The Iron Age 1904-06-02: Vol 73 Iss 22

A Review of the Hardware, Iron, Mach eosom@muqr; | Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 232-238 William St.. New York, 7, o Vol. 73: No. 22. New York, Thursday, June 2, 1904. En Onie iftas ArAmnrm ARMM Anne AM Reading Matter Contents....... page 47 Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ‘‘ 227 Classified List of Advertisers.... ‘‘ 219 Advertising and Subscription Rates ‘‘ 226] The New U. M. C. No.33 Pri give an added ballistic value to the powder and shot charges in all U. M. C. smokeless powder shells. THE NO. 3 U. M. C. PRIMERS were the first and best primers for smokeless powder ever made here or abroad—until the advent of the new U. M. C. 33 primers, which were substituted for them some time ago. The U..M. C. Southern Squad used shells brimed with the new 33 primers. Bristol’s Patent Steel Belt Lacing. THE UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO., SAVES Factory, BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Time, Belts, Money. Agency, 313 Broadway, New York, N. Y. GreatestStrength 8 sal vourr With Least Metal. ee d for Circulars and Free Samples. ts THE E BRISTOL CO., Waterbury, Conn. 40% 14% SAMSON SPOT CORD GAHALL BOILERS sr « Also Linen and Italian Hemp Sash SAMSON CORDAGE WORKS, Boston, Mass. Exe PLAIN PATTERN REGULAR WEAD. G 5.00 TURNBUCKLES. a . 2 . Zz a ‘ li Horse Nail : Gapewell Horse Nails : 2 = < . NEW YorRK, Branches: PORTLAND, ORE., 7 e.. a PHILADELPHIA, BUFFALO, 0 act y CHTCAGO, DETROIT, BALTIMORE, 70 - 87. LOUIS, CINCINNATI, NEW ORLEANS, : ” ¢ sosror, SAN FRANCISCO, DENVER. > Mill Gi d a THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL CO., Hartford, Conn. 5 nader. : : PILLING & CRANE, foie er Co Et PLAIN PATTERN REGULAR HEAD. Et 57 : 2% ae eS! Se 52 ey 21 Time and Steam cost Leaky steam joiots waste 30 money, then: fast. > 8 : Two JENKINS *Q© PACKING =. which is absolutely guaranteed, saves both. Insist on having 87 packing stamped with Trade Mark as shown in the cut if you » Great ‘Leaders would have the genuine. > JENKINS BROS. s2 i n New York, Boston, Philadelphia, _—Chicago,__" London. : American |" SOMO” Gold Rolled Steel ces Drawing = Stamping 2 THE AMERICAN TUBE & | STAMPING COMPANY 93, PAGE si Sheet Metals. —e—v , Ter Se MAGNOLIA METAL. Best Anti-Friction Metal for all Machinery Bearings. Fac-Simile of Bar. Beware of “SS WAGHOLIA METAL CO., Owners and Sole Manufacturers, 13-115 Bank Street, Deeenn, [eure Dest Chicago, Fisher Bidg. NEW YORK. Pian and rg aga Phladelpbia. We mantictare puteea. See Page 30. eno ee —— et Pe = cr td THE IRON AGE. BRASS SHEET | THE PLUME & ATwooD Mee, Co, MANUFACTURERS OF cucer |sheet and Roll Brass COPPER WIRE FTAA IAEA sa EU High Grade gare PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN GERM AN SHEET SILVER AND GILDING METAL, COPPER RIVETS AND BURRS. ROD Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kero- SILVER WIRE sene Burner, Lamps, Lamp i ul Trimmings, &c. QUEEN’S RUN PECIAL my “Lock HAVEN” LOW BRASS. SHEET BRONZE.| 29 murray sT., NEW YORK. A eeaeieed| | SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER| —## HIGH si, BosTow. LNA EACD) |TUBING. BRAZED BRASS AND See heee BRONZE TUBING. :::: +: : | T™omason, com, | warEnsuRr, com, WATERBURY BRASS CO., |) SCOVILL MFG. CO., ‘BRASS, WATERBURY, CONN. BRASS, 130 Centre St., New York. Providence, R. I. GERMAN SILVER Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal sheets, Rolis, Wire Rods, Bolts and Tubes, °9 BRIDGEPORT, GONN. Brass shells, Cups, Hinges, Automobile Castings a Specialty. Buttons, Lamp Gdétds. Special Brass Goods té Order. High Tensile Strength. Bronze and Aluminum Alloys. FAacTORIES: WATERBURY, CONN. Write Us. -Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., CHICAGO, LA SALLE, ILLINOIS. SMELTERS OF SPELTER Arthur T. Rutter & Oo SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. 256 Broadway, Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use. Selected Sheets f , matte Que Mager ant Cusd Saheas use. NEW YORK. CS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY Steel, Alaminum, G ’ Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- STURN MON Se \| Copper and Brass Rod. Randolph-Clowes Co. Main Office and Mill, WATERBURY, CONN. MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET BRASS & COPPER. BRAZED BRASS & COPPER TUBES. SEAMLESS BRASS & COPPER TUBES TO 36 IN. DIAM. New York Office, 2583 Broadway, Postal Telegraph Building, Room 715. Chicago Office, 602 Fisher Bldg NEW YORK, Boston. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, DEALERS IN COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, LEAD, ANTIMONY. 100 John Street, = - New York. S 8-74 VV « Best Bronze, Babbitt eae tne “ae num roe "PHONO-ELECTRIC' Brst.Peonzscn? CASTINGS) WiR “vero FOUNDERS-— FINISHERS. TROLLEY, ee ee eee a espe. Comm. TELE PHONE NDRICKS B and HE Cc CKS B ROTH ERS TELEGRAPH Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, LINES. Braziers’ gheat each Sheathing Billie, ' COPPRP Fr R : , — BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO COPPER. ‘Wy TEtEI pc IS RIVETS. Pe Cah te oe SUtttions teow thee = Ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, ete. moti 200 "ages, 97 iliestrations. i8 bal 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. For eal by Deve Willams Co, £3 Wiliam 8.0.7 r, Pan af e d _ 5 le 0 HE IRON AGE THURSDAY, JUNE 2, 1904. The Hudson River Tunnel. -— I. A Comparison of the Original Methods with Those Now Employed. BY S. Db. V. BURR. The late De Witt C. Haskin certainly demonstrated the strength of his conyictions when he began operations upon the tunnels under the Hudson River connecting New York and Jersey City, and which are now rapidly nearing completion. His plans were scoffed at and ridi- culed by engineers whose opinions influenced capital. They pronounced the scheme impracticable and extremely Tunneling with an Unprotected Heading. The most remarkable feature of this plan was its ex- extreme simplicity. The heading was divided into steps, or terraced, and upon these steps the men stood while shoveling out the silt, which was thrown back into the completed section. After sufficient space had been excavated a plate was inserted and bolted to the ones already in place. This work was commenced at the crown and carried down each side to the invert. The plates down the sides conformed to the shape of the head- ing, so that the iron work resembled an exaggerated buggy top. When four complete rings, or 10 feet, had been finished, the section was cleaned out and the ma- sonry laid. This was of hard burned brick in hydraulic Rig. 1—View Looking Toward Heading, Showing Centering and Directly Upon hazardous, and for several years would have nothing to do with the undertaking. It was only after Mr. Haskin had conclusively proved that he could build a subaqueous tunnel through soft material, without a shield and with- out any protection whatever except that afforded by the . mud itself, that engineers began to be less skeptical and to acknowledge that there might, perhaps, be something in the idea. He showed that it was possible to maintain such a balance between the air pressure within the tun- nel and the water pressure without that a very slight barrier or partition would serve to keep the two apart. This barrier was formed by the mud itself, with abso- lutely no assistance fronr plates or sheathing. That the method was feasible is to-day demonstrated by several hundred feet of tunnel that were constructed in accord- ance with it. This work was done by Mr. Haskin with his own money and before he endeavored to obtain outside capital. He proved the soundness of his judgment, and when his own mohey—several hundred thousand dollars—had been expended he brought in other capital. Radial Bracing of Plates.—The Track in the Center is Placed the * Pilot.” cement, and at first was 2 feet thick; this was afterward increased to 30 inches where the tunnnel approached the deepest part. The plates were of %4-inch boiler iron, and all were 2% wide, but some were 2 feet long and others 6 feet. A 3-ineh angle iron flange, pierced with holes every 6 inches, was formed around each plate. As the plates were put in they were braced from the bottom by timbers resting upon sleepers inserted in the silt. After the men had become accustomed to the work it was found possible to build an average of 5 feet a day. This was better than the prog- ress made when the shield was first used. It is now expedient to mention some of the first work done, much of which was of a temporary character and was not made permanent until about 300 feet of tunnel had been finished. First Work. The first work, after borings had been made across the river in line of the tunnel, was the sinking of a circular brick shaft, 30 feet inside diameter by 4 feet thick,to a depth of 60 feet below the river surface. At a point on the river side 29 feet below the surface an opening was made to receive an air lock 15 feet long by 6 feet in di- ameter. It now became necessary to carry the excavation from the inner end of the lock down to the 60-foot level. A very small space was dug at the top of the inner or forward end of the lock, and a flanged iron plate put in position; side plates were added until a ring had been finished. Successive rings were added, but each ring was made larger than its predecessor, so that the whole re- sembled a funnel having a straight top and a bottom formed of steps. The top and bottom of the last or largest ring were in line with the top and bottom of the tunnel. At this time it was proposed to build one single track tunnel, 24 feet high by 26 feet wide, but this was afterward changed, and two tunnels were started, 18 by 16 feet in diameter. After both tubes had been dug for some distance it was decided to remove the temporary entrance and make permanent connection with the shaft. The work was progressing with apparent safety when a blow-out oc- THE IRON AGE. June 2, 1904 that they would settle to the right level. Sometimes they would, but more often they would not. Since there was no way of ascertaining the consistency of the ma- terial in advance of the heading, the amount of settlement of the supports could not be calculated. This led to the introduction of the ‘* Pilot,” by John F. Anderson, then superintendent of the tunnel. This consisted of a tube of 44-inch boiler iron, made up of interchangeable plates 22 inches wide by 4 feet long, having angle irons around the edges. This was 6 feet in diameter and 50 to 6O feet in length. The forward end was extended beyond the heading some distance into the silt, by which it was firmly held. The tube projected through the unfinished section into the completed work, where it was supported by radial struts against the masonry. By this means a rigid foundation was ob- tained, from which the plates could be held with cer- tainty during the laying of the brick work. An additional advantage was that the direction could be changed at Fig. 2.—Looking Down the Shaft at the West End.—The Air Lock in Which 20 Men Were Killed is Shown Suspended at the Left.—It Was Originally Placed ia the Wall Just Above the Three Men. curred in 1880. The leak was at the junction of the entrance and shaft, and took place during a shift. Eight men had entered the lock and 20 were on the way. The falling débris blocked the inner door so that it could be neither opened nor closed, and yet the space was not suf- ficient to permit entrance to the lock. When it was cer- tain the door could not be moved the bullseye in the front end was smashed. The pressure inside was soon re- duced to normal, when the first door was opened and the eight men in the lock escaped, but their comrades were all drowned. The work was reopened by sinking a caisson covering the space between the shaft and finished tunnels. The air lock was then removed; it is shown suspended from the frame in Fig. 2. Impossible to Keep to Grade, A difficulty of the most serious nature was met during the early stages of the work. It was found to be im- possible to maintain the proper grade. The silt varied in compactness, and therefore the supports for the plates did not always provide the same resistance, This caused unequal settling before the masonry could be placed. The consequence was that for the first 300 or 400 feet of the north tunnel the line assumed its own elevations, irrespective of the desires of the engineers. An attempt was made to overcome this by placing plates higher than they should be, with the expectation will. The operation of the pilot will be understood from the sections, Fig. 7, and the appearance of the heading from the half-tones, Figs. 1 and 5. The pilot was used for the building of several hundred feet of tunnel, or until the English engineers, Messrs. Fowler and Baker, assumed charge, when the shield method was employed. This method has been continued by the present engineers. Without the pilot the tunnel would never have been built as far as it was—in accordance with the original plans—and work would, of necessity, have been aban- doned, The first few hundred feet of the north tunnel indicated what was to be expected as the work progressed. It would be useless to continue a tunnel which was bound to assume its own grades, irrespective of what the en- gineer thought proper. It was, of course, known that these faults could be corrected after completion, and that, while the job would be expensive, it would present no serious difficulty from an engineering standpoint, since all the work would be at the invert of the tunnel. The unprotected heading did not enter the problem. The work had been, and was still to be, carried on suc- cessfully by this plan, which if expedient at small depths would be equally so at greater depths provided the ma- terial passed through remained the same. In fact, the unprotected heading was still used when the air reached a pressure of 36 to 38 pounds to the square inch. ‘The photograph Fig. 1 was taken under the latter pressure. June 2, 1904 THE Watching for Air Leaks, Before the adoption of the shield it was necessary to continuously and carefully watch the entire exposed sur- A large opening could be detected face of silt for leaks. IRON AGE. 3 river. This depression was filled with bundles of hay weighted with stone and then covered with earth, the whole then being allowed to settle for a few days. The heading was then pushed through the obstruction in the 3.—Lock No. Fig. by the noise made by the outrushing air and a small one’ by passing a candle over the surface, when the air would draw the flame into the most minute hole. A handful of silt acted as a stopper. 1.—The Timber Lock is Shown at the Left usual way, the men for a long time digging out sand, silt, rock and fodder. In the case of a pocket the action of the air was in- termittent, At first the air flowed out until the pressure Pockets of loose material, like sand, were sometimes met in the line of the tunnel. When small sioned little difficulty, but when large they were more than once the cause of flooding the tunnel. In one such break the silt and sand completely filled the heading and formed a considerable depression in the bed of the these occa- of the water became excessive, when the water flowed in. Then the pressure of the water became the greater and it escaped, this alternating movement continuing until the tunnel had filled. It will be readily understood that those movements consumed considerable time, which was most fortunate for the men, as it gave them an op- been a - por ie * PPR a Ge UIE 9 TS Oe rs « ST a Po. aw eee 4 THE portunity of reaching the lock in advance of the water and thus escape. In no case was a man killed by reason of a blowout at the heading. Silt. In its physical characteristics silt resembles both clay and quicksand, paradoxical as this may. appear. When it carries just the right amount of water it is stiff, com- pact and tenacious to a certain degree. With an excess of water it runs like quicksand and is just about as hard to control. It is very evident that with a material of this kind constituting the heading of a subaqueous tun- nel it became of the greatest importance to maintain, as accurately as possible, a true equilibrium between the hydrostatic head without the tunnel and the air pressure within. But*this could not be done over the entire area of the heading, for the reason that while the air pressure was the same at all points, the water pressure varied according to the depth. As the excavation was about 23 feet from the crown to the invert, there was a differ- ence of about 10 pounds between the pressure of the IRON AGE. June 2, 1904 of their retreat; but, above all, their eyes convinced them that there was nothing but a wall of mud between them and the Atlantic. They were aware that this mud would run like quicksand if it carried the proper amount of moisture, and the knowledge that it was a comparatively stable material under correct conditions did not relieve their anixiety. The first visit was always like a call of ceremony—as brief as it could conveniently be made. Working Through Sand and Gravel at the New York End. The nature of the material at the eastern, or New York, end was radically different from that encountered upon the New Jersey side. When at the required depth the caisson rested entirely in sand and gravel, which pre- sented no barrier to the passage of air, and consequently prohibited the adoption of the method employed in the silt. After the two tunnels had been started from the side of the caisson work was commenced at the crown of the bulkhead at the heading. This bulkhead was of \%-inch plates, flanged, and braced against the caisson. Fig. 5.—View Looking from the Iicading, Showing Bracing, Centering and Top of Pilot. water at the top and bottom. Since it was impossible to balance the inside and outside pressures at all points of the exposed surface, it was necessary to assume an air pressure somewhere between the water pressure at the top and bottom of the excavation. This, which may be termed the critical point, was found to be about one-third from the top to the bottom. Above this the air pressure was in excess and gradually forced the water out of the silt, leaving the latter in a more or less dry condition and with a tendency to flake off. Below this the water pressure was the greater, and the silt, being too wet, was apt to run. The latter aspect was not thought to be dangerous, and therefore only the upper portion was watched carefully and constantly, as stated above. The foregoing merely gives the main points of the methods introduced under the direction of Mr. Haskin. The experiment—for such it really was—was successful. At this date the plan is interesting only as an experiment, and not because it marked a radical and important ad- vance in tunnel construction. It is safe to predict that it will never be tried again. Engineers upon their first visit to the heading all had the same feeling of insecurity. They knew they were at least 80 feet below the surface of the river; théy knew there was solid masonry and a strong air lock in the line The crown plate was removed, and enough material was excavated to admit a small plate, which was bolted to those already in. This work was carried forward and down each side as far as possible before the next row of horizontal plates in the bulkhead was removed. When the crown had been extended 10 feet a second bulkhead of plates was begun. The removal of the plates from the first bulkhead was so timed that the upper edge of this bulkhead was always kept at a higher elevation than the lower edge of the advance bulkhead. The chamber thus formed was exactly like the compartments of the ordi- nary shield and served precisely the same purpose. As long as the air pressure was maintained it was impossible for water to enter the tunnel, owing to the difference in level of the horizontal edges of the two bulkheads. As soon as a section of 10 feet had been entirely lined with iron plates it was cleaned out and the brickwork laid. As already mentioned, the sand and gravel offered no impediment to the escape of air. To overcome this diffi- culty cement was forced into the sand at the spot where it was intended to excavate for a plate. Afterward, silt brought from the other side was used for this purpose, and it filled all requirements admirably. Wet silt spread ° over a patch of exposed sand made it practically imper- June 2, 1904 THE vious toair. Leaks were also closed with a handful of silt. In this way the north tunnel was finished for a distance of nearly 200 feet from the caisson. Photographiug Seveuteen Years Ago. The photographer of to-day, with his wonderful fa- cilities for producing a powerful light having the highest actinic quality, and with his rapid lens and quick plates, cannot estimate the troubles of “the crank” in 1887. In that year the writer made many attempts before even an image of any kind was obtained. The surroundings were disadvantageous. The wet silt, which covered everything i Fig. 6.—View of Buildings The Ring in sight, was of a peculiar dark slate color, which ap- peared to absorb the light as effectually as a dead black would have done. The writer has seen qa man groping in his own shadow for something he had dropped, and with an electric light almost touching his back. Although the heading was small and had many incandescent bulbs, can- dles were freely used in order that the men might see work in hand. An exposure of 40 minutes with 20 incandescent lamps hidden behing the nearest braces gave no image whatever. CROSS SECTION THE IRON AGEg LONGITUDINAL SECTION Fig. 7.—Sections through Heading, Showing Use of Pilot. A calcium light outfit could not be made to work under the pressure—34 to 38 pounds to the square inch—and after the connecting tubes from the burner to the cylin- ders had burst two or three times, the men became fright- ened, and that plan had to be abandoned. Four-are lamps were provided, each with a reflector behind it so that the light could be directed where needed. Fair results were obtained by this means. The best pictures were made by burning magnesium IRON at the Left of the Cut is an Exact or ~ AGE. sribbon. were not known in those days. made to see if the smoke of the burning ribbon would Flash powders, lamps, pistols, cards and so on Experiments were first have a harmful effect upon the men. The results were satisfactory. The ribbon was fed from a reel through an opening in the center of a reflector. With this apparatus the views in the heading, Figs. 1 and 5, were taken, the exposure in the first case being about ten minutes and in the second about four minutes. The views Figs. 3 and 4 were made by burning magnesium ribbon in about 2 feet long, hung on a wire stretched across tle tunnel just behind the camera. The most pieces Repreduction of a Section of the Tunnel. ribbons were lighted by a candle, one after the other. The fogged appearance of the first engraving was caused by the dense smoke of the burning ribbon, which, in that closed chamber, dissipated very slowly. The views are certainly not works of art, but under the conditions then prevailing were considered passable. The pictures then taken form the only photographic record of the early work. (To be continued.) The Belgian Steel Syndicate.—The Sambre et Mo- selle Company, who were standing out, have come into the new Belgian Steel Syndicate, and it is now practi- cally complete. The company were dissatisfied with an allotment of 10,000 tons per month out of a total of 96,000 tons, and demanded that the first 2000 tons of monthly orders in excess of 96,000 tons be given to them, any excess being distributed pro rata. The proposal did not meet with approval and the company finally accepted the original terms. — — — <5 At the recent Cleveland convention of the Amalga- mated Association resolutions were adopted which will considerably restrict President Shaffer’s former methods of conducting the affairs of the organization. Another important change prevents the Advisory Board from granting any concessions to manufacturers unless agreed to by the members of the association. The new law bear- ing on this point reads: “ After the scale has been signed by the manufacturers and the Amalgamated Association, under no consideration shall any board of officials or any official of the Amalgamated Association be allowed to grant the manufacturers any deviations from scale as signed for the scale year.” THE IRON AGE. Southwestern Copper Developments. BY DWIGHT E. WOODBRIDGE. The rapidity with which the section embracing Ari- zona and adjacent territory is taking a prominent place as a copper producing country is not appreciated by the public. After observation of the leading. camps of Arizona and Northern Sonora, I propose to give a somewhat hasty and condensed summary of what is going on there, and to sketch to the best of my ability what is to be expected from the leading mines of that region in the immediate future. The districts recently visited by me included not only parts of Arizona and Northern Mexico, but also Northern California, the boundary district of British Columbia, and Butte. Arizona produced in 1902 about 120,000,000 pounds of copper, while Montana in the same year furnished 289,- 000,000 pounds and Michigan 171,000,000 pounds. Arizona that year showed a decline, largely on account of con- ditions at Jerome. In 1903 the Territory produced 150,- 000,000 pounds, and is now working on a scale still higher. It is not out of the way to estimate that in a very brief period Arizona will equal the production of Lake Superior and take second place in the United States. The Territory Has Four Important Fields, which are, in order of precedence, the Bisbee field in Cochise County, the Morenci-Clifton section in Graham County, the Jerome region of Yavapai County and the Globe district of Gila County. In the Bisbee region a most pronounced activity prevails, and the appearances are that this camp may, in time, rival Butte as a copper producer. This statement is made with a full realization of the fact that Butte has enriched the world by more. than $700,000,000, and is now adding annually from $45,- 000,000 to $60,000,000 to the mineral product of the United States. Two mines are now producing copper from Bis- bee ores, one owned by the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company, chief of the Phelps, Dodge & Co. in- terests in the Southwest, and the other by the Calumet & Arizona Mining Company, a new enterprise in which Lake Superior iron and copper miners and Pittsburgh steel men are chiefly interested. These two companies, together with more recent organizations of the Calumet & Arizona party, control what seems to be nearly all the most valuable ground in the Bisbee quadrangle, though more than a dozen other mining and development com- panies are prosecuting explorations there with more or less chance of success. The Copper Queen Company have not far from 1000 acres in one block, of which a very large share is certainly underlaid with the copper bearing formation or with ore itself. Calumet & Arizona’s cop- per bearing ground is limited to 100 acres or less, while its associate companies, the Calumet & Pittsburgh, Lake Superior & Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh & Duluth and Junc- tion, have a total of about 1500 acres, much of which un- doubtedly lies within what has come to be known as the “ bonanza circle,” though the value of both Pittsburgh & Duluth and Junction are yet to be proved. The Bisbee Quadrangle. The area of what is known as the Bisbee quadrangle is about 170 square miles, and includes the southeastern half of the Mule Mountains, one of the small isolated ranges characteristic of Arizona. Arizona, by the way, is not a mass of mountain chains, as is generally under- stood, but is a series of elevated plateaus, with short, unconnected mountain ranges covering a minor portion of its surface. Except for the mile-deep chasm of the Colorado cafion, the surface is generally prairie, though a desert on account of the universal lack of water. In- deed, if there was plenty of moisture in Arizona the Ter- ritory would grow any tropical or subtropical crop, though what effect an abundance of water, with the tremendous evaporation probable there, might have on climatic con- ditions is something that not even irrigation enthusiasts dare answer. The Mule Mountains have a general north- west-southeast trend and run from the old mining town of Tombstone to the Mexican line, a distance of some 30 miles. Bisbee’s elevation is about 5200 feet, and the June 2, 1904 highest point of the Mule hills is 7400 feet above the sea. The town has a population of some 7500, and is crowded into a few narrow confluent ravines in the heart of the range, all of them running into Tombstone cafion, and about seven miles from the Mexican boundary. Bisbee has been a mining camp for 25 years. In the early days it was a silver lead camp, cerussite being a common mineral in the region. From 1880 the copper ore of the Copper Queen Mine was exploited profitably for a few years. In 1882: Phelps, Dodge & Co. of New York bought some claims and began explorations. Two years later the ores that had been worked since 1880 gave out and the camp was on the point of abandonment. A mine foreman drove a drift that looked good to him, contrary to orders, it is said, and an ore body was discovered from the original Copper Queen workings and the Atlanta workings. In order to avoid complications the two com- panies combined as the Copper Queen Consolidated Min- ing Company, a name which to this day is noted wherever it is known for everything that goes to make up high character in business, for honor, conservatism, liberality and financial stability. The Reward of Persistence. Four years ago the Calumet & Arizona Company en- tered the field. The stockholders were men who had made a conspicuous success of high class mining in a field in which the mining skill is recognized as without a superior. They were amply strong for any undertaking, both financially and from their staying qualities. It was well for the camp that these qualities predominated, for the Calumet & Arizona sank a large working shaft nearly 800 feet before signs ef copper came in, and most men would have retired in discouragement. In the case of the Lowell & Arizona, an adjoining property, the owners did withdraw when within 30 feet of ore, and thereby lost untold millions of values, for the Lowell is now one of the richest portions of the Bisbee group. Had this been done in the case of Calumet & Arizona the great wealth of the deeper levels of the Bisbee hills might have remained unknown for many years, and the Copper Queen itself would have been of far less importance than it is to-day. It has been the advent of the Lake Superior people that has brought Bisbee to the front. These people have in- troduced new methods into the Southwest, have gone deeper and found ore where older miners did not believe it existed, have poured into that camp within three years more than $4,000,000 for the purchase of lands and the development of mines, and have made contracts that will require the outlay of half as much more in the coming 24 months. The Calumet & Arizona has already become a wonder to the copper mining fraternity. It is now mak- ing 80,000 pounds of copper daily in two 300-ton furnaces, and is hoisting all its rock out of one shaft, making this shaft the most productive copper operation known. In three years this mine has developed ground that will maintain the present rate of production for more than ten years, and has not found the bottom of the first 12 acres of its ground. Bisbee since 1880 has made a total of 465,000,000 pounds of copper, which’is worth, at present prices, more than six times the cost of that Gadsden purchase of 50 years ago, and in which are included, in addition to the Bisbee field, more than 45,000 square miles south of the Gila. A dozen mining districts are being prospected in this area. Of course the great bulk of this copper has been made by the Copper Queen, which has been active for 24 years. Besides these two important mining companies re- ferred to above there are a number of prospecting con- cerns, located either close to Bisbee or along the general strike of the region to the Mexican line. Every inch of ground between Bisbee and the Mexican line, beyond the latter well into the southern republic, and for miles in width, has been staked as mining claims and is held at figures that seem absurdly high, when one recollects that the actual copper bearing area, so far as now determined, is comparatively narrow and quite short. Sixteen com- panies, variously styled “ mining” or “ development,” ac- cording to the optimism of their promoters, have been en- gaged in explorations in the Bisbee field, though some of June 2, 1904 them, like Copper Glance and Marquette & Arizona, are eight or nine miles from the productive camp. These companies are in varied positions, both financially and geologically, and their chances of ultimate success are more or less dubious. So far as mining at Bisbee is con- cerned they are not a present factor. At the head of every peak and in every gorge prospectors are burrowing, often in locations apparently valueless. The Important Interests of Phelps, Dodge & Co. Phelps, Dodge & Co., who own practically all the stock of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company, are also heavily interested in other parts of Arizona. They are the largest factors in the Territory, and rank as cop- per merchants among the great concerns of the world. The Globe district lies on the Gila River, about 125 miles £ ? : * y w?. Roy > . . oS >: . : BISBEE ses BEE [So a NIG | Gor) ti ued ni ay e on Mite CPI, . Czar Shaft ae ‘ Z Shat! ‘ees x Oy Wo Baxter 4% ; \ } Holbrook Ti = Ly Shast rhb HIGGINS iEVELOPMENT CO, S Ys, Ys 4 " * COPPER QUEEN CONSOLIDATED MINING COMPANY Spray Shaft Oe t wy SB ARIZONA SA MINING: CO. HCY f fy 4i3 RISBURG 4 OULUTH Si SOEVELORMENT: CO\it: =Cole Shaft eWhite Tait Mine COPPER QUEEN CONSOLIDATED MINING COMPANY = * No.3 Shaft THE IRON AGE. las Be cardner ft Lars a i— | CALUMET a BISBEE. DEVELOPMENT SSS - pha) S eee FPP EP epee. sy me DON Lt wo” ie 7 At Jerome, 150 miles northwesterly from Globe, and near the line of the Santa Fé road, is the mine of the United Verde, a property that has been more lied about, and boomed by people who knew nothing about it, than any other going metallurgical concern in the United States. It is making at the rate of about 35,000,000 pounds of copper a year. Its largest production was in 1899, when it reached 43,996,000 pounds. - Including its gold and silver values the mine is said to produce copper at less than 4.5 cents per pound. Arizona has numberless copper share selling com- panies and several new regions of prospective importance. Among these latter are new fields near Florence, in the Chiricahua, Dragoon and Bradshaw Mountains, near Wickenburg, and elsewhere. Some of these will doubt- less come in as important factors in production; others = end ev yal coy) $ * = , “ TPIS CALUMET. *f & ARIZONA 4... MINING’CO. MIN Say. Sy y \ J 5 ~ AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT. CO. } 3 CAKE SUPERIOR @ PITTSBURG ? DEVELOPMENT —CO. — Mit ; wh THE IRON AGE MAP OF THE WARREN MINING DISTRICT, ARIZONA. northwest from Bisbee, and has been operated more or less since that terrible scourge of the Southwest, the Apache, became temporarily less violent, in 1874. Until 1884 silver mining was predominant, and at that time 86 stamps were at work near Globe and the Silver King mine was at the depth of 715 feet. Since 1881 the Old Dominion and United Globe mines have produced 142,- 000,000 pounds of copper and are now running on a large scale. Both are now in the hands of Phelps, Dodge & Co., and send a portion of their ores to the Copper Queen’s splendid new smelting plant at Douglas, near Bisbee. In the Clifton district, 90 miles east of Globe, are the mines of the Detroit, Shannon and Arizona copper coim- panies, the first of which is the property of Phelps, Dodge & Co., the second of Boston interests, while the third is an English concern. The first copper made in the Terri- tory was produced at Clifton, from the Longfellow Mine, in 1878. At that time the nearest railway point was 800 miles away, through a region terrible for lack of water and for heat, and swept by bloodthirsty Indians. may not bear examination. The copper deposits of the Territory are, as a rule, found near the contacts of igneous rocks with carboniferous limestones, and are, generally speaking, an altered lime. Sometimes the cop- per bearing solutions have altered porphyritic rocks. Most of the commercial ores of copper are found in profusion, together with native copper, though enargite is rare. In Bisbee the oxidized zone extends to a depth of, in places, 500 feet, and is notable for the richness and extent of its carbonate ores. Its ores are, with the proper metallurgi- cal formule, nearly self fluxing. The ores of Globe are largely oxidized, but highly siliceous, and because of the lack of sulphides are being shipped to Douglas for re- duction. The ores of Jerome are almost entirely unal- tered disseminated sulphides, not extremely high in cop- per, but rich in gold and silver values. The United Verde itself is a great lense of sulphide in a slate country, in- truded by igneous rocks and capped by uncomformable limestones without values. At Clifton the rich oxidized ores formerly found gave out at shallow depths and were 8 TLLE IRON AGE, succeeded by barren rock. Vast beds of low grade sul- phides now form the chief ore of the district, though carbonates and native copper are still mined. <A portion of the ores from Clifton will be smelted at Douglas, and some tonnage is sent to El Paso, Texas, for reduction. In the Chiricahua district, a new field about 50 miles east of Bisbee, they are now finding cerussite and galena, as well as sulphides of copper, while near Florence bodies of sulphides are said to be cut beneath the carboiates and oxides found on surface. Labor Conditions Are Satisfactory. Labor conditions in Arizona are unusually satisfac- tory. At some of the camps, notably Bisbee, there are no unions, and attempts of union organizers to break into the camp have met with failure. The sight of a thousand or two high paid miners who contribute nothing to walk- ing delegates and union treasuries is an unpleasant one for the latter, and efforts to secure a foothold will prob- ably be made from time to time. In most districts Mexi- cans, Chinamen and Italians are numerous. This is espe- cially the case at Clifton and vicinity, where nearly 3000 Mexicans are at work in mines and smelters. At Bisbee no foreigner need apply, and the morale of miners there is noticeably high. No Chinaman is permitted to remain in the town more than 24 hours. This and Morenci ap- pear as model mining camps, both from the standpoint of high grade of men employed and the provision made by Phelps, Dodge & Co. for their welfare. A recent strike at Clifton seems to have left no permanent scar, and pres- ent conditions there are excellent. Except in out of the way sections, or where conditions prevent it, the Butte scale of wages prevails in these Arizona camps—eight-hour shifts and a day’s wage of $3.50 for miners. Contract mining is rare. A few days ago the Copper Queen voluntarily reduced hours of work at their Douglas smelter to eight. Care is exercised that miners secure the necessities of life at reasonable prices, and sanitary conditions are better than might be ex- pected. The Youth of Southwestern Copper Mining. The most striking thing about those new Southwestern copper camps is their youth. Cananea is less than five years old, but it is a fully developed producer on a grand scale and represents an almost incredible amount of work. Calumet and Arizona at Bisbee is little more than three years old; the first spade was driven into the ground on the site of its Irish Mag shaft scarcely more than four years ago, but it is one of the great mines of the world, so far as production and earnings are con- cerned. Its associated companies are from one to two years of age, but one is a mine and another seems to be as sure as anything but death and taxes can be. In the course of a few months it will be possible for a man to walk underground from a point beneath the center of the village of Bisbee south to No. 3 shaft of Lake Superior and Pittsburgh, a distance of more than two miles by direct line, though much more by the course followed; or if he wishes to turn at right angles to that course he can travel from Congdon shaft of the Pittsburgh and Duluth to Junction shaft, in a straight line about a mile. These openings are partially through Copper Queen ground and in part through those of the Calumet and Arizona group, for the companies have pursued a most commendable course of mutual interdependence and association of ex- ploration. All the ground thus opened is in the limestone formation in which the ores of Bisbee are to be found. With the exception of the original workings of the Cop- per Queen, which cover about 3000 feet in the north end of this area, every foot of these horizontal openings, as well as nine shafts in the same ground, has been driven or sunk since three years ago. It was in November, 1902, that the first furnace of the Calumet and Arizona was blown in. It was built for a smelting capacity of 250 tons of material daily. The second furnace blew in five months later. Since then both have been operated steadily. In the 18 months*that have intervened since the mine commenced production, it has paid off a debt of some $350,000 incurred in con- struction, paid in dividends $700,000, with $300,000 more payable June 19, and has accumulated a surplus of about © 1,800,000. The mine is now earning net at the rate of June 2, 1904 better than $2,000,000 a year. As a comparison with this new copper mine in the far Southwest, it may be men- tioned that the entire dividends of the Cripple Creek gold region in Colorado, with all its large and important pro- ducers, were for 1903 $1,800,000. The entire Coeur d’Alene region in Washington, with its silver-lead mines forming the basis of several important smelting com- binations, earned net last year just about the same as the Calumet and Arizona. The Calumet aud Arizona Mine. Underground development at this mine is now con- fined almost entirely to its Irish Mag claim. Here is a three-compartment vertical shaft, 1300 feet deep, sit- uated 900 feet south southwest from Spray shaft of the Copper Queen and about 4000 feet in the same direction from the town. The workings are all in carboniferous limestone. Stoping in this mine began in the fall of 1902, and before the close of that year it was hoisting 300 tons daily, which was increased early the following year to coo tens, and this is about the present rate, though on account of the fact that numerous openings that had been in barren rock worked into ore, the hoisting record for some time has been more than 1000 tons daily. This is more ore than the smelter can treat, however. A second shaft, named the Oliver, after the late Henry W. Oliver, who was the largest holder of the company’s shares, is now going down 1600 feet southeast from the Mag. It is at the depth of 800 feet, and has cut considerable ore, most of which has been rich black sulphide, assaying much better than 10 per cent. This working lies some 700 feet west of Lowell shaft of the Copper Queen, and drifts connecting the three may be holed through shortly. Development of ore bodies showing in the Oliver work- ings will be undertaken this year, and the discovery of sulphides there has been especially pleasing to the com- pany, as they have had a surplus of carbonates and oxides and rather a dearth of sulphides in the Mag. These Mag developments cover about 12 acres of the claim of that name, and copper was encountered from the 800-foot level to the bottom of the shaft. A diamond drill working in the bottom of the mine has been cutting mineralized ground for several hundred feet more. The mine is de- veloped with ore blocked out for several years’ produc- tion, there being perhaps six or eight years’ reserves in sight, with new workings in ore frequently. Mining is confined to the 950 and 1050-foot levels, and the richer ores are, generally speaking, left in the mine. Ore bodies seem to run the full width of the claim. Ores shipped last year to the company’s smelter aver- aged a recovery of 8.88 per cent. copper, with 0.59 per cent. lost in slag, showing the average of all ore hoisted to have been 9.47 per cent. The mine has been opened on the squcre set system, with waste gobbed back for filling mined out rooms. The production of ore has been at the rate of 144 tons per day per man employed, both on surface and underground. The general character of the mineralization of the Calumet and Arizona is similar to that of the remainder of the district » the ore occurs in carboniferous limestone, on the southwest side a great fault and closely associated with a mass of intrusive granite porphyry. The United States Geological Survey makes the following illustration of the structural relations: “ If the half of a broken sau- cer be placed on a table with the fractured edge lying about west northwest, and if the back of a book be laid against this edge we shall have a rough illustration of the geological structure. The saucer represents the syn- clinal attitude of the paleozoic beds, from the upper lime- stone down to and including a cambrian quartzite. The broken edge is the great fault, while the book is pre- cambrian schist, against which limestone has been dropped by this fault, with a throw of more than 1500 feet.” Ore occurs as large masses within the limestone, somewhat crossing its stratification, and the horizontal extent of the ore lenses is usually much greater than their vertical. Near the northern limit of the saucer ores occurred at surface, and have been worked down as oxides for 400 feet. The ores are irregular replacements of limestone. Originally pyritic, they owe their value to secondary concentrations effected by processes of sul- June 2, ico: THE phide enrichment and oxidation. Strangely enough the oxidation of ore bodies has proceeded downward in Calu- met and Arizona more than 1000 feet, while chalcocite has been found at a considerably higher level. Associated Properties. To the east of Calumet and Arizona, and separated from it by Copper Queen’s Lowell mine, lies Calumet and Pittsburgh, in which most active work is now under way. A shaft was sunk here two years ago, and at 915 feet so much water was struck that it was impossible to go much deeper. Pumps of a capacity for 3000 gallons a minute against a static head of 1500 feet are now being installed in one of the largest shafts in the west, 5 x 30 feet in- side timbers. The work of enlarging this from a two- compartment shaft was begun in February and was com- pleted in early May. The shaft is 964 feet deep. On the 910-foot level, just above water, drifting has been carried forward in several directions for a total length of 3500 feet. Much of this ground shows ore, and still more shows that leached or oxidized material which in this camp is a good indication of ore bodies nearby. Calumet and Pittsburgh ground lies close to the in- trusive porphyry that seems to have had much to do with the concentration of ores in the camp, and its sur- face is seamed with ferruginous dykes, which, though barren of copper, have been shown by experience to be frequently associated with an underlying ore body. Though without, as yet, the actual presence of ore in minable quantities, no property in the district has better showing for the work done. Directly south and south southeast of Calumet and Arizona, and joining both Lowell and Calumet and Pitts- burgh, lie the 640 acres of Lake Superior and Pittsburgh, for which the owners last month paid $1,050.000, the balance of the purchase price. The Cole shaft, 4000 feet south of Oliver and Lowell, has cut on the 1000-foot level a body of rich oxide ore averaging not far from 20 per cent. copper, and carrying considerable gold. This was run out of in 130 feet, and several cross cuts, as well as an upraise and a winze, have shown it to be of consid- erable dimensions. Drifting is now in progress on the 1100-foot level to cut this ore, if it makes there also. From No. 3 shaft, 3000 feet still further south. consid- erable ore that appears to be related to that in the Cole has been cut. Cole shaft is 1140 feet and No. 3 is 900 feet deep. Something less than 5000 feet of drifts have been driven in this mine, and the two shafts will be con- nected as soon as possible. This company are now being converted from a development to a mining concern, and the payment of the $1,050,000 was made six wee's in ad- vance of its date by a few leading stockholders who wanted to clean up the records. Pittsburgh and Duluth, which lies adjoining and west of Calumet and Lake Superior properties, has a shaft 2000 feet west of the Oliver and down 1000 feet. Drifts from Mag and Cole shafts are working toward it. Both surface and underground indications at this property are excellent, but as yet no ore has been found. Junction, the latest of this group. lies adjoining and directly east from Calumet and Pittsburgh. and its shaft is 3000 feet east from Lowell. This shaft is down about 600°feet and will shortly be connected with the “alumet and Pittsburgh. The location is considered favorable and some copper has been found. Calumet and Arizona has a smelter’ at Dovelas.. a town 25 miles from Bisbee, located for smelter purposes by the Copper Queen and Calumet & Arizona companies. This smelter consists of three rectangular standard type water jacket furnaces, 44 x 180 inches in size, hand fed. There are two copper Bessemerizing converter stands, with 7 x 10 feet converters of the trough or Bisbee type. The whole is contained in a steel building. This plant cost less than $600,000, and with two furnaces in operation has averaged for 30 days more than 100,000 pounds of blister copper, 99 pe