The Iron Age 1905-09-21: Vol 76 Iss 12

THE IRON A Review of the Hardware, Iron, Machinery and Metal Trades. Published’ every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co,, 232-238 William St.,. New York, Vol. 76: No. 12.: New York, Thursday, September 21, 1905. RS ee eee ee Single Copies, 15 Cents. Reading Matter Contents...... page 775 Alphabetical Index to Advertisers “‘ 183 Classified List of Advertisers.... ‘‘ 175 Advertising and Subscription Rates ‘‘ 182 COMPRESSION SHAFT ye ae COUPLINGS vaanemn Pama MOVING—Train loads of U.M.C, Cartridges and Shot WORKS, Shells to the dealers’ shelves. cube 1, ST ST ARTING—Thousands of Sportsmen for the Game-fields,— ’ se m: - U.M.C. Cartridges and Shot Shells in their ‘ UC ae. Cts ater tel i ae or) grips from ¢hezr dealers’ shelves. | Ropes and Twines The U.M.C, Line makes no stops from factory to hunter’s Pe ae gun,—U.M.C, stock does not get stalled on the shelves. Dealers,—are you prepared for the fall trade ?—Specify U.M.C.—Jt sells ztself. Je Ohe Union Metallic Cartridge Company, THE BRISTOL COMPANY, Waterbury, Conn. Bristol’s Recording Instruments. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. - mud Blecericlty, ‘ Agency, 313 eo ey lt New York City. Depot, 86-88 First Street, San Francisco, Cal. Gold Medal, 8t. Louis Exposition All Ranges, Low Pricer, and Guar. anteed. Send for Circulars. SAMSON Sent CORD »>(|CAHALL BOILERS Capewell Horse Nails Also Linen and Italian Hemp _ Sash C SAMSON CORDAGE WORKS, Boston, Mass. TURNBUCKLES, OF A CELEBRATED HORSE- THE GRAND CIRCUIT. i : BILLINGS PARK, Memphis, Tenn., Feb. 26, 1904. Co., Hartford, Conn. Cleveland City City Reon ad iron _ * "Uibrkns, 0. DROP HAMMER. MERRILL GEN Bnsider the Capewell nail the only safe nail to use, Ican es- BROs. ae where pads are used (rubber, felt or leather). They never Brooklyn, N. Y. reak, and y sry, during all last season I did not have a shoe lost or thrown off. For artistic finish, easy and accurate driving, and absolute safety. in every respect, Capewell Horse Nails are in a class by themselves. Yours very cordially, JAMES CLARK. BASIC PIG. PILLING & GRANE, eshieeaet|™S¢° The Capewell Horse Nail Co; "vi{r* Wy ans very simple in construction, and not the least complicated, the Excelsior Straightway Back Pressure Valve The habit of thinking ‘*‘APOLLO gives entire satisfaction in the work for which it is designed. Thoroughly reliable not only as a back pressure valve, but . BEST BLOOM ”? is equally adapted as a Free Exhaust or Relief valve for condensers. JENKINS BROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, London. Set a when Galvanized Sheets are wanted has made many a man a great success. THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING COMPANY SEE s (Water and Rail Delivery) BripcGeport, Conn PAGE ee MAGNOLIA METAL. AMERICAN Best Anti-Friction Meta) for all Machinery Bearings. _. SHEET.& TIN PLATE Pac-Simile of Ber. COMPANY’S. tions. " MAGNOLIA METAL CO.; Ad on page 12. Ownersand Sole Manufacturers,’ 13-116 @ank Street, 4, San trenciew, Montrealand Pituabare. ‘ ORK. competitive prices. Chicago, Fisher Bidg. NEW Y cS re eh - — ” - —— ee eee - a wis ie igen s Cae, 7 eet eae eke SE se a : < a - ea THE IRON AGE MANUFACTURERS OF ve Sheet and Roll Brass va —axp— COPPER WIRE "a PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN CCEA ta Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kere- ee OS ar. THE PLUME & Atwood Mré. 60., BRASS HARADA EL High'Grade “QUEEN'S RUN” ROLES AMaNM Vesela! [Low BRASS, SHEET BRONZE,| MURRAY sr, NEW YORK. West BRANCH”) JHADES , 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. ate : SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER 199 LAKE ST., CHICAGO, eS EC NASA) |TUBING. BRAZED BRASS AND] scusxe ans: inate THOMASTON, CONN. WATERBURY, CONN, BRONZE TUBING. :: :::2¢: if cnusimaditiaadau WATERBURY BRASS C0., SCOVILL MFG. cO., the chances are BRASS, you will, like many WATERBURY, CONN. GERMAN SILVER, You others, keep on do- 99 John St, New York. poyteinen Bf. Rods, Bolts ana ‘Tubes, ees Bidgeport Deuxidzed Bronze & | "sss setae tal bo Special Brass Goods to Order. once Mile ey FACTORIES; Follanbee BRIDGEPORT, GONN. vatoeeeeee CONN. Brothers Automobile Castings a Specialty. | @ ew york. CHICAGO, BOSTON. Start an. High Tensile Strength. aaa aaa Penna. Bronze and Aluminum Alloys. || Henry Souther Engineering Co, HARTFORD, CONN. Write Us. Consulting On ranalyet Metallurgists and ysts, Complete Physical Testing Laborato: qoumess ia and Patent Cases, vt ee Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., winless aihcaiaile Aritur T. Rutter & Co. AND MANUFACTURERS OF 256 Broadwa SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. We Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. NEW YORKE. perverercl yonder hey nati dary emcee Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Stove and Washboard Blanks. Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c, Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. man Silver. Copper, Brass and , German Silver Wire. Brazed and OUNDERS iamem£-l,, oO pci aceaeamPHOND-ELECTRC’ “IT’S TOUGH.” mxaspaisuaiddeusmcabidiijicuntunaipendeasteeninssidiasemdsaaatatglaiicede naa aaaeeaonaae TROLLEY, rass, Bronze and ® Aluminum 2 C ASTIN G Ss a eget, Son ealcatl an ww. SG. ROWELL CO., > TELEGRAPH HENDRICKS BROTHERS LINES. pepessunegsittyat Mills BRIDGEPORT BRASS O0., Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, | "scr" er TEESE Brasiers’ Bolt and Sheathing GEORGE KROUSE COPPER, HEAVY CASTINGS COPrPTrizrnR. Wis AND Riva Ts. Sine Fe co Composition Castings. Ingot Copper, ae Gills si, aaa a Antimony, etc. pbresteg Metals, Hard Composition ond 150 to 164 Morgan Street, JERSEY CITY, WN, 3. THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, September 21, 1905. A New Special Automatic Knife Grinder. To grind the heaviest shear knives used in large roll- ing mills and iron works the Safety Emery Wheel Com- pany, Springfield, Ohio, has designed, on entirely new lines, a heavy automatic knife grinder. Front and rear views of the machine are shown in the accompanying Figs. 1 and 2. It is stated to be the first machine made for this work with a legless bed resting directly on the floor. The effect is a greatly increased rigidity, par- ticularly when the machine, as is generally the case, is set on concrete foundations. The base is 222 inches long The emery wheel spindle is 3 inches in diameter and runs in bearings of a total length of 12 inches. The spindle pulley is 12 x 9 inches and is driven by a 24 x 24 inch pulley on a countershaft having 16 x 8 inch tight and loose pulleys. The emery ring wheel is 24 inches in diameter, 8 inches deep and has a 2-inch rim. It is held in a special chuck that withstands .all of the cen- trifugal force, permitting the wheel to be run ‘at a much higher speed than would otherwise be posSible. For feed- ing the emery wheel to the knife bar there is a fine auto- matic feed. This machine will grind all lengths of knives up to Fig. 2.—View from the Opposite Side of the New Automatic Shear Knife Grinder. and unusually wide, the width being 25 inches. The car- riage rests on broad flat ways, the front one being 4 inches wide and the rear one 4% inches. There are 1%- inch gibs on the back side to take up wear. The hight from the floor to the top of the carriage is 25% inches and to the center of the emery wheel spindle 34% inches. As a further preventive of vibration to allow very accurate grinding a heavy, well supported knife bar is provided. It is 8 inches square and has four bearings on the carriage, each 5 inches in diameter by 4 inches long. This square knife bar permits a knife to be sur- faced on the side as well as to be ground. The knife bar is slotted for two sizes of bolts, 144 inches on one side and 2 inches on the other. The carriage is back geared 16 to 1, all racks and gears being 3 inches wide, of 5 pitch and cut from the solid. The carriage is driven by 14-inch pulleys from a countershaft, with a 12 x 8 inch driving pulley and 10 x 4 inch tight and loose pul- leys. 160 inches. It weighs 13,445 pounds and occupies a floor space over all when grinding 160-inch knives of 320 x 76 inches. +» An economizer installation of decided novelty is now being made for the American Steel & Wire Company’s Consolidated Works, at Cleveland, Ohio, by the B. F. Sturtevant Company, Boston, Mass. The equipment, which will have a capacity of 5000 horse-power, is to be used in connection with billet heating furnaces, being the first installation of its kind ever made in America. The Sturtevant economizer was selected because of its metal to metal joints, which make it capable of with- standing high gas temperatures that would be destruc- tive to gasket joints. The staggered arrangement of the tubes in this economizer is also of advantage, as it breaks up the volume of the gases and compels the par- ticles to come in close contact with the entire heating surface. ° Po ae hy ; + Las 724 Modern Turbine Pumps.* The recent development of turbine pumps is due principally to the electric motor, which, on account of its high speed, is not well suited for operating reciprocating machinery. Although the rotary pump is not as efficient as the older kind, in combination with a motor it has so many advantages, such as compactness, simplicity and e°on¢ So Fig. 1.—The Merrill Strainer. regularity of output and pressure, that its use is rapidly increasing. In the past this type of pump has been extensively used when it was necessary to raise large quantities of water a small distance—10 to 15 feet. The modern problem, to use it for greater hights by increas- ing its speed, has been solved by experience gained with turbines, which led to the use of diffusion vanes. The chief peculiarity in the operation of the rotary as compared with the piston pump is that with decreasing speed the delivery is proportionately less only against a Fig. 2.—Ordinary Centrifugal Fig. 3.—Centrifugal Pump of Older Type with Pump with Single Double Suction. Suction. head diminished as the square root of the speed. This makes this pump particularly suitable for oil lines or other service where the only resistance is the friction in the pipe, which varies in the same proportion. In most cases an even speed is one of the conditions. If, as is often the case, it is required to deliver an unvarying amount of liquid to a constant hight the rotary, or turbine, pump, as it is called, when fitted with vanes, can be used. If, however, the amount to be de- livered varies, two ways are open. One is an arrange- sabia ae * Translation of an article by Otto H. Mueller in Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure. Fig. 4.—Scheme of Tur- THE IRON AGE September 21, 1905 ment of several wheels in parallel] which can be put in or out of service as required. This method is clumsy and unless the wheels that are not needed are motion- less is uneconomical. The second and better way is to use a single pump, varying the delivery by changing the head by a throttle in the pressure line and designing the pump so that with a normal delivery the pressure is only slightly increased thereby. When the throttle is opened the amount delivered by the pump increases and vice versa. This of course affects the efficiency, but not seriously, as experience has shown, even when handling widely varying quantities of liquid. It is more difficult to insure an even flow with constant speed and varying hight. This can only be done by arranging several wheels in series and cutting out those not required for the lower pressures. The Efficiency of Turbine Pumps is, in the first place, dependent on the experience, skill and care of the designer, particularly in the choice of the angles of entry and delivery and the shape of impellers and vanes. Second, much depends upon the exactitude with which the design is carried out, as very small and seemingly unimportant variations affect the efficiency in a high degree. It is impossible to build efficient tur- bine pumps cheaply. The efficiency increases with the horse-power of the pump. With a 5 horse-power pump 60 per cent. and with a 100 horse-power pump 80 per cent. have already been reached, and it is very possible that with units of several hundred horse-power an efli- ciency of 85 per cent. may be attained. These figures are based on the total hight lifted, which in most cases has been increased somewhat by throttling and should be cut down from 2 to 5 per cent. when making compari- sons with piston pumps. The correct measurement of the hight to be lifted is an absolute necessity with pumps of this type, as an error in estimating the hydraulic resistance might easily make the whole plant useless. For instance, with con- stant speed the water might be lifted very close to the - Fig. 5.—Scheme of High Pres- bine Pumps of Wor- sure Centrifugal Pump of thington and Jaeger. Sulzer. intended hight without flowing, and also in course of time the efficiency will diminish because of leaks and wear and tear. The choice of speed is a matter of con- siderable importance. For example, a pump designed for 35 eubic feet a minute against a 328-foot head will give higher efficiency when constructed for 2000 than for 1000 revolutions per minute,, as, in the first case, the water passages will be considerably shorter and the ma- chine will offer less friction to the fluid. Finally, as might be expected, the efficiency increases with the num- ber of stages in one housing. This is partly due to the relatively decreased friction in the stuffing boxes and September 21, 1905 partly, as experience has proved, to the fact that the im- peller on the suction side is less efficient than those under pressure, so that the greater the number of the latter the less apparent will be the influence of the former. Requirements in Their Design. Practical points which demand consideration in build- ing turbine pumps are in general the same as in other kinds. Particular stress must be laid on accessibility for removing foreign bodies, for cleaning and for re- placing worn parts. An effort to construct any pump which will not be injured by foreign substances is use- less, as the valves will necessarily suffer when anything comes between them and their seats. The most that can be done is to so design the parts that fracture will not occur and to subdivide the valves so that displacement = Fig. 6.—Scheme of Rateau Pump. F FQ ny S << y Ss ea) ; : T7ZE <ESSS SY Tih y Zz \ ee S50 | re a rrr rr £J YUE CA “TZ “A d UN j ae if , a 7 . ao Lid) ; ‘ \ i NS JLh, are Via es . fla IDI — zz Ree eeZZZa OSs ; rzzzzIIIT III Y YMMV THE IRON AGE 725 must be passed. In turbine pumps to clear the end wheels of foreign substance the whole pump must be taken to pieces; therefore it is of great importance that the pump be easily taken apart and put together. Pumps in which impellers, vanes and other parts are in a closed housing, into which they are pushed from one end, are at a disadvantage in this respect. The parts soon rust tight, making it difficult to get them out. The better construction is that in which the housing is divided into rings which are screwed together concentrically. Only single stage centrifugal pumps without vanes for handling large quantities of water against a low head are capable of passing foreign substances, and even they are liable to injury to the ends of the blades. The trouble from sand in turbine pumps has been greatly exaggerated. It is just as harmful as in piston g. 7.—Scheme of Lang Pump. Fig. 8.—Scheme of Kugel-Gelpcke Pump. CL Cm WJ. \N Figs. 9 and 10.—Worthington Volute Pump. of only a small part of them is probable. The correct and only sure way is to keep the foreign substance away, and the usual arrangement of one or more strainers has in practice proved very effective. Every such strainer under water will in time become choked and diminish the output of the pump. It is much better to place the strainer above the surface of the water instead of below it, as by stopping the pump it can then be removed and replaced by another very quickly. It is better still, but more complicated, to arrange two strainers in the suction line, either of which can be re- moved without stopping. A practical arrangement of this kind is Merrill’s strainer, shown in Fig. 1. The trouble with foreign substances is greater with turbines than with piston pumps, for with the sizes usu- ally built, 8 to 10 inches diameter, with opening 0.3 to 0.4 inch wide, the chance of stoppage is greater than in ordinary pump valves. In the piston pump the foreign body has only to go through two valves, whereas in the turbine pump as many as 12 and even more impellers pumps, attacking principally the interior packing and the stuffing boxes, which must be changed very fre- quently, but the impellers and vanes are seldom injured. This is because a well constructed pump is not liable to shocks, and where these do not occur sand in the water is incapable of doing damage. Hard water, such as is common in mines, forms a coating on the inner surface of the pump, which by diminishing the area lessens the efficiency. Turbine Pump Operation. The points to be observed in starting a pump and keeping it in operation are very simple. Above all, the pump should never run dry, as that leads in a very short time to heating up and destruction of the packings, and in some circumstances also to melting the bearings, bend- ing the shaft and destroying the parting walls. Every pump must be provided with a funnel to fill it when start- ing, a foot valve in the suction line, air valves in each chamber and drain cocks to prevent injury by frost. In ¥ = f : a the pressure line there must be a nonreturn, or shut off valve, and preferably both. When starting the pressure valve must be closed and not opened until the pump has attained full speed and pressure. With direct current motors the pump can start with the valve partly opened. Safety valves are unnecessary, as with a constant speed a certain pressure cannot be exceeded. This renders starting the pump simple and safe and is one of its great- est practical advantages over piston pumps. When run- ning all. that is necessary is to insure constant lubrica- tion of shaft bearings and stuffing boxes. Comparison of Existing Pumps, Modern turbine pumps are almost exclusively radial pumps without any great difference in the method of N YZ y Y Z Y) Yj Y 7 CG p NY Ve ML Nisxassssy iy nm, g SSSA SS MAQA ULM, Lil SL uandiindiesedl i} SQ AMMO ee FIT WEE ‘ KS Y S NX 4 | | WA A | le on] ade HAY S se Fig. 12.—Jaeger Turbine Pump. producing the speed. The chief differences are in the way by which end thrust is taken up. Figs. 2 to 8 show how this arises and how it is overcome. Fig. 2 shows the common centrifugal pump of the older type with double suction. As the whole construction is symmetri- cal end thrust cannot occur, but for multistage arrange- ment this form is practically useless. Fig. 3 shows a pump with suction on one side only, and on the other a chamber provided with packing rings and connected with the suction pipe. When both packings are of the same diameter the suction cannot cause end thrust, but a lateral pressure is formed by the diversion of the fluid. It is possible to balance the latter by making the pack- ing rings of unequal diameter, but even then this form is unsuitable for building in series. The equalizing pas- sage in Fig. 3 may be replaced by openings inthe im- 726 THE IRON AGE SCOMAARIS HS tia ‘Midhrathid: NY ; \ Ta Sl, lS J \ es y f September 21, 1905 peller between the shaft and the rear packing, and in the simplest manner possible the pump becomes suitable for arrangement in series. This is done in the Worthing- ton and Jaeger turbine pumps (Fig. 4). One sided impellers may also be used for multi- stage work if half of them are opposed in the direction of end thrust, the other half working in stages of equal ‘pressure. The same result is attained if the wheels, keyed on right and left, are allowed to work together in pairs, as in Sulzer’s high pressure pump, Fig. 5. An- other method, shown in Fig. 6, is Rateau’s arrangement, in which the impellers are all one sided and all coupled in the same direction, but with the walls of each wheel made of unequal diameter, those toward the suction side being the greatest. Somewhat similar is Lang’s construc- tion, Fig. 7, in which the impeller blades end with the smaller diameter, so that the overhanging edge of the larger disk acts as the boundary of the diffusion vanes. In Fig. 8, which shows the arrangement of Kugel- Gelpcke’s pump, the pressure of diversion which appears at the entry to each impeller is almost entirely counter- balanced by back pressure from the delivery pipe, and the pressure of the water in the passages on both sides of each wheel is counterbalanced by the increase in area. The counterbalancing, shown in Figs. 6 to 8, by differ- ent areas, is not to be seen at a glance, as the varying diameters cause pressures, the variation of which cannot be judged off hand. However carefully the designer may have provided against end thrust some will occur in opera- tion, because the internal packings can neither be made nor kept absolutely tight. For instance, in Fig. 4, if one packing ring leaks more than another extra pressure re- sults in the chamber between the latter and the delivery, and however slight it may be the large surface upon which it acts makes it important. As it is impossible to foresee which packings will become leaky, a certain end thrust, the amount and direction of which cannot be foretold, will occur and can best be provided against by suitable bearings. ; Figs. 9 and 10 show the so-called volute pump of H. R. Fig. 13.—Jaeger Turbine Pump. Worthington, an ordinary centrifugal pump, which instead of vanes has a passage between the discharge slots in the ‘impeller and the spiral pressure pipe. This passage assists so materially in transforming speed into pressure that these pumps, which are only made single acting and for lifts up to about 50 feet, have an effi- ciency of 70 per cent. The rotary member was at first provided externally with radial ribs intended to keep the liquid on each side in motion, thus lessening the dif- ference in pressure at the packing and consequent leaks. This object was attained, but at the cost of such greatly increased friction that the ribs wete removed, Fig. 11 shows a Worthington turbine pump of older construction which differs from more modern machines chiefly in the housing, this being cast in one piece, and in- the crowded arrangement of the wheels: Figs. 12, 13 and 14 show September 21, 1905 THE turbine pumps built by C. H. Jaeger & Co. of Leipzig. The impellers and vanes are constructed of bronze and the shafts of nickel steel. For medium pressures the housing rings are bolted together by flanges, as shown in Fig. 14, while for higher pressures long bolts, as shown in Fig. 12, are used. Tests of Turbine Pumps, Figs. 15 to 18 show results of tests on turbine pumps. The abscissae represent the flow per minute, expressed in percentage of the pump’s capacity. The upper curves show the lift obtained by throttling, the lower the effi- ciency when working against that lift. Fig. 15 represents YN Yh GN Nj a\ GN \ thd GN \ ti “LRN \\ TZ ~ A XG » We Py D “4 ‘aie ee aabgebas | at ss hat A. eet pocorn — soe) ‘isi . a \ Wri 7; b yy 7p TT YY VL THE IRON AGE Fig. 14.—-Jaeger Turbine Pump. Pee ened Pee Eee IRON AGE 727 minute against 207 feet head at 1430 revolutions per minute. The highest efficiency, 73 per cent., was in this ease reached at 360 liters (95 gallons), and with any output between 280 and 440 liters the efficiency was over 70 per cent. In this figure a curve showing the amount of power used is also drawn, which indicates that with closed throttle—that is, with no flow—the power required was 40 per cent. of that at the rated delivery. This value is generally between 30 and 40 per cent., which is not unfavorable when only quite short intermissions are in question. In all the tests the pump, having been primed, was brought up to full speed with closed throt- tle; the latter was then opened until the rated flow was reached. The overload was then given, upon which the throttle was gradually completely NSS closed and finally opened again to yield the rated flow. The attainment of this point the second time invari- ably showed a higher efficiency, as in the elapsed 15 or 20 minutes the pack- ings had worn smoother. The most striking feature about these tests is the comparatively flat course of the pressure curve and the easy course of the efficiency lines in the neighbor- hood of the normal capacity. This is attained by suitable form of blades. The Utility of the Turbine Pump. Although the advantages of pumps of this class have, as is usual with novelties, been greatly exaggerated, there is no doubt that an extensive field is open to them, particularly where electric transmission can be used to full advantage. Owing to the many defects of direct acting pumps the turbine pump will probably be iS % MANOMETRIC HEAO & bh ds adh Mache bh ee | ft ee | | fected | i | | | EFFICIENCY IN PERCENT é Fig. 15.—Results of Tests of a Four-Stage Pump, 1000 Liters per Minute, 80 Meters Head. experiments on a pump of 1000 liters (264 gallons) a minute capacity against a head of 80 meters (262 feet) at 15,000 revolutions per minute. The maximum effi- ciency, 77 per cent., was obtained when pumping the rated capacity. Fig. 17 was obtained from a two-stage pump in Berlin, the rated capacity being 3500 liters (925 gallons) per minute against 140 to 145 feet head at 870 to 890 revolutions per minute. In this case also the highest efficiency obtained was when running at the - pated capacity, and amounted to 78 per cent: Fig. 16 is from a-six-stage pump of 2000 liters (528 gallons) ca- pacity against 360 feet head at 1470 revolutions per min- ute. The highest efficiency, 79 per cent., was obtained with a delivery of 1700 liters (450 gallons) per minute and was only 77 per cent. at the rated capacity. Fig. 18 shows the results obtained with a comparatively small four-stage pump intended for 420 liters (110 gallons) per te Cee a Pet Ree ee Td SL Te 7 SERS Ree &UAQH6 CHER ASA Se TAS o-wnv uw vo ww wo wD © WM ws ” %o WW 100% THE IRON Aa Fig. 16.—Results of Tests of a Six-Stage Pump, 2000 Liters per Minute, 110 Meters Head. used for hydraulic purposes, for which their even pressure and their characteristic of stopping as soon as a certain maximum pressure is reached, with simultaneous decrease in consumption of power, make them particularly well suited. Practically any pressure can be obtained. Thus with 20 stages, which could readily be accommodated in two housings, at a speed of 3000 revolutions per minute, 3000 pounds per square inch could be obtained were such a pressure needed. As a matter of fact, Worthington turbine pumps have been used for operating hydraulic elevators in many of our large cities. On the other hand, where the use of steam cannot be avoided effi- ciency and adaptability speak for the piston pump. At first sight the combination of the steam turbine and the turbine pump seems eminently appropriate. De Laval coupled a turbine pump directly to the shaft of his tur- bine, which ran at 20,000 revolutions per minute, whereby et = Rect woh es” Se = 728 THE IRON the wheel diameter was considerably smaller than that required for suction and discharge pipes, and Rateau at- tached a single acting pump of 0.315 inch wheel diameter to his turbine with a speed of 9000 to 18,000 revolutions per minute. The delivery amounted to 400 to 420 liters per minute against 230 to 980 feet head, and the machine of course had to receive its water under pressure. In gen- eral it will be found that the speed of the steam turbine is such that it must either receive water under pressure or be divided into units working in parallel. The former case seldom occurs and the latter is not economical. Moreover, at its present stage of development the steam turbine in such small units as required for pumping pur- poses has not high enough efficiency to compensate in the least for the decreased efficiency of turbine pumps as against piston pumps. For internal combustion engines a combination with Tt to ba Sebi E HEE ek dd = EFFICIENCY IN PERCENT é Bit tT tt NEREE 8 WW Weg > Bab 40 6B 60 70 Fig. 17.—Results of Tests of a Two-Stage Pump, 3500 Liters per Minute, 43. to 45 Meters Head. the turbine pump would be still more rarely advisable than with the piston pump. It has the advantage, how- ever, of requiring but little power to start and easy change of amount delivered without change of speed. As against these is the low efficiency, for which reason the decision will depend principally on the conditions in each case. ——— ++e—__ Production of Molding Sand in 1904. WASHINGTON, D. C., September 19, 1905.—The United States Geological Survey for the first time in connec- tion with the statistics of the mineral resources of the country has obtained the figures showing the output of molding sand. The figures are for 1904. The produc- tion is given as 3,439,214 net tons, valued at $2,125,370. The production is credited to 28 States and Territories, those producing over 100,000 tons being as follows: Pennsylvania, 628,064 tons; Illinois, 574,488 tons; ‘Ohio, 484,090 tons; Kentucky, 386,330 tons; New York, 320,825 tons; Indiana, 170,145 tons; Michigan, 167,147 tons. The value of the sand varies somewhat according to purity, amount of work necessary to prepare for use, the distance from point of shipment or consumption, use to which it is put, &c. The values given are as nearly as possible those obtained for sand ready for use free on board «t point of shipment. In the case of many small foundries or where sand of no particular quality is de- sired for rough casting the sand is often obtained close to the foundry of quality sufficient to answer all pur- poses, there being no value for the sand other than the expense incurred in loading and hauling it to the foundry. Generally molding sand occurs in more or less thin beds overlaid by thin soil, which is easily ‘stripped and the material easily mined. In many instances dealers take out the sand and either pay a royalty of from 6 to a ft AGE September 21, 1905 15 cents per ton or pay a fixed sum for all the sand in a stated mine or pit. Sometimes the owner of the sand markets it himself, but most of it is sold through deal- ers. The value of the sand free on board at point of shipment ranges from 35 cents to $2 or $3 per ton, the cheapest sand being used for rough casting and small cores and the highest priced sand for fine brass and bronze castings, the average price, however, being from 50 to 75.cents per short ton. Some years ago the sand from New York, in Albany County and the Hudson River Valley, was one of the chief sands used in the Middle West, but these have lately been succeeded by local sands. In Pennsylvania and especially in Ohio sandstone ground into sand is used for molding, especially for steel and core sand. Some beach sand, notably from Lake Michigan, New Jersey and the south shore of Long Island Sound, is used Hana a Yh Soo P| | 4 bl A laa | LITERS PER MINUTE Fig. 18.—Results of Tests of a Four-Stage Pump, 420 Liters per Minute, 63 Meters Head. for core sand, although most of this goes for building and concrete work. Many furnaces and foundries on the northern boun- dary of the United States and on the lakes get sand from Canada. WwW. L. C. —_—_+o—___ Additional Locomotive Drawback Regulations. WasHIneTon, D. C., September 19, 1905.—The Treas- ury Department has prepared additional regulations for the allowance of drawback of duty paid on various mate- rials and appliances imported for use in the construction of locomotives designed for export. The new regulations cover imported copper pipe used for equalizing pipes, steel springs and rough steel forgings used in the manu- facture of wrist pins. In the case of imported copper pipe it is provided that in liquidation the quantity which may be taken as the basis for allowance of drawback may equal the quantity consumed, as declared in the drawback entry, after offi- cial verification. In the case of the imported steel springs the allowance of drawback may be based in liquidation upon the actual number of springs used in the exported locomotive after official verification. In_ liq- uidating the drawback entries of wrist pins the regula- tions provide that the quantity of imported material in the shape of rough steel forgings which may be taken as the basis for the allowance of drawback may equal the quantity declared in the drawback entry after offi- cial verification of exported quantities, provided in no ease it shall exceed 115 pounds for each wrist pin. It is understood that this limited weight embraces an ade- quate allowance for unrecoverable waste. WC, —_-—— +—+e—___—_—. It is announced that the Reading and Jersey Centra! railroads will purchase 6000 freight cars. September 21, 1905 A New High Speed Cutting Off Saw. For removing gates from steel castings the Railway Appliances Company, Chicago, has designed the high speed arbor driven cutting off saw herewith illustrated. THE IRON AGE 729 high carbon steels. The saw blade has a travel of 16 inches and a feed variable from % to 1 inch per minute. An automatie friction feed is used and the rate of feed- ing may be changed instantly without stopping the machine. With the driving shaft running at 200 revolu- tions per minute the saw blade has a peripheral speed of 55 feet per minute and this speed can be increased or decreased according to requirements. The V-block clamping device is designed to use either Fig. 1—The Railway Appliances Company’s New Cutting Off Machine Fitted with a Taylor-Newbold Saw. Fig. 2.—A View from the Opposite Side of the Cutting Off Machine of the Railway Appliances Company. This machine is built heavier than usual and is designed to drive any of the modern cold saws with inserted high speed steel cutters. Figs. 1 and 2 show two views of a machine fitted with a 33-inch Taylor-Newbold blade, which is capable of cutting off risers up to 11 inches in diameter, handling successfully the hardest one or two clamps and also to use lateral bolts for securing in a fixed position castings of irregular shapes. The regular arrangement for securing the material to be cut makes it possible to accomplish the setting of work at the expense of very little time and labor. As may be seen from Fig. 2 the main table on which the V-block eS SRT OK” TT re ae ei 3 4 tf | 3 ; i" re eed gilt? - ws clamp rests may be adjusted transversely to the plane of the saw by a crank and screw, which facilitates the positioning of the work. The clamp over the V-block is secured in a slot so that it may be adjusted at right angles to the axis of the work. The solidity of the design of the machine is effective | in reducing noise and vibratiop and the use of steel castings for many of the parts has minimized the weight. Three of these machines were recently furnished to various plants of the American Steel Foundries. One machine in the Indiana Harbor plant has a peripheral saw speed of 70 feet per minute, and is now being used for cutting off risers from steel castings at the rate of % to % inch per minute. As illustrated the machine is built for direct motor drive, but it can also be furnished for belt drive. Om A Notable Hoisting Plant at Ironwood, Mich. An interesting hoisting plant has lately been installed at the A shaft of the Newport mine at Ironwood, Mich., by the Thompson-Greer Company, Chicago. The hoist- ing drum is driven by a double Corliss engine, and will be used to raise the ore from a very large deposit re- cently opened up.».The plant is built for a gross load , 730 THE IRON AGE September 21, 1905 the advantages of the globe valve, since it has a conical seat and when closed is under full pressure. In addition it has the balance, feature, which allows it to be opened easily, but at the same time precludes fluttering. The valve consists of what is practically a globe valve with a conical disk attached to a piston. Extending through the disk and piston is the valve stem proper, having on the disk end the pilot valve and on the piston end a second valve. In operation when the valve stem is moved steam rushes through the pilot valve and through the piston direct to the engine. When the pilot valve is thrown fully open the valve on the piston end cuts off the steam from the engine and its effect is then on the piston, which immediately throws the main valve into balance and. permits it being moved with ease. These valves can be so balanced as to open of their own accord as soon as the pilot valve is open, and then to close of their own accord just before the pilot is en- tirely closed. This system is claimed to permit admirable regulation of steam and to haye proved very successful in handling large and rapid first motion hoisting plants. —~-+-e—_—_ The Springfield Tire &' Rubber Company, Springfield, Ohio, has recently been gramted a patent on an abrasive Hoisting Engine Installed at the Newport Mine, Ironwood, Mich., by the Thompson-Greer Company, Chicago. of 20,000 pounds at a speed of 3000 feet per minute from a maximum depth of 4000 feet with steam at 150 pounds pressure. It was built in 54 days from receipt of order and 31 days later was hoisting ore. The handling mechanism is all power operated, and the hoist acts so quietly that its operation cannot be de- tected except by the eye. The brake engine is of the dif- ferential floating lever type, the brake being held on by gravity and released by steam. The clutch engine is a full: stroke differential cataract controlled engine. The drum shell is in two cylindrical sections and is carried on three split steel spiders. The clutch driver is of steel and all the levers, links, &c., on which the hoisting strains come are open hearth steel forgings. Greer balanced throttle valves control the supply of steam to each cylinder of the engine. They close of their own accord when the lever is released, are seated under full pressure when closed and are only in balance when open. Some of these valves, using 150 pounds steam pressure, which have now been in use over two years, are stated by the maker to be still: perfectly tight. The Greer balanced valve is described as having all compound from which to manufacture polishing wheels and blocks. Its purpose is to remove rust and spots and to clean and polish steel and other metals, giving a fine surface without scratching. It contains rubber, which gives the resilient effect, and is made with either emery or carborundum in different grades. It is used dry or with water, but oil must not be allowed to come in contact with it. The blocks will be made in various lengths and in cross sections from 4 x 1 inch to 2 x 8 inches. The wheels will be made in diameters of from 2 to 18 inches and thicknesses of from \%4 to 4 inches. The manufacture of the blocks and wheels has been begun and the company is making preparations to in- troduce them as rapidly as possible. In a bulletin on the coal industry of Indiana now in preparation Joseph H. Stubbs, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, will place the production at 9,762,909 ‘tons. This was 1,100,000 tons less than in 1903, on account of shutdowns for, various causes. The number of mines increased in the year from 125 to 182. Coal. is mined in 14 of the 92 counties of the State. Seprember 21, 1905 The Milwaukee Society of Mechanical En- gineers. An organization of this new society was effected at a meeting, held September 13 at the Hotel Pfister, Mil- waukee, Wis. It is an outgrowth of the old Milwaukee branch of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and is the result of the local desire to have one general society the membership of which shall include electrical, civil and mechanical engineers, architects, metallurgists, mechanics and shop superintendents and managers. Under the rules of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers the Milwaukee branch could not enroll as members any other than mechanical engineers. The new society starts off with 50 members and it is THE IRON AGE 731 L. Tifft, with Allis-Chalmers Company. For one year: George M. Conway, consulting engineer; S. L. G. Knox, manager of the Bucyrus Steam Shovel & Dredge Com- pany; George Warg, manager of the National Blower Company. a Oe The Draper Convertible Gap Lathe. A 22-inch gap lathe, especially adapted for use in steam and street railroad repair shops for truing up ear axles without removing the wheels, is now being manufactured by the Draper Machine Tool Company, Worcester, Mass. Its object is to do away with the neces- sity of forcing the wheels off and on before and after truing the axles and so save the time lost_by that pro- cedure. If this were not done it would ordinarily re- THe IRON AGE Fig. 2.—The Lathe with a Block Inserted in the Gap, Converting it into an Ordinary 22-Inch Engine Lathe. expected that it will soon reach a membership of at least 200. Monthly meetings will be held at which papers on technical subjects will be read and discussed. Officers were elected as follows: President, George P. Drave, consulting engineer. Vice-president, C. J. Davidson, chief engineer of the Milwaukee Street Railway Company. Treasurer, E. P. Worden, mechanical engineer of the Prescott Pump Company. Secretary, W. G. Starkweather, with the Allis-Chal- mers Company. Directors: For three years: F. P. Breck, chief engi- neer of Pawling & Harnischfeger; H. A. Allen, with Allis-Chalmers Company; James De Voy, mechanical engineer of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- road: For two years: Prof. Warren S. Johnson of the Johnson Electric Service Company; C. W. Burkett, chief engineer of the Wisconsin Telephone Company; George quire a 42-inch lathe to swing the axle and wheels as- sembled. The lathe illustrated swings 22 inches over the ways and the largest standard car wheels may be admitted over the gap. The bed is 13 feet long and the greatest distance between centers is 7 feet 8 inches. The lathe is furnished with a rod feed and plain block rest, as shown. It does not differ in mechanical detail from the engine lathe regularly manufactured by the Draper company, the only change being in the apron, where the usual posi- tions of the longitudinal and transverse feed mechanisms are reversed, as in other gap lathes. Fig. 1 shows-the lathe as it appears with work in position. The lathe is also made with a block to fill the gap, compound rest, lead screw and gears for screw cut- ting, as shown in outline in Fig. 2, so that it may be used as a regular engine lathe when not being employed for truing up axles. a aoe ay ie The Pitman Pelton Water Wheel. ‘A 50 horse-power multiple nozzle Pelton water wheel of English construction is illustrated in the accompany- ing engravings. It is manufactured by Percy Pitman, hydraulic engineer, Bosbury, Ledbury, England, and is designed to develop its rated brake horse-power at a speed of 135 revolutions per minute when using 700 cubic feet of water per minute under a head of 50 feet. The most distinctive feature of the wheel is the multiple nozzle. The water enters through a 24-inch inlet and is distributed through separate hand valves to each of the Fig. 1.—-The Pitman Pelton Water Wheel, with the Upper Half of Casing Raised. THE IRON AGE a Pe a an a nr ew = eG 1% ween own = lonnenn mene 9°69" , eapiemeniantambmanetasbiell September 21, 1905 As Fig. 1 shows, the buckets are widened out at the sides more than is customary, the purpose being to allow the water to spread and leave the wheel freely after its velocity has been abstracted. The arrangement of the nozzles is indicated in the broken section in Fig. 2. Though it is not shown in the illustrations the lowest nozzle is fitted with a spear rod regulator manipulated by a screw and hand wheel. This allows the close regu- lating of the speed and power and allows the wheel to be run with a very reduced water supply without reduc- tion in efficiency. ; The casing is built up of %4-inch steel plates secured to an angle iron frame by %-inch rivets 3 inches apart. All joints are calked and made absolutely water tight. The buckets and nozzles are made conveniently accessible by arranging the top half of the casing so that it may be lifted off, as shown in Fig. 1, and if desirable half of one of the lower sides may also be removed. The motor is illustrated without any speed goyernor, but when re- quired one of centrifugal type is furnished, making the wheel suitable for the driving of electric generators or other machinery demanding close speed regulation. These Pelton water wheels are built for any fall of water and to operate on high pressure hydraulic mains. For low pressure service, such as the ordinary town water supplies afford, Mr. Pitman builds the Hector water motor. It is intended for the driving of all kinds of small machinery, and is frequently made up in direct connected generator sets, to be used for charging storage batteries or supplying light or power in moderate quan- tities. The wheels are of similar construction to the one described, and are operated with three nozzles, all con- trolled by one hand valve. They range in capacity from 1-30 to 2% horse-power. +e —___— The Bureau of Statistics reports all export records broken in the value of merchandise shipped to foreign countries from the United States in the 12 months ended August 31. The total for this period was $1,566,468,308, against $1,457,044,909 for the 12 months ended August 81, 1904, and against $1,501,212,938 for the year ended on the same date in 1901,, which was the record year prior to this. The August exports were valued at $117,- 453,581 and were larger by more than $9,000,000 than in any August in the history of American commerce. The total imports last month were $95,826,548, which Fig. 2.—Line Elevations Giving the Dimensions and Showing the Arrangement of the Nozzles. three nozzles. The valve screws are double threaded and are entirely outside of the casing, the spindles being provided with stuffing boxes. As a consequence the bonnets are easily removable and the valves can be withdrawn when necessary without breaking any pipe joints. The nozzles, each of which is 35% inches in diameter, and the buckets, bearings, valves and their seats are of phosphor bronze to avoid corrosion and the reduction of efficiency which it would entail. The wheel proper is of steel plate 4% inch thick and is 4 feet in diameter. It is keyed to a 3-inch shaft, which is turned and balanced after the wheel is mounted on it. was also an August record. The imports in August of last year were $87,737,868. The Philadelphia Company of Pittsburgh has com- pleted the building of a large gas main, to be used in conveying gas from the West Virginia fields to Pitts- burgh. The new main will increase the supply of fuel gas by the Philadelphia Company 75,000,000 cubic feet per day. A number of new service mains have been laid in Pittsburgh and the existing mains have been improved, so that the company expects to have better gas service than ever before in Pittsburgh this winter. September 21, 1905 The Gem Electric Portable Drill and Grinder. A new portable electric plant for drilling, grinding and similar work is now being offered by the Gem Mfg. Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. The machine may be fitted with any of the standard electric motors. The drive from the motor to the drill, or grinding wheel, is through a flexible shaft, which has been a well-known product of the company for some time. As shown in the accom- panying engraving the motor is mounted on a cast iron A Portable Electric Plant for Drilling and Grinding, Made by the Gem Mfg. Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. truck. Attached to the motor shaft is a gear case con- taining a set of reduction gears providing three spindle speeds, selected to cover the variation demanded by the character of work to which the plant is applied. At the rear of the truck is a starting box of the standard no-voltage release type, which is wired to the automatic connection reel. The reel carries from 50 to 100 feet of insulated cable, and as continuous contact is maintained the truck can be moved about the work with- out the necessity of cutting off the current or disturb- ing the electrical connections. The motors used are of the semi-inclosed pattern, al- lowing ready inspection without removing cover plates. They are furnished for 110, 220 or 500 volt direct current circuits and will carry an overload of 50 per cent. with- out sparking. — —_p-e Flexible Steel Armored Hose. It is well known that the high heat of steam causes the inner tube of ordinary rubber steam hose to lose its elasticity because the rubber becomes overvulcanized or burned. This is particularly so if subjected to a high steam pressure the temperature of which exceeds that employed in vulcanizing. The steam pressure causes some expansion of the hose, and when the pressure is re- leased the inner tube loses its life and elastic qualities and is bound to break eventually. As soon as the steam is turned on again it enters the interior of the hose through these breaks and tears the rubber away from the cloth insertions. ‘The rubber then disintegrates and is carried forward into the steam parts of the machin- ery operated, causing in some cases serious damage and loss of time. The teariug away of the inner tube leaves the cloth insertions bare, and in a short time the hose will become useless, as the steam will blow a hose with a damaged inner tube to pieces. A new type of steam hose known as flexible steel armored hose, made by the Sprague Electric Company, 527 West Thirty-fourth street, New York, is claimed to overcome these defects. The nature of the armor pre- vents expansion, and the armor strips are so tightly in- terlocked that it is impossible for the steam to blow the hose to pieces. Another objection to ordinary hose is that in being dragged around rocks, &c., it Is likely to THE IRON AGE 733 kink. Kinking will break the hose from the outsid