The Iron Age 1904-03-31: Vol 73 Iss 13

THE I[RON,.AGE A Review of the Hardware, Iron, send om au. tal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 232-238 William St., New York, Vol. 73: No. 13. New York, Thursday, March 31, 1904. $5.00 a Year, including Postage Rn Reading Matter Contents........ page 45 — Alphabetical index to Advertisers ‘‘ 163 Classified List of Advertisers... ‘‘ 155 Advertising and Subsoription Rates ‘‘ 162 The .82 Automatic Colt Pistol Cattriden is loaded with a special high power smokeless powder, giving high velocity and operating freely through the mechanism of the Automatic Colt Pistol (pocket model). Those with the soft — bullet wiil be found desirable for sporting purposes, and those with metal case for military and target use. RIM FIRE CARTRIDGES. The U. M. C. .22 automatic rifle (Winchester model 1903) cart: is now ready for the market. New .22 short ungreased, .28 long ungreased, and .22 Winchester inside lubricated are inexpensive rim fire cartridges Tented with, the best grade of arene my powder. Boys are calling for these cartridges as they can be carried loose in the pocket without the old inconvenience of the greased cartridge. They will not lead the gun. U. M. C. Ammunition shoots well in any gun. THE BRISTOL COMPANY, THE UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO. Waterbury, Conn, Bristol’s Recording BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Instruments. Agency: 313-16 Broadway, New York City. Depot: 86-88 First St., San Francisco, Gal. Fer Pressure Temperature and Electricity. Silver Medal, Paris Exposition. All Ranges, Low Prices, and Guar- ee a eesanassliticasansnansncssmsssencenmeeeentee a anteed. Send for Circulars. Senkennmeniiiens CAHAL L BU | LERS on Page M2. Alse Linen and Italian Hemp Ee- - ee 'S 2S Gash Cord, PLAIN PATTERN REGULAR HEAD. SAMSON CORDAGE WORKS, Boston, Mass. 2 TURNBUCKLES. ! 9 ils : : Gapewell Horse Nails :| Branch Office, 11 Broadway, New York. e > Cleveland City Forge and Ironton - Cleveland, O, - 4 eg <q NEW YORK, Branches: PORTLAND, ORE., 4 MERRILL BROS., y CHICAGO, DETROIT, BALTIMORE, ’ 465 to 471 Kent Ave . + 8. LOUIS, CINCINNATI, NEW ORLEANS, : Brooklyn, E.D., N.Y. : BOSTON, SAN FRANCISCO, DENVER. , eee ORE eet ictremgetiestaed eae 4 Mill Ginder 2 THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL GOQ.,, Hartford, Conn. mn a 2 iE, PILLING & CRANE, Essisrice, ees CN¢ nes PLAIN PATTERN REGULAR WEAD. Jenkins ’96 Packing NONE BETTER, as it makes joint instantly and will last as long as the metals which hold it. NONE CHEAPER, as it weighs less than many others sold at equal price per poun Remember, all genuine gl with Trade-Mark. La rge T 1 n n ed __ JENKING BROS. BROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Londen Sheets _|“Swodoh” Gold Rolled Steel Aut, ewig siaping aN TUBE 6 ¢ 4‘ STAMPING comp Manufactured by (Water and Rail Delivery) aa neere Soa 26, American (2 -= a NOLS. mM ETAL. MAGNOLIA ae 00., Plate Co. Owners and Sole Man: San F Ni Mon ufacturers, 113-115 Bank Street, pe Setan Peatrend, Semen. Chicago, Fisher Bidg. NEW YORK. Fitba an loge Gieis as eoupelllive potem, See on Page 24 the scope of sizes of be THE IRON AGE. ANSoNIA Brass BRASS SHEET | THE PLUME & ATWooD MF6. C0, MANUFACTURERS OF » ® Correr Co: weer Sheet and Roll Brass BRASS AND CoPPER|CQPPER! > | -wimx “ee PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN SOLE MANUFACTURERS SHEET ae GILDING METAL, COPPER RIVETS qin cERMAN = sene Burners, Lamps, Lamp (TRADE-MaRK REGISTERED.) WIRE Trimmings, &c. Condenser Plates,Pump Linings, Round, Square and Hexagon Bars, for Pump || QW BRASS. SHEET BRONZE.| 29 murRAy sT., NEW YORK. Piston Rods and Bolt Forgings. Seamless Tubes for Boilers. | SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. and Condensers. : RAZ ; 199 LAKE ST., CHICAGO, 99 John Street, - - New York. TUBING. B ED B AND BOLLING MALL : STORIES ¢ a scssiansteeessitsiatassimged BRONZE TUBING. starter: THOMASTON, CONN. WATERBURY, CONN, Randolph-Clowes Co. Main Office and Mill, WATERBURY, CONN. MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET BRASS & COPPER. BRAZED BRASS & COPPER WATERBURY BRASS €0.,|§°OO a. MES. CO., WATERBURY, CONN. BRASS, 130 Centre St., New York. Providence, Rk.) CE RMAN SILVER Sheets, Rolis, Wire srace Shelle, Cupe, Hinges, — Metal C0., eitien tin ieee ™ ~ A =e ct ORD SEAMLESS BRASS BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Factories, WATERBURY, — & COPPER TUBES TO 36 IN. DIAM. New York Office, 253 Broadway, Postal Telegraph Building, Room 715. Chicago Office, 602 Fisher Bldg. Automobile Castings a Specialty. High Tensile Strength. a - , | Bronze and Aluminum Alloys. |JOHN DAVOL & SONS, DEPOTS: NEW YORK, CHICAGO, BOSTOR. AGENTS FOR Write Us. Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., DEALERS IN e e COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., LEAD, ANTIMONY. LA SALLE, ILLINOIS. 100 John Street, - New York, SMELTERS OF SPELTER tl Arthur T. Rutter SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. SUCCESSOR TO Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use. WILLIAM S. FEARING te ee 256 Broadway, NEW YORK. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- HUAN ane ALU RM HUAMIM Sos. ert Copper and Brass Rod. 88°74 West Monroe St Best Bronze, Babbitt Metals, Brass and lia ere THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS 6O., nnn enemas dninsioipmesonenaeninseendsenaicoemene esas geaideeanasbanalsaeteanatnaaa anaes BRIDGEPORT, CONN. rags, Bronze and (~ AS TIN Gg 0 er ericson, FOUN DERS— FINISHERS. MANUFACTURERS OF HENDRICKS BROTHERS Brass Slaatiec: Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, |Copper | WIRE. Brasziers’ Bolt and Sheathing BR oan te Gees anne c< ©O _ yP BE Fe. 5 In Great Varieties. COPPER WIRE AND RIVETs. The Locomotive of Te-Day. Repriste! Importers and Dealers in with revisions and additions from the motive Magazine Second edition. 8yv Ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. oa pages, 3 87 illustrations. 16 a: 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. Fer sale by David Williams Co., 232 William St., N.Y we 4 “AE Accurate Drill Jigs. BY C. L. GOODRICH, HARTFORD, CONN. Several very accurate drill jigs were recently made for a customer by the Pratt & Whitney Company, in which the limit of variation from specifications allowed between the centers of any two holes was 0.0001 inch. The following is an account of the elaborate preparations and the extremely careful work which were necessary to pro- duce the jigs with the required precision : One of the drill jig plates A is shown in Fig. 1. It is of gray cast iron, has a greatest length of 17 inches, a greatest hight of 9 inches and has 42 bushing holes. Sev- eral castings were made and annealed to free them from strain, and were then carefully planed on all working surfaces. From these one was selected, and all of the holes were carefully bored, approximately 0.01 inch small- IRON AGE TuHurspAy, Marc H 31, 1904. the subplate carrying the drill plate, in relation to the stationary knee C. Two varying lengths of locating plugs were required for each hole, to locate the subplate hori- zontally and vertically. To insure accuracy the knee C and subplate B were carefully planed, annealed, the clamping holes drilled and tapped, and then “ seasoned ” before being finally scraped. Steel straight edges, c’ and b’, at right angles to c” and b” respectively, were next permanently fastened on C and B. Extreme care was necessary in making these stee) strips, as it was between their surfaces that the locating plugs E were to be used for position testing. A master straight edge was made by the “ three-strip” method— i. e., making three parallel strips perfect by testing both sides of all three on one another until daylight was shut out between every combination, and the surfaces c’, c’”’, b’ and b” were scraped and tested with it until perfect mir- ror surfaces resulted. To test the angles between the “CORD LEADING TO COUNTERBALANCE WEIGHT Fig. 1.—Showing Jig Plate and the Manner in Which it was Supported in the Milling Machine. er than the finished diameter and within 0.0005 to 0.0015 inch of correct position. by using part of the devices that were afterward used for the finish boring. The plate was then permitted to “season” for about two months, dur- ing which time the special finish boring tools were com- pleted. Before describing these special tools in detail it will be well to outline the methods used in finish boring. Re- ferring to Figs. 1 and 2, A is a drill jig plate, B a mov- able subplate to which the plate to be bored was secured. and C is a large knee, on one face of which the subplate was clamped prior to each boring operation. This knee was rigidly bolted and doweled to the table of a universal milling machine. As only in and out movement in line with the spindle was necessary, the table was secured against accidental longitudinal movement, and the mill- ing machine knee was clamped to prevent vertical dis- placement. D, Fig. 1, is an adjustable, inserted tooth, boring tool, fitted in the machine spindle. E is one of sevy- eral steel locating plugs used in correctly positioning B, straight edges three perfect squares were made and tried as shown in Fig. 3 until their edges excluded the light when presented to one another in all possible combina- tions. The distances of the ledges on the straight edges from the face of the knee C, indicated by X and Y, Fig. 2, were cerrected until they were exactly equal, so that the ledges might serve as guides in placing the locating plugs exactly parallel with the subplate and knee to avoid error. The final testing of the edges and angles was done after the parts had been clamped to the milling machine table. Each morning before commencing work the relation of the knee C to the machine spindle was tested by two proving bars to be positive that it had not been altered. These were arranged to swing on a hardened arbor placed in the machine spindle, and before being used the spindle was first run for several minutes and then adjusted to register with a mark on the column. Both ends of the plugs BE, Fig. 2, were turned con- centrically to the same diameter for a length slightly ex- ceeding the diameter. The plugs were of steel, and were 2 roughed out 0.00025 inch too long, “seasoned” for four weeks, lapped down to an exact measurement and tested on a Pratt & Whitney standard measuring machine. As these machines will detect errors of 0.00005 to 0.000033 inch, the plugs were well within the limits permitted to the holes in the jig. The bar on the measuring machine is of standard length at 62 degrees F., at which tempera- ture the plugs were tested and corrected, and the subse- quent locating of the subplate in its various positions and all boring were done at the same temperature. The jigs were made in the winter when it was easy to keep the room at the required temperature by regulating the ra- diator valves and opening the windows. The machine was, of course, protected from drafts, and the plugs were handled with split rubber tubing, to insulate them from the heat of the hands. These refinements were necessary, owing to the varying lengths of plugs required (from 2 to 20 inches) and the difference in bulk of the different parts, for the expansion due to an increase of 2 degrees in temperature would have introduced an error not per- missible. Extreme delicacy of touch was also required in handling the plugs to obtain uniform tension, and particu- lar care not to crowd them between the steel strips. It was surprising how distinctly a difference of less than 0.0001 inch could be detected with the locating plugs. MEASURING [> 7 . e Wats END VIEW WIT VERTICAL ° STRAIGHT EOGES REMOVED b : ar ; Tse Iron AGB Fig. 2.—Detail of the Supporting Fixtures. One 20 inches long, which could not be crowded perpen- dicularly between the straight edges without considerable pressure, was brought lightly to the position shown in Fig. 4. The distance H was about 1-16 inch, and the dif- ference between I and J, in this case, was approximately 0.000033 inch. , As indicated in Fig. 1, the subplate was counterbal- anced so that no variation of weight or strain was im- posed on the knee when changing the location of the sub- plate for drilling the various holes in the jig plate. The suspending cord was kept vertical to prevent side ten- sion, and the pulley over which it ran was placed so as to vibrate in unison with the milling machine and pre- vent pounding. Without these precautions, notwithstand- ing the care taken to have the carriage fit closely, a tip- ping action would probably have accompanied each shift- ing of the subplate, and very little would have caused errors as great as 0.0001 inch. To raise the subplate, jacks, shown in Figs. 1 and 2, having 24 threads to the inch, were used. After the sub- plate was in approximately the correct position it was tested with the measuring plugs E. These plugs were never allowed to sustain weight, and were used twice in testing distances as far apart as possible, care being taken to remove any particles of dust that might lodge on the steel strips. After all the holes in the jig plate had been finish bored, hardened plugs with 0.0001 inch taper were pushed through them by hand to remove minute burrs and smooth the surface. It should not be inferred from this that the holes were left rough after the finish boring, as the in and out feed of the carriage was but 0.0005 inch per revolution of the spindle. Bach drill bush- ing was ground inside and out at one holding to obtain perfect concentricity, and given a taper of about 0.0001 THE IRON AGE. March 31, 1904 inch. To avoid straining the casting the bushings were not forced home until they could be put in by hand pres- sure to within one-sixteenth of the full depth. To one inexperienced in inserting a perfectly round bushing in a carefully bored hole without heavy pressure, it might seem doubtful that it is more difficult to remove a bushing put in in this manner than when it was driven in 0.001 to 0.002 too large. The fact is that bushings are often forced into holes that are not round or smooth, and are too small, so that the bushing acts like a punch and makes Tus Tron Ace } Fig. 3.—Method of Truing the Try Squares. the hole even worse, resulting in a poor fit with contact at only a few points. Tool makers who handle cylindrical plug and gauge rings appreciate how easily they may be- come “stuck.” This is due to atmospheric pressure, and also, in the writer’s opinion, to molecular attraction. The writer has in his possession two blocks about 2 inches square, which, after being carefully pressed together, ex- cluding the air, will hold up 50 or 60 pounds before part- ing. After all the bushings had been inserted in the jig plate each hole was tested from seven others, and it was found that the methods employed had given the desired results. Two of the jig plates which were made had quite a number of holes having the same center distances, and it was found that plugs were readily put through the two plates in all such holes. When it is considered that these Tug [Ron AoE j GY Nin Fig. 4.—Indicating the Accuracy Possible with the Measuring Plugs. were close fitting plugs, and that the plates were 1% inches apart, it will be conceded that the work must have been done with remarkable accuracy. — ~~ oe The air resistance of fly wheels has been investigated by Herr Scholter of Nurnberg. The experiments were made on the fly wheels of two horizontal tandem com- pound engines developing 450 horse-power at a speed of 95 revolutions per minute. The arms of each of the fly wheels are formed of a double T, with a central web set parallel to the center line of the shaft. The two faces were covered with a smooth protection of sheet metal. In order to determine the difference in the resistance under the two conditions, with and without the covering, one dynamo was made to serve as a motor to drive the un- loaded engine. With the fly wheel in its original condi- tion the work required was 13,300 watts, while, after the wheel was covered, only 9874 watts were needed. This shows a decrease of no less than 25 per cent. in the total friction of the engine. March 31, 1904 The Total Sulphur and Different Forms of Sulphur in Pig and Cast Iron. BY GEORGE T. DOUGHERTY, CHICAGO. In The Iron Age of February 25, 1904, appeared a paper by S. S. Knight, on “ A Rapid Method for Deter- mination of Total Sulphur in Iron.” The idea of sup- planting by means of a porcelain crucible over a roaring flame from an “ adjustable” Bunsen burner (usually sold for gasoline gas), the bulky combustion tube and furnace for annealing iron drillings previous to evolution by hydrochloric acid, was published nearly two years ago, as will be seen by referring to my article on “Notes on Iron Analysis,” in The Iron Age, May 8, 1902. The Knight modification of the process, while not quite so simple, is based on an equally correct principle and ought to do equally good work; though still better with 5 grams of drillings instead of only 2 grams which he uses, on the ground that any accidental or personal error in the operation will be of much less effect when divided by 5 than by 2. Mr. Knight seems to be under the misapprehension that the original process by Walters and Miller took a whole hour to perform the necessary annealing, and that his own ten minutes’ annealing therefore constitutes a notable improvement over this or any other process. The fact is that Walters and Miller annealed for 15 minutes only, with the general run of irons in the market, and 30 minutes for titaniferous pigs. I made the same claims for myself when I published my aforesaid paper, submit- ting results in corroboration of the same. I may be permitted to offer a few additional remarks from my added experience with the annealing method during the past two years. I have successfully used in place of filter paper for a top layer, 1-5 to 4% gram of dried powdered charcoal, which is more compact and more slowly combustible. A small crucible, not much over 10 c. cem., is best suited for a thorough annealing of drillings over a Bunsen flame, which must be roaring, easily ob- tainable with the “adjustable” or combination type of burners. For the material of the crucible, thin iron, or steel, or nickel, or, best of all, platinum, is more desir- able and less friable than porcelain, will heat up and throughout and cool down more quickly. The size and material of crucible are of rather less importance if one has a good hot muffle furnace in use. The only variety of iron that does not always yield 100 per cent. of its total sulphur to evolution by my an- nealing, especially when carrying high sulphur, comes from New Jersey. S. T. Adams of Wharton Furnaces, in that State, on seeing my paper and results in The Iron Age, sent me quite a number of samples for checking by my method. This peculiar brand of pig had been entail- ing on him the unpleasant extra work of having to ex- amine the insoluble residue after evolution for additional sulphur, and reporting the sums of evolved and residual sulphur. I herewith subjoin the results of sulphur de- terminations in those refractory irons before and after annealing : Evolved Annealed Gravimetric and and complete Number. Evolved. Residual. residual. evolved. oxidation. 948 0.057 0.070 0.127 0.122 0.128 949 0.018 0.061 0.079 0.080 0.079 951 9.085 0.050 0.085 0.082 0.090 2423 9.038 0.045 0.083 0.072 éiwate 2424 0.078 0.039 0.117 0.103 2425 0.063 0.033 0.096 0.085 2349 0.068 0.057 0.125 0.120 7" 0. ¥ } 0.008 0.027 0.035 0.084 AVETAZE. 2.2 cc ccccccccccees 0.093 0.087 A study of the above figures reveals several surprising or unique features, which seem to be peculiar to this and perhaps some other brands of New Jersey pig, and which are believed to be due to the presence of titanium. 1. The sulphur in the insoluble residue frequently predominates over the evolved sulphur. In No. 949, the excess of residual over evolved sulphur equals 0.043 per cent.; and the ratio of residual to evolved sulphur in Nos. 949 and Special No. 1 is about 3.50 to 1. 2. The residual sulphur rises as high as 0.070 per THE IRON AGE. 3 cent. (No. 948), which is unusual or unheard of with our ordinary irons. This showing goes far beyond and makes exceedingly modest my statement of two years ago, put- ting the maximum shortage in sulphur by the direct evo- lution method in irons at the figure of 0.025 per cent., from my personal experience or knowledge up to that time. 8. All the deficiency of sulphur by the usual evolu- tion method is found in the insoluble residue. It is al- most universal with our ordinary irons that no sulphur, at least in notable quantity, is to be found in the insoluble residue; any “ missing link” in the amounts of sulphur between direct evolution and gravimetric complete oxida- tion is charged to volatile organic sulphur. Strong potassa (17 per cent.) in a Varrentrapp and Wills nitrogen bulb seems, in my hands, to arrest and fix sulphureted hydrogen from such irons mcre effectually than ammoniacal cadmium chloride contained in a tall S-ounce beaker. For example, No. 2349 gives by KHO 0.120 per cent. of sulphur after annealing, and by Cd Cl only 0.105 per cent., even after standardizing with stand- ard steel drillings by the respective absorbents which will require rather different factor figures in calculating. I believe it will be conceded that I have good warrant for declaring that, like carbon, sulphur in iron exists in more than one form, namely: 1. Steel sulphur, evolved as H,S by treatment with hydrochloric acid. I so call it because the sulphur in steel is invariably of this form. 2. Volatile organic sulphur, evolved in another form than as H,S when treated with hydrochloric acid. 8. Residual sulphur left in the insoluble residue after treated with hydrochloric acid. Volatile organic and residual sulphur scarcely ever co- exist in the same mass of iron. Reheating to redness or due annealing converts vola- tile organic and residual sulphur into “ steel” sulphur. It is a question whether all of the three forms of sul- phur would affect equally, or not, the strength or weakness of iron; but when we recollect the fact that certain branches of iron castings, notably car wheels, require an- nealing before being put in service, it should be apparent that steel sulphur is the least injurious of the three. It has been ever known that sulphur, only less than carbon, is most influential part for part in its effect on the struc- ture or physics of iron, one part of sulphur having been estimated to counter-affect or neutralize as much as 12 parts of silicon. oe The New Rod Mill at Sydney, Nova Scotia.—At the Dominion Iron & Steel Company’s works, Sydney, Nova Scotia, the installation of the small billet mill and the rod mill is approaching completion. The billets in- tended for the rod mill will be reduced to 1% inches square and cut, after passing through the last rolls, into lengths of 30 feet. A carrier deposits them on cars, which take them to a Morgan heating furnace, after which they are reduced to rods in a continuous mill. The machinery for this mill was designed and built by the Morgan En- gineering Company, Worcester, Mass. Its erection has been in charge of H. E. Rice, who has been in Sydney for about a year. Its guaranteed capacity is 200 tons per diem, double turn. ST a Oe The three 16,000-ton battle ships recently authorized by Congress are to have the following dimensions: Length between perpendiculars, 450 feet; length over all, 456 feet 4 inches ; extreme breadth, 76 feet 8 inches; depth, 46 feet; draft of water, 24 feet 6 inches. The hull will be plated with 14-inch steel, with a double bottom. A coffer- dam 7 feet high and 30 inches wide, filled with corn pith cellulose, and located back of the armor belt, protects the water line. The power equipment includes 12 water tube boilers, having a total heating surface of 46,750 square feet, and a grate surface of 1100 square feet; they will carry a pressure of 265 pounds to the square inch. Two triple expansion engines with four cylinders each will drive the vessel at a speed of 18 knots. The cylinders will be 32%, 53, 61 and 61 inches in diameter by 48-inch stroke. The total power of both engines, at 120 revolu- tions per minute, is 16,500 horse-power. Ps 4 Phe 4 THE IRON AGE. Tests of Motor Driven Roller Tables at Duquesne. BY ALBERT KINGSBURY. The tests described below were made with the col- laboration of E. Friedlander, electrical superintendent at the Duquesne Steel Works of the Carnegie Steel Com- pany. The object of the tests was to determine data for use in estimating the sizes of motors required in this class of service. The tests were made during the regular operation of the machinery; additional runs were made be oO ci © O a i x x Ww 2 Zz oO a| = - a S| = - | +—100-+-1250 100 90-1425 900 801000 800 70:—875 70 60:'—150 600 50-625 506 40-500 400 30 375 306 20: —250 200 10-125 100 Uv 0 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 Ih creme a THE IRON AGB. Fig. 1—Characteristic Curves for Westinghouse Railway Type No. 38B Motor. without loads on the rollers, for determining the no load friction. The machines were in each case driven by a Westing- house railway type No. 38 B motor, 220 volts, series wound, nominal rating 45 horse-power. The characteristic curves for this motor are shown in Fig, 1. Test No. 1. Roller Table in 40-Inch Mill. The general arrangement of the machinery is shown in the diagram, Fig. 2. The duty of the roller table is 16" SHEARS A : FROM 40° MILL F WESTINGHOUSE } 8 8 SERIES WoL March 31, 1904 the shears, and then passed on to the 14-inch continuous mill. The latter was the service at the time of the test on November 27, the slabs being 4 x 6 inches and about 75 feet long, weighing 6000 pounds. The details of the service were generally as follows: The rollers are started when tune slab reaches the shears A, and stop when the slab comes to the proper position for cropping the leading end at B; after crop- ping this end the rollers carry the slab about 60 feet further througn the shears B, the slab now being largely borne by rollers beyond the shears, driven by an inde- pendent motor. A stop is then made while the slab is turned on edge by hand; the slab is then carried ahead to the proper position for cropping the following end, and, finally, a short run is made to carry the crop end through the shears. The mode of operation varies con- siderably, sometimes additional throws of the controller being required to adjust for proper length of crop or for extra crops. The current is rarely reversed for brak- ing. The rollers beyond the shears B sometimes aid the motor under test, sometimes the reverse; their effect on the whole could not be exactly determined, but ap- peared to be negligible. Dimensions. OE MENS. 6 65 ean Chis eds NES ee Cone 90 feet. A II ns 4 ia bd anit hv ace ii pea eeu area een 10 inches. SE evs aaah ech oo een hha ee Rkeenke 46 inches. Bearings of rollers....... diameter, 5 inches; length, 10 inches. Eine GWALE... Sec cick diameter, 5 inches; length, 87 feet 9 inches. Slabs carried during test, O. H. steel, 4 x 6 inches, about 78 feet long. Gears. "acidic oe, ERE LE eee 14-68 teeth, 3 diametral pitch. ee eee eee ee yr 18-22 teeth, 2.50-inch pitch. PEON, is sisweids su eekaSeeubitek 18 teeth, 2.50-inch pitch. 14x18 1 Total gear reduction = —————— = 0.1685 = ——. 68 X 22 5.94 Weights (Computed), Weights on Bearings of Rollers (5 Inches Diameter). Pounds. SP CE Eb AR vets oc 46s s.005 6 ub)08 94008 eb even 15,024 Ce: Se ED ves bo a8 0 bc Cenweas ee ree cake 2,083 See Sr Ca i oS 5 FATES 0 ibs So SSRs SERN 15,171 Se I Pik aiiiats wen 0 V ccxly as oee dad 6'o ob >. 00 Bee 0d 4,725 8 spur gears for short rollers.........seseeees eoecee ° 204 Total (not including weight of slab)............6. 37,207 Weights on Line Shaft Bearings (5 Inches Diameter). a ounds. G-tmchy GREE; STH, BOSS BOMB. 0 ccc ccccccrecccsesccses - 6,002 SOUR aS oldie 0 Bia 0 cidik ie de ae Biel's 60 Wes Ve deo vs 2,158 RP ee ee eee eee 4,725 hE BOO BP 6 6 4.5.:0.6904 5.0 04 050 00 nn seas eKeat hecees 424 DORM, ware hauy vie con pienthe capi ewth dep etiewes + 13,309 Weights on Intermediate Shaft Bearings 4 Inches Diameter. A OE I OE oo. 06.00 0&0: 000050000.09 0 680m 175 DT Pe St, Hs hobs ov 000065065 000d 60E ens oe VeRee 285 1 epur gear, GO-T. 0 ccc cc cccccccccccccnccccscescccecs 170 ES oh uci Sia aah A eee 6:0 Ste REA ee an eee ah tae 630 Total weight of moving parts (exclusive of slab)........ 61,146 Moments of Inertia (Computed), Rollers and Line Shaft (Geared to the Same Speed). 18) robbers (OGTIBD «6 ives ccc eevee ved’ 87.18 pounds X feet? + 32.2 2 rollers (solid) (short)..........6. 4.92 “ “ “ SB rollers (COTE) 2.00 cccacccccccvece 49.50 os “ “ SUG GEER. a a went cb ccvevebeeeten 4.04 “ “ “ SG couplimgs 2... csccccccvcccvcccccce 19.80 “ . * a a = S ! ; J ' ' TO|13" MILL j ws tI SHEARS ! B Lasiehenie | : . l . . ya N e . = ? c —_— I 5°SHAFT 87'9"LONG : p 37 ROLLERS: 15 SOLID 22 HOLLOW . ‘ Tue Iron Acr ND MOTOR 220 VOLTS Fig. 2.—Plan of Roller Table for 40-Inch Mill. to handle the slabs, weighing from 5400 to 8100 pounds each, which come from the 40-inch mill. Sometimes the slabs are cut into billets about 4 feet long by the shears B; at other times the slabs are cropped at the ends by pp PT PCP ICT LY COREE OL | ™ “ 2D per Gene, BOD se isic csi cvcwcseqoses 3.78 - e as 3 gears for short rollers............ 0.61 7 * ae PD sre & geek wse 60s ove che es 157.33 “ = “ March 31, 1904 14 18,2 Reduced to armature, 157.33 x (= 4 =) = 4.48, 68 22 Intermediate Shaft (Aale) and Gears. INE. < ac 3.0 0a uw dk cet CNGRAOES aCe Raw aeeemewasud 0.07 ROE SP Ee a hs b5 oN SECEER URUE COCR a Ceevenedaeckoesd 2.00 NN i AiE sos Cw ERNE SER ee ha owes 3.05 PURGES CHC CAR ERE URER ARETE dos Cae chee cus 5.12 i! 14 \? Reduced to armature, 5.12 (— ) = 0.218. > Armature alone (from pendulum experiment)............ an Total moment of inertia, reduced to armature.......... {ois 6.908 Percentage of total in armature alone, 2.21 + 6.908 = 32 per cent. Test for Machine Friction at Constant Speeds with No Load. Motor speed. Motor torque. Motor output. R.P.M. by Volts at Pound feet Horse-power tachometer. brushes.” Amperes. (from curves). (computed). 650-700 140 55 55 6.8-7.3 650 140 55 55 6.8 960 190-220 65-70 83-100 15.2-18.3 Analysis of Machine Friction Under No Load, Assuming the coefficient of friction the same at all bearings, with the efficiency of the miter gears 94 per cent., the 18-22 spur gears 95 per cent. and the 14-68 spur gears 96 per cent., the coefficient f implies a torque at the motor given by 37,207 x 2.5 & 13,309 x 2.5 i2x004 + 12 630 x 2 «O95 x 22 12, 0.96 —— x f = 2070 f pound feet. At 650 to 700 R. P. M. of motor the torque is 55 pound feet, 92 whence f = 2070 = 0.0266. At 960 R. P. M. the torque averages 92 pound feet, 92 — 0.0445. whence f = 5070 Test in Service. The service during this test consisted in handling open hearth steel slabs weighing 6000 pounds each, for cropping the ends, as already described. Record was kept of the number of slabs passed, and the length of each period of motion of the machine, the motor current and voltage, frame temperature and air temperature. A Thompson integrating wattmeter was used for measuring the field loss directly. The machine had been in con- tinuous service for several hours preceding the test. The air temperature was taken at a point about 1 foot from the motor frame, on the colder side (away from the machine); the frame temperature by a thermometer packed against the outside of the frame with waste: after the run a thermometer was packed against one of the field coils with waste to obtain the field temperature, this not being practicable during the test. Timos Running of Rollers from Start to Stop by Stop Watch. , ———Time of run in seconds. Total run- Time. Slab Run ning time p.m. No No. 1 2 8 4 5 6 =for slab. 2.30 1 19.0 1 1 2.0 10 3 36.0 2 13.0 13 5 a — os 31.0 8 15.5 14 6 2.0 oH i 37.5 + 17.0 14 3 ave Se ws 34.0 5 19.0 2 14 3.5 - at 88.5 6 20.0 1 1 1.0 13 2 38.0 7 14.0 1 1 1.0 15 4 36.0 8 22.6 14 4 3.0 a. ae 43.0 9 20.0 1 1 15.0 4 41.0 10 19.0 1 14 4.0 ah 38.0 11 19.0 1 14 4.0 3 41.0 12 20.0 12 4 as ex 36.0 13 19.0 13 4 3.0 a 39.0 3.03 14 14.0 12 6 3.0 ai as 85.0 15 22.0 1 1 14.0 4 5 47.0 16 15.0 2 1 11.0 3 oa 82.0 17 20.0 12 5 5.0 ee . 42.0 18 21.0 12 3 “* aa 36.0 19 15.0 1 12 4.0 én 82.0 20 18.0 1 14 3.0 3 39.0 3.19 21 19.0 1 14 3.0 37.0 22 16.0 3 - os 29.0 3.26 23 15.0 2 1 2.0 15 3 38.0 Total time of test, 3,240 seconds. Total running time, 856 seconds. Running time as fraction of total time, 0.264. THE IRON AGE. 5 Ammeter Readings. Throw on starting, mean of 37 readings (highest throw, Es. DOE I acide cade touncawewaens 196.8 amperes. Steady running with slab on rollers, mean of 31 readings CRs, ORs TOWGR TED vic cweccsasoensacas 81.1 amperes. Corresponding average motor torque............ 132 pound feet. Steady running without slab, mean of 28 readings (high- CRE MEES Gi vi edsiec cidbacc secdedeas 74.9 amperes. Corresponding average motor torque............ 112 pound feet. Voltage at Brushes. Steady running, mean of six readings (highest, 225; low- GE BOOP scales ceticawéivscedusecadcedacxeeucnes 217 volts. Motor Speeds by Tachometer. Mean of four readings taken with slab on table, running SEG -hdSASas casas tweondecueneauseasecsodtue 878 .R. P.M. The tachometer was tested at 730 R.P.M. and found correct at that speed. Readings of Temperature and of Field Loss Wattmeter. Thompson integrating wattmeter No. 222,038, with special resistance coil marked 25 V. Air temperature near resistance coil, 0 degree C. approximately. Air temperature, . Centigrade, Motor frame Wattmeter 1 foot temperature, Time, p.m. readings. from motor. Centigrade. 1.00 53,155 4.0 24.0 2.05 53,547.5 6.3 24.0 2.31 53,700 4.6 24.1 3.03 53,860 5.5 24.0 3.26 53,990 5.0 24.1 The record from 2.05 to 3.26 p.m. (81 minutes) is taken as covering most nearly the same period as the observations of the times of runs for each slab. Average revolution per minute of wattmeter disk 5.47. Tempera- ture of motor field coils by thermometer at end of test, 33.5 degrees ; rise above atmosphere, 28.1 degrees C. Calibration of Field Loss Wattmeter. Revolutions Time. Watts Amperes. Volts. of disk. Minutes. Watts. per R.P.M. 200 8 53.5 1 1,600 29.9 150 6 30.4 1 900 29.6 100 4 25.0 2 400 82.0 75 3 20.7 3 225 32.6 50 2 8.7 5 100 51.5 The range of current during the test being from 68 to 215 amperes, the last line in the table above is neg- lected; the average watts per revolution per minute of wattmeter disk is then 31.02. Resistance of Motor Field Colls. Col! temperature, 5.5 degrees C. Ammeter No. 1940. Voltmeter No. 3082. Field resistance (ohms). 90 3.70 0.0412 71 3.10 0.0437 75 3.25 0.0434 71 3.15 0.0444 70 3.10 0.0443 72 3.15 0.0437 72.5 3.20 0.0442 72 3.15 0.0450 70 3.15 0.0450 71 3.15 0.0444 Average (at 5.5 degrees C.).....ccceceeeee 0.0439 ohms. As the field temperature during the service test was 33.5 degrees by thermometer, and the actual temperature of the wire presumably about 12 degrees higher, or 45.5 degrees C., the resistance during the test was 0.0439 [1 + 0.004 x (45.5 — 5.5) ] = 0.051 ohm. Square Root of Mean Square Current. From field loss wattmeter: Average loss 5.47 x 31.3 = 171 watts. Hot resistance of field coils = 0.051 ohms. 171 Square root of mean square current = 0051 = 57.9 amperes. Hating of Westinghouse No. 38-B 220-Volt Motor. For continuous operation at full voltage, 55 to 60 amperes, for 40 degrees rise by thermometer, with air temperature at 25 degrees C. Since the air temperature during the test was about 5 degrees C. the rise of temperature to be expected from the square root of mean square current (57.9 amperes) should be (by American Institute standard), 40 (1 — 20 x % per cent.) = 36 degrees C.; while the observed rise was 28 degrees. THE IRON AGE. Test No. 2. Skew Table for 14-Inch Mill. The general arrangement of the machinery is shown in the diagram, Fig. 3. The machinery is not under cover. Mode of Operation. The bar issuing from the 14-inch continuous mill is cut to 30-foot lengths by a flying shear; these COOLING TABLE NO. 1 SECTION NO. 2 SECTION OLE ROLLER BARS a SQUARE\30 FT. LONG 4 INCH SHAFT 39 FEET LONG Fig. 3.—Plan of Skew Table for 14-Inch Mill. bars are delivered to the skew table by the rollers AA. The bars accumulate on the skew table rollers against the stop B and the conveyor bar C; when all the bars from one slab are collected, the motor is stopped and the conveyor bar, operated by a steam engine through wire ropes, transfers the hot bars to the cooling table. ; 1Y%4 IN SQUARE 30 FT. LO WEIGHT EACH 360 LBS. POINTS ARE AVERAGES OF 100 AMPERES 40 50 60 70 en 90 1000 2000 3000 4000 POUNDS) WEIGHT ON FIVE LIyE ROLLERS 5L00 Tar IRON Aor. Fig. 4.—Tests of Westinghouse Motor Driving Hight-Roller Skew Table. When the first section of the cooling table has been filled, the bars, after collecting on the skew table, are allowed to pass to succeeding sections by depressing the stop B. The rollers run continuously while the bars are col- March 31, 1904 lecting, but the operator freqaently reduced the speed by cutting off the current for a short time between the con- secutive bars; this probably saves some power, but does not materially alter the heating effect in the motor. The maximum circumferential speed of the rollers is 700 to 775 feet per minute, decreasing to about 450 feet per minute under a load of 5400 pounds, while the bar comes from the mill at about 300 feet per minute. FROM 14° MILL | ! A A > ? Ky » Tun Iron Acs AF WESTINGHOUSE 38 B 220 VOLT MOTOR SERIES WOUND The motor was comparatively cool throughout the tests, the air temperature being near the freezing point. Dimensions and Weights. Eight rollers, 16 inches outside diameter, 14 inches inside; 76 inches long, with 4inch shaft extending through. Computed weight each, including shaft and miter gear, 1820 pounds. Two rollers are increased to 18 inches outside diameter for one-half the length ; extra weight each, 580 pounds. One roller idle. Total weight on bearings of seven live rollers, aside from bars, 13,900 pounds. Diameter of bearings, 4 inches; length, 12 inches. Bars carried by rollers during the test, 1% inches square, 30 feet long. Weight each, 360 pounds; about five-sixths of this is borne by the live rollers. Average number of bars per slab, 15. Average maximum total load on live rollers during test, 4500 pounds. Line shaft, 4 inches diameter, 39 feet long. Weight, including gears and couplings, 3823 pounds. Collar bear- ings, 7 inches diameter. , Intermediate shaft, 4 inches diameter, 4 feet 1 inch long. Weight, with gears, 630 pounds. Gear reduction from motor, 14-68, 18-22, 17-17. Total gear reduction, 1-5.94. Moment of inertia of machine and armature, reduced to armature, 6.26 pounds x feet? — 32.2. . Moment of inertia of armature alone, 2.21 pounds x feet? + 32.2. Percentage of total moment of inertia in armature alone, 2.21 + 6.26 = 35.4 per cent. Starting Test with No Load on Rollers. Controller was moved slowly until motor started. Volts at brushes. Amperes. 90 95 ni 95 85 94 95 95 Average Corresponding average torque, from curves, 168 pound feet. Running Tests with No Load on Rollers. Motor speed, 1,000 to 1,100 R.P.M. by tachometer. Volts at brushes. Amperes. 200 60 215 60 200 60 210 60 215 60 60 60 March 31, 1904 The corresponding field voltage = 60 x 0.045 = 2.7 volts; 209 + 2.7 = 211.7 volts on motor, or 3.8 per cent. below the normal voltage, 220. Average torque, 70 pound feet; average horse-power output, 12.8. Motor speed, 500 R.P.M. Volts at brushes. Amperes. 100 50 100 48 Average torque, 42 pound feet; average horse-power output, 8.8. Test in Service. Current reading taken after each bar reached the stops. Motor speed about 1000 revolutions per minute at the beginning of run for each slab, 640 to 650 at end: Horse- power No. of ———-—--—Amperes.- -——, Average output bars on -— -—Slab No. —————,. Average torque at table. 1 2 3 4 5 amperes. at motor. 220 V. 1 65 68 65 60 65 64.6 85 14.0 2 69 70 65 63 65 66.4 90 14.5 3 69 70 72 67 65 68.6 95 15.2 4 70 72 75 70 65 70.4 100 16.1 5 74 75 75 72 66 72.4 105 17.0 6 75 79 77 76 67 74.8 110 17.8 7 77 81 80 79 68 77.0 120 18.8 8 so 84 82 80 71 79.4 127 19.5 9 83 88 85 83 73 82.4 135 20.0 10 88 90 88 85 74 85.0 143 20.8 11 90 94 90 90 82 89.2 156 21.5 12 94 98 90 90 83 91.0 164 22.0 13 98 102 94 94 85 94.6 175 23.0 14 108 105 £100 95 88 98.2 186 24.0 Average maximum current at starting, 202.5 amperes. Average current for actual running time, excluding excess current at starting, 79.5 amperes. No voltage readings were obtained during the tests in service; but since the speed of the motor, as deter- mined by the tachometer, was on the average about 3 per cent. above the normal, while the voltage readings previously obtained averaged 3.8 per cent. below nor- mal, the horse-power was taken from the characteristic curves at 220 volts. Times of Motion and of Rest, by Stop Watch. Rollers in Rollers at Slab Number. Number bars. motion.—Seconds. rest.—Seconds. 1 14 90 450 2 16 97 23 3 15 95 25 4 90 870 (due to cobbled bars.) 5 15 90 45 6 15 85 80 7 in 80 25 8 15 30* 30 9 e 150* 60 10 as 87 138 11 15 88 62 12 ea 75 ea EE ic «cmd dred ae ee 1,808 * These two readings should probably be 90 each; but this involves no error in the long run. Start, 2.11 p.m.; stop, 2.58.45; total time of test, 47 minutes 45 secends. In Nos. 1 to 8 the bars were transferred to the first section of the cooling table, after collecting on the skew table; Nos. 9 to 12 to the second section. Measurement of Resistance of Field Coils.—Armature Locked. Temperature, 13.1 degrees C., thermometer against field coil, packed with waste. Average volts. Average amperes. 4.075 90.3 Drifting Test Under No Load. Mean initial speed of armature (11 tests), 1029 revo- lutions per minute. Mean time coming to rest (11 tests), 11.15 seconds. Mean number revolutions in coming to rest (6 tests), 70.8. Considering all the machine friction as reduced to a “time average” torque at the armature, and computing from the augular momentum, this torque is y 2r Sader a atk = 60.5 pound feet. Again, considering the torque as a “space average,” and computing the kinetic energy, this torque is 6.26 x 1029? x 2 + 2x 60? x 70.8 Resistance (ohms). 0.045 = 81.5 pound feet. THE IRON AGE. (The time average and the space average are not necessarily equal in general.) The motor torque at constant speeds was previously found to be 168 pound feet at starting. 42 pound feet at 500 revolutions per minute. 70 pound feet at 1000 to 1100 revolutions per minute. While no close comparison can be made between the constant speed test and the drifting test, the latter serves to approximately confirm the former. Analysis of the Friction of the Machine. Assuming the coefficient of friction to be the same at all the bearings, and the efficiencies of the miter gears 94 per cent., of the 18-22 spur gears 95 per cent., and of the 14-68 gears 96 per cent., the coefficient at the bear- ings is found to be as follows, (computed from the motor torque when running steady with no load on the rollers) : ee RM eee or ee eT rT re Te 0.280 At 500 revolutions per minute of motor, f equals........ 0.070 At 900 to 1,100 revolutions per minute of motor, f equals. 0.117 The friction is thus seen to be abnormally high; this is probably partly due to the low temperature of the oil, partly to bad condition of some of the bearings. From the graphic representation of the current and the motor torque, Fig. 4, it is seen that as the load in- creases the additional torque per bar increases rapidly ; tne increase per bar for the last bars is about double that for the first bars, although the machine friction under constant load is less at the lower speeds. Since there are at least three variable elements affecting the current re- quired, the separate effects cannot be determined from the data obtained. The variable elements are: 1. Change in bearing friction and gear friction with changes of load and of speed. 2. Change of coefficient of friction between bars and rollers with change of speed. 3. The rise in current at full voltage corresponding to a given fall in speed is less when the speed is high than when it is low; hence the kinetic energy of the roll- ers retards the rise in current to a greater extent at the beginning than at the end of the run. Square Root of Mean Square Current. An approximate calculation, based on the test of 47% minutes tabulated above, shows that the square root of mean square current for this time was 48.5 amperes; but if the two long stops (after the first and the fourth slabs) had been but 30 seconds each the square root of mean square current would have been 64.6 amperes; this then repre- sents the current for a continuous run that would have same heating effect as that of the variable current in service, assuming no accidental stops to occur. The con- tinuous rating of the Westinghouse No. 38-B motor allows 55 to 60 amperes at 220 volts for 40 degrees C. rise in temperature. Average Current and Power. The average current during the test of 47%, minutes was about 30 amperes, estimated on the assumption that the motor is kept under full voltage dur- ing each run; the average current for actual running time being taken at 81.5 amperes (from the graph). If, however, the two long stops had been but 30 seconds each the average current for the test would have been 53 amperes. With 250 volts at the generator, 28.8 amperes = 7.5 kw.; 53 amperes = 13.2 kw. The average power demands at the generator are probably reduced somewhat below those figures by slowing down the rolls whenever possible; but no data were obtained to show the extent of this saving. If, however, we as- sume that the current is cut off for one-tenth of the time for each ingot, the average current and power would be re- duced about 5 per cent for this case, as may be seen by inspection of the amperes-torque curve for the motor. ——_—_——_~»--e—___—- Germany is the great potato using country of the world. It is said that 160 acres are planted with potatoes there for every 10,000 inhabitants; whereas the propor- tion in the United States is only about 34 acres, and in Great Britain and Ireland only 31 acres. The fact is of interest, because the potato spirit is likely to play so im- portant a part in the future of the motor car industry. Manufacturing Prospects in Canada. Tarifi Conditions. Toronto, March 26, 1904.—A year ago the manufac- turers aS a body were strongly in favor of protection. They are much more so now. At that time they had all the business they could attend to, many of them having orders enough to tax their capacity for six months. Profits were good, and payments were never better. There was no embarrassing competition from outside sources. Hence there was no immediate irritant to the demand for higher protection. The need for an increase of duties was not felt, but was anticipated. In all the representations made to the Government on this subject the duration of the good times period and the certainty that it must have an end were dwelt on. Signs of re- action in the United States were referred to. It was pointed out that that country was then exporting freely of classes of manufactures—notably under the head of iron and steel products—that it had been importing on a large scale the year before. Prices, already breaking across the line, would be likely to become lower as pro- duction there increased and the available demand became sated. Then there would be a tidal wave of movement of American goods toward the Canadian frontier, and to protect the national industries the tariff wall ought to be raised beforehand. Manufacturers are now still more urgent for protec- tion. It is no longer sought, however, as a means of warding off coming evils, but to get rid of those at pres- ent experienced. American competitors are undoubtedly gathering up a large volume of business here that would, under the conditions which held even a year ago, have dropped naturally into the hands of Canadian manufac- turers. This is especially so in regard to the more or less finished products of iron and steel works. The Cana- dian demand has not fallen off. It is probably increasing, but more of it is being captured by Americans who quote favorable prices. Canadian farmers were never before the collective owners of so much wealth. Their standard of living has been raised as a result of their prosperity. They afford many things now that seemed to lie outside the agricultural sphere, and they have a far larger equip- ment within the strictly agricultural sphere. The coun- try’s buying power is perhaps not less than it was when the crops were largest and the general prosperity was greatest. So the Canadian trade is a prize worth con- testing. To hold on to it the manufacturers must have higher duties or must forego a part of their profits, and the latter alternative involves reduction of wages. In the recent debate on the address, Sir Wilfrid Laurier declared that his Government would assuredly not adopt the American idea of protection. It would, he said, be “foolish and criminal” to do so. As the ques- tion is being pressed strongly, it is deemed probable that the Government will appoint a commission to deal with it, thereby postponing Parliamentary action till after the general elections. The present session is expected to be a short one, taken up chiefly with the business of modi- fying the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway agreement and the passing of the new Militia bill. The ‘* Soo Guarantee, Whether the steel rail mill is started shortly or not depends on the fate of the measure the Ontario Govern- ment has introduced in the Legislature for guaranteeing an issue of $2,000,000 of 4 per cent. two-year bonds for the Algoma Central & Hudson Bay Railway Company. That corporation is inclu