The Iron Age 1905-06-08: Vol 75 Iss 23

A Review of the Hardware, Iron, Machitier, “0% Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 232-238 William St., New York, Vol. 75: No. 23. New York, Thursday, June 8, 1905. $5 00 a Year, including Postage Reading Matter Contents...... — Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ‘“‘ 169 Py Classified List of Advertisers... “* i61]) -GOMMPRES SION SHarT COUPLINGS Manufactured by FORSTER PULLEY WORKS, Cuba, N. Y. CORDAGE THE AMERICAN MFG. CO., 66 Wall Street, WN. Y. SEE PAGE 120. | = — 7 Mh — rif 4 NU PRSWEALL They “carry” all makes of goods—usually ; a the kind the customer doesn’t want. SELLERS SELL U. M. C. CARTRIDGE They move. Half sold when put in stock s Patent Steel on Lame, because of the standard quality and Time, Belts, advertising behind them. peeiteanil THE UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO., Bridgeport, Conn with Least Metal. Agency, 313 Broadway, New York City. Depot, 86-88 First St., San Francisco, Cala. PUNISHED 20UrT,- Send for Circulars and Free Samples. seacetaiaatigsiiieetaitiadiiaaiaitaccaiees linn aieaiatstatlarieeniah ieee liad tensanpsintanestsieriinmaeatetiatasebamentcitanitimactemetiaiatenimeantinlinmeiadanahdittancademee THE BRISTOL CO., Waterbury, Conn. SEE samson spot cord CATTAT |, BOILERS “ slusoh Coenen... | CAPEWELL HORSE NAILS TURNBUCKLES,. “THE BEST IN THE WORLD” yn ae HIGHEST AWARD IN ALL COMPETITIONS Cleveland City Forge and rent” * Cleveland, 0, TURNBUCEHISBS. GOLD MEDAL MERRILL BROS., GD amt 465 to 471 Kent Ave. AT ene LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION FOUNDRY ‘IRON. Res Caeles 1904 Gtrard Building, Phila. MADE BY PILLING & CRANE, EsSxs:<'cct| ) THE GAPEWELL WORSE NAIL CO., Hartford, Conn, From TIGHT JOINTS can only be maintained by the use of high grade flange packing. Ore Mine JENKINS '96 PACKING to is unequaled for durability. It is absolutely MF Tin |" SWOCN” Gold Rolled Stel sa, Drawing Stamping guaranteed. All genuine bears Trade Mark as shown in the cut. JENKINS BROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, London. THE AMERICAN TUBE & MPING COMP 23 (Weer and mat Daveryy ” Gumearont. Gorm PAG Oe MAGNOLIA at ETAL. Best Anti-Friction Metal for all er a Bar. See AMERICAN SHEET & TIN PLATE COMPANY’S “> y AGHOLIA METAL CO., AS On Page'ss, Ownerssod Sole Manufacarery, GIMIS tan see, Wr trait gba of Sale Uses 2 THE IRON AGE RRR | Acc | UE, _| THE PME & won Mr. Ce, SE Slime BRA cucer | oneet and Roll Brass COPPER WIRE ae PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN GERMAN (steet. [Some re ROD Pius, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kero. rae att SILVER WIRE La Te —_— ny x ae Spee ay S21 1 we RRR we NS Sai Gee G--e eew Soe 8 a Te) |LOW BRASS. SHEET BRONZE.|% MURRAY st, NEW YORE. nes WENZ23) |SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER| —““ SIGH-ST.. BOSTON. | ee SEAN EE eae) |TUBING. BRAZED BRASS AND] sotzzxo xz: 1 anmacrone — BRONZE TUBING. <3 ttt 8 so] eee We wake a SCOVILL MFG. CO., Blalelelt |Site |WATERBURY BRASS CO., sence are e( | WATERBURY, CONN. GERMAN SILVER, ed E na | | | | '|99 John St., New York, Providence, R.1.| ff , Sheets, Rolls, wire - Brass Shells, Cups, Hinges, | Tits : | Pp tle tl Tidgeport Ty Bronze d Special ase Gonde to Order. all - k\ijn ~ : s| BRIDGEPORT, om. WATERBURY, CONN. | Automobile Castings a Specialty.| [J New york. — cHicago. —-BOSTON. | F O | an S b ce | High Tensile Strength. —————————————— C others | Bronze and Aluminum Alloys. Henry Souther Engineering Co, F D, NN. ~ oe Write Us. Consulting Chemists, Metallurgists and reece | Testimony tm Cou weal ee [atantor: — Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., ipl i alolisin Arthur T. Rutter & Go. AND MANUFACTURERS OF 2 5 6 Broadway, SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. i : Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. NEW YORK. 2 4 Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, fs aa ce — ad anes eo _ Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, He &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- et German Silver Wire. Brazed and x td i UU aS omnes Se ELON ao isa Best Bronze, Babbitt nen ren and Terni See . “IT'S TOUGH.” ae TROLLEY, rass, Bronz d “ Aluminums CASLINGS TELEPHONE FOUN DERS— FINISHERS. and Ww. G. ROWELL CO., Bridgeport, Conn. W.G. ROWELE CO, Bridgeport, Goan f TELEGRAPH HENDRICKS BROTHERS LINES. Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, | »-sscson, BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO. A RES BS Gee SWART OF AEE I ot eS pase St nag ss J se Sepia w es onn. 9 Murray St., New York. 2 *< Srasicers’ Bolt and Sheathing GEORGE KROU SE . COPPER, HEAVY CASTINGS COPPER WerEtE bee D HRIVBTs. iin aa eae Suan pouition “Castings. Ingot Copper, oe abe ar ae ey é Antimony, etc. pirasien Watatn, Bard Composition ond 160 to 164 Morgan Street. JERSEY CITY. N. J. 33 ERMAN IVETS Kero. LGO, INN. nd THE IRON AGE New York, Thursday, June 8, 1905. The Bullock Electric Mfg. Company’s New Machine Shop. The Bullock Electric Mfg. Company, now the elec- trical department of the Allis-Chalmers Company, is making some important additions to its already extensive plant at Cincinnati, Ohio. A new foundry building is under construction, facing the main works, but across the street from them, and the finishing touches were re- cently put upon a large new machine shop, which has just been added to the group of older buildings. This shop, known as No. 2, has some novel and in- teresting features. Every machine tool from the pon- derous punch presses, for making laminations for turbo- more than balance a comparatively large initial increase in the expense incurred for tools. Those machine tools requiring variable speed are driven by motors operating on the Bullock multiple volt- age system. By this system a speed ratio of 6 to 1 is obtained, giving 12 speeds in the forward direction and 9 in the reverse. The handles of the controllers on the tools are so arranged that in every case they are always within easy reach of the operator. There is a separate balancer in this shop for dividing the total generatea pressure into lower voltages, the same as in the other large shops, which may be used independently in case of failure of the others. Further, the connections of these balancers are such that should the need arise one may be made to bear the load of another. As the voltages Fig. 1—Punch Department in the New No. 2 Shop of the Bullock Electric Mfg. Company. generators from 1-16-inch sheet steel, to the small tapping machines, is driven by an individual electric motor. The initial cost of many of the smaller tools is somewhat insreased by driving each separately, but by this ar- rangement the machines are rendered independent of each other, so that an accident to one does not interfere with the operation of the others. The system becomes also extremely fiexible. Not only can certain tools be moved to the work, when that is desirable, but all can be quite easily and quickly shifted in location without dis- turbing the power connection to the motor. Other ad- vantages are clear head room, better light, freedom from dirt, economy of operation (as power is only used when the machines are working) and reduction of the liability of accidents to employees. However, the greatest advan- tage accruing from this individual drive is the increased output, due to the fact that the machines can be run at the proper speeds to suit the work. As labor is the greatest single item of expense in a machine shop a very small percentage of saving in its cost per year will obtained are 90, 160 and 250 the are and incandescent lamps are supplied with current from a small light bal- ancer located in the lower house. Compressed air is supplied for portable pneumatic tools, and electric porta- ble tools are also being used. The various departments are so arranged as to ex- pedite the work as much as possible, so that as a piece of work progresses through the various operations it is never retarded or handled unnecessarily. On the first floor is lo- cated the punch department, Fig. 1, where all the lam- inations for the armature cores and poles are punched and where the smaller sized cores and all poles are as- sembled. Here are also located the annealing ovens, Fig. 2, where the laminations are again annealed after being punched, the drying rooms for the field and arma- ture coils, the blacksmith shop and the commutator de- partment. Half of the second floor is devoted to making switch- boards, which now form one of the important products of the Bullock Company, and the remaining half is used i @ 5 g ra) = aa Lee 8 4 -. aeae o Sa :: Dee @ ri y ; © oe * 7 ee es? Se RES pe cist . ihe seen 5, atid). el Ux i a a a eas é alt shrew 24 lb 1 hg a PINES: ons iy Bee S digg BS, ae Ma a1 at. sae ae Vi Ss te I ma te } 4 : 4 ie 5 . > * : ab ¥ 1802 THE IRON AGE for the lighter work involved in the manufacture of other electrical apparatus, such as the making of arma- ture and field coils for both direct and alternating cur- rent machinery, transformer -windings, &c. Throughout the length of the shop runs a 5-ton elec- trically driven crane. An industrial railway connects the punch department with the annealing ovens. At both ends of the shop freight elevators driven by electric Fig. 2.—One of the Annealing Ovens in the New No. 2 Bullock Shop. motors connect the upper and lower floors. The drying ovens are also connected directly with the insulating department by a smaller elevator. The building is of buff pressed brick and steel con- struction, being identical in this respect with the other buildings comprising the Bullock Works. It is 150 x 308 feet and two stories high. The roof is covered with translucent fabric, which admits a flood of soft light June 8, 1905 electrical energy is generated, and the relatively slight offsetting losses due to its transmission for miles over wires; the distribution of the motors on a large number of axles, thus virtually utilizing the entire weight of the train for adhesion; and a great reduction in the wear and tear on the track, due to the fact that the pitching and pounding of the steam locomotive, resulting from the un evenness in the curve of crank effort, is absent with the electric outfit, where a perfectly uniform torque is ob tained. A 200 horse-power horizontal turbine which has been in operation for six years driving two 100 horse-power generators supplying current to the city of Geneva, Switzerland, has shown a rather peculiar condition of wear. The water is supplied to the wheel under a head of 440 feet, and the jet is limited by a sliding vane and divided into several streams by blades set into the nozzle. The extreme ends of the blades of the wheel are very slightly worn, but near the center there are three deep grooves which cut entirely through the blades. The gen- eral character of the wear shows that it was not due to sand or other foreign matter. It is attributed to eddies set up in the jet, and the nodes and loops are supposed to result from harmonic vibrations in the water. The development of the gas engine has proceeded at a much more rapid rate on the other side of the At- lantic than with us. Figures of the consumption of gas from city plants give a good idea of this. In many Ger- man cities from 15 to 25 per cent. of the total gas gen- erated is consumed by the engines, while some 5 per cent. of the total output of the Paris plants is utilized in the same way. In American cities scarcely an example can be found where as much as 1 per cent. of the total gas manufactured is supplied for operating gas engines. It is expected, however, that in cities where the price is Fig. 3.—View in the Winding Department of the New No. 2 Bullock Shop, Showing Typical Arrangement of the Sprinkler System and the Heating and and in summer tempers the full glare of the sun. The shop is heated by the overhead system of air ducts, sup- plied by a blower, which draws in fresh air, and after it has passed around steam heated pipes blows it out through the tubes. Some of this piping system is visible in Figs. 1 and 3, the latter being a view in the winding department. The same system keeps the shop at even and agreeable temperature in summer by the circulation of cooled air. Automatic fire sprinklers are used throughout, as may be seen in all of the views. ao ————_—_—_ The advantages accruing from the electrification of railroads are mentioned as follows in a recent discus- sion: An increased acceleration ; areduction in dead weight because the electric train carries, in addition to its cars, only its motors, while the steam train carries also its steam generators; the general economy with which the Ventilating Systems. below $1 per 1000 cubic feet the use of it for power pur- poses will increase. A cantilever bridge crossing the St. Lawrence at Que- bec is now under construction which is credited with the longest span ever built, The structure consists of two approach spans of a length of 210 feet each, two shore arms, each 500 feet long, and a great central span of 1800 feet. This compares with the 1710 feet of the great Forth cantilever bridge and the 1596 and 1600 feet, respectively, of the Brooklyn and the Williamburgh suspension bridges. The total length of the bridge is 4220 feet, which is less than that of any of the other three mentioned by 1000 feet or more. The total floor width is 80 feet, provision being made for two railway tracks, two roadways and two sidewalks. The main posts of the great cantilever have a hight of 325 feet and weigh each 750 tons. nd nd on er a, of id 1d 'y p fo > oe June 8, 1905 Melting Steel with Cast Iron.* BY R. P. CUNNINGHAM, HOLYOKE, MASS. The demand for castings to stand great strains has increased to such an extent that foundrymen are often at a loss how to produce castings up to the required speciti- cations. The manufacturers who are the most often called upon to produce castings of high strength are pump and engine builders, too! makers and car wheel manu- facturers. With pump builders a few years ago it was something very unusual te receive an order for a pump to stand a pressure of more than 1000 pounds. To-day it is nothing uncommon to get an order for a pump to work under a pressure of 5000 pounds, and even higher. En- gine builders ‘are called upon to build engines to work under 200 pounds steam pressure, while only a very few years ago 100 pounds pressure was considered about the limit. I might say the same thing about tool making. The speed at which the modern tools are run to-day is nearly double that of a few years ago. Look at car wheels and ‘compare the tests they are subjected to to-day with those > required 25 years ago. The increase is over 100 per cent. Yet car wheel makers have managed to make wheels that come up to the requirements, I might’ go on and enu- merate many other branches of the trade that are doing what was once considered an impossibility. This goes to show that the foundrymen of to-day are alive to the re quirements and yet we often hear men say that the foun- dry has not progressed as fast as other branches of manu- facturing. On the contrary, considering the attention that has been paid to the foundry, we have managed to make castings that have been far above the specifications called for. Foundrymen do not always have the iron in their yards to make castings of any required strength, but by a judicious use of steel scrap we can produce cast- ings of the strength desired. Any one familiar with pump work will readily under- stand the necessity of having a perfect casting, not alone smooth and true to pattern, but clean, close grained, yet soft enough to machine easily. Many castings go through the machine shop and erecting room, but fail when put under test. This adds cost to the manufacturing cost, as often the machining is many times the cost of molding. By adding a percentage of steel scrap we have in a great measure overcome this difficulty if the trouble is caused by porosity of the metal. Care in Charging the Cupola, When melting steel with cast iron there are many things that require close attention in order to obtain the very best results. In charging the cupola one cannot be too careful and should be absolutely certain that all the material called for in the charge is put in. The weight of each material specified should be correct ; the fuel and fluxes should be analyzed so that the exact composition of all the materials going into the iron to be made may be known. In making high grade metal we have to contend with the imptrities of the fuel and fluxes charged into the cupola besides that we have estimated on in the metal. All impurities in excess tend to weaken the metal in ten- sile and transverse strength; for this reason there is more difficulty in making a successful cast when using : large percentage of steel scrap. A high percentage of steel necessarily increases shrinkage, demands closer attention, requires more rapid handling in the foundry, and when very high tends to make all the operations connected with it draw away from those of a cupola metal and approach that of a steel casting. When this extreme point is reached melting in the cupola becomes very unsatisfactory. The average thickness of a casting bears a relation to the percentage of steel desirable. For thin castings only a small percentage can be used, while for thick, heavy castings a large per cent. is permissible. This is so be- cause a thin casting has no self annealing power, on account of its rapid cooling and the chilling effects of the mold. The thicker casting, on account of its slower cool- * A paper read before the American Foundrymen’s Associa- tion, New York, June, 1905. THE IRON AGE 1803 ing, anneals itself somewhat and opens the grains of the metal perceptibly. ‘Lhe same metal in a thin casting, which is hard, would be quite soft in a heavy casting. My opinion is that it is more desirable to have a mixture With the smallest percentage of steel that will give suffi- cient strength and solidity to the casting for all practical purposes. We sometimes doubt the wisdom of the engineer when he calls for castings that will stand so many thousand pounds to the square inch, because the metal that will stand the highest test in the bar is not always the most desiravie. It may be brittle or flaky, with no elasticity, and yet test high. What we aim for in practical foundry Worn 1s a high grade metal that will stand a fairly high test and machine easily. It is this kind of a casting that can be made with a percentage of steel scrap melted with your iron, providea the rules are accurately followed. My method of charging a cupola is as follows: Let us say that we want to make a casting which will require 4000 pounds of metal, with 25 per cent. steel. With a cupola that lines up 48 inches, we put on the bed 1200 pounds of coke, on top of this put 1000 pounds of iron, then 500 pounds of steel, then 500 pounds of iron, then 150 pounds of coke, 500 pounds of steel, 1500 pounds of iron. ‘The coke next above the metal charge should be greater than between the ordinary charges, and the pig iron in the next charge above the steel should be of the same chemical analysis as the iron used in the steel, so that if any metal should melt and run into the steel it will do no harm. With the last amount of steel we add 1% pounds of ferromanganese to every 100 pounds of steel used. We also put the same amount of ferrosilicon into the ladle. This should be done after the first metal has been drawn into the ladle. This metal should be poured as soon as It becomes quiet in the ladle. If the casting is uneven in thickness attention must be given the shrinkage. Setting a riser on the heavy parts and atter the mold is full pouring slowly until the riser is tuil ovviates trouble. If the casting is very heavy it will be necessary to feed it, but an ordinary casting will not require this. Selection of Pig I.on and Scrap. We have found by using two brands of iron, one high in manganese and ihe other high in silicon, both low in sulphur, that we can get a much finer grained casting, with more elasticicy, than we could if we depended on ferromanganese and ferrosilicon to bring these two ele- ments up to the desired percentage. I reason it in this way: If the manganese and silicon are in the pig they are more evenly distributed than when they are put into the cupola and depended upon to become thoroughly mixed in it or in the ladle. We have never yet depended upon the pig for the entire amount of manganese or sili- con wanted, but have added each in the proportion given above. We sometimes have trouble caused by wrought scrap or hard steel becoming mixed with the steel scrap. In either case satisfactory results cannot be obtained. With hard steel there are hard spots in the casting, while wrought iron increases porousness which is very bad if the casting is uneven in thickness. My opinion is that mixtures of this kind will be used in the future to a greater extent than in the past because the demand for this class of castings has increased and foundrymen will readily see that by this means they can build up their present mixtures to show greater strength and other desired qualities. The result of 18 casts with different percentages of steel showed that the highest amount of steel that could be used, to advantage is 33 per cent. Above this showed excessive shrinkage and only a slight gain in strength. The highest point reached for tensile strength was 33,- 205, the lowest 31,890, for perfect bars. The highest trans- verse strength shown was 3335, the lowest for a perfect bar was 3180. Six bars were cast from each heat, two at the first part, two in the middle of the heat, and two at the end. In every case the two bars cast in the middle of the heat showed up best in tensile and transverse strength. The first bars were not uniform and showed small pin holes. The last bars showed up badly in every instance. Less trouble will be had with less than 33-per >, jee de $4 Es. prices > a oS see “SS a ie, tee ee fel eS, B Sa sit Sega x Sepeererests Sono aeaege waa coe * yea " i, ‘ ae = * em Ft gl ce Te etna oe PEE Pehle LY Sele ae oe Sct eee So aie Rie RPP eld QR? 1804 THE IRON AGE cent. than above that amount of steel scrap in the gray iron mixture. For ordinary work 25 per cent. of steel will give suffi- cient strength for all practical purposes, will machine easily and yet be close grained. This is the per cent. I would recommend foundrymen to use unless it is for some special work. +e The Bateman Mfg. Company’s Improved Power Equipment. The Bateman Mfg. Company, Grenloch, N. J., has recently completed a number of improvements to in- crease the efficiency of its plant. New buildings have been added, equipment improved and many minor changes made in various departments, whereby the pro- ducing capacity has been materially increased. Of the many improvements, the installation of a suction gas June 8, 1905 A view of the plant is shown in Fig. 1 and an eleva- tion and plan of the arrangement in Fig. 2. The plant consists in the main of the producer, scrubber and the gas receiver, connected directly by pipes and fittings to the engines, the latter being located but a short dis- tance away. The producer itself is a cylindrical stove lined with fire brick. The fuel is usually anthracite pea coal, this being the most suitable, and is admitted through a hopper above. A small blower, operated either by hand or by a small gasoline engine, serves for starting and reviving the fire in the generator when the pro- ducer is put in operation. When stopping the plant the generator is shut off from the scrubber and opened to the atmosphere; the natural draft keeps the fuel burning moderately, so that the producer can be readily put in operation again in a short time, the small amount of gas generated while not in operation being carried off into the stack. After shutting down over night about ten Fig. 1.—The Otto Suction Gas Producer Equipment in the Bateman Mfg. Company’s Plant. producer plant and gas engines for power purposes. is the most noteworthy. Heretofore the power has been de- rived from water, with auxiliary gasoline engines at various points about the works. To centralize the production of this auxiliary power an Otto suction gas producer plant of 120 horse-power capacity, made by the Otto Gas Engine Works, Philadelphia, Pa., was in- stalled, furnishing gas for two Otto engines of 80 and 48 horse-power, respectively. This producer is of the latest Otto type and has been developed from the pressure gas producer or semiwater gas producer, in which fuel gas is generated and kept under pressure by forcing steam saturated air through a bed of incandescent coal, usually by means of a steam injector. It differs from the older method, however, in not requiring any steam boiler or large or expensive gas holder and in having the apparatus arranged so that the gas generated is always under less than atmos- pheric pressure. The inhaling action of the engines is used to draw the air and steam necessary for generating the gas through the producer in quantfties required and regulated by the power developed. minutes’ blowing by means of the fan is sufficient to insure gas of proper quality for starting the engine. In construction and erection precautions for safety have been taken. The valves and pipe connections are arranged so as to prevent air entering the producer from the outside while the plant is idle. The pressure in any part of the apparatus while the engine is running is below that of the atmosphere, and no gas is generated while the engine is idle, consequently no leaks outside are possible. In case of imperfect joints no gas can escape; on the contrary, the lower pressure in the pro- ducer and connections tends to draw air into the appa- ratus through such joints, and should the leak become excessive the quality of the gas becomes so poor that the attendant would be compelled to locate the leak and stop it. The engines installed by the Bateman Mfg. Company, deriving their fuel from the producer plant mentioned, are directly connected with two General Electric Com- pany’s generators and furnish power for a 25 horse power motor in the foundry, a 15 horse-power motor in the polishing department, a 5 horse-power motor in the we ww iSe evr i) June 8, 1905 pattern shop, a 5 horse-power motor for elevating pur- poses and a 10 horse-power motor driven pump, together with a lighting system of 350 incandescent and four are electric lights. A number of additional motors are to be placed in various other departments, after which it is expected that the producer plant may be operated at a reduced cost. The new plant has been in service now for several months and continues to give good satisfac- tion. As the full amount of power is not being used at the present time complete data as to the economy of the plant are not obtainable. Careful observation up to this time with but one engine operating shows a consumption of 144 pounds of anthracite pea coal per horse-power per hour. When the full amount of power is being used it is expected that this will be reduced to a consumption of 1 pound of coal per horse-power per hour. In addition to the motor drives before mentioned there is a Worthington triplex pump, driven by a 10 horse-power electric motor, which has made it possible to extend the service of water to all parts of the plant. Mains have been laid throughout the works, and water C7 ; Y ‘wel, \ 4} }484¢-diaee | se | 5 | | COAL HOPPER ~) \ SCRUBBER 7 | Hr IL , - + — 9/1 GAS PRODUCER ao = @Siblgg = <= THE IRON AGE 1805 Liabilities. Capita) stock, authorized issue 1,550,000 shares of $100 each, $155,000,000, of which there is out- id a akan ce due uslndcmaee apres $153,887,900 Pn ee a EEE EEE CT ETE CET ETE ROT CCT 21,071 Dividend No. 23, payable May 29, 1905........... 1,538,879 CN GE BONING oc kc cb etcciceccwed $10,481,591 Less amount set aside for payment of dividend No. 23, May 29, 1905.... 1,538,879 ——- §,942.712 neh: Nia i i oa it th ahaa $164,390,562 There is no indication of current earnings or of the earnings of the company in past quarters save such as may be implied from the surplus. The remainder of the statement tells of the formation of the Amalgamated and its dividend record, notes that the litigation in Montana is being gradually cleared up, and then goes into brief description of the principal properties of the company. It continues: Exclusive, however, of the said copper mines, the assets of the company (consisting of timber lands, coal mines, reduction works, saw mills, railways, real estate, buildings. copper and ersh), controlled through the ownership of other companies, are ' j L, GAS PRODUCER t +. cae = vt 7. te fA ee Oe ie | Fe 5 jn " Pp Uy ' Cat i ee v4 aes ‘ | « > Sascearae C) (2, -_——= ca iL — ee EEE Soak T 1 ° 2 Ps ' 4 t; THE IRON AGE wi¥ Fig. 2.— Flan of the Arrangement of the Gas Producer Apparatus. is being supplied at 50 pounds pressure at the plug by a 40,000-gallon tank at a hight of 100 feet above mean low level. The water thus provided is used both for manufacturing and fire protection. —_ ~~ The Amalgamated Copper Company. The long expected statement of the Amalgamated Cop- per Company, which is the first official publication since the company’s formation giving any idea of its condition or business, was issued June 5 in connection with the annual meeting. The most interesting part of the state- ment was the condensed balance sheet, showing a surplus of nearly $9,000,000 after making allowance for the pay- ment of the May dividend. This balance sheet as of May 29, 1905, is as follows: Asscts. Investment in securities, &c., representing owner- ship in copper :nines. mining claims, mining plants, reduction works, refineries, coal mines, saw mills, standing timber, water rights, land, Ph SetedetVade cae REDS acho deneewens $154,281.393 SE SOG CAG vents ceuvc chs ccc weds cecees 2,500 Loan to Washoe Copper Company for smelter con- NBs Rain ba heh ONES 0 6m Gus eEeHeKo nd as 7,350.900 I 5 5 oes 4a eaten eae 2,756,759 ee ee eee ee $164,390.562 of very great value, exceeding, in the opinion of experts in whom the officers have entire confidence, $50,000,000 over all labilities of the company. The company, directly or indirectly, employs in Montana 12,000 men and expends annually for wages $14,000,000. The companies owned wholly or in part by the Amalgamated Company produced in 1904 252,000,000 pounds of refined cop- per (including only a small amount from custom ore). Of this amonnt the Amalgamated Company receives the benefit from 202,000,000 pounds, which is about 25 per cent. of the totad production of the United States. As the outstanding capita} stock of the company is $153,887,900, each pound of copper pro- duced is capitalized at 76 cents per pound, without taking into consideration any earnings from other sources than mining. At present the status of the company and the position of the metal market are more satisfactory than at any time since the early part of 1901. The only change in the directorate at the annual meet- ing was the election of H. H. Rogers, Jr., to the board to succeed F. P. Olcott, who resigned recently. ——— @-+e____ On June 20, the forty-second anniversary of the official birth of West Virginia, representatives from the boards of trade and other commercial bodies will as- semble in Wheeling for the purpose of organizing a State Board of Trade. This idea was first launched by Roy B. Naylor, secretary of the Wheeling Board of Trade. Ten boards of trade from different towns in West Virginia have already named their delegates to attend this meeting. Pes ie te 6E wire: ’ 4 4a —— —- Se eae ae % ae ‘ PRE ANS 22 CE See Baling ¢ Z ¥ Laer & “as ee te z finne onl et ¥ SPS THE IRON A New Cincinnati Sixteen-Inch Shaper. The new feature of the 16-inch back geared crank shaper illustrated in Fig. 1 is the substitution of a change gear box for the cone pulley. While the gear box is shown on a 16-inch machine, it can be applied as well to any of the back geared crank shapers made by the builder, the Cincinnati Shaper Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, and may be attached at any time, though it is preferably incor- porated in the machine while in process of construction. It provides all changes of speed attainable through the usual cones without shifting the belt, with the further ad- vantage of affording a larger area of belt contact at all speeds. In designing the gear box it was the aim to make it as simple and strong as possible, omitting all complica- tions which would make it likely to become disarranged. The construction and working of the box will best be understood from the detail Fig. 2. The driving pulley a is carried on the outer end of the shaft b, whi¢h also car- ries the sliding gears e and j. The latter slide on a key, compelling them to rotate with the shaft b. They are manipulated by the shifter fork 1, so that e may be en- gaged with the gear f on the intermediate shaft ¢, or j with the gear g on the shaft ¢, but only one pair of Fig. 1.—The Sbaper. A NEW CINCINNATI gears can be in mesh at a time. The knob k is used to slide the gears e and j and also to lock them in either of the engaged positions. The gears f and g do not slide, but the gears i and hf on the main driving shaft d, ordi- narily the cone pulley shaft, are arranged to slide in a manner similar to the gears on the shaft b, so that i may be meshed with f or h with g. The knobs by which the shifting and locking of the various positions of the gears are accomplished may be seen in Fig. 1. With the shaft b running at constant speed there are four speeds at which the shaft d may be driven. The slowest is obtained with the gears e and f and g and A in mesh, or when the lower knob is to the left and the upper one to the right. The next speed is obtained with e, f and g in mesh, with both knobs to the left; the third speed with j, g and h in mesh, with both knobs to the right, and the fastest speed with j and g and f and i en- gaged, the lower knob being at the right and the upper AGE June 8, 1905 knob at the left. This range of speeds is doubled in the machine by the back gears. In other respects this shaper is similar to the regular 16-inch machine made by the company, which is notable for its heavy design, being claimed to be the most power- ful shaper of its stroke on the market. The column is of unusual width and depth and is ribbed and braced inter- nally. The horns projecting at the front and back give a long bearing to the ram, and the latter has a wide and long bearing in the column. The rail is deep and heavy, is ribbed horizontally and is strongly gibbed to the col- umn. The graduated head swivels to any angle and is locked by a simple device. The cross traverse screw for the table and the down feed screw for the head both have graduated collars reading to 0.001 inch. The construction of the ram reciprocating mechanism is interesting. The journal of the main gear has two diameters, the diameter of the inner end being twice that of the outer end, to overcome any tendency to break at the junction of the gear. The crank block is a steel forging and is set well into the cup of the gear, permitting the rocker arm to travel close to the edge of the gear, thus avoiding the usual overhang. The rocker arm is strong and heavy, and has means for compensating for wear Fig 2.—Dectail of the Change Gear Box. 14-INCH SHAPER. and lubricating. The length of stroke is changed from the working side of the machine, and its position by a hand wheel on top of the ram, these changes being possi- ble whether the machine is in motion or at rest. The principal dimensions of the 16-inch shaper are as follows: Extreme length of stroke, inches... ......ccccsccscsesees 16% Greatest distance table to ram, inches.................. 17% Least distance table to ram, inches.............6.-2se08. 356 ee Se Es IOs oo cerca tcseseeeuwesoass 14 Horizontal travel of table, inches..............eeeee0% 20 Se OG DN Te FS ohne 0 SS 66S SUS ERE Wake nee oe 7 Weight of machine and countershaft, pounds........... 2,800 Keyseating of shafting and similar work up to 3 inches in diameter is provided for by an opening through the col- umn under the ram. This machine may be used either in single or back geared form, the ratio of gearing being in the one case six revolutions of the cone shaft to one stroke of the ram, and in the other 24 to 1. “Ss ar Vv ew "Ss we - — we June 8, 1905 The Greenfield Tap and Die Grinder. The grinder shown in Figs. 1 and 2 is designed for grinding taps, die chasers and chucking reamers, as well as surfaces both plain and irregular, and all kinds of Fig. 1—The Tap and Die Grinder Made by the Greenfield Machine Company, Greenfield, Mass. light hand grinding. On one end of the spindle is mount- ed a 4-inch cup wheel and on the other end is a holder for disk wheels, which can be easily removed and re- placed by a %-inch spring chuck for holding emery sticks, &e. On the cup wheel end of the machine is a tap sharp- ening attachment carried on a swinging arm. A spindle rod carries two center heads, one of which has a spring center operated by a lever, which permits the tap to be removed quickly. The tap is indexed by means of a rigid tooth rest. Means are provided for holding a tap that has had its end broken off or which is without center holes. The swinging arm carries the tap across the face of the wheel and swings at any angle to the face of the wheel, allowing the tap to be ground at any angle. The work is brought toward the wheel by means of the hand wheel at the front of the machine. It will be seen that a chucking reamer may be ground by means of this attachment. The capacity of the fixture is from %-inch hand taps to 1%-inch machine taps. The table of the grinder is elevated by screws and a hand wheel and can be clamped in any position. By clamping die chasers against the gauge, provided in the holder, the whole set of chasers may be ground in the Same relation to the thread, each having the same amount of clearance, which is necessary to insure that each chaser of the set shall do its share in cutting a thread. The holder, being mounted on a swivel base, per- mits the chaser to be ground at any required angle. The holder is moved by hand across the face of the wheel, using the table guide and knurled adjusting screw for feeding the work toward the wheel. The machine will grind chasers up to 2% inches wide and any length. THE IRON AGE 1807 By means of a series of double grooved pulleys eight changes of speed are obtained. The machine is furnished with wheels of eight different sizes and has means for tightening the belt. The belt runs direct from the line shaft to tight and loose pulleys on the machine, or a ig. 2.—A View of the Head of the Greenfield Grinder from the Opposite Side, countershaft, such as is shown at the right in Fig. 1, is furnished if desired. The grinder is manufactured by the Greenfield Machine Company, Greenfield, Mass., and eighs complete with the base 215 pounds, and without the base 119 pounds. es The Kennicott Water Softener Company.—This com- many, whose office is in the Railway Exchange Building, Chicago, is erecting a new plant at Chicago Heights, IIL, to which will be removed all the machinery from its old plant on Thirty-fifth street, the old plant being abandoned. The new plant will consist at the outset of three build- ings—namely, a general plate and structural shop, 80 x 300 feet, one story in hight: a machine shop, 40 x 85 feet, and a two-story office building, 40 x 46 feet. The main building will have an up to date boiler shop equipment, including a four-motor 79-foot span 714-ton electric travel- ing crane, with a 2-ton auxiliary hoist, already purchased from the Northern Engineering Works, Detroit, and the necessary equipment of punches, shears, rolls, air drills and hammers and other boiler shop machinery, most of which will be moved from the old shops. Bending rolls will be bought now, and jt is thought that later on a hydraulic equipment will be installed. A number of motors will also be required. The buildings of the plant are of steel trussed construction, with brick walls and tile roofs, the steel work having been let to the Morava Construction Company. A three-motor Northern Electric Works traveling crane now in use in the old plant will be placed on a runway outside of the main building of the new plant and used for loading. unloading and trans- ferring plates and shapes to and from storage yards. An industrial railway system will be installed in the plant. Ground has already been broken for the plant and work will be pushed to completion rapidly, it being the present hope of the company that it may be ready for operation in its new factory by September 1. The company expects to enter the field of boiler manufactur- ing in connection with its other work. Hill & Wolters- dorf, 70 La Salle street, Chicago, are the architects. niciincalecilialillipitaaicaiias The transmission line which is to carry the cables intended for the transmission of electric power from the power house of the Ontario Power Company, on the Ca- nadian side at Niagara, i» a point near the Devil’s Hole, where the line will cross the gorge to the New York side, is in course of erection. Steel towers will carry the cables in their passage down the cliff to a point above the water line where the crossing will be made, and on the New York side similar towers will support the cables as they are strung to the top of the cliff, where the transformer station will be erected. The contract for the erection of this transformer station has been let to the John Shaft Contracting Company by the Niagara, Lockport & On- tario Power Company, the cost to be about $25,000. Work will go forward at once, it is expected. mas ~ GESRTMEELAN BRA HST we eS i808 THE IRON AGE The Transfer of Heat at High Tem- peratures.* BY FRANK C. WAGNER, TERRE HAUTE, IND. The experiments referred to in this paper were made several years ago for commercial purposes. The primary object was to determine the time required to raise plates of iron and steel to a welding temperature in an open hearth regenerative furnace. Some preliminary experi- ments were made by heating plates in a muffle of the size commonly used in chemical laboratories. Four dif- ferent samples of metal were experimented upon. These samples were cut from stock plates used in the manufac- ture of butt weld pipe. The dimensions of the samples were as follows: No. of Thick- plate. Material. Length. Width. ness. Inches. Inches. Inch. 1.25 0.104 1.25 0.117 1.25 0.111 1.25 0.129 The temperature of the specimen plate was measured by a Le Chatelier thermocouple. A small hole about 1-32 inch in diameter was drilled edgewise through the plate near the center of its length. The wire of the thermocouple was threaded through this hole and the junction of the two wires of the couple was located at about the center of the plate. Strips of mica were wedged about the wires so as to insure that the wires did not make contact with the iron plate near the edges. A second thermocouple was located in the furnace ad- jacent to the plate for the purpose of measuring the furnace temperatures. The experiment was made in the following manner: The furnace was brought up to the desired temperature and its temperature measured. The plate with the in- serted thermocouple was then quickly placed in the fur- nace and the opening closed. The exact time of placing the plate in the furnace was noted by an observer, who thereafter called out each five-second interval to another observer at the galvanometer. In this way the tempera- ture of the plate was determined at five-second intervals until the plate reached substantially the temperature of the furnace. At the end of the experiment the tempera- ture of the furnace itself was again read and the mean of the temperatures before and after was taken as that during the test. The results obtained are given in tables I to V and were plotted after the manner shown in Fig. 1. In all of these tests the transfer of heat was prin- cipally by radiation. When the muffle was used the damper in its vent pipe was closed as was also the open- ing in front. In the open hearth furnace the flames passed across the top of the furnace without coming into contact with the floor of the furnace. The openings for inserting material were kept closed by sheet iron damp- ers during the tests. It is possible from these data to determine the rate of transfer of heat from the furnace to the iron. The specific heat of iron varies with the temperature. Pionchon in “ Comptes Rendus,” Vol. 103, page 1123, gives it as follows: From 0° to 660° Cent., specific beat = 0.11012 + 0.000050666t 4- 0.000000163998#. From 660° to 720° Cent., specific heat = 0.57802 — 0.00287196t + 0.0000038585#?. From 729° te 1,000° Cent., specific heat — 0.218. From 1,050° to 1,200° Cent., specific heat = 0.19887. In the formulas ¢ is the temperature in degrees Cen- tigrade for which the formula gives the specific heat. By using these values a curve was constructed showing the heat units above 32 degrees F. in a pound of iron at any temperature. By this means curves in British ther- mal units per pound were constructed. From these latter curves the slope of the tangent at any temperature gives the heat units absorbed per pound per second. In the calculation it has been assumed that a plate laid on the bottom of the muffle, or furnace, receives heat through both the top and bottom surfaces from a source at the temperature of the furnace. This is * Abstract of a per presented at the Scranton meeting (June, 1905, of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. June 8, 1905 strictly true only at the beginning of the heating period. The bottom of the muffle was covered with bone ash and it is quite probable, owing to its low heat conductivity, TABLE I. PuaTE 1 1N MUOFFLE. Bartise Tuzrwat Units PERATURS OF VALUES OF a or Ty = ApeonsaD Fen Sq. Inca ae PER COND. 838882 ; ReRonD www TON I WOLD : SSS2SSSEESS te eh et et tet pet et et eh $823288 eeesgegeseegs to | ms no tom go No NO HONE LOND TO S| SESVSSRESSSEE TABLE IU. PLATE 2 1n MOFFLE. (Butisu Taeamat Usits} Tenrsearuns or TEMPERATURE OF | ApgsoneED PER SQ. INCH VALUES oF ATE. ae URNACE, PER SECOND. ex 10 — Test 2. Test 1. | Teet 2. .0651 S8Seesess g8285252222 oc ee a é Bese ee eve me et ee ; phrtreposorosowsooror > SS8S255eRSER: - r= mi re 20 29.9909 29 90 09291010 10 99 | SRAISESLSSSLEWVS TABLE III. Pirate 3 18 MorPLe. TexrenaTURE OF TEMPERATURE OF a ae Se. —_ VaLuEs oF Furnace. . Puate. PER SECOND. @ x 10'. Degrees | Degrees | absolute. Abeoiate.| Test 1. | Testa. | Test 1. | Test 2 ~ | Abdsotate. | “Test 1. | Test 2. é 8 2 2,178 2,241 “ “ 33 o al a a o ot “ “ ee j 3 225 S889: S28B2aus2e HSRQBBezzvssaea: eee geeee wee 2 ee GING. os es cctsccavevesvasvesccae val _~ ~~ a _ > ~ TABLE IV. PLaTe 4 IN MUFFLE. TeMrERaTURE OF TemrenaToRe oF Piate. Forwace. | Barrisu Tuenwat VaLces ur | = 10°. = Ise i a PER ox 10 | | NCH PER SECOND. Degrees Fahr. [Degrees Absolute. Degrees Absolute waar weet 6s | 2,171 | O77 “ 0716 "0645 ‘0573 0430 0376 eebessezseees eee ek et et et et et et sess2522¢2 eee ee ee ee is| SB¥Sezezszses June 8, 1905 THE TABLE V. Piate 4 IN OPEN HEARTH FURNACE. (Bartisn THexmat Units! J o "RE O | Vv « To” | Puaxace, ” | AssonmeprenSe.Ince | = \OANine” | Degrees Degrees . cong =— | Absolute Absulute Teet 1. Test 2 Test 1. | Test 2 139 600 | 2,836 | 2,871 2105 | .2686 | 3.26 | 3.99 339 soo | |“ “ 2105 | .2636 | 3.28 | 3.91 539 | 1,000 2105 "2636 | 3.31 | 3.94 739 | 1,200 (2105 2636 | 3.87 | 4.00 939 | 1,400 |“ 2105 2686 | 3.47 | 4.11 1,139 | 1,600 | | ‘2105 | 2636 | 3.62 | 4.20 1,289 | 1,700 | -2105 2636 | 3.74 | 4.43 1,339 | 1,800 | | .2008 2636. | 3.71 | 4.35 1.439 | 1900 |“ « | 1865 2295 | 3.61 | 4.18 1539 | 2000 |“ “ 1721 (2080 | 3.53 | 4.01 1.639 | 2.100 eo} wm 1578 1721 | 3.49 | 3.55 1,739 | 2,200 1368 1434 | 3.30 | 3.22 1/839 | 2,300 | .1147 (1291 | 9.13 | 3.23 1,939 | 2.400 | 0968 112 | 3.07 | 3.20 2.039 | 2,500 0896 1004 | 3.50 | 3.48 21399 | 260 | « | o« Jo, 0717 | .... | 8.28 Ses ee te Becca 0490 | ... 2.92 op | sesmeli « § « | i... 210 |... | 9.34 RUGS 6 6v6cb cite ctvddcctonns vewens 3.43 3.74 | that less heat was received by the plate through its lower surface than through its upper. In the case of the open hearth furnace the plate was placed upon a fire brick, whose capacity for storing heat was considerable, and whose heat conductivity was also sufficient to main- tain a high temperature at the surface exposed to the iron plate. It seems probable that in this case the heats received through the top and bottom surfaces respective- ly were nearly equal to each other. It has also been assumed that the plate was at substantially the same temperature in the interior of the metal where the ther- mocouple was located as at the surface. That this is practically true is evident from the following: The heat conductivity of iron is 0.16 small calorie per second per square centimeter for 1 cm. of thickness and 1 degree C. difference of temperature, as found by Forbes. This corresponds to 0.0009 British thermal unit per square inch for 1 inch thickness and 1 degree F. difference of temperature. The thickest plate experi- mented with was 0.129 inch thick, so that the heat was conducted 0.065 inch in passing from the surface to the thermocouple. A difference of temperature of 1 degree F. would consequently transmit 0.01388 heat unit per square inch per second from the surface to the center. The maximum rate at which heat was absorbed in the muffle experiments was 0.077 heat unit per square inch per second. This would require that the surface of the plate be 5.6 degrees F. hotter than the center. Since the temperature of the plate was at the same time rising at the rate of 35 degrees per second, the lag in tempera- ture of the thermocouple behind the absorbing surface was less than one-sixth of a second. In the open hearth furnace experiments the maximum rate of heat abso