The Iron Age 1905-06-29: Vol 75 Iss 26

; Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co,, 232-238 William St., New York, Vol. 75: “No: 26, New York, Thursday, June 29, 1905. + atte Ride a 1 —— alan Reading Matter Contents......page 2087 | —— Classified List of Advertisers.... ‘ 165) Advertising and Subscription Rates “ 172] ) Manufactured by FORSTER PULLEY WORKS, Cuba, N.Y. QE, The American Mfg. Co. They sell reliable well advertised Staple “een —in plain English 65 ~ Street, New York U. M. C. CARTRIDGES Sys eels ers THE BRISTOL COMPANY, DEALERS DEAL Waseetery, Coan. [They ‘‘carry’’ any kind of Cartridges—usually Bristol’s Recording some dead weight big profit (?) Cartridges—which Instruments. never move. SELLER OR DEALER ? For Pind Elecite” | THE UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO., Bridgeport, Conn. Gold Medal, 8t. Louis meena. Agency, 313 Broadway, New York City. Depot, 86-88 First St., San Francisco, Cala. Ai Thee, tae ee, 2 eo. sanson srot come CAHALL BOILERS © ea Capewell Horse Nails ene i es are used on the Race Tracks of the World ~~! Broadway, New York. {ity Forge and iron Cow” Cloveland, ©. + Cleveland, — S THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL Co., Da DROP Hartford, Conn., U.S.A. HAMMER ; . : , MERRILL Gentlemen:—I always use the Capewell, for I consider it not only the best BROS. driving nail, but. when vou send a horse to the post you.can bet that he will Brooklyn, N. Y. bring all his shoes home with him. Very truly yours, F i N CG Ss. FRANK SNELL, International Horseshoer and Plater, Hoppegarten, Germany. gives awe opting . PILLING & GRANE,fuzimingostevet:| éiiaiiei by Lhe Capewell Horse Nail Co. “con” A yo can buy joint packing for less money than JENHINS ’96, but will it last? You can maintain an,absolutely tight steam joint Valuable with JENKINS *96. It is guaranteed. All genuine bears Trade Mark as shown in the cut. Book JENKINS BROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, London. ene Sent Free THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING Water and Rail Barrpcerort, Conn, PAGE MAGNOLIA METAL. Best Anti-Friction Metal for all ae Bearings. See AMERICAN SHEET & TIN PLATE COMPANY’S Owners and Sole Manufacturers, {13-115 Bank Street, $8" Francisco, eget | and Pittsbu Ad Page 2s. ; Chicago, Fisher Bldg. ‘ NEW YORK. “Competitive prices Metals at 2 THE IRON AGE ID Acc | UE, THE Pu & Aron Co, BRASS MANUFACTURERS OF in Sheet and Roll Brass COPPER WIR ee PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN GERMAN SHEET | SAVER avo cx.oina weTaL, corre rivers ROD Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kero- “QUEEN'S RUN” SILVER l WIRE 7 “rimminen — ATUL AAG) |W BRASS. SHEET BRONZE.|% MURRAY sT., NEW YORE. “West BRANCH” a to Hauge! |SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER| ““ NIGH'ST.. BOSTON. | ele SSC Near 6) |TUBING. BRAZED BRASS AND] souzxe uns: _|BRONZE TUBING. : : rst Tin Plates | yarerpupy BRASS CO. SCOVILL MFG. CO., BRASS our soucxt VJ hy? WATERBURY, CONN. GERMAN SILVER, 99 John St., New York. Providence, R. I. Sheets, Rolls, Wire make after. cxengespsninentetnasiaratigeasiaeieemasinniesiinadiiainmmiilatitianaietincasiilits Rods, Bolts and Tubes, FACTORIES: Company BRIDGEPORT, GONN. WATERBURY, CONN. DEPOTS: ae ———|| Automobile Castings a Specialty. | [J wew vorx. cnicaco. Boston. General MILL Manager High Tensile Strength. Wm Be anfield | Bronze and Aluminum Alloys. Henry Souther Engineering Co, . Write Us HARTFORD, CONN. ‘ a . Consulting Chemists, Metallurgists and oe & Laboratory; Export Tesi ony we Pt and Patent Cazes, ws —_— Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., olin cn Arthur T. Rutter & Co. AND MANUFACTURERS OF 250 Broadway, SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. NEW YORK. Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use. Small tab ing in Brass Selected Sheets for Pa d Card Makers’ , Copper, ave aah caabhennt Blanks. xe Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, C d Ger- ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. nk Bein “ease ede and German Silver Wire. Brazed and UU tas iw sd bon ee iste Ue SM" PHONO-ELECTRIC SPOUT CAEL TC SETI M-UETIITTITIT Rede h Rita kk am WIRD. “it's toucH.” TROLLEY, TELEPHONE Loon sae, st. tialanah: and ww. G. ROWELI CO. dagepo oO TELEGRAPH HENDRICKS BROTHERS LINES. Belleville Copper Rolling Mlills, | »=ssecor, BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO., Brasiers’ Bolt an oma Sheathing GEORGE KROUSE COPPER, HEAVY CASTINGS PER WIRE AND HRIVEETS. Monetacvuset of oli kinds of Con: Importers and Dealers in = Brass and Composition Castings. ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. Brazing Metals, ard Composition and - 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. Phosphor Bronse Castings a Specialty 160 to 164 Morgan Street, JERSEY CITY. N. MAn ETS 2 LEED LLE LIE LEE OIE ALTE ‘ THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, June 29, 1905. New Brown & Sharpe Automatic Gear Cut- ting Machine. The No. 12 automatic gear cutting machine is an en- tirely new design of the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Com- pany, Providence, R. I., and has features radically dif- ferent from those heretofore applied to machines of the same character. A constant speed drive is employed, taken direct from the countershaft to the machine driv- ing pulley. Variable cutter feeds and spindle speeds are obtained through a gear mechanism very similar to that of the Brown & Sharpe vertical milling machine, which was described in detail in The Iron Age February 23, 1905. An important improvement is the driving of the cutter spindle by a Renold silent chain, which does away with two pairs of worm gears and a cross shaft and permits the end movement of the cutter spindle for cen- tralizing the cutter. The drive for returning the cutter , rangement of the change gear mechanism, and the ex- terior view of the case indicates, without need of de- scription, the manner in which the gears are manipu- lated. The driving pulley is driven at 300 revolutions per minute by a single 14-inch belt. When motor drive is employed a sprocket is usually substituted for the pulley. The power is delivered to a shaft carrying two long pinions, one for the speed, the other for the feed. The group of cutter speed gears is shown at A, in the right hand view, Fig. 2, the five gears of the cone, with a quill gear, giving ten changes of speed, ranging in geometrical progression from 30 to 175 revolutions per minute. The feed change gears are shown at B. A quill gear doubles the six changes effected by the cone of gears, giving 12 feeds, ranging also in geometrical progression from % inch to 5 inches per minute. It will be seen that the cutter feeds are independent of the spindle speeds. At Fig. 1.—Front and Rear Views of the New Brown & Sharpe No. 12 Automatic Gear Cutting Machine. slide is controlled by positive clutches and is independ- ent of the speed and feed of the cutter, so that the quick return remains constant irrespective of the nature of the work to be performed. Another new feature is in the work spindle head, which can be completely revolved, al- lowing either end of the work spindle to be used and adapting the machine for the cutting of all kinds of bevel gears. The machine is intended for the lighter class of spur and bevel gear cutting, its capacity being gears up to 12 inches diameter and 8 inches face, with a 10 dia- metral pitch for cast iron and 12 diametral pitch for steel. In appearance the machine resembles a modified mill- ing machine in which the positions usually occupied by the cutter and work are reversed, the latter being car- ried by parts supported from the column, while the cut- ter is mounted on a slide traveling on the bed. Front and rear views of the machine are shown in Fig. 1, and front and back views of the box containing the cutter feed and cutter speed varying mechanism in Fig. 2. The latter show very clearly the compact ar- the center of the pulley shaft is a spiral gear meshing with another on a shaft, D, at right angles with the pulley shaft. Each end of this shaft D carries a sprocket, the inner one connecting with a sprocket on the index driving shaft on the side of the machine, as shown at C, Fig. 3, and the outer one with the quick return mechanism to the cutter slide. Through the sprocket mounted directly on the feed screw the quick return is always constant, irrespective of the speed and feed of the cutter. The cutter slide is fed by the screw G, Figs. 3 and 4, the screw being driven by a worm wheel in the feed case on the end of the bed. Fig. 4 gives a detail of the rear side of the bed, as shown in the right hand view in Fig. 1, and indicates the arrangement of the cutter slide and spindle mechan- ism. The cutter spindle is of tool steel, hardened and ground, and is mounted adjustably for wear in a head which can be adjusted on the cutter slide for different positions of work. A removable outer bearing on the spindle head gives additional support to the spindle. It can be rigidly clamped in position or easily removed for Pt & oe es ee yue] ie Ff i 2042 changing cutters. chain, which is peculiarly applicable, as the drive and a cross shaft were employed. THE IRON The spindle is driven by a Renold is from one parallel shaft to another without turning cor- ners as in the old way, where two pairs of worm gears The new arrangement AGE June 29, 1905 rest is provided, which can be fastened to the frame of the machine directly back of the rim of the gear in front of the cutter to afford support when cutting spur gears. The overhanging arm carries an arbor support that will swing any work within the capacity of the machine. The Mig. 2. permits the end movement of the cutter spindle for cen- tering the cutter, a very important advantage, as al- ready stated. The drive is from the sprocket E, Fig. 2, to a sprocket on the cutter spindle, which is shown in Fig. 4 and also in the rear view in Fig. 1. The endless chain passes over two idlers mounted on the cutter slide, and also over a chain tension adjusting sprocket, F, Fig. 4. Thus the movement of the cutter slide is terfered with by the drive of the cutter spindle. The work spindle is rotated in indexing, as shown in Fig. 3, by a worm wheel driven by a worm operated through bevel gears, and the vertical shaft H and change gears, which are connected with the indexing mechanism. The index wheel and worm are entirely inclosed in the work spindle head, thus being protected from dust and liability to injury. The worm is held in its bearing on the shaft by a friction clutch, N, and can be quickly loosened to allow the work to be turned by hand and again locked without disturbing the adjustment of the work arbor or the indexing. The clutch N is disengaged by slackening the small screws O and turning the knurled knob P. Means are provided for taking up end thrust of the worm and backlash between the worm and worm wheel. The worm being continuously in mesh with the wheel avoids the bruising of either when they are put in operation. not in- The indexing mechanism is of the well-known type adopted by the Brown & Sharpe Company. It is positive in its action, and as the locking disk can be set to make more than one turn the mechanism is relieved from heavy strains when indexing for small numbers of teeth. The drive for the indexing mechanism, as shown before, is independent of the cutter drive and feed, so that a constant and rapid indexing is possible irrespec- tive of the feed or speed of the cutter. The spindle head is adjustable on the upright column of the machine and is controlled by an elevating screw operated by a hand wheel at the top of the upright. The thrust is taken on ball bearings. <A dial graduated to thousandths of an inch indicates the movement and greatly facilitates the setting of the blank for depth of cut. Both ends of the work spindle are bored with a standard taper hole to permit the use of either end, and a straight hole extends through the spindle connecting the tapered bores. The hand wheel at one end of the spindle is used to release the friction clutch and allow the spindle to be turned by hand when truing up work. The friction clutch is shown at M, Fig. 5, the spindle being disengaged from the worm wheel when it is de sired to use the hand wheel. For very fine adjustment in resetting work or for rotating the spindle when bevel gears are being cut the worm is disengaged from its shaft by the friction clutch N, Fig.*3. An adjustable Front and Back Views of the Box Containing the Feed and Speed Changing Gears. support has an adjustable center that is eccentric to per- mit its use on work of small diameter. The indicator for adjusting the cutter to the exact center of the work is shown in Fig. 6. It consists of two Pot te WIL =o“ i Peja! -——J NSS eee reg) eS CUTTER SLIDE / = HEAD naeee ~ ris N SE EES SS | soe UL Wt CLL Ldh maz re VZZILLd 1 Tee ON AGE Fig. 3.—Sectional Elevation of the Machine Above the Base. pivoted fingers, the outer ends of which magnify the slightest movement of the inner ends. The inner ends are brought to bear against the cutter as near the pitch line as possible, and if the cutter is central the outer ends of the fingers indicate equal readings from the zero mark on the graduated plate. The illustration shows June 29, 1905 the means of testing the accuracy of the indicator. <A test plug is inserted in the end of the spindle and the inner ends of the fingers are brought to bear upon it. If the outer ends of the fingers do not read correctly on the graduated plate the error may be corrected by readjusting the inner ends of the fingers. Figs. 7 and 8 show the setting of the machine for two _. SPROCKET INOEX SH re Fig. 4.—Detail of the Bed from the Rear as Seen in the Right operations of bevel gear cutting. The first shows the cutting of a small bevel gear of machinery steel with 2 teeth, 20 pitch. Fig. 8 shows the cutting of a bevel gear with a long hub on the inside and indicates the advantage of being able to swivel the head either way, as this gear could not be cut with the machine set as in Fig. 5. Fig. 7. Fig. 9 gives a few examples of work done on the ‘gear cutter, illustrating the latitude in range. The machine occupies a floor space of 30 x 58 inches cand weighs about 1725 pounds. +e The Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Com- pany, Newport News, Va., will shortly begin the con- struction of a new dry dock 700 feet long and large enough to accommodate large war ships. It is understood that other extensive improvements to the yards will also ‘be made. THE IRON TH aeedeae cit staeM i nannintannneenn ddd added wi fj > iT a [eA - . 4 eS eee ~~ ro E ere qi J Sectional Detail of the Bed and Column from the AGE 2043 The Australian Farm Implement Trade. MELBOURNE, May 10, 1905.—Very interesting evidence was a few days ago brought before the Tariff Commis sion by the Australian makers of farm implements and harvesting machines. Local manufacturers certainly have not had any sympathy shown them by the members THE IRON AGE Hand View of Fig. 1. of the Tariff Commission, but have succeeded in stating a very strong case in favor of increased duties against American manufactured goods. There is not the slight- est doubt that the International Harvester Company of America has adopted rather unusual means to further its sales at the expense of the local article. The exports of agricultural implements from America to Australia in 1902 were $1,065,000; in 1903, $1,558,000; in 1904, $1,436,000, and it is claimed that, with a protective tar- iff, these goods could have been manufactured here to Cle =p <i als UTA | [ . o- Cie ew PF E f 2 f k TE 190ON AGE — Opposite Side. the advantage of the consumer, the manufacturer and the employee alike. H. V. McKay, our largest local manufacturer, gave evidence of one of the North American firms endeavoring to pass through a shipment of stripper harvesters on an invoice value of £26, and of another North American firm having got the machines through the customs at a valuation of £38 2s. 6d., the retail prices in each case being from £81 to £99. The duty on these machines in Australia is 12% per cent. only, while binders are duty free. jib 2044 THE IRON AGE On the other hand, the duty in the United States against Australian made stripper harvesters is 45 per cent. ad valorem, and the freight, which is heavier from Australia to America than from America to Australia, combined with the high duty, puts any attempt to export to the United States out of the question. Mr. Mc- Kay, therefore, sought a fixed duty of £25 at least on each imported harvester, and 24% pence per pound on Fig. 6.—Indicator for Centering Cutters, Showing Its Test for Accuracy. extra parts. This would stop foreign importations and compel the American company to establish its own works in- Australia, thus giving employment to local artisans and helping to develop our coal and iron resources. Com- petition of this kind he would not object to. In the course of his evidence Mr. McKay affirmed that, according to the invoices of the International Har- vester Company supplied to the customs department, 2 — eh as 4 a Fig. 7.—The Setting for Cutting a Small Bevel Gear. the selling price of stripper harvesters in highly pro- tected America is £26, in moderately protected Austra- lia, £85, and in nonprotected Argentine, £140. Mr. Me- Kay claims that he paid in wages last year as much money as the whole of the American firms paid in duty to the customs. One or two Australian papers have commented on the erection of the new building of the Osborne branch of the International Harvester Company in Melbourne. and judging from present indications it June 29, 1905 does seem as if the company, if it intends to hold the Australian market, will have to come here and manu- facture. Public feeling is running pretty high on this harvester question, and an increased duty will surely be insisted on shortly. _—— The West Virginia Board of Trade was organized at Wheeling on June 20 at a convention of delegates repre- Fig. 8.—The Setting for Cutting a Bevel Gear with a Long Hub on the Inside. senting nearly every industrial and commercial body in the State and held under the auspices of the Wheeling Board of Trade. Hon. Geo. C. Sturgiss of Morgantown was elected president; Frank W. Clark of New Martins- ville, Howard Sutherland of Elkins, Charles Capito of Charleston, George W. Summers of Parkersburg and J. W. Ruff of Bluefield, vice-presidents ; R. B. Naylor, secre- tary of the Wheeling Board of Trade, secretary, and C. A. Weaver of Moundsville, treasurer. The next meeting will be hela in Wheeling in October. The Crane Company has moved its general offices and sales departments to its new office building, 519 South Twelnow Ace Fig. 9.—The Range of Work of the New Brown & Sharpe Gear Cutter. Canal street, near its Judd street plant, Chicago. The former location of the general offices, 10 North Jefferson street, had been used by the company since 1864, and a branch of the city sales department will be continued at that address for the convenience of many customers. In the new building the company will have five floors of entirely open offices, which will provide ample space for the proper transaction of its business. June 29, 1905 The Pig Iron Warrant. After many years of exhaustive study of existing systems, and as the result of extended experience of its own, the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Company, 44 Wall street, New York, has worked out methods which cover every possible contingency. Through the writings and addresses of its able advocate, George H. Hull, presi- dent of the company, the American iron trade is thorough- ly familiar with the aims and the claims of iron storage, but comparatively few are acquainted with the details of the issue of warrants or the safeguards which have been THE IRON AGE 2045 receipt states where the iron is stored, and guarantees that on its surrender the iron described will be delivered free on board cars. Iron received into the warrant yard is weighed and graded both by the furnace company and by the werrant company. All iron which does not come up to the standard is rejected and must be replaced by iron which does. The furnace company fills and signs the blank B. Fig. 2, addressed to the storage company, a reproduction of such an order being appended. This is forwarded, to- gether with the yardmaster’s certificate, to the warrant company, Upon receipt of the blanks A and B, Figs. 1 and 2, Fig. 1—Blank A.—Yardmaster’s Certificate. worked out to protect the holder. An account of the method of procedure in issuing a warrant and in taking out the iron from the warrant yard may therefore be of general interest. Taking Out Warrants, When a furnace company desires to put a certain quantity of pig iron into warrant yard the iron 1s deliv- ered to the nearest yard of the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Company, and for each 100 tons the sworn yard- master issues a certificate of the form shown in the ac- companying reproduction, designated as blank A, Figs. 1, 2 and 3. The iron is weighed by the yardmaster and it is graded, and each certificate for 100 tons of iron, recit- ing, as shown, the grade and the quantity, is delivered duly signed to the furnace company. The yardmaster’s properly executed, a warrant is filled up and signed by the president and by the secretary of the warrant com- pany. The three documents are then taken to the trust company, which cancels the blank A with the cancellation shown in fac-simile in Fig. 3. The trust company will not sign the warrant to be issued unless it has in its possession the yardmaster’s certificate and the furnace company’s delivery order, nor will the trust company register the warrant unless it has four signatures—those of the yardmaster, the furnace company and of the two officers of the warrant company. The blanks A and B remain in the possession of the trust company so long as the public has the outstanding warrant. Simultaneously with the cancellation and the filing of the blanks A and B the trust company registers is “e. 2046 THE IRON AGE and signs the warrant and returns it to the storage con- pany, which then delivers it to the person for whom it was issued and to whose order it is made. Figs. 4 and 5 show a fac-simile of a warrant and its indorsement. Originally the warrant issued did not refer to the identical parcel of iron on which it had been issned, but merely to a like quantity of iron of the same grade, in the same yard. The warrant itself, under the present system, has no identification mark, but the Storage Com- pany and the trust company, by their records, can identify each warrant with the exact pile of iron for which it was issued, and that pile of iron is held so long as the war- June 29, 1905 The warrant is then taken to the trust company, which cancels its signature and delivers it back to the warrant company with the yardmaster’s certificate, Figs. 1 and 3. This is stamped on the back with the following can- cellation, as shown in Fig. 3: NOW TOR. tive ctvaces EB. Warrant No.....,. issued as above, having been this day can- celed, the iron covered by the within certificate is hereby re- leased for delivery to the holder thereof, on presentation and surrender of said certificate to the yvardmaster, at the yard from which it was issued. ‘Mey ves dereew snd , Registrar, F. L. & T. Company. sine ce a Rae et ec Secretary, A. P. S. W. Company. gist oases ct "a Da ia President, A. I. I. S. W. Company. _— Fig. 2.—Blank B.—-Furnace Company's Delivery Order. g I rant is in circulation until the identical warrant is can- celed. Of course the warrant after being registered by the trust company and indorsed by the person to whose order it is issued may be passed from hand to hand, carrying the title to the iron which it covers to each owner. Warrants call for storage at the rate of 24% cents per ton per month. Each seller is expected to deliver it to the buyer free of accrued storage or to deduct the ac- crued storage charges from his bill. Withdrawing the [ron, The course of procedure in withdrawing the pig iron from the storage yard is as follows: The warrant is pre- sented at the New York office of the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Company, by whom the signatures of the president and secretary are canceled by punch marks, as indicated in Fig. 4, after the storage has been paid. The yardmaster’s certificate must therefore bear the indorsement of the registrar of the trust company and of the presicent and the secretary of the storage com- pany before the yvardmaster will deliver the iron, this document having become the delivery order which is given to the last holder of the warrant. The storage company isa indorses the vardmaster’s certificate for storage, as shown in Fig. 3. The holder of the warrant must remove his iron before the first day of the ensuing month, at which time storage charges would otherwise be resumed. The yardmaster's certificate now bears the following indorsements : Barer TOME, ook). 6 SN ed eR Warrant No..... has been issued by the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Company, and registered by this company. While said warrant, cr any reissue of same, is outstanding. this June 29, 1905 yardmaster’s receipt will be held by this company, and will not be surrendered by it until said warrant is canceled by said warrant company, and its registration canceled by this com- pany. CENTRAL TRUST COMPANY, Pinte mabahieedaaa , Ass’t Secretary. NEW YORK, The above named warrant having been canceled as above provided, this yardmaster’s receipt is hereby released. CENTRAL TRUST COMPANY, Be aiescudaenwareee , Ass’t Secretary. WO: ORs. ois dsieula eed eapnes 19.. The above named warrant issued for the iron described on the reverse hereof having been canceled, the said iron is released for delivery to the holder hereof on presentation and surrender THE IRON AGE 2047 pany has established its desire to be accurate. The iron is of course weighed again when going out, and it is also subject to inspection as to grade. Warrants are issued for iron either by analysis or fracture grading. When the analysis basis is selected it is done according to the rules established by the Ameri- can Society for Testing Materials, which rules have been adopted by the American Foundrymen’s Association. The warrant system as above described has been in operation in this country since 1889. Its aim is to en- courage the accumulation of a reserve stock of pig iron. In 1898 it had accumulated 283,000 tons, which was about Fig. 3.—Back of Blank A.—Yardmaster’s Certificate with Cancellations. hereof at the yard named. ‘The American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Company, having possession of said iron, recognizes the title thereof in the holder hereof, and will deliver the same to him as above provided. AMERICAN PIG [RON STORAGE WARRANT COMPANY, Entered by. ....--0cececeees BN 5 ie Ske Cia eee be ake The final step in completing the transaction is the cancellation by the yardmaster of his signature on the certificate and his returning it to the New York office of the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Company. Such is in detail the system as it has been developed by the company. During the first ten years there were some complaints of short weights and of inaccuracy in grading. But it was soon found that the double weigh- ing of the iron and the careful grading insured safety. The careful investigation of claims, even trifling, on the part of the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Com- one-quarter of all the iron held in the United States at that time. The Pig Iron Certificate. The pig iron certificate system was inaugurated by the New York Produce Exchange. It is entirely separate and distinct from the warrant system, except that the warrant of the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Com- pany is the only document which can be converted into a certificate, deliverable in fulfillment of sales made on the exchange. It does not change the warrant system, but simply adds something to it. The form of the certificate is reproduced in Fig. 6. On some of the other exchanges where commodities are dealt in. such as grain, cotton and coffee, the seller is allowed the option of delivering other grades and sometimes at other locations than the basis, by making 2048 THE certain specific additions or reductions in the contract price, while the buyer is compelled to take whatever the seller chooses to deliver. The pig iron certificate. how- ever, was created solely to make it possible to give the . IRON AGE June 29, 1905 duced of continuing to the seller the option as to what he would deliver and giving to the buyer the heretofore unattained option of what he would receive. The detail necessary to accomplish this is very sim- ec) ae Sg iy) oo: PF. aN ehs Fac-simile of Indorsement of Pig Iron Warrant. buyer .an option as to what he would receive. As long as the warrant was the only document in existence repre- senting the iron this double optien was not possible; but by creating the certificate the novel feature was intro- ple, and in effect it is to make the Farmers’ Loan & Trust Company a “clearing house” for warrants. This is accomplished by requiring enough money deposited with the trust company with each warrant to make the war- June 29, 1905 rant equal in value with a certain standard. By this means they become interchangeable. Under this system a pig iron producer may make a contract for a pig iron certificate deliverable at a future date. When the time for delivery arrives he deposits with the trust company a warrant for 100 tons of iron of whatever brand, grade and storage location he elects, with the amount of money required by the ex- change rules to make it equal in value to the standard. For this he obtains a certificate, which certificate he de- livers to the buyer in fulfillment of his contract. The buyer, on the other hand, can at any time he chooses surrender this certificate to the Farmers’ Loau & Trust Company and demand, in exchange for it, any warrant held by the trust company in that particular group, together with the amount of money originally deposited with said warrant. Thus the seller has the option of delivering on his sale any iron stored at any point which the Produce Exchange has previously ap- proved and listed. The buyer, on the other hand, can €.394' 00000 THE IRON AGE 2049 Mechanical Engineers, 2780; American Institute of Elec- trical Engineers, 3334. The membership of well-known foreign societies was given as follows: Institute of Civil Engineers (January 1, 1905), 6597; Institution of Me chanical Engineers (March 1, 1905), 3977; Iron and Steel Institute (January 1, 1905), 1909; Institution of Electrical Engineers (August 31, 1904), 4303; Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (April 24, 1903), 17,549; Société des Ingenieurs Civil de France (1901), 3691 President Lieb in the succeeding portion of his ad- dress presented the conditions of membership as taken from the constitutions of the four leading American societies, following with a comparison of the receipts and disbursements of the different societies and the ex- pense of membership. Referring to one problem which the American Institute of Electrical Engineers had han- dled President Lieb said that for the benefit of members who were at such a distance from the headquarters of the society that they could not attend monthly meetings local clubs had been organized, which had done much to z AMA WAC CANNY ¢ woos | PIG IRON STORAGE WARRANT: GOMPANNZ REGULAR PIG IRON WARRANT CERTIFICATE. New YORKCIN: Nhe Sarmu wan ¢. Vuuast be AM funy hereby coibefics thal there has Fern posted ot y aglow por lip ool S: he Rew 4 by a Tecicaga te prned We. A ‘ene accordance wish Me. falarefitle Meu fork: Voedare Favhapge ugulating Aansectirsin Sig Sven, Me taimiis hoan ¢ Fitted Cran y. 7 CENTRAL TRUST COMPANY OF NEW York. wt ics ¥ owen Wariant ee oo Ma vile fwd in, ahi “adhered and ‘hee Cyvarid the» Feunde “a Poedwee tat Lattd fer One hendred tops of 2? poundicach.of Tig. ig Irn, a aterid: a Thy Iron saered tn Hew tYerh hailrr mverding the Me whatlade ae wn free dl Mee tne ~ Aifresl ~ z " 4c sud Baviuend i cicged tg oad Wari owe hare 04 SOW; He Sean ¢ Tinast tb, any fir acccunl of sat Wai SPECIMEN, __.& Fig. $.—Fac-simile of Pig Iron Warrant Certificate. withdraw from the trust company a warrant for any iron which is on deposit with the trust company, to- gether with the amount of money deposited with it. ——_4--o___—__- The Leading Engineering Societies. In his presidential address before the twenty-second annual convention of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at Asheville, N. C., June 19, John W. Lieb, Jr., discussed the organization and administration of na- tional engineering societies. He referred at the outset to the formation of engineering societies in Great Brit- ain—the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1847, the Iron and Steel Institute in 1869 and the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians in 1871, which be- came in 1889 the Institution of Electrical Engineers. In our own country the American Society of Civil Engineers Was organized in 1852, the American Institute of Mining Engineers in 1871, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880 and the American Institute of Elec- trical Engineers in 1884. The membership of these va- rious societies on January 1, 1905, was as follows: Amer- ican Society of Civil Engineers, 3203; American Insti- tute of Mining Engineers, 3680; American Society of keep up the interest at distant points. He recognized the tendency of such clubs to secede from the parent so- ciety, or at least lose interest in it, but believed on the other hand they had induced accessions to the member- ship of the national organization and had been an im- portant stimulant of professional activity. Other socie- ties had been watching the result of this undertaking with great interest. The speaker regarded it as no longer an experiment, but added that it had developed new prob- lems and required the constant care and supervision of the central administration. ——— —_ ~eo@e Travelers between New York and Boston on the New Haven Railroad will have their attention attracted as they pass-through Bridgeport by the large signs of the Eaton, Cole & Burnham Company on its two new plants in that city. On one plant the company has just com- pleted an immense sign over 1100 feet long, and at the other plant, on the water front, the company’s name has been placed on a 100,000-gallon water tank 130 feet in the air, which can be seen for miles. The Board of Trade of Bridgeport, Conn., has just issued an interesting souvenir beok describing the city’s various enterprises. ae bes & Re Le Law oF 2050 THE IRON AGE Large German Gas Engines.—II. Two Cycle Engines. (Continued.) The double acting pistons are in one sense ideal, as they carry out the rule that all forces should be taken up by the shortest road possible instead of by circuitous routes through passive parts, such as engine bed, foun- dations, &c. Advantage has not been taken of this fact June 29, 1905 has replaced the throttle valve by a valve underneath the cylinder, operated from the governor, by which the excess of air is released (Fig. 7). The ports are covered by a slide operated by hand, thus enabling the size of the inlet opening to be changed (Figs. 8 and 9). This slide must also be counted among the necessary working parts, but as it is situated outside the combustion chamber it is not subject to any great heat. When the load on the engine is decreased the amount TME IRON AGE Fig. 8.—Oechelhaeuser Gas Engine (Borsig).—Longitudinal Section through Working Cylinder. Fig. 9.—Oechelhaeuser Gas Engine.—Forward Working Piston. as much as it might have been for the cylinder and crank shaft, in spite of the self contained balancing of forces and of mass, have been mounted on heavy engine beds. Only in quite recent times have such engines been built by Borsig, of Berlin, with central mounting of the cylinder, following the pattern of modern steam engines (Fig 6). These engines were originally governed by means of throttling the explosive mixture, but Borsig of gas will become so small that if it was introduced all around the ports it would not form an explosive mix- ture. To avoid this evil the above mentioned slide is so operated that the slots opposite the igniting mechanism are gradually closed so that there is always an explosive mixture at the igniter. Figs. 6 to 9 show the construc- tion of the Oechelhaeuser engine as built by Borsig. By reason of the double pistons and the complicated driving mechanism which they entail,.such engines as have hitherto been built take up more space than double act- ing tandem four-cycle engines with their two separate cylinders. Not only is the width greater, but also the length, and a saving can only be made in the latter at the cost of accessibility, as, for instance, by arranging the pumps below ground. The tandem four-cycle engine which is used for comparison is in regard to length the least favorable construction of that type. Another type of two-cycle engine is that of Koerting, shown in Fig. 10. The basic idea is again of a purely ee June 29, 1905 mechanical nature—i. e., to build a double acting engine while recognizing the necessity of using ring ports in- stead of valves for operating the exhaust. The result is a long cylinder with the exhaust openings in the center, opened and closed by means of the piston, as it is im- practicable to construct a double acting cylinder with annular exhaust ports by any other means. The principal characteristics and disadvantages of P sl at i a I. s = es or — 4 Ge e “7 o a THE IRON AGE Fig. 10.—Double Acting Two-Cylinder Engine. — r this engine are the long piston and cylinder necessity of operating the inlet by a valve. The latter is inevitabie, because if the working cylinder operates the outlet valves on both ends a similar mechanism for the inlet worked by the same piston is impossible and valves must be used (Fig. 11). and the THE !RON AGE Fig. 11.—Inlet Mechanism for the Double Acting Two-Cycle Cylinder. As mentioned before, the time available for clearing and charging two-cycle engines is very short, not so short as for the exhaust, but sufficiently so to make the correct construction of the inlet mechanism very difficult. The valves must have a very large area in comparison to those in four-cycle engines, and also a long stroke. The mechanism must raise and lower the valve in a very short space, otherwise clearing and charging would be practically impossible in the time available. Diminish- ing the valve area causes great resistance and loss. THE IRON AGE 2051 The pistons are built of a length which is almost equal to the stroke; in large -as engines, up to 5 feet; their weight is also increased by the cooling water in their interior. To overcome the momentum of such a great mass with each change of direction is impossible, but to support so great a weight by means of the piston rod is not. In consequence, the working surface of the cylinder suffers from the weight of the piston as well as the pressure of the piston rings. The construction of a double acting gas engine by the means indicated offers advantages which are only apparent. The idea of a long piston, which opens and closes slots in the middle of the cylinder, is extremely simple and an apparent step for- ward, but it gives rise to practical difficulties which re sult in this method of construction being indeed a simpli- fication but not an improvement. Fig. 12 is a diagram of the clearing, charging and governing arrangement of these engines. The pistons of the gas and air pumps are on one rod and are driven by a crank, which arrangement diminishes the length of the engine. The pumps and also the connection of the air and gas ports with the inlet valve are shown in Fig. 13. This py bey) SE pe _f | | | , : THE IRON AG Fig. 12.---Diagram of Charging, Cleaning and Governing Arrangement. arrangement is clearly more expensive and less econom- ical than driving direct from the piston rod, which, how- ever, necessitates a greater total length. The pumps are operated by means of piston valves, a simple method, which is, however, likely to cause leakage. Since the gas pump has to compress varying amounts of gas to the same pressure as the air from the air pump it cannot be operated by means of simple piston valves, but must be fitted with a special automatic governor. As against these disadvantages, the Koerting engines possess several ey THE IRON AGE Fig. 18.—Connection of Air and Gas Pumps with Working Cylinder (Koerting). Another disadvantage is that the side shaft must be run at the same speed as crank shaft, and, therefore, all working parts move at double the speed of those in four- cycle engines. A further inevitable result of the base idea of this type is that the inlet valve cannot be arranged concentrically to the cylinder, but must be to one side of the same. This adds to the difficulty of keeping separate the clearing air and the explosive mix- ture. advantages—viz., simple general construction, compact- ness, simplicity of moving parts, &c. A material benefit is due to the fact that the pumps serve to measure ac- curately the air for clearing and charging, which result is only obtained with other pumps by means of a special arrangement. The engines above described, those of Koerting and Oechelhaeuser, are the only two-cycle en gines which have been built for large powers. (To be continued.) a | es 2052 THE IRON AGE Effect of Manganese in Low Silicon Cast Iron.* BY H. C. LOUDENBECK, WILMERDING, PA. The following tests were made to show the effect of manganese on the chill and fracture of cast iron having a low percentage of silicon. The mixture was melted in a small test cupola having a diameter of 16 inches inside the lining. Blast pressure, 6 ounces. Size of chilled test pieces, 3 x 4 x 10 inches. These were chilled on the edge, or the 3 x 10 inch face. Test pieces were also cast in the sand to determine frac- ture and also to obtain drillings for test. These were the same size as the chilled test pieces. Test No. 1. {No. 1 ch 1 pig ir _— No. ee er hs 6 oo awh’ cocearae weds Mixture.... 1a 6 charcoal big roe ced > blab ws She RSS Gee 60 0 per cent. ferromanganese................ 2 Estimated Actual analysis. analysis. Per cent. Per cent. OE ae ici i aa ee ea ne ee 0.63 0.55 ION a vik snd nwa cpus ekeed ends aneias 2.01 1.38 i. in sic tak hah o Rees ona e hobs 3.77 3.67 Sd i arcana tae i EN oa lon! shiile 0.62 PU DaSire ccs cigs uw kee baw’ xanosaionl 0.24 0.22 DE eh Rh hehe «sd ove cele tisk ais Wena sialon 0.02 0.048 Depth of chill, 2 inches: grain of chill, coarse and fibrous; fracture of sand piece, open, graphitic and very black. One-inch test bar broke at 2600 pounds per square inch, 12 inches between supports. Test No. 2. No. 1 ch 1 pig i ae 0. 1 charcoa Meese kesadswe tense mixture. ... {o. 6 charcoal ed Bee ecco eskeseae 80 80 per cent. ferromanganese................ 8 Estimated Actua analysis. analysis Per cent. Per cent. MR OC EEGs chios Gul x cb as ve kasd beaucne ae 0.63 0.49 Ns S Siw avees 080040 0bssndeodene 2.81 2.00 OME SY Ss'o'ss oo Els be bak cds ewacbuows ba 3.77 3.72 I 6 nb. v0 Die cine 66d naman kod Soe 0.74 SE iin ocd in bole Geen ond erarenmimaae me 0.24 0.25 DE (aE Gis ods bddbeuis scexesbwonkebaes 0.02 0.03 Depth of chill, 24 inches; grain of chill, very coarse and fibrous. Fracture of sand test piece, mottled on the outside, black in the center. One-inch test bar broke at 2600 pounds per square inch, 12 inches between supports. Test No. 3. : Pounds ee 2 ee 40 Mixture.... {Re OR PE vc va ct ciscivevecs 60 80 per cent. ferromanganese.............. 3% Estimated Actual analysis. analysis. Per cent. Per cent. SRY aide RG Seto Se ds wRK. 48. Ceres 0.63 0.49 IIE ies tans ne vs Sukie Ss Aipledy 5's d teh Hie edane 3.63 2.25 SPINE. Ss 0% 95.4 hin a Ghuca cas orae wie ea oar 3.70 SE NUR ws vic We ne Sew esau s ct atte 1.17 1.03 PEE SU Uy Ji och Kdea ahh vcs oe eee eee 0.26 0.24 PE AAG acee dn SA eh eK RETR ON ce eee 0.02 0.025 Depth of chill, 2.30 inches; grain of chill, very coarse; back of chill mottled Fracture of sand test piece, chilled on corners and sides, but gray in center. One-inch test bar broke at 1755 pounds per square inch, 12 inches between supports. Test No. 4. No, 1 ch 1 pi — NO, Pee ee , . wen acceanse wiee....te 6 chaveull 1. § . Sebbbap be pp pede é (80 per cent. ferromanganese.............. 5% Estimated Actual analysis. analysis. Per cent. Per cent. DL abi Wak's wuss Fedo take ice ote 0.60 0.74 RD Sa vuneuseets sccene abt Puweene ee 4.51 3.80 Nae 6b thn kcmes des eke ae a oe 3.87 coe CE, CI a ss iiss 0 iret teak Medbnd «0 0s 1.00 2.52 DD Wace une na 6 Ub pat ee wakxRometoe ace 0.27 0.27 Aa Saw backhoe kate nb eetaeh tcc dace 0.02 0.02 Chilled test piece, white throughout. Fracture of sand test piece, white, with a few graphitic spots in center. One-inch test bar broke at 1465 pounds per square inch, 12 inches between supports. Deductions from the Tests. The above tests indicate: 1. In cast iron having from 0.50 to 0.70 per cent. silicon the addition of manganese above 1.38 per cent. —— * Paper read before the American Foundrymen’ New York, June, 1905. ¥ s Association, June 29, 1905 gradually hardens the metal, the combined carbon and the chill increasing with the addition of manganese. This statement should be modified to this extent: When smaller or larger castings are made the size of the cast- ing has a marked effect on the cooling of the metal and in that way affects the carbon. 2. When the manganese is high and the casting large enough to be gray, the fracture is open and coarse and the graphite scales very large and crystalline. 3. High manganese to a certain extent prevents ab- sorption of sulphur from coke. When the manganese is below 1.38 per cent. (this percentage is only approximate and depends largely upon the percentage of silicon present; the lower the silicon the sooner the manganese will commence hardening iron), its action is different; it softens iron, lowers the combined carbon and decreases the chill. This effect is more marked where the sulphur is high, which the fol- lowing examples will illustrate: Test No. 5. Analysis of metal direct from cupola : PPP re Pree ee ier kd Pe 0.12 per cent. Ns ace Fi cad S hee Od OES ED CORED hoe SHR a Ke 0.71 per cent. MANGANEHE 2... crc csrrccccccveesecesevcensesons 0.27 per cent. CIO GRPMO 5 oan oc cen soceccvesenscseneses 1.60 per cent. Depth of Cid... .. ccc cccccccscccsecvessecsces 1.75 inches. Analysis after adding % pound of 80 per cent. ferromanganese to about 200 pounds of metal : NE a6 60h cents se Os 60 ORES ES 8% 08 Au geseunne 0.71 per cent. Manganese ......-.+++e08 cae ere ee ee wean e eee 0.34 per cent. Combined GAFDOM.... cus ccccccccscccccccsevcere 1.35 per cent. Deptiy of Chill... 0. .cccccrcccvccvvccvcccccsecs 1.50 inches. Test No. 6. Analysis of metal direct from cupola: Dee ATK ies she vecceeeeccecticorovcsase 1.25 per cent. ST. kc cheese wdle dc esmihc ce Coes rece eeee 0.87 per cent. NUL UATLERTREEL IEEE EET 0.27 per cent. err. ren ee ee 1.35 per cent. Degth ef GRY. ce iiC ee cecaci cs cededescccscecs 0.70 inch. Analysis after adding 1 pound of 80 per cent. ferromanganese to a ladle of about 200 pounds of metal: ee eer gaiedsee ees s 6seeeG¥er 0.83 per cent. MANGANESE 2 creer vcvevesercdoccvoccesesvecsecs 0.63 per cent. Combined CAFDOB sis sc cdc cdeccccccsscioces 0.50 per cent. Depth Of Ciblicccesscvccddoscaccce ceccccecce 0.30 inch. Test No. 7. Analysis of metal direct from cupola: NO 6.6 6S as obs CUE R OE ORO Get c Ow ROd6 OO e 60 0.57 per cent. PEED 6 ob n 86 00s 0b cv EWRONM ESOS Oe ve aseees 0.35 per cent. PE ccc be Reere He ab dhed es OOSTADO CRE EERO 0.123 per cent. PONE kr buess vcs vctccsionecnars 600 eee 0.39 per cent. COMMITS GHG i ieee Sec c decoders cesees 1.20 per cent. DeapG GE BIND 6 ois. Koh ss Ch See 6s cd wd eed See 1.40 inches. Analysis of the metal after adding 3% pounds of 80 per cent. ferromanganese to about 200 pounds of iron: EE nicks 56 atk » 3 65n.os Cen tp ER ES 400 108.6 eb 0.59 per cent. Manganese ............. ro oh wieskeeecaead eee 1.70 per cent. EC Te TS TET ECCT TEL 0.023 per cent. PROBPROTES ooo ccccesccccccvsseserseescoccors 0.89 per cent. eRe rer re ree ee 2% inches. Combined carbon, very high. From the above it may be seen that manganese can be used for not only decreasing but increasing the chill, depending upon the amount of manganese used and the na- ture of the mixture. ‘There will also be noticed the marked decrease in sulphur where considerable manganese is added. Such a difference is not always attainable, but the conditions in the case were favorable for such a re- duction. The metal was very hot, and after adding the ferromanganese the mixture was thoroughly stirred and skimmed. General Conclusions, Manganese can be used to advantage in low silicon and chilling iron in the following cases: In mixtures where the percentage of scrap is large and the sulphur necessarily high (this will occur in a ear wheel mixture where usually a large portion of old metal is used) the result of this increase in manganese would be lower sulphur, lower combined carbon, less chill and greater strength. Very often chilled plates are required having hard chilled faces and soft backs suitable for planing. Man- ganese added in the right proportion will reduce the tendency to mottle and make a comparatively soft graphitic back. In all cases where chilling irons are melted in a cupola and the sulphur is over 0.7 per cent. the iron can be strengthened by the use of ferromanganese or pig iron having a high percentage of manganese. June 29, 1905 There are some cases where the manganese should be kept low. In the manufacture of large hydraulic cylin- ders it is necessary to have a close mottled iron to with- stand the pressure and prevent leakage. If the manga- nese is too high this mottled structure is replaced by a coarse graphitic structure, which is not satisfactory for this class of work.