cars. The favorable outcome of the tests upon the experi- mental all-steel passenger coach, recently built by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at its Altoona shops, has led it to definitely announce that all future pas senger equipment shall be made of steel. An influential factor in this decision was the necessity of providing noncollapsible fireproof cars for the New York tunnel. t is aimed now to make the passenger cars just as safe THE IRON AGE September 6, 1906 bustible construction. The Pullman Company is now building the first all-steel sleeper ever constructed. It is to be remarked that these cars will be even more thor- oughly noncombustible than those constructed for the New York subway. The new car weighs 103,550 Ilb., as compared with 84,900 Ib., the weight for the standard wooden coach, but the added weight very greatly reduces the vibration and hence adds to the comfort of the passengers. A part of the additional weight is due to the storage batteries and battery boxes which will be carried to light the Fig. 1—The Pennsylvania Railroad's First Steel Passenger Car. “ & 4 ~ 7 se ag ye E e B a f Fig. 2.—Interior of the Pennsylvania Steel Passenger Car. as possible in the light of the latest engineering accom- plishments. This first car, No. 1651, an exterior and interior view of which are given in the accompanying Figs. 1 and 2, is the first one of its kind in the world. Temporarily it has been placed on one of the company’s local runs. amd minute reports. are being made as to its perform- ance. The first cost of the all-steel cars will be some- what greater than that of the older type, but it is be- lieved that the extra expense will be justified. The first requisition will be for about 1000 tnburn- able railroad cars, to be ready when the New York tunnel is completed. It will also call for some 500 Pull- man cars, which will also be of completely noncom- cars by electricity, as no illuminating gas will be used in the New York tunnel. The electric wires will be thoroughly insulated in heavy metal conduits to add to the safety. It is possible, however, that the weight of the first car will be somewhat reduced, although it will always be heavier than the wooden coach. A small quantity of combustible material has been incorporated in this new No. 1651, and in the efforts to remove this absolutely it may be necessary to add weight in slight particulars. The new car is absolutely noncollapsible. It could stand any load or any collision. Its hidden frame resem- bles a cantilever bridge, suspended on the trucks as piers. Safety against telescoping is secured by the use of enor- September 6, 1906 mous steel girders, the principal feature in the body of the car being a central girder, 24 in. wide by 19 in. deep, extending the length of the coach, including the platforms. Four cantilevers on each side between the bolsters support the deep plate girder sides. The expe- rience from collisions im the past shows that there is a tendency for the body of one car to rise above that of the next and for the underframe of the first car to sweep the superstructure of the second car off its under- frame. This will be prevented in the new equipment by the extraordinary strength in the door and vestibule and posts, which are of very heavy rolled steel. As an indication of the extent to which the fire- proofing has been carried it may be mentioned that the flooring throughout the car and platform is of an imita- tion stone, spread while in a plastic state over the steel plates of the car. The framing above the windows is composed of steel plates. The doors are also steel plates, pressed into a shape imitating the wood door used in other cars and filled with cork to deaden the sound. The roof is of composite boards covered with copper sheathing. The inside lining consists of composite boards covered with fireproof paint. In the experimental car the seats are of steel frame, covered with fireproof plush. The foot-rests are also of steel. For the present the arm rests are of wood, but experiments are now being made with various metals, in the effort to secure a noncombustible material which will not be cold to the touch, it being the policy of the railroad to eventually eliminate even the smallest amount of wood or other burnable materials in its cars. The principal dimensions of the car are as follows: Ft. In. NE SI 75 cd memes alee o weaewaieale cee taas 67 5% EN MI is kG kv aw Wt Wd ered owed C ei wiieNiwa kis a elec 57 10% NTI No og as tnd alg nies OR We a ba & Cec CRoe cad 10 1 ; ae ee ee ee 14 ly EN a Bo la 44. MSs a nib a neared fac ath ed ws eualle eeew ee 45 3 NE ea oto giake ae to 211% A new type of coupler has been adopted which, it is claimed, is stronger than anything ever used before, its principal aim being to avoid the possibility of breakage and the parting of trains. With respect to the tempera- ture in the car due to the steel construction elaborate tests have been made, and it has been found that in hot weather the difference is very slight, and that the steel car shows a decided inclination to cool off more rapidly than the wooden coach. —————++e—____ Standardization in British Engineering. The work of the Engineering Standards Committee, which has been one of the most important developments in British engineering in the past five years, was dis- cussed at length in a paper presented by Sir John Wolfe Barry at the recent York, England, meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. From the original work which the committee undertook, the prepa- ration of standards for iron and steel sections, its field has broadened until it now includes 30 different subjects, calling for the preparation of 75 different specifications and reports. The secretary of the committee visited the United States in the fall of 1904 and met with Committee A of the American Society for Testing Materials, this committee having in charge standard specifications for iron and steel. In reporting to the Engineering Stand- ards Committee the results of this conference the secre- tary said that without doubt a closer co-operation with the American Society for Testing Materials would lead to a harmonizing of methods of testing and, where the practice permitted it, of specifications. The essential dif- ferences in practice, he added, would prevent any com- plete harmonizing of sections and specifications. Since the organization of the British committee in 1901 it has created 12 sectional committees, and these have appointed 24 subcommittees. The expenses of the work have been borne by the five leading engineering societies in Great Britain, the Government and leading manufacturing and railroad companies