The Iron Age 1903-08-20: Vol 72 Iss 8

Da mommmyqeem p—to6r jue gi BBO I4SuAdog BIPAFUOD JO UBLITIQUT A Review of the Hardware, Iron, Machinery and Metal Trades. Published every! Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 232-238 William St., New York. Vol. 72: No. 8. New York, sac August 20, 190}. $5.00 a Year, including Postage. Single Copies, 15 Cents. Reading Matter Centeats.........page 52 Alphabetical Index te Advertisers ** 18! Classified List of Advertisers..... “‘ 173 ee CABLEGRAM To PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, Oyster Bay. American Rifles, Ammunition and Men won victory to-day over Great Britain, Canada, France, Norway, Australiaand Natal, and bring back Palma tropby. (Signed) LIEUT. ALBERT S. JONES, Secretary of the National Rifle Association of America. Copied from N.Y. HERALD. Sennen This sweeping victory for Amer'ca, and the extraordinary score of 1,570 out of a possible 1,800 were made with 30-40 regular factory Cartridges, manufactured by the UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE COMPANY selected after exhaustive trials, by the entire American Team in preference to all others, for the'r wonderful uniformity and extreme accuracy. Scores are improved by using U. M. C. ammunition. Souvenir Cartridges (without powder) on application. THE BRISTOL COMPANY, THE UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO. Se Bristol's Recording 313 Broadway, - New York City. \¢ Instruments. Factory: BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Depot: 85 First St., SAN FRANCISCO, GAL. Fer Proseure 2 Tempe tricity. Silver Medal, Paris Exposition. All Ranges, Low Prices, and Guar sce OAHALL BOILERS === net e Also Massachusetts and Phenix ¢ rands of Sash Cord. _ J Sauson CORDAGE WORKS, Boston, Mass. ¢ TURNBUCKLES. : CAPEWELL HORSE NAILS , Branch Office. 11 Broadway, New York. > Branches : PORTL ‘ND, ORE. i“ A NEW YORK, . ND, 2 Cleveland City Forge and Iron Co., Cleve land, O. a PHILADELPHIA, ae FEALO, RN =e = CHICAGO, DETROIT, B4 I aie =< a ST. LOUIS, CINCINNATI, NEW ORLEANS, BOSTON, SAN FRANCISCO, DENVER. PLATE PATTER as MERRILL BROS., rt —— =e 465 to 471 Kent Ave., i potencies THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COMPANY a Magy PILLING & CRANE fi HARTFORD, CONN. a ystems 4 Pittsburg. ; REGU LAR® PATTERS®. in. Empire _ New York. — SS SS SS 7S = SS ___ _, 9eard of Trade Boston. of de Boston. Jenkins ’96 Packing. “I Lbs aD i Makes perfect joint instantly ; does not have to be followed Nis wf Ab, u Makes joint that will last for years on all pressures on APOLLO ; Ofte: acids. Sm Does not rot, burn, blow oS conteel ae L Au the highest award—Gold Medal—at the Pan-American Expo- takes less time in the working, Att Genuine Stamped with Trade Mark. ‘ ‘nd costs less money; wears ¢ - hia. Chi 7 mger, costs less money for JENKINS BROTHERS, New York, Boston, Philadelphia. Chicago, ‘iat; and, the better the job, WANTED H84° METNG SCRAP puodtSQyb Basic PIG IRON “le more it 1s worth. For ae High Grade Basic Open Hearth Steel Billets and Slabs . = : 8 Come again! We have com- THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING COMPANY SEE 97 on interest. Water and Rail Delivery) BRIDGEPORT, CONN. PAGE Quick service. MAGNOLIA METAL. _ Return a whole sheet for an le lich of fault. Best Anti-Friction Metal for all Machinery Bearings. wy Fac-Simile om American Sheet Steel Company imitations. Battery Park New York >. ei MAGNOLIA METAL CO., Owners and Seje Manufacturers, 51!-5/3 West [3th St., Pittsburg and Pid eine We manuttetare all Chicage, Fisher Bidg. ‘NEW. YORK, % grades of Babbitt Metals at competitive prices 2 THE IRON AGE. #® Corren Co. tt Sheet and Roll Brass BRASS AND COPPER raere | ROD WIRE \ Seamless Tubes, Sheets, Rods and Wire. WIRE PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERNAN en GERM AN ( SHEET a GILDING METAL, COPPER Rivers 5 . ROD Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kere \ Tobin Bronze) SILVER “wre =F Condenser Piates,Pump Linings, Round, . Square and Hexagon Bars, for Pump |LOW BRASS. SHEET BRONZE.) 99 MURRAY ST., NEW YORK. Piston Rods and Bolt Forgings. 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER , Seamless Tubes for Boilers 199 LAKE ST., CHICAGO and Condensers. TUBING. BRAZED BRASS AND| jssve ane reaain 99 John Street, + + _ New York. BRONZE TUBING. : : : : zz: :|_ HOMASTON, CONN. _| watersuay, CONN. SCOVILL MFG. CO., Randolph-Clowes Co. S|watERBURY BRASS CO.,,J °° stem Main Office and Mill, BRASS, WATERBURY, CONN. WATERBURY, CONN. CERMAN SILVER MANUFACTURERS OF 130 Centre St., New York. Providence, R. I. Sheets, Rolls, Wire SHEET BRASS & COPPER. Rods, Bolts and Tubes, BRIDGEPORT DEOXIDIZED BRONZE Brass Shelis, Cups, Hinges, BRAZED BRASS & COPPER AND METAL COMPANY, — Buttons, Lamp Goods. TUBES. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. SPECIAL BRASS GOUDS TO ORDER SEAMLESS BRASS Largest Jepping Reese I Foundry in Factories, — CONN. & COPPER TUBES rican 0 36 IN. DIAM. LARGE CASTINGS A SPECIALTY, ci ate aia New York Office, 258 Broadway, Postal a vos a and aera eae Telegraph Bldg., Room - mes Pn styrene Roerder vo wraeternio made... | [JOHN DAVOL & SONS. meson”) Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., DEALERS IN . COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., LEAD, ANTIMONY. LAS , ILLINOIS. 100 John Street, = New York. SMELTERS OF SPELTER Arthur T. Rutter SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. SUSOESSOR TO Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. WILLIAM S. FEARING “elected Sheets for Paper and Card Mavers’ use. 256 Broadway, © NEW YORK. Stove and Washboard Blanks. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. Copper, Brass and Hat WNW ares AM ALLA: URE Urmm semis se Sc cao — ae le vv ana, Monroe St. Chicago. THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO. NAY OE UIP UTD EUG COCU IE Sse ASST UUTIIDTITID edge BRIDGEPORT CONN. t9 Murray 8t., New York. BRASS, BRONZE and ALUMINUM CASTINGS, | 83-87 Pearl St., Boston. Founders, Finishers, ——— W. G. ROWELL & CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Brass SHEET HENDRICKS BROTHERS c AND TUBING opper | WIRE. Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, ssliatiim ae Brasicrs’ molt az amet Sheathing BRASS ee ee aooss COPPER, : COPPER WIRE AND RivErs. |§ eae i —" 5 Wheel, # *5 Ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, eto. tee 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. R.A. HARQ BATTLE ORESE, Mr 4 fs fr, or r- THURSDAY, The Beaman & Smith Special Drilling [achine. The Beaman & Smith Company of Providence, R. I., have designed for the International Steam Pump Com pany a special machine for drilling, counterboring and tapping surface condenser head plates. It consists of an upright about 15 feet high, on which is carried a table about 7% feet square, which has the necessary clamps for clamping the plates. These plates are circular, and from 18 to 78 inches in diameter. The 18-inch heads have 102 5g-inch tubes spaced 1 inch, while the large heads have 1640 1-inch tubes spaced 114 inches. The arrangement of the tubes and the method of applying them are clearly HE IRON AGE Aucust 20, 1903 the > Inches, center to on the upper section of platform directly back of spindles. When the spindles are set center, the machine operates on every tifth hole of 1-inch With the 4% on every fourth hole 14-inch centers and every third hole of the 14-inch centers. The slight change of speed neces- sary in driving the spindles for each of the different diam- the difference in centers. inch center distances it operates eters, also materinl—some being brass and some cast iron—is effected by change gears. Owing to the great weight of these heads provision is made on the counterbalance for receiving a like casting At the solid as is placed upon the table to be operated upon. position of the table shown in the illustration a THE BEAMAN & SMITH SPECIAL DRILLING MACHINI shown in Fig. 4. In front of the table is a bed and two head would be placed on the table and a solid one on uprights, on which is mounted a saddle, which has a the counterweight As the head is elevated and is cross movement with a special indexing arrangement operated upon, every row of holes makes it lighter, giving with change gears, allowing one revolution of the index a preponderance of weight on the back of the machine wheel for spacing 1, 14% or 1'4 inches. The vertical index When the next one is operated upon, with the table at the for the table has an index to the left hand side of the upright and which, by compound gearing, indexes the cosine of an equilateral triangle either 1, 14 or 1% inches. Both index wheels are reached from the plat form shown at the end of the machine. Each spindle is driven by a spiral gear, and on the end of the spindle is fitted the company’s well-known safety drill and tap holder, which allows the tap to slip when it brings up on the bottom of the hole. The con struction of the spindle is shown in Fig. 5. It also per mits of the easy removal of drills, counterbores, &c., from the position a man would necessarily have to take the drilled, counterbored and tapped is placed on the counterweight, top of column, the one that was previously thereby giving.the preponderance of weight on the table to index downward The machine is driven by a 15 horse power elec trie motor oe — Pardee Works of Perth Amboy, N J.. n ned polished cold finished established an office Philadelphia, finished shapes will be The C anu facturers of tur ind warehouse at 14 and shafting, drawn shafting and where a hapes, have North Fifth and street, stock of shafting carried. John A. Fernley is resident manager. *3> pee a re to Talks with Lawyers on the Labor Question. — |. Some of the most eminent lawyers who have studied the labor question, and who have distinguished them- selves by keeping their clients out of trouble, are in- clined to believe that labor difficulties have been greatly THE Iron Fiy. >. THE IRON AGE. August 20, 1 The Courts have universally recognized and sal tioned the right to strike. The most sacred duty of t! Courts in the United States and other English speaki countries, where the Common law prevails, is to defei and maintain the liberties and rights of the individu: and, in recognizing the right to strike, the Courts a: Bes 1 Section of Spindle, Llevation, THE BEAMAN & SMITH SPECIAL DRILLING MACHINE, iuggravated by the confusion that exists in the minds of the people regarding the respective rights of employers and workingmen. There even appears to be serious con- fusion over the first and simplest question involved, What is a strike? The Courts have adopted various def- initions, all of which seem to be out of line with the ex- perience of employers. inerely defending the workingman in his right to work or not to work. The right of association is one of the rights of the individual that are fully recognized under the common law, and hence men have a right to quit work in a body and refuse to work until the employer offers wages or conditions that are satisfactory to them. -It is immaterial whether the demands of the men are just or August 20, 1903 THE IRON AGE. 3 not, they have the right to quit, which no Court can deny them. It is only this right to quit work that the Courts have recognized as the right to strike. The kind of a strike that the employer has to deal with is a vastly different proposition from the strike that is recognized by the Courts as a lawful act. To the eye of the Court it appears that the essential feature of a strike is the act of quitting work. The employer finds that this is only the first or preliminary step, and the es- sential feature, from this point of view, is what the men do to prevent others from working, and to prevent him from carrying on his business, after they have quit and have no further interest in the business. The employer, whatever his business may be, is in business primarily to make money. He finds that a strike is a continuous cam- paign of acts calculated to injure his business and pre- vent him from making money, until he complies with the demands of the strikers. If the men did no more than quit work, the labor question would cause him little trouble. It would seem that there are two kinds of strikes passive and active. The passive form, a peaceable cessa- tion of work and refusal to work, exists only in legal literature that defines the right to strike. It is practical ly unknown in the affairs of employers and workingmen. BETES SF + A. As 7 v (A } —— i a df t Fig. 3.—-End Elevation. assume both police and judicial powers, using force to prevent men from working, and sentencing them to pun- ishment, which is administered on the spot, if they per- Fig. 4.—Arrangement of Holes THE BEAMAN & SMITH SPECIAL DRILLING MACHINE. he active form begins where the passive ends, and is the lmost universal form that strikes assume. The shops re picketed to prevent other workingmen from entering * approaching the place in search of employment, and persuasion is not enough to keep men away, the pickets sist. ‘Teamsters and other workingmen whose employ- ment brings them into contact with the offending em- ployer are asked to refuse all business relations with him. Pressure is even brought to bear upon the family of the man who persists in working. Whenever there is ee oe i 4 THE a prospect that the measure will be effective in injuring the employer, persistent efforts are made to keep people from buying his goods or doing business with him-—the boycott. These are a few essential features of the active strike that is confronting employers everywhere. It seems that employers have made no serious effort to get this problem before the higher Courts and obtain a more exact definition of a strike. They have wrestled with the problem the best they could, on a basis of wig- temporize and without their rights were. Business men are not to picket or boycott their competitors, and their asso- ciations cannot interfere with any one who conduct his business in the manner which they wish to dictate. Business men, in fact, are not allowed to do anything, individually or through &rganized efforts, to willfully injure any person or to interfere with any one in the pursuit of his occupation. The same rule should apply to workingmen and their organizations. Our Courts are the most conservative institutions that we have. It is their duty to protect the weak against the unjust aggressions of the strong. When the factory system wiped out the old personal relations be- tween the employer and the journeyman or laborer, and made the employment of hundreds or even thousands of men subject to the will of one employer, our Courts, in the course of 50 years, developed the doctrine that the workingman was the weaker party in labor disputes, and they extended to him every indulgence which the law al- lowed, while, at the same time, the employer was held strictly to account for any illegal abuse of the which the factory system gave him. Our Courts of to day have been following the precedents established dur- ing the early period of the factory system, but it would seem that, with the growth of the power of labor organ- izations, new conditions have arisen which demand a re- adjustment of judicial policy. This can only be brought about by carrying the facts to the highest Courts, and if employers feel that existing conditions are a menace to the industries of the country it would seem as though some such action should be taken. We are a lawabiding people, whether we work at a bench or a desk, and many of the grievances of both the employer and the workingman would disappear if we only knew what was right. gle, compromise, knowing just what allowed refuses to power ———— Pacific Coast News. San Francisco, August 10, 1903.—Later returns of the harvest, which is still in progress, give a smaller yield of wheat and barley than had been estimated, but the market for wheat continues to advance, and farmers are satisfied. Indeed, very little wheat or barley has come to hand yet, and this is especially true of wheat. The crops of all descriptions were late in maturing this year, and this has kept business back a little, but the volume of sales in hardware, iron and steel has not fallen behind the average of any other year. Although our hardware houses have ceased to say much about the bids for Indian supplies, they have not been idle. It has been placed in the hands of the officers of the Manufacturers’ and Producers’ Association of this city for final settlement, and it could not be in better hands. A gentleman speaking for the merchants as a whole had this to say to your correspondent about the matter: “ Bids on about 680,000 pounds of sugar were opened at Chicago on April 16. Bids on sugar were made by Haas Bros. of this city, and after adding to the price here the cost of transportation to Omaha and the point of distribution their bid was the lowest, but was re- jected. The Indian Office issued, through the press, a statement that it was ignorant of the existence of com- modity rates on sugar, and that the mistake being*tocca- sioned thereby the matter could not be helped. However, exercising their right. they cut down the quantity awarded to the sucessful bidder 25 per cent. and gave that to Haas Bros. Following this the annual opening of bids took place at San Francisco June 16, and here, under the conditions of competition, our bidders were un- usually successful. In general their prices were very low, but the Commissioner saw fit to disapprove the ac- tion of the Indian Office at San Francisco. In the award [RON AGE. August 20 1903 of this oflice were barbed wite, wire nails, stoves, iron beds, &. The Manufacturers’ and Producers’ Associa tion of California have taken the matter up with the Commissioner and with the Secretary of the Interior, and have submitted the facts to the Department. By this report it is shown that reconsideration should be had ot the disapproval of the award. Among other things il this report is pointed out the fact that San Francisco prices are lower for the grade of goods offered, which is that generally purchased here, and that this being so the unreasonable in comparison with the others when quality is considered. In fact, following the usual custom, the Indian Office made contracts here at higher prices than the others were offered at, based on the ground of difference in quality and fitness. In the case of barbed wire purchased here, the light wire was offered at $3.31 per 100 pounds, which is lower than ac- tual cost to large jobbers by 5 cents per 100 pounds. The Chicago price is $2.74, but adding cost of freight to San Francisco and that of reshipping, the cost when bought in Chicago amounts to $3.46 per 100 pounds. . The base price on wire nails at San Francisco was $2.71 per 100 pounds—the flat cost to the largest jobbers. The Chicago price was $2.09, but when freights are taken into account the same result is reached as in the case of barbed wire. In other cases the Commissioner awarded the contracts here for good, serviceable articles in accordance with previous custom where a less serviceable article could be laid down at lower prices here. The award for agri- cultural implements was made here without reference to lower Chicago prices, it being clearly impossible in sev eral cases to determine merits without a comparison of samples. The Manufacturers’ and Producers Associa tion have therefore submitted statements showing to the department that prices laid down in San Francisco are in every way reasonable, and that the awards of the local office should be approved.” qh & prices are not — The Stiles-Morse Company. The Stiles-Morse Company, 16-18 South Canal street, Chicago, Western exclusive distributing agents for the EK. W. Bliss Company, report a very satisfactory business for July, having during the month sold the entire equip ment for two new independent can factories and also for a new competitor of the National Enameling & Stamping Company, entering the lists as a large manutacturer of enameled ware, the Coonley Mfg. Company of Chicago, who are located on the Belt Line. The larger of the two can factories equipped during the past month by the Stiles-Morse Company is that of the Norton-Edgar Can Company of Ludlow, Ky. H. M. Norton will be 1emem bered as one of the Norton Bros. who sold to the Ameri can Can Company the largest plant manufacturing cans in the United States, after which he was appointed to the position of general sales agent for the centrai district of the American Can Company, located at Chicago. His resignation a year ago and decision to again take up the gauntlet as a competitor of the American Can Company, together with M. W. Edgar, also formerly of the Ameri- ‘an Can Company, is significant of the fact that there is considerable confidence being shown in existing condi tions as influenced by sheet metal production, the pres ent manufacturers of cans, and the consumption of sheet metal in general. The Stiles-Morse Company of Chicago are a young company, organized the first of the year for the purpose of handling the Western business of the E. W. Bliss Com pany, the largest manufacturers in the world of sheet metal working machinery. E. 8S. Stiles, president, has been identified with the manufacture of sheet metal working tools for the past 18 years. Mr. Stiles was with the Stiles & Parker Press Company of Middletown, Conn., until that concern sold out to the E. W. Bliss Company, Mr. Stiles remaining with the Bliss Company for five years. A. A. Morse, secretary and treasurer, was for- merly a manufacturer of cans, his company selling out to the American Can Company. Both gentlemen were with the American Can Company from its formation until taking up their present position. The Stiles-Morse Company have introduced rather an innovation in the sheet metal working machinery line. August 20, 1903 THE as they are carrying in their showroom in Chicago in the neighborhood of 100 Bliss tools at all times. Heretofore it would have been difficult to have located over five ma- chines of this description in an individual stock on Canal street. The company report the outlook for future busi ness very favorable. a The Wyoming Automatic Eliminator The Wyoming automatic eliminator, built by W. H. Nicholson & Co. of Wilkes-Barre, Pa., is intended to re- move from ihe steam all loose water, and as much en- trained moisture as may be possible within the limits of practical mechanical construction. It is also intended to prevent the eliminated water being siphoned or otherwise carried back into the steam at delivery and to prevent wire drawing, condensing or otherwise reducing the steam pressure. The water, grease and other ex- traneous matter is automatically discharged without loss of steam. The construction of the device will be readily understood from the accompanying half-tone and sec- from THE WYOMING tional drawing. The separation takes place in the upper chamber, being aided by the arrangement of corrugated baffle plates. The water runs to the lower compartment, from which it is automatically discharged upon reaching a certain hight. The apparatus takes care of any quan- tity of water from a “ drip of condensation ” to a “ flood.” EE — New Iron Hardening Process, Consul-General Oliver J. D. Hughes, Coburg, makes the following report to the Department of Commerce and Labor: Phosphorus, as is well known, has the property of im- parting a certain degree of surface hardening to iron, but not without producing brittleness. The iron is made to assume a coarse structure, in which the crystals are com- paratively loosely bound together. This effect of phos- phorus of loosening the coherence of the molecules of the iron greatly facilitates the absorption of carbon by the iron. The carbon rapidly penetrates the iron to a con- siderable depth, imparting great toughness to the core and nullifying the comparatively slight defect constituted by the inconsiderable brittleness of the surface. Two Prussian inventors apply this principle in their process LRON AUTOMATIC for hardening iron by heating the same in a tempering powder consisting of organic nitrogenous substances con- taining a high percentage of fusible ash and employing phosphorus as the medium for the introduction of carbon into the iron. Without prejudicially affecting the weld- ing properties of the iron, it imparts such a degree of hardness thereto that it can neither be cut nor chipped by the best steel used. In order to harden the surface of about 200 kg (441 pounds) of iron to a depth of 1 mm. (V.0394 inch) by means of this process, the pieces should be imbedded in a retort, muitie or the like in bone dust, to which is added a mixture of 300 grains of yellow prus- siate, 250 grains of cyanide of potassium and 400 grains of phosphorus. The receptacle is well closed, luted with clay, &c., and raised to a clear red or white heat, where- upon the material treated is immersed in a glowing con- dition in a water or other bath. — The Niagara Transfer Company, who were incor- porated last December, have perfected plans for a rail- way transfer system on the Niagara River below Buffalo ELIMINATOR which will afford all Canadian lines direct connection with lines running east from Buffalo and the Niagara frontier. A railway bridge is to be built across the Ni- agara and large switching grounds established. In all something like 20 miles of track will be laid, connecting the transfer yards with the various Eastern lines. The compapy have purchased or optioned lands along the river front from the International Bridge to Rattle Snake Island, and track connections to cover about five miles of river frontage will be laid. At a meeting held for the election of directors the following were elected: Hon. James A. Roberts, Edward Michael, Jno. C. Con- way, Senator T. Ellsworth, Tracy C. Becker, Isadore Michael, Henry Woods, S. T. Franchot and H. W. Al- vord. In small cities the condition of union men is pitiable where strikes are instituted, and the they can avoid becoming public vaunted strike support allowances from the unions to their members do not materialize. As too many working men do not lay up anything, no matter what wages they receive, they must either get credit from butchers and grocers or go hungry. wonder is how charges. The much =F Puke ea < 2 RG ee roa ad 4 8 <eene sae > ay * Uw cee ° aie: on tae CES oe Boiler and Furnace Efficiencies.* BY A. BEMENT. CHICAGO. It is not the object of this paper to treat of boiler and furnace efficiencies in general, but to discuss some features of the performance of modern standard appa- ratus. For this purpose two types of boilers, two fur- naces and one stoker have been selected; one of the boil- ers, however, owing to changes made in it, may be con- sidered as a third type. One of the boilers is 12 tubes high and 16 wide, provided with a superheater and rated at 400 horse-power. It is equipped with a chain grate stoker of 65.5 square feet; the gases from the fire dis- charge among the tubes of the heating surface located immediately above, thence down across the tubes of the second pass, and finally rise on the way to the flue across the tubes of a third pass. This boiler is referred to as boiler A. The other boilers are of two sizes. That desig- nated as No. 1 is 15 tubes high and 19 wide. No. 2 is 17 tubes high and 19 wide. With each the gases travel from the bottom of the back and diagonally across the tubes to the upper front end, thence back between the drums to the flue. No. 3 adjoins No. 2 in battery, and is identical with it except that the path of the gases from the back end is forward among the lower tubes of the second to the seventh rows; thence to the front end of the boiler, then back among the next five rows and finally forward among the upper five rows, where they pass between the drums to the flue. In this arrangement the gases trav- erse the length of the tubes three times in place of the one diagonal travel of boilers Nos. 1 and 2. The furnaces under these boilers are identical, and each is fitted with a chain grate stoker of 72.2 square feet. The tubes in the lower row of the boiler are entirely encircled with a fire brick tile from the front to a point back of the bridge wall; for the remainder of the distance to within 4 feet of the back end the usual tile furnished by the maker of the boilers is used. The expression “boiler efficiency” is used to desig- nate the performance of the boiler only, not that of the combined apparatus; it implies the measure of the cool- ing effect produced on the hot gases, and neglects radia- tion and moisture in the steam. The experimental work herein mentioned had three objects: First, to determine the relative efficiency of boiler A and boiler No. 1; and, second, the relation be- tween the efficiency of the same boilers and their furnaces based on combustion and heat absorption, neglecting loss of combustible in the refuse. The two relative values to be determined were—for the furnaces, the loss due to escaping hydrocarbons and incomplete combustion, and for the boilers the cooling effect produced. With Nos. 2 and 3 it was desired to determine the relative cooling effect only. The efficiency of a boiler will be influenced by the initial or furnace temperature, and by the capacity at which it is worked. So as the horse-power increases the effect is to lower the efficiency, and as the initial tempera- ture is lower, so is the heat transfer, and as a smaller boiler will absorb less heat than a large or2, the deter- mination of its efliciency according to some standard be- comes a complicated problem. With the measure of per- formance of the combined boiler and furnace based on water evaporated from and at 212 degrees, a factor of evaporation has been devised to place different conditions on a common basis, but no factor, or set of factors, has as yet been devised to reduce various boiler performances to any standard of comparison. Therefore to determine the difference in efficiency between the boilers to be com- pared requires in each case that the amount of heating surface, initial temperature and amount of water evap- orated be the same; these requirements being met, it then becomes possible to discover the relative value of the cooling effect produced, These requirements were very closely met in the comparative test between boiler A and No. 1, and also between Nos. 2 and 3. In fact, the * Abstract paper before National Electric Light Association, Chicago convention. 6 THE IRON AGE. August 20, 1903 performance of the four boilers is so nearly on the same basis as to be suitable for comparison. Table A. —_———+___———- Bollers.-—— ——————_, Boiler A. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Square feet of water heat- ie GOUERGBis 8c cae res 4,000 4,340 4,800 4,800 Square feet of steam heat- ee: eee 383 Horse-power, standard rat SOR cic i Ve MEN cee 400 434 480 480 Horse-power, maker's rat- SE cick Katee Be hie 400 570 645 645 Horse-power developed.... 442.8 431.5 564.3 580.4 Horse-power developed above standard rating, ge ee ee ee 10.7 er 17.6 20.9 Horse-power developed below standard rating, Pe NG 6 x 0.6.0:6.50 0.00 9 pas 0.06 Horse-power developed below maker's rating, DOP MODES 6:5 vms c0:6'e < sis 32.1 14.3 11.2 Length of travel of gases in contact with tube heating surface, feet... 21 13 13.3 36 Temperature of escaping gases, degrees F....... 480.2 650.5 657 469 Temperature of escaping gases above saturated MOR. o.ck 0 via eee 127.8 273.1 278 92 Temperature of escaping gases above air supply.. 407.9 580. 582 394 Temperature of saturated SEOGME. 650.006 cease Ces 352.4 377.4 379 877 Temperature of superheat- ee ee 455.8 oon arate er Oe es Sec euseenae oer 9.22 7.93 10.7 10.3 Table A contains the esential data concerning the boiler trials. Boilers A and No. 1 are practically of the same size, although the horse-power of the latter is rated by its maker 31.3 per cent. above the former. The horse-power developed above that of No. 1 by boiler A is 10.76 per cent. and its CO, is higher, but, owing to unburned vola- tile combustible equal to 8.79 per cent. of the total com- bustible, the condition of combustion is less favorable for this boiler than appears from the CO, measurement. The conditions for these two boilers may therefore be considered the same, except that with A the saturated steam temperature was 25 degrees lower; for this reason its final temperature has been raised that amount, so that the comparison shall be on the same basis. In the case of boilers Nos. 2 and 3 the combustion was complete. With No. 2 the air supply and _ horse- power were slightly less, giving it a small advantage over No. 3. ‘ Conditions of operation being the same, the difference of cooling effect is shown by the difference in final tem- perature measured above that of the air supply; this referred to the initial temperature, also above that of the air supply, determines the efficiency of the boiler. Comparative Efficiency. Fig. 1 illustrates the relative efficiency of the four boilers that are being considered. The initial tempera- ture is shown through a range that covers all attainable conditions. From an inspection of the curves it appears that the efficiencies of boilers Nos. 1 and 2 fall upon the same line, and that of A, which varied from the furnace temperature, is from about 4 per cent. at 4000 degrees to 20 per cent. at 720 degrees above the efficiency of Nos. 1 and 2, while No. 3 is more efficient than that of 4. Tf, however, it is assumed that Nos. 1 and 2 discharge their gases through an economizer that would reduce the tem- perature by 200 degrees, then the efficiency of the com- bined boilers and economizer will fall on the same line with that of the efliciency of No. 3 without an econo- mizer. The efficiency curves are based on the final tempera- ture being constant through the full range of the initial. To what extent this is true is shown by Fig. 2, which illustrates the relation between initial and final tempera- ture, the curve being plotted from simultaneous measure- ments. It appears that within usual working ranges the final temperature remains quite constant. The value of the relative efficiencies from the standpoint of fuel sav- > a) Cé SAVIina q Fig. ; leg t widtl cham split August 20. 1903 THE ing is quite important. It is shown in Fig. 3, the efficien- cy of boilers Nos. 1 and 2 being taken as the staudard. EFFICIENCY 3000 SK £000 2500 ”) 100K 1500 2000) VE AIR SUPPLY THE IRON AGE NITIAL TEMCE TURE DEGREES FAHR. A Fig. 1.—-Efficiency Curve of Boilers 1, 2, 3 and A The value of an efficient boiler when served by an ineffi cient furnace is forcibly illustrated. The boiler and furnace of type A, having no special features, are not shown, but Fig. 4 is a vertical longi- tudinal section illustrating boilers Nos. 1, 2 and 3. The heavy arrow shows the path of the heated gases through FINAL TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHR,. ABOVE AIR SUPPLY. Oo 12 3 4 & 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 INITIAL TEMPERATURE IN HUNDREDS OF DEGREES FAHR. ABOVE AIR SUPPLY. THE IRON AGE Fig. 2.—Relation of Final to Initial Temperature, Boiler 2. Nos. 1 and 2. The travel in No. 3 is shown by the dotted arrows. The two baffles added in this boiler are indi- cated by the horizontal dotted lines; the lower of these was located so that between its ends and the back water % SAVING £000 3500 3L00 2500 2000 1500 1000 0) INITIAL TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHR. ABOVE AIR SUPPLY THs N AGE Fig. 3.—Saving Made Over Boilers 1 and 2 by Boilers A and 3. leg there is a space of 4 inches left open for the full width of the boiler, to allow dust to drop down to the chamber below. Owing to this opening the gas travel is split into two parts, a minor portion taking the more IRON AGE. direct and shorter as route by shown by one of the dotted arrows, so, way of this opening, in fact, the effect on the hot gases of the three pusses is not entirely se cured. Tig. 5 illustrates a section of the tiles which en- circle the lower row of tubes and provide a tile roof to the furnace extending beyond the bridge wall. The appli- cation of tiles W. L. Abbott for that will be discussed Fig. 6 shows the which the the lower row of tubes back of the encircling tiles. They are those regu- larly supplied by the maker of the boiler, and leave the these was devised by reasons later. tiles close spaces between THE IRON AGE Fig. 4.—Vertical Longitudinal Section, Boilers 1, 2 and 8. i THE Iron AGB Fig. 5.—Section of Tiles Encircling Lower Row of Tubes. : \ / | / ] y, THE IRON AGE Fig. 6.—Tiles Closing Spaces Between Lower Row of Tubes Back of Encircling Tiles. lower half of the tube exposed to the passing hot gas, and are usually known as the T tile. Table B. Degrees F. Per cent. Temperature, initial.. ‘ aunt oo 03,012 eoens = et on@ of Brat POOR. cccccces CB saccsce at top of second pass........ ce 0 alweeue at bottom of third pass...... eS 8 3§=s_- ea wwe oD a ee 4002 ««ecce Drop in temperature, first pass... a me 72,064 " ts drums 158 10.29 m " superheater ......... 70 4.59 second p@sS.......... 125 8.16 CRG DAME oc cecescae 75 4.896 WO va cect Web sie ceed d vedi eeere 1,532 100.000 Horse-power developed in first pass........ —_— evade ” 7 im QPOMMiiik cecccan nn er = in superheater...... a.) 1. aeatees “= in second pass...,.. a) mere in third pass....... —0Olti(i(«é#RHw aa OE. 6 6c wttieemseand ema eesnevaweaws Se). -kikaeen Inasmuch as there is a great difference in the cooling effect between the boilers compared, it will be interest- ing to study the reason therefor, and also to examine the drop in temperature of the gases on the way through the heating surface. Regarding this latter phase of the 8 THE matter, Table B gives in detail the performance illus- trated in Fig. 7, which is a curve of temperature drop through the surface of boiler A plotted from measure- 2000 = 1800 1600 o 1400 = 120 w 1000 PIN TEMPE f 6 8 LOR 246 $8 W122 4 6 8 1012 FIRST PASS DRUMS AND SE ND PASS THIRD PASS SUPERHEATER THE | Fig. 7.—Drop in Gas Temperature in Boiler A of 400 Horse-- Power. ments taken during the trial. From this it appears that the same length of travel in the last pass gave only 6.7 per cent. of the cooling effect of the first pass, illustrating the importance of the gases being in contact with the heating surface for as long a period as practicable if large cooling effect be secured. Figs. 8 to 11 show meas- urements taken among the tubes of boiler No. 2 and also apply to No. 1. Fig. 8 shows prevailing temperature among the tubes 45 inches back from the water leg, from the bottom to the top of the boiler. The measurement at the first, or lowest, stay bolt shows the effect of the heat from the tile roof immediately over the fire. The minimum temperature is between the second and third w = < 70 a“ « 7 < v4 PSE a a 7.4 ZG <w 600 f- w Oa 3 5 = > 500 i = ot V - wz nied $f —4 z ff adele <~ 400 ++-+-+-4-1 ++ + a ; pp hhh tn ttt tt z> oc — ee a +—+—4 ee | SE « rT & 300}-++-++++++ t+ <= peed tad ncethaeeanl ++ u pap dt © w « 200 o u o * THE IRON AG Fig. 8.—Boiler No. 2. stay bolts; above this it rises until at the point of eseape the maximum is reached, showing that on the line of the measurements the highest temperature is at the point of exit. The drop of the ninth measurement is owing to the sudden change in the path of gas travel over the end of the baffle at the top of the boiler, which causes the hottest point to be carried back slightly more than 45 inches at this ninth stay bolt. Fig. 9 is a curve from measurements taken through the ninth or top stay bolt on a horizontal line, across and beyond the path of the gases at the exit from the tubes; the highest temperature is found at a point 46.5 inches back from the inside face of the water leg. From this point in each direction there is a rapid drop as the dis- tance proceeds. In Fig. 10 one of the curves shows the percentage of [RON AGE. Augast 20 1903 carbon dioxide in the gases on a jiine 30 inches inside and parallel with the front water leg of boiler No. 2. It will 900 Fig. 9.—Boiler No. 2. be observed that the measurements in the lowest part of the front of the boiler are extremely low; the first two, however, show the effect of leakage through the furnace roof. The contrast between boilers Nos. 2 and 3 in this respect is remarkable. As analysis showed the CO, to be low on account of the presence of air, it is proof that this air must have entered by leakage, and as such leakage RA | | | PA E ZS / 8 7 - f sf Jf _ ( NO.’ 2 peor 3 / — w C oar ze& 5 Z a < 4 z o e \ x ° NE °o 2» eee 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 § 9 2 3 5 NUMBER OF STAY BOLT OPEN NGS, READIN P. js UMBE THE IRON AGE Fig. 10.—Boilers Nos. 2 and 3. could not be very large it follows that the path of the gases does not extend to the front lower corner of the boiler, or along close to the front waterleg. This may be considered proven by the curve of CO, from boiler No. 3, subject to the same leakage, but with an arrangement of baffles which caused the flow of the gases to be carried into the front lower corner and nearer to the front water leg. It is further illustrated by Fig. 11, giving CO, meas- urements across the path of the gases at the exit from 5 o «(13 a = 12 - . ll ° = 10 - « Eo 9 4 26 5 - z< Oz Oe i i $2 6 Se id -u ® w < 4 a 2 3 = 9 a 2 ° - 1 36" 42 ts 54” 60" DISTANCE IN INCHES INSIDE THE WATER LEG. THE IRON AGE Fig. 11.—Boiler No. 2. boiler No. 2, showing that the CO, increases with the distance away from the water leg. From measurements made through the back water leg of boilers Nos. 1 and 2 it is shown that a similar condition to that in the lower im OO RD he ne August 20, 190% THE IRON AGE. 9 front corner existed in the upper back corner of the tube surface, but on a reduced scale, showing that with these boilers the back upper corner performs a small amount of work and the front lower corner still less; also that the active portion of the heating surface is on a diagonal line from the lower back-to the front upper corners. It shows further that the volume of the moving gas body is of de- creasing magnitude as it proceeds, and that as its center is approached the temperature is higher, so it is probable that its center is moving at a much higher velocity than its surface. According to Fig. 9 it would appear that the greater portion of gas was flowing through the space of 1 foot at the front end of the top baffle, and if an opening 1 feet long from the furnace at the lower back corner is large enough, it would follow that a space considerably less at the outlet would answer. As the volume of the gases decreases rapidly with drop in temperature, it is probable that boiler A would be improved by passing the gases across it four times in passages of properly proportioned size, not adding to the amount of heating surface, but bringing more of it into active use; because with this boiler, as with Nos. 1 and 2, the tendency is for the gases to flow in a narrow path diagonally across the tube surface of the pass. It is apparent that the greater efficiency of boiler A as compared with No. 1 is not owing to difference in amount of heating surface, but to greater length of travel of the gases in contact with the same amount of surface, or, in other words, greater length of time for the transfer of heat. This is still better illustrated by boilers Nos. 2 and 3. The efficiency of the A type as compared with that of Nos. 1 and 2 is based on this particular type, which is a high “double deck” apparatus, and it does not follow that a lower type would show such superiority. This may be illustrated by assuming that boilers A and No. 1 be each reduced one-half in hight, when the effect would be that the length of the travel of the gases with A would be reduced 50 per cent., while with No. 1 the reduction would amount to less than 10 per cent.; so, as the hight is less, the efficiency of A drops off very much faster, and while the gain in the high No. 2 over the low No. 1 type is small, with that of A it is very large. The initial temperature, or, in other words, the condi- tion of combustion, has more effect on the efficiency of the steam generating apparatus than has the cooling effect of the boiler. This is shown by the efficiency curves, Fig. 1, and if choice lay between the two, that of high initial temperature would be chosen; but high initial temper- ature is always dependent in skillful manipulation of the fire, and its attainment is difficult and more or less uncertain, while the superior boiler efficiency has a fixed value not dependent on the skill of the operator, and this value increases as the initial temperature decreases. There might be some question as to whether the full value of a good furnace would always be realized, but there could be no failure to realize the value of an efficient boiler. The most remarkable feature of this matter of boiler efficiency is that the simple addition of inexpensive baf- les, with no labor cost for operation and requiring no additional room in the plant, gives results equal to an economizer requiring a large investment, considerable ex- pense for maintenance, and a large amount of space for its installation. Furnace Performance. The foregoing refers to the boilers only, and it is now in order to examine the furnace performance. The com- parative test between A and No. 1 gave the following relation between the two apparatus: A No. 1. 1. Efficiency of combined boiler and furnace... .57.83 59.12 eS ee ere 77.69 70.12 3. Superior efficiency of boiler................. 7.57 Saws 4. Superior efficiency of furmace............... eed 8.86 Item 1 includes all losses except that of combustible in the refuse, all other losses except hot gases and com- bustion being the same for each apparatus. Item 2 is the measure of the cooling effect produced by each boiler. Item 3 is the difference in the cooling effect produced by the two boilers. The superiority of the furnace under boiler No. 1, Item 4, is owing to better combustion, there being a toss of 8.86 per cent. with the furnace of the A boiler, due to escaping hydrocarbons and incomplete combustion, the air supply being considered the same in each case. The reason for the difference in combustion with these two furnaces will be understood when each is examined in detail. The furnace under the numbered boilers will hereafter be referred to as the tile roof furnace, and the other as the A furnace; the former is shown in elevation by Fig. 4; the roof is made with tiles, shown by Figs. 5 and 6. The distance from the coal gate at the front of the furnace to the end of this tile roof is 16 feet, a dis- tance through which the gases must travel before coming in contact with the boiler surface except in the lower half of the bottom row of tubes, which for a distance of about 4 feet back of the bridge wall are exposed as shown by Fig. ++, there being a distance of travel of 12 feet with no cooling effect, except that of radiation from the ex- terior furnace walls and through the tile roof. During the interval of time that the gases are moving through this distance of 16 feet their mixture is proceeding, so that before they have reached a point among the tubes where the temperature has dropped to a point below which union will be effected the mixture is completed; or, aS more generally understood, complete combustion is effected. With the A furnace the gases from the fire rise imme diately and pass among the tubes of the boiler. There heing not to exceed 3 feet in distance for the gases to travel before the tubes of the boiler are reached, the tem- perature soon drops to a point at which chemical union does not take place; the result is an escape of unoxidized combustible in the form of hydrocarbons, carbon mon- oxide and free carbon. [A photograph of four stacks serving 24 boilers of types 1 to 3, fitted with the tile roof furnace, and fitted with chain grate stokers of the A type, showed no escap- ing smoke whatever. Another stack serving four type A boilers and equipped with chain grate stokers showed considerable smoke. In both cases the coal contained 59.7 combustible matter and 40.3 volatile matter. It is con- sidered the poorest coal mined in Illinois on a large seale. ] Action of Tile Roof Furnace. The theory of the action of the tile roof furnace may be given as follows: The coal entering at the front of the furnace has its volatile matter rapidly distilled in the form of a hydrocarbon gas in excess of the air supply at the front of the fire, and flowing back meets a larger air supply from the back of the fire, where the fuel bed is thinner. With this it mixes, the éxcess of air from the back satisfying the deficiency at the front; and being thoroughly mixed in the chamber below the tile roof, it becomes, strictly speaking, a product of combustion at high temperature, which carries its heat from the furnace to the boiler. Assuming that the action of this furnace is as described, it would appear possible to obtain com- plete combustion with no air in excess. The indications are that this is possible. With one of these furnaces carefully worked, and with the draft pressure at a cer- tain determined intensity, it was possible to maintain an average as high as 17 per cent. CO,. and for a few short intervals obtain as high as 19, according to the econometer connected to the furnace. There was no op- portunity to test this condition with analysis, however, owing to the short duration of the intervals, but the econometer checked very closely with analysis at lower ranges. With the extremely small air supplies as given here, if the feed of coal was increased it was accom- panied by a rise in CO, to the apparent theoretical mani- mum, after which it fell, owing, presumably, to carbon being oxidized to carbon monoxide, but there appeared to be no tendency for carbon to be set free. With the A type chain grate stoker and boiler, or simi- lar boilers and furnaces, the gas distilled at the front of the fire flows directly among the tubes and results in loss by unburned hydrocarbons and free carbon, the latter making smoke, while the large excess of air from the thinner back end of the fire also flows direc