The world's commerce and American industries; graphically illustrated by eighty-six charts. Prepared by John J. Macfarlane.

of a - ',$ (California ILur cr vEcTtcbrig . | Commerce eri Industries Illustrated fcj? Chart® HHH HBRs BH& F • m • HI HI H HH Macf&rlane Commercial Museum Philadelphia, Pa. Copyright, 1903, by THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUMS All rights reserved The World's Commerce and American Industries Graphically Illustrated by Eighty-six Charts. PREPARED BY JOHN J.'MACFARLANE, A. M., Librarian, Philadelphia Commercial Museum. PUBLISHED BY THE PHILADELPHIA COMMERCIAL MUSEUM. PHILADELPHIA, PA. 1 903. UNIVERSITY or THE FOLLOWING CHARTS illustrate the progress and present condition of the commerce of the world, of the manufacturing industries of the United States, and of British and American shipping. This graphic method shows more clearly than statistics alone would do, what proportion of the world's trade belongs to each of the principal nations, and the relative importance, from a manufac- turing standpoint, of the leading cities of the United States. An alphabetical list of the cities of the United States, having an output of over $20,000,000 of manufactured goods, according to the census of 1900, is also given with the leading industries of each city. 125306 Chart i gives the commerce of the world, by grand divisions, for the year 1900. It shows that Europe has two-thirds of the world's commerce, United Kingdom one-fifth, Germany one-eighth, and United States one- tenth. Charts 2 to 7 give the commerce of the grand divisions by countries. The United States alone has more commerce than the whole of Asia, and twice as much as either Oceania, South America or Africa. Charts 8 to 20 give the import trade of the leading countries in each grand division. The United States is first in the value of imports into the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and Mexico, and is second in the value of imports into France and Japan. More than two-thirds of the imports into Canada, and over one- half of those into Mexico are from the United States. The United Kingdom is first in the value of imports into France, Japan, Cape Colony, Egypt, United States, Argentina, Chile and Australia, and is second in the value of imports into Germany, China, Canada and Mexico. Germany is second in the value of imports into Argentina and Chile. Hongkong has about 40 per cent, of the import trade of China. It is a free port, belonging to Great Britain; goods from all nations are landed there, and afterwards reshipped to China and other Oriental countries. Commerce of the World ir 1900 Aggregate of Imports and Exports $21,784,000,000 Africa id I (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Imports. Exports. Total. United Kingdom 2.545 1,416 3,961 Germany . . . 1,372 1,157 2,529 France 906 800 1,706 Other Europe 3-341 2,697 6,038 United States 829 1,453 2,282 Other North America 412 407 819 South America 324 497 821 Asia 1,018 970 1,988 Oceania 434 468 902 Africa 448 290 738 Commerce of Europe in 1900 Aggregate of Imports and Exports $14,234,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Imports. Exports Total. United Kingdom 2,545 1,416 3.961 Germany 1,372 1,157 2,529 France . 906 800 1,706 Netherlands 798 687 1,485 Belgium 431 374 805 Austria-Hungary 343 393 736 Russia 334 278 612 Italy 330 260 590 Other countries 1,105 7°5 1,810 Commerce of Asia in 1900 Aggregate of Imports and Exports $1,988,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Imports. Exports. Total. India 342 395 737 Straits Settlements 152 127 279 China 156 in 267 Japan 150 100 250 Dutch East Indies 78 104 182 Ceylon - 39 35 74 Other countries 101 98 199 Commerce of Africa in 1900 Aggregate of Imports and Exports $738,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Imports. Exports. Total. 70 83 153 95 39 J34 126 52 IjS 60 44 104 .... 43 29 72 25 17 42 26 55 Egypt Cape Colony Other British Africa Algeria Other French Africa . Portuguese Africa Other Africa 29 Commerce of North America in 1900 Aggregate of Imports and Exports $3,101,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Imports. Exports. Total. United States 829 M53 2,282 Canada 180 196 376 Mexico 6r 70 131 Cuba 66 49 115 Other countries 105 92 197 10 Commerce of South America in 190O Aggregate of Imports and Exports $821,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Imports. Exports. Total. Argentine Republic 109 154 263 Brazil 84 162 246 Chile ,47 bi 108 Uruguay 23 29 52 Peru ii 21 32 Other countries 50 70 120 II Commerce of Oceania in 1900 Aggregate of Imports and Exports $902,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Australia (including inter-state trade) New Zealand Hawaii Philippine Islands Other Oceania Imports. • 337 . 52 • 19 . 20 6 Kx ports. 354 64 22 20 8 Total. 69I 116 41 40 12 Commerce of United Kingdom in 1901 Imports by Countries $2,540,000,000 United States France . . . Netherlands Germany . . British India Belgium . . Australia . . Russia . . . Canada (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) . 686.3 Denmark 70.3 . 249.2 Spain 68.3 . 159.9 Argentine Republic 60.4 . 156.7 Egypt 57.9 . 133.3 New Zealand 51.6 120.0 Sweden 47.6 . 117.9 Straits Settlements 29.7 . 106.6 Norway 27.1 . 96.6 All other countries . . . .-.300.6 13 Commerce of Germany in 1900 Imports by Countries $1,372,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United States 238.8 United Kingdom 171.0 Austria-Hungary 167.6 Russia 162.6 France 72.0 Argentine Republic 55.3 British East Indies ..... 53.4 Belgium 51.2 Holland 49.7 Italy 43.0 Switzerland 38.7 Australia and New Zealand . 27.9 Brazil 26.8 Sweden 24.8 All other countries 189.2 Commerce of France in 1900 Imports by Countries ,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United Kingdom 130.0 United States 98.3 Germany 82.4 Belgium 81.4 Argentine Republic 54.9 Russia 44.6 Spain .. . 42.4 French Possessions 38.1 Algeria ..... China British India . . . Italy Turkey Switzerland .... All other countries 32.0 31.0 29.7 28.6 20.8 20. 6 171.2 15 Commerce of China in 1900 Imports by Countries $156,000,000 11 Hongkong . . . United Kingdom Japan India . (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) 65.9 . 18.0 . n.8 United States . . Russia (Europe) . All other countries II. 7 2-9 13-8 i6 Commerce of Japan in 1900 Imports by Countries $150,000,000 United Kingdom . United States . . . China Germany British East Indies . (Values given in Millions of Dollars ) . 36.3 Hongkong . . . . 32.0 Korea . 17.9 France , . 14.5 Belgium .11.9 All other countries 5-6 4-3 4.0 3-9 19.6 17 Commerce of Cape Colony in 1900 Imports by Countries $95,000 ooo United Kingdom . Australia United States . . All other countries (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) 63 9 8 15 1 8 Commerce of Egypt in 1900 Imports by Countries ,700,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United Kingdom 27.0 Turkey 10.9 France and Algeria 6.4 Austria-Hungary 4.4 British East Indies 3.4 All other countries 17.6 19 Commerce of Canada in 1900 Imports by Countries $180,700,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United States . . United Kingdom . Germany .... All other countries 109.8 44-8 8-3 27.8 Commerce of Mexico in 1900 Imports by Countries $61,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United States ........................ United Kingdom ............. Io .0 France Germany. . Spain .................. ......... 2.9 All other countries ..................... . . . . . 3^4 6-7 6.6 21 Commerce of Argentina in 1900 Imports by Countries $109,500,000 United Kingdom Germany .... Italy United States . . France . (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) 37-3 16.0 14.4 12.9 10.5 Belgium Brazil Spain All other countries 8.1 3-8 3-5 3-o 22 Commerce of Chile in 1900 Imports by Countries $47,000,000 18 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United Kingdom . . Germany United States . . . . Australia France Peru All other countries . 15-4 12.5 4-3 3-3 3-3 2.4 5-8 23 Commerce of Australia in 1900 Imports by Countries, excluding Inter-State Trade $206,400,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United Kingdom . United States . . . Germany New Zealand . . . India France Belgium All other countries 123.6 24-3 13.2 9-2 5-2 2.7 2.6 25.6 24 Commerce of United States in 1901 Imports by Countries $880,000,000 /ill Brit. India o-'Acv 20 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United Kingdom 155 Germany France .... Brazil British India . Cuba Canada .... Japan Mexico .... Italy Netherlands . . Chinese Empire 99 81 79 47 46 45 36 35 27 21 18 Switzerland 16 Dutch East Indies 15 Belgium 14 British West Indies 12 Austria-Hungary 10 Argentine Republic 9 Chile 9 Egypt Venezuela 7 Spain ... 7 All other countries 84 Chart 21 shows the progress of the world's commerce since 1850. It will be noticed that the largest percentage of increase, in any decade, was from 1850 to 1860. Foreign commerce, as we consider it, was almost unknown a century and a half ago. In 1800, the world's commerce was about equal to that of the United States in 1880, and even in 1850, it was less than that of the United Kingdom in 1900. Since 1850 the world's commerce has increased so rapidly that it is now six times as large as it was then. Charts 22, 23, and 24 show the progress of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany by decades; the latter only since 1870, because, prior to that, there was no German Empire, and the combined statistics of the various states are not available. It will be seen in chart 22 that the United States commerce has increased since 1850, until it is now seven times as great as it was then. The largest percentage of increase, for the United States, was in the decade from 1850 to 1860. In chart 23 it will be seen that the per- centage of increase of the United Kingdom has been less than that of the other two nations, and it was largest from 1850 to 1860. Taking the period from 1870 to 1900 United States trade increased 173 per cent., German trade 144 per cent., and British trade 50 per cent. 26 Commerce of the World since 1850 Aggregate of Imports and Exports (Values given in Millions of Dollars). 3,800 1850 7,200 1860 10,500 1870 14,500 1880 16,800 1890 21,784 1900 21 27 Commerce of the United States since 1830 Aggregate of imports and Exports (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) 134 1830 22 1840 318 1850 687 1860 1870 1,504 1880 1,647 1890 2,244 i goo Commerce of the United Kingdom since 1850 28 810 Aggregate of Imports and Exports In Millions of Dollars 1,820 1850 1860 2,630 1870 3,350 1880 3,557 1890 3,961 1900 23 Commerce of Germany since 1870 Aggregate of Imports and Exports (Values given in Millions of Dollars). 1,386 1880 1,828 1890 2,529 1900 Charts 25, 26 and 27 are on the same scale, and give the im- ports and exports of the United States, United Kingdom, and Ger- many, by countries, so that the relative value of the imports and exports can be readily seen. In chart 26 it is shown that the United Kingdom buys more from the United States than from all its colo- nies. In chart 25 it is seen that our best customer is the United Kingdom, followed by Germany, Canada, and the Netherlands, and that we sell much more to these countries than they do to us, while the reverse is the case with France, Brazil, Japan, and Cuba. Chart 27 shows that Germany buys more from us than we buy from them. This is one of the causes of complaint in Germany against the United States tariffs, yet we can do better without the things Ger- many furnishes us than they can without the goods we furnish them. During the ten years from 1891 to 1901, the largest increase in the value of imports was: the United Kingdom, $421,000,000; Germany, $303,000,000; and Netherlands, $279,000,000. The largest increase in the value of exports was: the United States, $340,000,000; Germany, $299,000,000; the United Kingdom, $274,- 000,000; and the Netherlands, $236,000,000. The largest percent- age of increase was in the less developed regions. Cape Colony, Argentina, Egypt, and Russia have the largest percentage of in- crease in the value of imports, while Japan, Canada, Mexico, and Argentina have the largest percentage of increase in the value of exports. Commerce of the United States in 1902, for fiscal year ending June 30. Imports and Exports by Countries. (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) /4ft Imports Exports Sr m Other J Countries Mexico Brittsh £". Indies Brazil Japan Chile Cuba 7| British 25Lj Africa British Australasia Italy Belgium France Netherlands Canada German Y 5481 I6S 11 ft 25 32 Commerce of the United Kingdom in 19O1 Imports and Exports by Countries (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Imports Exports A/ewZealand British South Africa Argentine Republic Denmark Spain Canada Russia /33 Belgium ^ Australia India 160 Holland 6*7 I I 157 German y France British £13 1 ,537lH _l Possessions ff&& ^^^^ i // Q /A3L J ' 26 33 Commerce of Germany in 1900. Imports and Exports by Countries (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Zd M Dutch. East £?lj Indies vjft Chile g Sweden y Brazil / win Australia fr Imports ii.su A/ewZeatand Exports wOr^i Switzerland Italy Holland Belgium British 5. Indies Argentine Republic France Russia (Europe* Asia) Austria - Hungary % U. K. O 104.6 27 34 Charts 28 and 29 are drawn on the same scale in order to show the comparative value of the products of the farm and the factory. In 1900, the value of farm products was 142 per cent, greater than in 1870, and the value of manufactured products was 207 per cent, greater. The value of the exports of agricultural products was 131 per cent, greater, and the value of the exports of manufactured products was 536 per cent, greater in 1900 than in 1870. In com- paring the value of the exports of manufactured products with the total production, it is more correct to use the shaded blocks, as these include all items of export, which are considered manufac- tured products, in the census statistics. The shaded block, in 1900, shows that only about 6 per cent, of all our manufactured products are exported. Consumption, in this country, has grown almost as rapidly as production. This is largely due to high wages and the increased purchasing power arising therefrom. The necessity for foreign trade, however, is becoming yearly more apparent because of the rapid and enormous increase of the productive capacity of our manufacturing industries, which, in 1850, was only $40.93 per capita, but in 1900 was $170 42 per capita. There are no statistics available, for the year 1900, showing the manufactured products of the larger nations, but if we take estimates made for 1896 as a test, we find that the United States manufactured over twice as much as the United Kingdom, and more than France, Germany, Russia, and Austria combined. There is little doubt that the present amounts, if known, would make as favorable a showing for the United States. While it is true that in manufacturing we outrank other nations, when it comes to foreign commerce this is not the case. If we con- sider the per capita imports and exports of the leading nations, we will find that the United States does not hold as high a rank as many smaller nations. Our imports in 1901 amounted to $11.80 per capita, while those of the Netherlands amounted to $159.80; Belgium, $64.90; Switzerland, $61.00; United Kingdom, $61.00, and Australia, 55.00 per capita. In exports, the United States per capita, in 1901, was $17.80, while that of the Netherlands was $136.40; Australia, $65.30; Belgium, $53.40, and Switzerland, $48.90. The nations having the lowest per capita of imports and exports in 1901 were: China Imports, $0.50 per capita. Exports, $0.31 per capita. India .80 " 1.30 Japan 2.90 280 Russia 3-°° 3-4° Mexico , " 4-70 " 5-70 35 United States Production and Export In Census Years Farm Products and Agricultural Exports. 1870 1880 1890 1900 Values given in Millions of Dollars 1958 2212 2360 4739 835 28 The larger blocks represent farm products and the smaller agricultural exports. United States Production and Export — In Census Years Manufactured Products VALUES IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS n Exports according to Treasury Department Classification. 'MMM\ Exports of Manufac- ^/"//A tured Products accord- ing to Census Department Classification. This classification includes flour, packed meats, vegeta- ble oils, factory-made butter, cheese, and other products included under head of Agri- cultural Exports, as well as lumber and other manufac- tured articlesincluded under head of Products of the Forests, Mines, or Fisher- ies in the Statistics of the United States Treasury De- partment. 493 $1,019 17 1850 1,885 40 1860 4,232 68 1870 5,369 1880 9,372 [890 13,004 1900 37 Chart 30 groups United States agricultural exports according to the sources of production, while charts 31 and 32 show the des- tination of the exports of agricultural and manufactured products, by grand divisions. Chart 33 shows the principal articles of domestic manufacture exported. While the United States leads in the export of domestic products, it is below the United Kingdom and Germany in the value of the exports of manufactured goods; but the increase in the ex- ports of manufactured goods from the United States during the last ten years has been greater, both in amount and percentage, than that of its three largest competitors — the United Kingdom, Ger- many, and France. Charts 34-84 illustrate the production and exports of the manufactured products of the United States. Chart 34 gives the comparative value of the leading classes of manufactured products according to the census of 1900. Food and kindred products lead, in the value of the output, in the census year, followed by iron and steel and their products, and by textiles. Hand trades come next, followed by lumber and its manufactures. 38 United States Exports in 1901 Fiscal Year ending June 30 Grouped according to Sources of Production $1,460,400,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Agriculture ... Manufactures . . Forest Mining All other exports • 943-8 . 412 2 • 543 • 37-9 12.2 39 United States Exports in 1901 Fiscal Year ending June 30 Agricultural Products. By Grand Divisions $943,800,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Europe. . 843.7 North America 5^-3 South America 11.3 Asia . Africa 13-9 Oceania 3.5 40 United States Exports in 1901 Fiscal Year ending June 30 Manufactured Products. By Grand Divisions $412,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Europe North America . Asia Oceania . . . . South America . Africa . • 215.5 . 96.1 • 33.8 . 29.0 . 27.1 . 10.5 United States Exports in 1901 Fiscal Year ending June 30 Manufactured Products. By Articles $412,000,000 Copper, manufactures of (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Iron and steel and mfrs. of . . . 117 3 Oils, mineral, refined 64.4 Copper, manufactures of .... 43.0 Leather and manufactures of . . 27.9 Cotton, manufactures of .... 20.0 Agricultural implements .... 16.3 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines , . . . 14.3 Wood, manufactures of .... n.o Paper and manufactures of ... 7.4 Instruments, etc. for scientific purposes 7.3 Paraffin and paraffin wax .... 6.8 Tobacco, manufactures of ... 5.0 Fibers, manufactures of .... 4.3 Carriages, cars, and parts of . . 4.2 Cars, passenger and freight, for steam railroads 4. i India rubber and gutta percha, manufactures of 3.6 ''Books, maps, engravings, and other printed matter 3.4 Spirits, distilled 3.0 Musical instruments 2.7 Cycles and parts of 2.5 Clocks, watches, and parts of . . 2.3 Glass and glassware 2.1 All other articles 39. i 42 United States Manufactures in 1900 Value of Production by Leading Classes $13,004,400,000 o V J > £ „< Tobacco -^dL£ Gi*y Glass **&%? ,9* lM ^ ,^r .1* ^ • ^N \ \ 34 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Food and kindred products . . .2,278 Iron and steel and their products, 1,793 Textiles 1,637 Hand trades 1,184 Lumber and its manufactures . . 1,031 Metals and metal products, other than iron and steel 749 Paper and printing 606 Leather and its finished products, 584 Chemicals and allied products . 553 Vehicles tor land transportation, 509 Liquors and beverages 426 Clay, glass, and stone products . 293 Tobacco 283 Shipbuilding 74 Miscellaneous irdustries .... 1,004 POOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS. Chart 35 — Slaughtering and meat packing, wholesale. This industry is found chiefly in Illinois (which manufactures three- eighths), Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, and Indiana. Large cities have a greater percentage of this industry than is generally the case with manufactured products, Chicago alone having over one-third. This does not include Slaughtering, wholesale (not packing), which covers fresh meats; the value of fresh meat prod- ucts in 1900 was $87,000,000. Chart 36 — Flouring and grist mill products. This is the second largest industry in this group, and is widely diffused, more than three-fourths being carried on outside of the large centers. Min- neapolis, the largest flour manufacturing center, produces only about nine per cent, of the total output. Chart 37 — Sugar and molasses refining. This industry is car- ried on chiefly at ports where the raw material, which is nearly all imported, can be readily obtained. It is the leading manufacturing industry of Boston, Brooklyn, New Orleans, and San Francisco, and the second of Philadelphia. 44 United States Manufactures in 1900 Slaughtering and Meat Packing, Wholesale Value of products, $699,000,000 Jill o+her cities (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Chicago 248.8 Kansas City, Kansas 73.2 South Omaha, Nebraska . . , . 67.7 St. Joseph, Missouri 19.0 Indianapolis 18/3 St. Louis 12.2 Buffalo 9.6 Cincinnati 9.5 New York 7.9 Cleveland, Ohio 7.5 Milwaukee 5.9 Baltimore 5.3 San Francisco 5.2 Philadelphia 5.1 Louisville 42 All other cities and outside places, 199.6 45 United States Manufactures in 1900 Flouring and Grist Mill Products Value of products, $560,700,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Minneapolis . . . do 6 Nashville New York 88 Milwaukee 6.3 San Francisco . . , Chicago . . A.I) Buffalo Toledo 4-4 Rochester .... St. Louis . 4-0 All other cities and ou tside places, 3.0 46 United States Manufactures in 1900 Sugar and Molasses Refining Value of products, $240,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Brooklyn Philadelphia New Orleans Boston San Francisco New York City — not including Brooklyn All other cities and outside places . . . 78.0 . 22.6 . 15-7 . ii. o . 10.5 . 66.2 47 IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS. Chart 38 — Iron and steel. This is the leading industry in this group, and includes the products of blast furnaces, rolling mills, steel works, iron ore forges and bloomeries. Pittsburg is the lead- ing center in this industry. Pennsylvania produced more than 54 per cent, of the total product of this class, Illinois, Ohio, and Ala- bama following in the order of value. Chart 39 — Foundry and machine shop products. This is second in importance of the iron and steel industries. It is more widely diffused than the manufacture of iron and steel, and is found, to some extent, in every large city, and wherever machinery is needed for any purpose. Chicago leads, followed by New York and Philadelphia. Chart 40. Hardware is one of the most important of the re- maining iron industries. In this a number of New England towns rank high, New Britain being first. Chart 41 gives the exports of hardware, and, as w7ill be seen in most of the export charts, the United Kingdom leads. The total exports of all iron and steel and their products, as can be seen from chart 33, was $117,006,000, or more than one-fourth of all the manufactured products exported. 48 United States Manufactures in 1900 Iron and Steel Value of products, $804,000,000 / / other ci+tes + s i d e /o / a c e (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Pittsburg . . . .90.7 Allegheny, Pa • • 7-9 McKeesport Chicago • • • • 34-3 31.6 Harrisburg, Pa Milwaukee ........ . . 7-6 - • 7-4 . . . .28.2 Philadelphia. . . . . 7-2 Columbus O 5-9 Cleveland . . . . ^4.^ 17 8 Wheeling,' W. Va . - 5-8 Newcastle, Pa Joliet 111 . - - . 15-1 i^ ~\ Birmingham, Ala Muncie, Ind - • 5-4 . 4-4 T i 2 Allentown Pa .... . . 4.4 - • • • *o* IO 2 All other cities • • 459-9 Readine . • 9-5 49 United States Manufactures in 1900 Foundry and Machine Shop Products Value of products, $644,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Chicago New York .... Philadelphia 44-5 41.0 *8 * Detroit Worcester . . Buffalo 8.9 8.5 6 8 Pittsburg . IS S Erie 6.5 Cleveland . . . 15.4 Baltimore 6.1 Milwaukee . . . Cincinnati .... Boston 14-4 ii. 7 9-3 Indianapolis Dayton All other cities and outside places, 5-7 4-9 406.5 50 United States Manufactures in 1900 Hardware Value of products, $35,800,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) New Britain 5.7 Chicago 2.4 New Haven Philadelphia Cleveland . Meriden . . Reading . . New York . 2.2 •I .6 .6 Newark i.o St. Louis 7 Bridgeport 6 Cincinnati 6 Buffalo 4 Allegheny 3 All other cities and outside places, 14. i United States Exports in 1901 Builders' Hardware $5,560,000 V. ^ / Germany 41 (Values given in Millions of Dollars). United Kingdom British Australasia .... Germany Canada .... ... . . . 1.40 • • • •£ . . .60 .45 British Africa Netherlands Norway and Sweden . . Denmark . . . . . .0.13 ... .11 ... .10 . IO Mexico France ... .24 2-J Italy Japan ... .08 OS Cuba 17 Chinese Empire OS Belgium ... .17 All other countries . . . ... .70 The textile industries are second, among the leading classes of manufactured products, in the amount of capital invested, and third, in the value of their products. The leading textile industry is that of cotton manufacturing. Chart 42 shows the enormous increase in the quantity of cotton produced. The amounts inside the columns show that the value has not increased in the same ratio as the quantity. This is due to the decrease in the price of cotton per pound. The development of the export trade in cotton, since 1870, has has been as great as that of production. Over one- third of the cotton crop is consumed in this country, less than one- third is sold to the United Kingdom, and about one- third to the rest of the world. Chart 43 shows the great advance made in cotton manufactures in this country. In 1900 the United States factories consumed more than three times as much raw cotton as they did in 1870, and six times as much as in 1850. The value of cotton goods manu- factured in the United States, as shown in the chart, has not in- creased in the same ratio. This is due to the reduction of the price per yard arising from the lower price of raw cotton and the lower cost of manufacture. The United States consumes more cotton than any other nation. A large part of the goods manufactured in the United States are coarse or medium yarns, while in Europe finer yarns are in use; therefore, the value of our output is not as great as that of Great Britain. As the United States continues to increase the manufac- ture of its cotton into goods, and more especially into finer grades, which it is gradually doing, it will secure a large share of the profits now obtained by foreign countries from the manufacture of Ameri- can cotton into cotton goods. 53 United States Production and Export PRODUCTION 10.3 469 Figures outsi.le of diagram denote Millions of Bales Figures inside of diagram denote Millions of Dollars EXPORTS 5-7 242 4-9 42 Cotton 54 United States Production, Import and Export Values given in Millions of Dollars PRODUCTION IMPORTS K EXPORTS o o o o 43 o o o o o o I f I f I I Cotton Goods CO 00 00 55 Chart 44 shows that Massachusetts produces more cotton goods than any other State, and also shows, what is not generally known, that South Carolina and North Carolina follow, in the order of the value of output of manufactured cotton goods. Chart 45 gives the product by cities. Fall River is first, fol- lowed by Philadelphia; all the other cities, excepting Augusta, Georgia, which is the lowest given, are in the New England States. The exports of cotton goods are given in charts 46 and 47. These show that China is the largest purchaser of United States cotton goods, followed by Aden and Latin American countries. Chart 48 shows that Great Britain and her Colonies buy most of the wearing apparel exported from the United States. 56 United States Manufactures in 1900 Cotton Manufactures. Giving Leading States. Value of products, $339,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars Massachusetts . South Carolina . North Carolina . Rhode Island . . Pennsylvania . . New Hampshire in. i 29.7 28.4 26.4 25-4 22.9 Georgia . . . Connecticut . Maine .... New York . . All other States 18.5 15-5 14.6 10.8 35-7 57 United States Manufactures in 1900 Cotton Manufactures Value of products, $339,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Fall River 2Q 2 Lewiston, Me . . 4 6 Philadelphia Lowell 17-6 17 O Taunton, Mass Warwick R. I. . 4.6 4-4 New Bedford 16 7 Holyoke, Mass 3-7 Manchester, N. H . . Lawrence, Mass . . . Pawtucket. R. I . .-.:.... 11.7 8.1 s.6 Augusta, Ga All other cities andoutsideplaces, 3 4 212. 1 58 United States Exports in 1901 Cotton Cloth (uncolored) $7,580,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Chinese Empire . . ; 3.18 Aden 95 Chile 56 United Kingdom 29 British Africa 24 Venezuela . .21 Canada 20 British East Indies 20 Salvador 12 Colombia . 1 1 Cuba 10 British Australasia . .09 British West Indies 09 Peru 09 Mexico 08 Honduras 08 Argentine Republic 07 Brazil 07 All other countries 85 UNIVERSITY CxF POI =a= United States Exports in 1901 Cotton Cloth (colored) $6,550,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) China 1.37 Colombia 72 Haiti 68 Venezuela 66 United Kingdom 31 British Australasia 25 Brazil 25 British West Indies 25 Canada 24 British East Indies . .22 Santo Domingo . , 20 Mexico Cuba Costa Rica 14 10 Guatemala OQ Dutch West Indies . Honduras Chile Turkey in Europe . All other countries . 09 08 ..... .07 07 .5Q 6o United States Exports in 1901 Wearing Apparel $1,600,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Canada o 38 United Kingdom 34 British Australasia 22 Mexico 09 Germany 08 British West Indies 0.05 British Africa 05 Newfoundland and Labrador . . .05 All other countries 34 6i Chart 49 shows that the increase in the quantity of wool pro- duced has not been as great as that of cotton. It also shows the fluctuations in the import of wool, in some years equaling one- third, and in 1900 one-half the production. Chart 50 shows the development of the wool manufacturing industries, the value of which is now six times as much as it was in 1850. It also shows a falling off in the import of woolen goods since 1890. Chart 51 — Woolen goods. In this Philadelphia leads with nearly one- sixth of tne total production. Chart 52 — Worsted goods. Lawrence, Mass., leads, followed by Providence and Philadelphia. The census of 1900 shows a falling off in the manufacture of woolens proper, and a marked increase in that of worsted goods. Some of the larger worsted mills in this country have a greater output than any foreign mill. Chart 53— Carpets and rugs. The United States is tne greatest carpet manufacturing nation in the world. It produced nearly 80,000,000 square yards of carpets in 1900, of which quantity Philadelphia alone manufactured over 40 per cent. 62 United States' Production and Imports Quantities in Millions of Pounds PRODUCTION 3025 IMPORTS 49 Wool OF THE UNIVERSITY United States' Production and Imports Values given in Millions of Dollars PRODUCTION 297 270 238 199 IMPORTS 34 34 73 49 50 Wool Manufactures 64 United States Manufactures in 1900 Woolen Goods Value of product?, $118,000,000 All other cities and outside places (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Philadelphia Lowell Providence, R. I Worcester, Mass Pittsfield, " Holyoke New York All other cities and outside places 18.3 3-2 65 United States Manufactures in 1900 Worsted Goods Value of products, $120,000,000 /Jli oiher cities and outside places 52 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Lawrence, Mass 24.6 Providence, R. I 16.6 Philadelphia 16.2 Pawtucket, R. I 3.7 Woonsocket, " 2.7 Jamestown, N. Y 2.5 Camden, N. J. 2.0 Lowell . 1.4 All other cities and outside places 50.3 66 United States Manufactures in 1900 Carpets and Rugs, other than Rag Value of products, $48,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Philadelphia Amsterdam, N. Y New York All other cities and outside places . . . 21.0 . . . 3-4 . . . 2.4 . 21.2 Chart 54 — Hosiery and Knit goods. These were formerly classified with woolen goods, but now more cotton than wool is used in their manufacture. More machine knit goods, both under- wear and hosiery, are turned out in the United States than in any other country in the world. Philadelphia leads in this industry, followed by Cohoes, where knitting machines were first used. The industry is carried on chiefly in New York and Pennsylvania. Chart 55 — Cordage and Twine. These products are made out of cotton, flax, hemp (mainly Manila and sisal), and jute. The chief products are binder twine, made mainly out of sisal; sisal and Manila rope; and gunny bagging made out of jute. As most of the materials are imported, the industry is carried on largely at the chief sea ports. Chart 56 — Collars and Cuffs. This industry is almost entirely confined to the city of Troy. It is largely a home industry. There is hardly a town, within thirty miles of Troy, in which the female population is not engaged in some part of the collar and cuff busi- ness. Troy produces 86 per cent, of these products. 68 United States Manufactures in 1900 Hosiery and Knit Goods Value of products, $95, 000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Philadelphia Cohoes, N. Y Amsterdam, N. Y New York Lowell, Mass Utica, N. Y Rockford. Ill . . , Reading, Pa Milwaukee Woonsocket, R. I , All other cities and outside places 13.0 5-0 4-2 3-4 3-i 2-5 1.2 I.O 58.8 69 United States Manufactures in 1900 Cordage and Twine Value of products, $38,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) New York Philadelphia All other cities and outside places . . . 8.7 . 5.2 . . . 24.1 yo United States Manufactures in 1900 Collars and Cuffs Value of products, $15,500,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Troy Glens Falls, N. Y Albany New York All other cities and outside places . 13-4 '.6 .2 .6 Chart 57 shows the wonderful development of the silk industry. Although all the raw material is imported, the United States has, in 50 years, become the chief silk manufacturing nation of the world, with the possible exception of France, the value, but not the quantity of whose products in this industry, may slightly exceed that of the United States. Chart 58 — Silk and Silk Goods. Paterson, N. J., is the leading city in this industry, producing about one-fourth of the output. The bulk of the silk manufacturing industry is in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Plain and fancy silks, $39, 000,000, constitute the largest item of the silk output, followed by ribbons, $18,000,000, and sewing silk and machine twist $9,000,000. Chart 59 — Dyeing and Finishing Textiles. This industry is carried on in independent establishments, as well as in connection with textile factories. It is natural that the three leading textile cities — Philadelphia, Paterson, and Fall River — should lead in the dyeing and finishing textile industry. United States' Production and Imports Values given in Millions of Dollars PRODUCTION 107 IMPORTS 37 33 1 8 6.6 57 I t I t III Silk Manufactures 73 United States Manufactures in 1900 Silk and Silk Goods Value of products, $107,000,000 other cities and outstote places (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Paterson . . New York Philadelphia W. Hoboken Scranton Allentown All other cities and outside places , . . . 26.0 • • 9-5 • • 4-5 • • 39 • • 3-6 3-4 • -56.I 74 United States Manufactures in 1900 Dyeing and Finishing Textiles Value of products, $44,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Philadelphia Paterson Fall River Passaic, N. J Providence Pawtucket New York All other cities and outside places 5-5 3-8 2.9 2-3 2.2 1.6 1-4 24-3 75 The lumber industry is one of the four classes whose output was over a billion dollars in 1900. Chart 60 — Lumber and Timber Products. These include the logging industry, and the saw-mill industry, and are generally located in or near forest regions. The statistics can only be given by states. The three greatest lumber states are Wisconsin, Michigan and Min- nesota followed by Pennsylvania. Seventy-five per cent, of the sawed lumber consists of pines, and 24.8 percent, of hard woods: Southern yellow pine being 27.8 per cent, of all lumber, white pine 21.5 per cent., oak 12.8 per cent., and hemlock 9.8 per cent. The output is increasing in the Southern and Pacific States and decreas- ing in other sections. Chart 6 1 — Planing Mill Products. The distribution of this industry is influenced, not only by the presence of forests, but also by that of large bodies of population. The three leading states are New York, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, and the leading cities are New York, Chicago and Philadelphia. The finished product of the saw-mill is the raw product of the planing mill. Chart 62 — Furniture. This industry, like that of the planing mill, is found near large centers of population. It will be seen that, with the exception of Grand Rapids and Sheboygan, the largest furniture manufacturing centers are in the large cities of the United States. Chart 63 — Exports of Furniture. Over one-half of these are sent to Great Britain and her Colonies and one-fifth to Mexico and Cuba. In 1901 the exports of timber amounted to nearly $10,000,000, the United Kingdom taking nearly one-half, followed by Germany and Canada. The exports of lumber and planing mill products amounted to about $20,000,000, the United Kingdom leading, with nearly one- fourth, followed by Canada, Argentina, Germany and the Netherlands. The total value of the exports of wood and manufactures of, in 1901, was $50,000,000. 76 United States Manufactures in 1900 Lumber and Timber Products Value of products, $566,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Wisconsin 57.6 Michigan 54.0 Minnesota 43.5 Pennsylvania 35.7 Washington . . 30.0 Arkansas 23.9 Ohio 20.7 Indiana 20.6 Tennessee 18.0 Louisiana 17.4 Texas . 16.0 New York . . . Mississippi . . North Carolina Kentucky . . . , California . . . Georgia .... Maine Alabama . . . Virginia. . . . All other States • 15-7 . 156 . 14.8 • 137 • 13-7 • 137 • 13-4 , 12 8 . 12. 0 • IO3-2 77 United States Manufactures in 1900 Lumber, Planing Mill Products Value of products, $168,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) New York . . . Chicago .... Philadelphia . . Buffalo . . . . St. Louis, Mo. . Minneapolis . Milwaukee . . Saj^inaw, Mich. Baltimore . . . Duhnque, Iowa Detroit . Q 2 Boston 6 7-5 Oshkosh, Wis 6 3-2 3-o 2-3 2 •* Bay City, Mich Jersey City Toledo, O San Francisco ... ] •4 •3 •3 1 2.1 1.8 i 8 Elmira, N. Y Cleveland, O Atlanta Ga .2 .2 T I 7 Clinton Iowa . ... o 1.6 All other cities and outside places, i iJ 5.5 78 United States Manufactures in 1900 Furniture, Factory Product Value of products, $125,000,000 o+her C i 1- i e S and outside (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) New York Chicago Grand Rapids . . . Philadelphia .... Cincinnati 13 2 12.3 Rochester 2.0 .8 .8 .6 .6 6 •4 .0 }-7 Detroit Rockford, 111 7.4 ! /•t ' A A : Indianapolis *5 Buffalo St. Louis ...... Sheboygan \Vis 3-2 •i i Jamestown, N. Y Milwaukee Boston Baltimore . ::••:: is . 2.6 Cleveland, O All other cities and outside places, 5< 79 United States Exports in 1901 Furniture $3,900,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United Kingdom . . Mexico Canada British Australasia . British Africa . . . Cuba Germany Argentine Republic Netherlands . , . . Belgium France . i. 08 .46 .42 •35 •35 •33 .14 .06 .06 •05 •05 All other countries 55 8o LEATHER AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Chart 64 — Leather, Tanned, Curried and Finished. Pennsyl- vania produces over one-fourth, and Massachusetts one-eighth of the leather output, New York and Wisconsin following. Philadelphia is the leading city followed by Newark, Milwaukee and Wilming- ton. Wisconsin leads in the output of rough leather, Pennsylvania in sole leather and goatskins and Massachusetts in calfskin and upper leather. Chart 65 — Exports of Leather. The United Kingdom pur- chased over two-thirds of all the leather exported from the United States. Chart 66 — Boots and Shoes. Massachusetts manufactures nearly one-half of all the shoes made in factories in the United States, New York, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania and Maine fol- lowing in the order of the value of products. The leading cities are Brockton, Lynn, Haverhill — all in Massachusetts. This indus- try is gaining rapidly in the West, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Columbus, Milwaukee and other western cities having large estab- lishments. There were 219,000,000 pairs of shoes, gaiters, etc., made in the United States during the census year. Chart 67 — Exports of Boots and Shoes. The United King- dom and British Australasia buy over half of the exports of shoes from the United States, followed by Canada, Mexico and Cuba. Improved machinery has enabled the United States to make shoes cheaper than any other country. Chart 68 — Saddlery and Harness. This industry is widely distributed, only one-fourth being carried on in the larger cities. Chicago leads, Dallas, Texas, ranks above Baltimore and Phila- delphia. Si United States Manufactures in 1900 Leather, Tanned, Curried and Finished Value of products, $204,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Philadelphia Newark, N. J Milwaukee Wilmington, Del Chicago Cincinnati New York Louisville Salem, Mass San Francisco Lynn, Mass All other cities and outside places i S.o 10.8 IO.2 9-3 6.9 3-4 3-3 3-1 3-o 2.7 2.4 130.9 82 United States Exports in 1901 Leather $21,300,000 United Kingdom (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United Kingdom . Netherlands .... Germany Canada Belgium British Australasia . Norway and Sweden France , Japan All other countries . 14.8 i.i 0.7 0.6 o.5 0.5 o.5 0.4 O.2 2.0 83 United States Manufactures in 1900 Boots and Shoes Value of products, $261,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Brockton, Mass. Lynn, Mass. . . Haverhill, Mass. New York . . . Cincinnati . . . St. Louis . . . Rochester, N. Y. Philadelphia. . Chicago .... 19.0 17.0 15.0 9.0 8.8 8.2 7.0 5-9 5-7 Manchester, N. H 4.0 Boston 3.8 Columbus, O 3.5 Salem, Mass 2.9 North Adams, Mass 2.8 Newark, N. J 2.5 Milwaukee 2.1 All other citiesand outside places, 143.8 84 United States Exports in 1901 Boots and Shoes $5,520,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United Kingdom 1.55 British Australasia 1.42 Canada 43 Mexico 42 Cuba 34 British West Indies 25 Germany 18 British Africa 18 Colombia 06 British Honduras 06 All other countries r . , 63 85 United States Manufactures in 1900 Saddlery and Harness Value of products, $62,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Chicago 9 New York 8 St. Louis 4 Cincinnati 2 Newark, N. J I Louisville i Dallas, Texas o Baltimore i.o Kansas City, Mo 0.9 San Francisco 0.7 New Orleans 0.7 Philadelphia 0.7 All other cities and outside places 48.5 86 Chart 69 — Paper and Wood Pulp. This is given by counties, as many of the larger paper and wood pulp establishments are not in cities. The New England States and New York have the main spruce supplies of the United States which are so necessary in the manufacture of wood pulp. New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin follow in the value of products in the order given. Hampden County, Massachusetts, in which Holyoke, the largest paper manufacturing city, is located, leads in value of product. Chart 70 — Glass. Nearly five-sevenths of the glass factories are found outside of the leading cities. Pittsburg leads, and all of the cities given, excepting Millville and Philadelphia, are located either in the gas belt of Pennsylvania or Indiana. Chart 71 — Exports of Glassware. One-half of the glass ex- ported is sent to Great Britain and her Colonies, over one-fourth going to Canada alone. Mexico ranks next to Canada, taking about one-fifth. Chart 72 — Exports of Paints. Great Britain and her Colonies buy over one-half the exports, Germany and France together, about one-sixth. Chart 73 — Pottery and Terra Cotta. While the manufacture of this class of products is increasing, most of the finest products are still imported, but the success of the Rookwood and Newcomb Potteries gives promise of an increased demand for the art produc- tion of the United States. The value of pottery products amounted, in 1900, to about $18,000,000, and of terra cotta to $26,000,000. The two great pottery centres are East Liverpool, Ohio, and Tren- ton, New Jersey. These two produce about one-half of the pottery made in the United States. 87 United States Manufactures in 1900 Paper and Wood Pulp Value of products, $127,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Hampden Co., Mass. . Coos Co., N. H. . . . Outagamie Co., Wis. . Saratoga Co., N. Y. . Jefferson Co., N. Y. . Washington Co., N. Y. Worcester Co., Mass. Niagara Co., N. Y. Philadelphia Co., Pa. Cumberland Co., Me. Berkshire Co., Mass. . All other counties . 10.3 4-9 4.8 4-7 3-» 3-7 2-9 2.8 2.6 2-5 2.5 81.5 United States Manufactures in 1900 Glass Value of products, $56,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Pittsburg, Pa. . Muncie, Ind. . Millville, N. J. Marion, Ind. . Philadelphia. . Washington, Pa Tarentum, Pa. . Gas City, Ind. . Alexandria, Ind. Elwood, Ind. . Charleroi, Pa. 2.4 2-3 •3 •3 •3 .1 .o o ,o .0 All other cities and outside places 4°- 7 89 United States Exports in 1901 Glassware $2,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Canada 0.61 Mexico 41 British Australasia 24 United Kingdom 24 Cuba 12 Germany 04 Argentine Republic 04 Brazil 03 Chile x. . . 05 All other countries 24 90 United States Exports in 1901 Paints $2,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) United Kingdom ............................ °-67 Canada 26 Germany France British Australasia All other countries 2O I4 United States Manufactures in 1900 Pottery, Terra Gotta and Fireclay Products Value of products, $44,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Trenton East Liverpool, O Pittsburg St. Louis Zanesville, O New York Akron, O Philadelphia All other cities and outside places 4-7 4-1 2.1 1.2 1.2 I.I .8 •5 28.3 92 Chart 74 — Jewelry. This industry is carried on almost entirely in cities, and chiefly in the East. Providence produces 27.6 per cent., New York 21 per cent., Newark 15.8 percent., and the Attle- boros 1 8 per cent. Chart 57 — The Exports of Jewelry. Canada buys over one- half of all the jewelry exported from the United States. Chart 76 — Brass Castings and Finishings. This industry, like jewelry, is largely confined to cities, Waterbury and Bridgeport, both in Connecticut, producing over one-fourth. Chart 77 — Exports of Brass and its Manufactures. Three- fourths of these are exported to Canada, the United Kingdom and Germany. Chart 78 — Exports of Clocks and Parts. The value of clocks made in the United States is about $7,000,000, over 60 per cent, of which is made in Connecticut. Of the exports of clocks and parts 82 per cent, are sold to Great Britain and her Colonies. 93 United States Manufactures in 1900 Jewelry Value of products, $46,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Providence 12.7 New York 9.7 Newark, N. J 7.3 Attleboro, Mass. . 5.7 North Attleboro, Mass 2.7 Chicago 1.6 Cincinnati 8 Philadelphia 6 Pawtucket, R. 1 6 All other cities and outside places 4.3 94 United States Exports in 1901 Jewelry $1,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Canada United Kingdom British Australasia Mexico Cuba All other countries 0.58 .11 .02 .02 •14 95 United States Manufactures in 1900 Brass Castings and Finishing Value of products, $30,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Waterbury, Conn Bridgeport, Conn Philadelphia Detroit Chicago New York St. Louis Milwaukee Jersey City San Francisco Cincinnati All other cities and outside places 4.1 2.6 1.6 i.i •9 •9 • 7 • 5 9-9 96 United States Exports in 1901 Brass and its Manufactures $2,000,000 (Values given in Millions of Dollars.) Canada United Kingdom . Germany .... Mexico British Australasia Belgium Netherlands . . . Japan France . 0.70 •54 •31 .09 •05 .04 .04 .04 •03 Cuba 02 All other countries T4 97 United States Exports in 1901 Clocks and Parts $1,200,000 United Kingdom British Australasia Canada British East Indies Japan (Values given in Millions of Dollars. - 0.47 • -23 . .17 . .09 •05 British Africa 03 Mexico 03 Germany 02 Argentine Republic 02 All other countries , 09 Chart 79 — Carriages and Wagons. Three- fourths of the car- riages and wagons are made outside of the leading cities. Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Illinois near the hard wood forests are the leading states. Cincinnati makes more carriages than any other city. South Bend, Indiana, and Racine, Wisconsin, having excel- lent facilities for reaching Chicago and other large cities, are promi- nent centers of this manufacture. Chart 80 — Exports of Carnages and Parts. Two-thirds of this class of exports are sold to Great Britain and her Colonies. The imports of carriages have decreased and the exports of carriages and parts increased during the last ten years. Chart 8 1 Agricultural Implements. The distribution of estab- lishments manufacturing agricultural implements is not determined by the rank of the state in agriculture, for Kansas, one of the largest agricultural states, has few establishments manufacturing agricul- tural implements. The nearness to hard wood forests has caused a rapid increase, in this industry, in the Central West. Illinois makes 40 per cent, of all the agricultural implements made in the United States, Chicago, alone, making nearly one- fourth Chicago's im- portance is due to its manufacture of harvesting implements, South Bend's to its manufacture of plows. In 1900 there were 819,000 walking plows, 136,000 sulky plows, 718,000 scythes, 397,000 mowers, 233,000 harvesters and binders, 295,000 wheel cultivators, 206,000 small cultivators, and 129,000 corn planters manufa