The Iron Age 1903-07-16: Vol 72 Iss 3

THE A Review of the “ROB o ull t Hardware, Iron, Mace auu Lae socal “Tad 4AOg Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 292-238 Winter St., Remy rk. Vol. 72: No. 3 New York, Thursday, July 16, 1903. $5.00 a Year, including Postage. Single Copies, 15 Cents. Reading Matter Contents.........page 46/— Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ** 185 Classified List of Advertisers..... ** 177 Advertising and Subscription Rates ‘“* 184 Bristol’s Patent Steel Belt Lacing, SAVES Time, Belts, Money. GreatestStren READY TO APPLY = FiNisHEOVoT ©With Least Metal Send for Circulars and Free Samples. fHE BRISTOLCO., Waterbury. Conn SAMSON SPOT CORD Also Massachusetts and Phenix rands of Sash Cerd,. SAMSON CORDAGE WORKS, Boston, Mass. TU — Branch Office, 11 aA New York. Cleveland City Forge and IronCo., - Cleveland, O. = - a8 5. Ho ve=” wig g*e~ = 3 Founpry IRON. rard Building, Phila. P| - cones Bank, Pittsb’g q Empire Bldg . New york Board of Trade, Boston APOLLO galvanized iron pays in propor- tion to work expended on it. Good metal is cheaper than labor. Quick service. Return a whole sheet for an inch of fault. American Sheet Steel Company Battery Park New York Smokeless Powder Shot Shells are being continually improved to meet changing conditions. Dealers should carry a stock of the best loads of U. M. C. NITRO CLUBand ARROW shells to meet the increasing demand. U. M. C, products are half sold before they are offered by - the retailer, This is due to their long standing reputation and the thorough advertising behind them, The Union Metallic Cartridge Co., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Agency, 313 Broadway, New York City, N. Y. CAHALL BI BOILERS sr THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COMPANY HARTFORD, CONN. 0 oO CAPEWELL HORSE NAILS: ‘ z 2 ao ¢ H W o i} NEW YORK, Branches: PORTLAND, ORE., >) a q PHILADELPHIA, BUFFALO, 4 Na CHICAGO, DETROIT, BALTIMORE, a f ST. LOUIS, CINCINNATI, NEW ORLEANS, 0 ; : BOSTON, SAN FRANCISCO, DENVER. 2 i ¢q + ;- 4 4 O - 2 REGULAR PATTERS. > Perfectly tight under all pressures of steam, oils, or acids. Warranted to give satisfaction under the worst conditions. Received the At the Pan-Amer=<« Highest Award Gold Meda ican Exposition, Insist on having the genuine stamped with Trade-Mark. JENKINS BROTHERS, New York, Boston, Philadeipbia, Ghicago. é JENKINS BROTHERS’ VALVES WwW ANTED SEAMS ETINE SCRAP puos Sand Basic PIG IRON For ok High Grade Basic Open Hearth Steel Billets and Slabs | THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING COMPANY SEE 30. (Water and Rail Delivery) BRIDGEPORT, CONN. PAGE MAGNOLIA METAL. Best Anti-Friction Metal for all we me ees Pac-Simile of Bar. Beware of imitations. “SS WAGNOLIA METAL CO.., Sun Francisco, New Urie Moatrea, suswn Ownersand Sole Manufacturers, 611-613 West 13th St., Ditsnure and Philadelphia." W a e manufacture all Chicago, Fisher Bidg. NEW YORK, grades of Babbitt Metals at competittve prices ss ahd + E zy" E bo Ausos Brass »” CQPPER Co: MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER Seamless Tubes, Sheets, Rods and Wire. GOLE MANUFACTURERS Tobin Bronze (TRADE-MaRK REGISTERED.) Condenser Plates,Pump Linings, Round, Square and Hexagon Bars, for Pump Piston Rods and Bolt Forgings. Seamless Tubes for Boilers and Condensers. 89 John Street, . - Randolph-Clowes Co., Main Office and Mill, WATERBURY, CONN. MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET BRASS & COPPER. BRAZED BRASS & COPPER TUBES. SEAMLESS BRASS & COPPER TUBES TO 36 IN. DIAM. New York. Telegraph Bldg., Room 715. Chicago Office, 602 Fisher Bldg. Seesesvsese New York Office, 253 Broadway, Postal THE IRON AGE. B R A § \ am ne COPPER “=, | GERMAN | s#eer ROD wa SILVER | LOW BRASS. SHEET BRONZE. SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER TUBING. BRAZED BRASS AND BRONZE TUBING. : ::::::: ae WIRE | THE PLUME & ATwooo M6, Co, MANUFACTURERS JF Sheet and Roll Brass —AND— WiRG PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN SILVER AND GILDING METAL, COPPER RIVETS AND BURRS. Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kere. sene Burners, Lamps, Lamp Trimmings, &c. 39 MURRAY ST., NEW YORE. 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. 199 LAKE ST., CHICAGO, ACTORIES ¢ WATERBURY, CONN. ROLLING MILL : THOMASTON, CONN. — WATERBURY BRASS (0., WATERBURY, CONN. 130 Centre St., New York. Providence, R. I. ROAR ORR € GENUINE No. 1 BABBITT. » Handiest Metal you can use, as there is for tried i no ——r in it. ver tried it? es in every way-—Tim € ¥ is » € ¥ € Money and Patience. ¥ 3 GREATEST DURABILITY. ; ¥ 3 € Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze and Metal Company, Bridgeport, Conn. 3 SNe Neb Nake Ned Neb Need ide eee eee AAS Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., LA SALLE, ILLINOIS. SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use. Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. Stove and Washboard Blanks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. HENS inert 88:74 West Monroe St. Best Bronze, Babbitt TRACTS ee wel esis ve wane” PRICES END IN YOU fe ren Jr Als ORDERS ge M ODE L SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR SRASOIOY HENDRICKS ACU yee TM UUTIIDTITIT ied Raabe k oa PAE ee Chicago. BRASS, BRONZE and ALUMINUM CASTINGS. Founders, Finishers, Y | W. G. ROWELL & CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. ‘S BROTHERS Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, MANUFACTURERS 0: Brazsicers’ Bolt anal Sheathing COPPER, COPPER WIRE AND RIVETS. Imperters and Dediers in Ingot Copper, Block ‘ha, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. SCOVILL . MFG. CO., BRASS, GERMAN SILVER Sheets, Rolis, Wire, Rods, Bolts and Tubes, Brass Shells, Cups, Hinges, Buttons, Lamp Coods. SPECIAL BRASS GOUDS TO ORDER Factories, en, CONN. EPOTS: CHICAGO, NEW YORK, BOSTON. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, AGENTS FOR Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., DEALERS IN COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, LEAD, ANTIMONY, 100 John Street, - New York. Arthur T. Rutter SUCCESSOR TO WILLIAM S. FEARING 256 Broadway, NEW YORK. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire. Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tube. Copper and Brass Rod. “Search-Light” OIL and GAS Bleycle Lanterns. Send for Circulars and Electrotypec. THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO., Bridgeport, Conn. 19 Murray St., as N.Y.) It No, Mth St. P St., Philadelphia. No better count made. “4 Wheel, $3.00 © 5 Wheel, &. 25 R. A. HARD, BATTLE OREEK, MICE. HE IRON AGE THURSDAY, An Early Furnace Charging Skip V. BE. Edwards, mechanical engineer of the Morgan Construction Company of Worcester, Mass., sends us the following communication : On a recent visit to England E. Windsor Richards called my attention to a photograph which interested me so much that he kindly gave me a copy. This I have had rephotographed and send you a copy by same mail. Mr. JuLY 16, 1908. loaded one The pair of furnaces shown had not been in but were not pulled down until a few use for some tlic ee lt appears from some correspondence in a_ technical paper that many persons are of the opinion that they can make a patented invention for their own use without in- curring liability for infringement This is a mistake; no one cnn appropriate in invention wl h is covered by a ; 4 AN EARLY FURNACE CHARGING SKIP Richards believes this to have been the original inclined automatic blast furnace charging skip. You will note that one corner of the furnace has been rubbed up and clearly shows the date 1791. The automatic charging skip was added in the year 1800. The charge is brought to the furnaces in small four-wheeled iron cars which are brought in front of the skips on a transfer car on a rail- road leading from the stock yard. Ore cars are then run directly into the skip cage and locked in place by a transverse bar. The skip is then elevated to the top of the furnace, where the entire car and car cage automatic- ally dump themselves and return to their original posi- tion ready to be lowered and the empty car replaced by a patent for any purpose, us some have found to their cost. A mechanic in the Eastern States recently wanted a boiler for a launch, and wrote for prices to the patentee of one that he liked. When he got a reply he deemed the sum excessive and constructed one himself. The inventor got information ef the proceeding and the courts made the mechanic pay much more than he could have bought a boiler for from the makers of it. In this connection it may be stated that a patent covers only that form of construe- tion which is shown in the drawings accompanying the title; no other is valid or protective. John Smith invents a certain appliance or device and patents it. Shortly after he finds he can improve upon it and does not fol- low the exact lines of his patent drawing: by so doing he 2 THE IRON AGE. has lost his right to sue for infringement because the thing made is not the thing he had a title to, and he can- not mark it patented either, for the reason that ideas are not patentable, only the mechanical embodiment of ideas. If betterments occur to Mr. Smith he is obliged to take out a new patent covering the improvement. The Anti-Boycott Movement.* BY DANIEL DAVENPORT, BRIDGEPORT, CONN. The recovery of the right. of people to run their own business and of the right of the individual to work, whether he belongs to a union or not, is the most serious social, economical and political problem which this coun- try has been confronted with in all its history. In com- parison with it, even slavery and secession were insignifi- cant, for those evils, in a measure, were local, and they were so opposed to the manifest interests of the greater part of the country and to the progress of society that it was possible to destroy them without shaking to its foun- dations the social structure. But to-day the whole coun- try, from Maine to California, is in the grip of an evil which is eating like a cancer into the very vitals of its fundamental institutions. Industrial freedom and _ po- litical and social freedom lie at the foundation of the wonderful progress this country has made. The absolute freedom of men to make contracts, to manage their busi- ness according to the dictates of their own judgment, and of men to acquire and follow trades and gainful em- ployments free from all molestation, has been the vital force which has propelled American civilization along its wonderful career hitherto. To-day that freedom is openly and defiantly assailed, and in a great measure destroyed, and every thoughtful man must be concerned in the solution of the great prob- lems of its restoration and defense. It is safe to say that industrial peace and prosperity will never return to this distracted country until its citizens recover the lib- erty which once was theirs and which was their heritage. Until every man shall again be free to make his own con- tracts without dictation from others, whether they be his employees or his fellow employers, and until every man has the untrammeled oportunity to employ his hands and his dexterity, we may confidently expect that matters will go on from bad to worse until they end at last in some frightful social and political convulsion. The great ques- tion before the American people is, by what means and measures shall the recovery be had? Certainly those rights will never be secured through their practical abandonment by the possessors. [Every surrender that is made of the right of the individual into the hands of others only makes the matter worse and renders more difficult the return to the only solid ground. That is why the National Civic Federation, however well meaning may be its originators and members, is as dan- gerous to the integrity of our institutions as is the Amer- ican Federation of Labor. Indeed it is difficult to deter- mine which is working the more disastrously to the com- mon good. They are both doing their -best to eliminate even the little that remains of the freedom of the indi- vidual. What are known as conciliations and arbitra- tions and collective bargaining and all that are a delusion and a snare, which only add to the difficulty of the situ- ation, for they all contribute to make more difficult the re- turn to the freedom of action of the individual. They only add fuel to the flame. To concede the right of men to band together to control the lawful action of others and then to require that the questions in dispute shall be submitted to arbitration is a fatal policy, the mournful consequences of which no man can now conceive. There is only one path along which this country can safely travel and that is the preservation in all its in- tegrity of the absolute and entire freedom of the indi- vidual man, and public sentiment must be aroused to an, adequate appreciation of that fact. Whatever tends to destroy that principle or to weaken the public interest in its continuance must be condemned as hostile to the well- being of society and be opposed at all hazards. The institutions of this country are founded upon the * Read before the Central Supply Association, Put-in-Bay, Ohio, June 23, 1903. July 16, 1903 principle of the liberty of the individual. It is expressed in the Declaration of Independence in the phrase, “ We hold these truths to be self evident that all men are cre- ated equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The Supreme Court of the United States has repeatedly declared that the constitutions of the United States and of the several States are to be construed and interpreted in the light of that principle, and that every contract, combination, con- spiracy or law which assails it in its true meaning is to be condemned. This right of the individual is covered and protected by a panoply of law eutirely adequate to its full protection. And that law is beyond the power of any body of men in this country to repeal or alter until the Constitution is overthrown or until those appointed to interpret it shall betray their trust. All that is needed to recover the enjoyment by every man in this country of the fullest liberty to make con- tracts and to follow bis trade for the support of himself and family is the proper enforcement of the law of the land. And that every citizey is entitled to. It is the most valuable of all his privileges. To secure it courts are created and oflicers are appointed or elected and the whole power of society is available for its enforcement. Yet notwithstanding this fact, the country sees to-day everywhere the most open and flagrant violation of this right. Boycotts and intimidation of every character are openly resorted to against both employers and employees without any attempt to restrain them. The mails of the United States are freely employed by the law breakers without any attempt by the Post Office officials to inter- fere. The highest officials in the land are catering in every way to the law breakers. The press is silent or half hearted in opposition. The politicians and office seekers cannot be depended upon. No steps are being taken to arouse public sentiment to a realization of the magnitude of the evil or to its dangerous consequences. In this situation the employers of the country are rushing together in associations for mutual defense and support. Finding themselves without the protection of the law, and the victims of lawless attacks, they feel compelled to form associations which to a large extent are copied after and adopt the method of their assailants. Being outside the pale of the law, they feel they must take the law into their own hands, as it is called—that is, they become law breakers themselves in sheer self de- fense. So we readeverywhere of employers’ associations be- ing formed which adopt the sante methods of coercion which their opponents employ. This course, while par- donable on the plea that self preservation is the first law of nature, and that it is all they can do, has a fatal vice in it. It justifies their opponents. You cannot boycott the boycotter, except as a result justifying the boycotter. You cannot fight the devil with fire without thereby be- coming his servant. Is it not plain that permanent indus- trial peace will never return to this country by the use of such measures? They are mere makeshifts, the use of which will in the end only aggravate the evil to be met and destroyed. But there is one means which can be taken and which must be taken. That is nothing less than the union of nll the great interests of society in a movement to enforce the law of the land, which is the security of the right of the individual. Every decent man can join in such a movement. Every motive of patriotism and enlightened self interest will lead him to support it. All the great manufacturing, transportation, mining and mercantile interests of the country can co-operate in it. Such is the purpose and scope of the American Anti-Boycott Asso- ciation, of which I have the honor to be the spokesman here to-day. I hope that every one of you and all others who may learn of its existence will take steps to join it. a It is asserted in a floating paragraph that a new use has been discovered for carborundum as a mask to pre serve fire bricks from disintegrating in very high tem- peratures. The carborundum is finely pulverized and mixed with some medium to make it adhere to the bricks ; possibly silicate of soda (water glass) might answer for the purpose. Fire bricks so treated have a much longer life than when used without carborundum, July 16, 1908 The Consolidated Lake Superior Com- pany. A Proposed Issue of Bonds. C. Shields, president of the Consolidated Lake Supe- rior Company has issued an appeal to stockholders, from which we take the following: “It is the opinion of the officers and directors of the company that the stockholders must now take some prompt action in order to save their investment in the property, as the possibilities of providing further funds from other sources have been exhausted, and the situa tion is extremely critical.” The plan which suggested itself as the most feasible was the issuing of bonds of sufficient amount to realize about $9,000,000, this sum being deemed adequate to pay off all the loans and indebtedness, complete all construc- tion under contract and to furnish the company with about $2,000,000 of additional working capital. Syndicate Negotiations. This plan was submitted to the syndicate bankers in) May, but it was found to be impracticable to sell bonds at the time. It was then suggested that if the loans due July 1 could be extended until after January 1, and if funds could be provided to meet the needs of the com- pany until the proceeds of the bonds should be available, this would be wiser than to attempt to sell bonds under the existing unfavorable conditions. The bankers ex- pressed a willingness not only to renew the loans until next January, but also to recommend to the syndicate which they represented the increase of their participa- tion in the loans to the extent of 15 per cent. This plan would have provided about $750,000 of additional money ° but it was found that, while the operations of the com- pany would probably show a surplus on January 1, this could not be accomplished without providing for the pay- ment of unsettled construction accounts and working ‘apital for immediate use, as large purchases of material were necessary for which prompt payment would have to be made. It was concluded that the company could not get along with less than $2,500,000. The past three weeks have been spent in endeavors to find a way by which this money could be provided. Inasmuch as all of the assets of the company were pledged to the bankers as security for the temporary loans of $3,500,000 and $1,550,000, which were made last December, the directors have been obliged to confine their negotiations to the holders of this collateral, as there has been nothing to offer as security for a new loan else where. Efforts have been made to induce the bankers to increase their loans on their present collateral up to $7,500,000, but without success. No better results have attended the efforts to secure the consent of the bankers for the admission of a new loan of $2,500,000 under the same collateral. It was also proposed to the bankers that $15,000,000 of 4 per cent. bonds should be issued, se- cured by the collateral now pledged, and a loan be made on these bonds up to 50 per cent. of their value for a pericd of six months or longer, the syndicate loans amounting only to $5,050,000, to be converted into the new loan, if possible, and the balance raised from other sources. It was hoped that one of these propositions would commend itself to the bankers, and that recourse to the stockholders would, therefore, not be necessary. It is believed, however, that the bankers will grant reasonable time to enable the stockholders to make an effort to raise the money needed in this emergency to save the property from dissolution. The only course which is open under the circumstances is for the stockholders to pay off th present bankers’ loans and provide the additional capital which the company must have in order to carry on their business. To do this it will be necessary to raise $7,500, 000. A Bound Issue. The only apparent way to do this is to create an issue of $15,000,000 of 50-year 4 per cent. collateral trust bonds, of which $12,500,000 to be offered to the stockholders at oO, the balance to be reserved for future use. These THE IRON AGE. bonds would be secured by the stocks and by bonds se- cured by mortgages on the subsidiary companies of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company, which are now held by the bankers as collateral for their temporary loans. and, of course, this collateral cannot be made avail- able until at least $5,050,000 shall have been paid in for the reimbursement of the bankers. In December last it was figured out that to meet all obligations, complete construction and provide working capital, about $9,000,000 would be necessary, this being but little in excess of what it had been expected to real- ize from the sale of the unissued balance of preferred stock. The bankers loaned $3,500,000 and gave the com- pany the right to borrow elsewhere under the same col- lateral the sum of $1,750,000, of which, however, only $1.550,000 was secured. These loans were to run to April 1, with privilege of extension to July 1, with the expecta- tion that by the later date the permanent financing of the company would be effected. These loans were intended to cover the urgent requirements up to July 1, expecting that all further needs would be provided for in the permanent financing. For reasons already explained, it was deemed iin- practicable to effect the permanent financing by July 1, and postponement to a later date leaves the future re quirements of the company wholly uncovered. The re- quirements of the company are now substantially as fore seen from the beginning, and in contemplating now the provision of $2,500,000 of additional money, the total is still $1,500,000 short of the original estimate. Steel Plant Ready. The company are now in position to reap the benefits of the large investments that have been made. The period of construction has been passed, with the excep tion of the railroad extension, on which work has been suspended, and the copper-nickel Bessemerizing plant. which is nearly finished. The blast furnaces and steel plant, which constitute the most important factors in the company’s operations, are now complete and ready to start as soon as funds can be had for the purchase of raw materials. All departments that are now running are operated at a profit, and with sufficient funds to meet the unpaid balances on construction contracts for working capital, the company can proceed forthwith and carry on their business with satisfactory results. If the company can be put in possession of sufficient funds for their immediate requirements and the proper conduct of their business, the earnings for the fiscal year beginning July 1 will in all probability be very largely in excess of all interest requirements. It has been esti mated by your president—and this estimate has been carefully verified by members of the board—that after everything doubtful has been excluded the earnings for the fiscal year now beginning will exceed $900,000, after paying all fixed charges on underlying bonds now out standing. The only charge to be met out of these net earnings of over $900,000 will be the interest on the pro posed issue of $12,500,000 of 4 per cent. bonds, which would require $500,000 for this purpose. It is apparent. therefore, that the company will be fully able to meet the interest on these bonds and have a substantial surplus remmaiming. The Board of Directors therefore presents to the stockholders this issue of bonds as the only apparen| plan by which the obligations of the company can be met and their property saved and their operations con tinued. ‘There are now outstanding approximately 1,000,- OOO shares of common and preferred stock, and owners for the proposed issue of bonds in the proportion of S1LO00 of bonds to each 80 shares of stock, payment for such bonds to be made at the rate of S600 for each bond of $1000. The necessary warrants entitling stockholders to inake subseriptions will be mailed to the stockholders of record on July 20, and on and after that date subscrip- tions for the bonds will be received on behalf of this com- pany by the Commercial Trust Company, Philadelphia. Such bonds as shall not have been subscribed for by stockholders on August 10 will be otherwise disposed of by the Board of Directors, but in no instance will they he offered or sold at a price lower than that at which they are offered to the stockholders. hea om oe ee cdpyoe gee mee NES. > wei, Jee ee ee oko 4 THE IRON AGE. The Casting of Pipeless Ingots by the Sauveur Overflow [lethod.* BY ALBERT SAUVEUR AND JASPER WHITING. In the method now to be briefly described it is be- lieved that a practical means has been found for the casting of pipeless ingots. It will be sufficient for the purpose of this paper to recall in a few words the cause which induces the formation of the pipe. After molten steel has been cast into an iron mold the metal in contact with the bottom and the sides begins first to solidify. After a relatively short while the top of the ingot, which is exposed to the cooling action of the air, also becomes solid and the ingot now consists in a rigid metallic shell holding a mass of molten steel, as shown in Fig. 1. As the cooling proceeds this solid shell increases in thickness, but since steel, like most sub- stances, undergoes a considerable contraction in passing from the liquid to the solid state, the mass of metal which when liquid was sufficient to fill the space within the solid shell will, after it has in turn solidified, be unable to fill it and a cavity must necessarily be formed in the upper part of the ingot. It is evident, therefore, that the formation of the pipe is due to the fact that the top of the ingot solidifies while a considerable amount of metal below it is still liquid. Once the top has become rigid the contraction of the liquid interior in passing to the solid condition must necessarily result in the formation of a cavity or pipe. By retarding the solidification of the top we should, therefore, decrease the size of the pipe, and if it were possible, in a practical way, to main tain the top liquid to the very last—that is, until all metal below it has solidified—-the formation of the pipe should be altogether prevented. Efforts have been made in this direction, such, for instance, as covering the top of the ingot immediately after casting with fuel or with Fig. 1 Cooling of an Ingot rlik CASTING OF molten slag, or in preheating the top of the mold. All such attempts, however, resulted only in a slight de- crease in the dimensions of the pipe and were accom- panied by practical objections which more than offset the small gain effected. The aim of the present method is to maintain the top of each ingot liquid until all metal below has solidified and to do so without in any way in- terfering with the conduct of the mill operations or add- ing to their cost. The method consists in so connecting a number of molds that the molten metal can overflow from ohne mold into the next, while pouring is continued in the same mold until any desired number of molds beyond have been filled. In tig. 2 is shown a diagram representing in elevation a number of molds which we shall suppose so connected that after one mold has been filled, if the supply of metal be continued into it, the excess of metal will overflow into the next, which will in turn be filled. To take a particular case, let us suppose that we cast the steel into mold No. 1, and that after it has been filled we continue pouring into this same mold until we have cast into it *-From a paper read at the last meeting of the American Society fer Testing Materials. July 16, 1903 sufficient metal to fill the next five molds. After mold No. 1 has been filled the metal will overflow into mold No. 2, and when this one has been filled it will overflow into mold No. 8, and so on until six molds have been filled. It will be seen that by this method we maintain a flow of molten metal running over the tops of the solidi- fving ingots, and therefore retard the solidification of the tops, which is our desideratum. This should result in a reduction of the pipe, and, if sufficient molten metal be passed over the tops, in the complete obliteration of this defect. The molten metal flowing over the tops of the ingots acts after the fashion of a sinking head, feeding the pipe, and therefore preventing its formation. It will be seen that in the example we are consider- Vi vi - mM” “wi \V v M‘ Fig. 2.—Molds Arranged for Overflowing. PIPELESS INGOTS ing ingot No. 1 will have enough metal cast upon it to till five molds, ingot No. 2 enough to fill four molds, ingot No. 3 enough to fill three molds, and so on to the last ingot, which had no extra metal passed over its top. The amount of molten steel flowing over the tops of these in- gots decerases, therefore, as we pass from the first to the last ingot, and it should be expected that the effect- iveness of the method in eliminating the pipe should also be greatest in the case of ingot No. 1 and should then gradually diminish. Seyregation.—It is well know that the segregation of impure metal in the uuper part of steel ingots—that is, in the piped portion—is due to the fact that the impurities present in the metal, especially the phosphides, sulphides and carbides, are more fusible than the metal itself, and have therefore a tendency to collect in the portion of the ingot remaining molten longest. In the overflow method these impurities should naturally rise to the very top of the ingot and should then be carried away by the flow of molten metal to be discharged into the next empty mold. Here, however, they should be diluted so largely by the metal from the crucible or ladle as to have but a very slight effect upon the average composition of the July 16, 1908 THE ingot. We have not as yet had the opportunity of test- ing the effect of the method upon the segregation of im- purities, but from these theoretical should naturally be anticipated that if it does not prevent it altogether it should greatly diminish it. The Overflow Method and the Casting of Crucible Steel Ingots.—Numerous experiments were conducted with crucible steel ingots in order to ascertain the prac tical value of the overflow method. The results obtained in casting six ingots, after the manner just described, are shown in Fig. 3, which is the reproduction of a photo graph of the broken tops of these ingots. These ingots measured 3% x 51% x 2214 inches and weighed 100 pounds considerations it IRON AGE. 4 The results which had been anticipated from purely theoretical considerations are, therefore, fully confirmed. rom the appearance of No. 5 ingot we infer that the passing over the top of an ingot of sufficient metal to fill one more mold by causing it to overflow into it will re- duce the length of the pipe some 50 per cent., while the passage over the molten top of an ingot of enough metal to fill four more molds will result in the complete elimi nation of that cavity. In Fig. 4 pipeless ingots obtained by the over is shown a number of pipeless or nearly flow method In casting six ingots then in the manner just de while the first two ingots will be pipeless, the scribed, Inaots Cast bu this Vethod r. Fig. 4 Fig 5 Plan View of Mold Used with this Process rlik ¢ The steel cast contained from 0.9 to 1 per cent. carbon and was produced in a regenerative crucible furnace. Ingots of this size and grade cast in the usual man ner had a pipe extending on an average about 8 inches downward. Turning our attention to the ingots cast by the overflow method, it is seen that No. 1 and No. 2 in- gots are absolutely free from pipe. They are solid masses of metal to the very top. The metal which was cast upon these ingots had caused their top to remain liquid until the metal below it had become solidified, preventing there by the formation of a pipe. No. 3 and No. 4 ingots show a small cavity measuring about 1 inch, while No. 5 ingot has a 4inch pipe. No. 6, which not, of course, materially improved. These experiments were repeated a number of times and the results obtained were in every case very similar. is not shown here, was ASTING OF Pipe less and Nearly Pipel ss Ingots ieee ee Pouring PIPELESS INGOTS remaining will have small pipes of increasing length. It be readily conceived, however, that the overflow method may be conducted in a more continuous manner, so that enough metal will flow over the tops of all the ingots to them namely, in the present case, enough metal to fill four or five additional molds. If, for instance, returning to Fig. 2, after having filled six molds by pouring in No. 1, the pouring be shifted to No. 2 and enough metal be cast to fill mold No. 7, and then the pouring be shifted to mold No. 3 and enough metal casc to fill No. 8 and so on, it is evident that the necessary amount of metal will have flowed over the top of each ingot to prevent the formation of a pipe. It is quite obvious that the amount of metal which must flow over the top of an ingot in order to make it with the ingot, the tem- ingots may make pipeless pipeless will vary size of the nea a EE ET er ga aes geet Seeman eee 6 THE IRON AGE. perature of the metal, the rate of cooling, the composition of the steel, &c. In each mill the most desirable mainer of conducting the overflow method will have to be as- certained by a few preliminary experiments. Connecting between Molds.—A suitable connection be- tween molds had to be devised, and this important point was finally solved witu complete success by using the molds illustrated in Fig. 5. They will be seen to be three- sided molds, each mold, moreover, being in two sectious for convenience in stripping. When these molds are properly assembled and fastened together each two adjacent moids have a common wal! between them, at the upper part of which a groove is provided for the overflowing of the metal from one mold into the next. These molds have given very good satisfaction. They are, if anything, less expensive than the ordinary style of molds used in crucible steel manufacture. Teeming.—It was found undesirable to teem directly into the molds, as in doing so the metal is agitated to too great a depth during the teeming to allow of the quiet, undisturbed cooling desired. To avoid this disturbance, caused by the fall of the metal into the mold, a receptacle was used, shown in Fig. 6, and which consists of a cruci- ble-like appliance provided with a false bottom. Each bottom is provided with one hole of suitable size. This crucible rests upon the mold into which it is desired to teem and the steel is poured into it in the usual manner. The metal flows into the lower chamber and from it into the mold. The relative sizes of the holes are so regu- lated that the lower chamber is being constanly drained. In this way the fall of the metal is broken and the steel in falling into the mold produces very little agitation of the molten top. The overflow method is now being in- stalled at the steel works of the Simonds Mfg. Company of Chicago, where the experiments were conducted. The Overflow Method and the Casting of Bessemer and Open Hearth Steel Ingots.—It was quite natural to lirst appiy the method to the casting of crucible steel in- gots, but experiments are now under way to ascertain its value in casting Bessemer and open hearth steel in- gots. oe The [leeting of Southern Furnace Interests. The much heralded meeting of the Southern associated furnaces was held at Chicago Friday, July 10. Both morning and afternoon sessions were held, and the sub- ject of prices and other matters of interest to the fur- naces were gone over thoroughly. It developed that two strong factions of opposite views were in attendance. Virginia furnaces are said to have been in favor of main- taining the $15 basis for No. 2 foundry; another large interest fought for holding the market at $13 to $13.50, Birmingham, while another strong interest was in favor of cutting the price to $12 or $12.50, Birmingham. It was evident that a change of sentiment had taken place among some of the producers within the past two weeks, it being known that some companies who had favored rad- ical action by cutting the prices to $12.50, Birmingham, changed front at the meeting, holding out for a $13.50 basis. The final result of the strenuous conference was the establishment of $13 for No. 3 and $13.50 for No. 2 ‘foundry, Birmingham, either for quick shipment or for delivery during the last half of the year. One Tennessee company who were in favor of making a radical cut, be- lieving that little business could be secured at $13.50 at the present time, withdrew from the association. All nine companies, members of the association, were repre- sented at the meeting either personally or by proxy. Much dissatisfaction is said to exist, as much among the sellers as among the buyers of pig iron. Representa- tives of independent furnaces seem to be jubilant over the outcome of the meeting. Various predictions as to what the future will develop and the calling of subsequent meetings are being indulged in. Already the market price has sagged below the newly established “ official ” price. a Buffalo & Susquehanna Iron Company.—The work on the plant of the Buffalo & Susquehanna Iron Company is progressing favorably. as the following brief descrip- tion shows: The steel shells of the eight stoves and of one draft stack are practically completed, and the greater ~ July 16, 1903 part of the fire brick lining of these stoves is in place. The other draft stack and the two furnaces are well along and will c®ise no delay in opening the plant. The struc- tural work of the engine and pump house is finished and the brick work almost completed. All parts of six of the eight blowing engines are on the ground awaiting erection, and the bed plates and crank shafts of ail the engines have been put in place on their foundations. The electric generators, pumps and other machinery have already been delivered and are now being installed. The steel frame work of the boiler house is completed. and the boilers themselves are being rapidly set up. The upper drums are in place and the tubes are now being put in. ‘The structural work of one of the casting houses is also finished. ‘The contract for the ship canal between the property of the company and that of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company bas been let and work upon it has been commenced. This canal is to be 4000 feet long. 200 feet wide and 23 feet deep. and consequently the largest lake steamers will be able to come up to the company’s docks built along it. The development of the company’s irou ore property in the Mesaba range at Hibbing, Minn., and of their coal fields at Sykesville, Pa., is advancing at the same rate as the work on the blast furnace plant itself. The shafts at both properties are sunk nearly the required distance and the machinery is being assembled. a The Walking Delegate and Interstate Com- merce. Ten days ago all the men employed by a prominent manufacturing concern of Philadelphia struck. No ex- planation whatever was given by the men for their action —they merely walked out. The shop was a union one, paying union wages and working union hours, and as far as the firm knew there was no trouble or grievance of any kind. , A short time ago this same concern had a contract for certain work upon a building in New York. A walk- ing delegate informed them that they could not finish the job. Asked for the reason, he said that they could not partially do work at home and complete it elsewhere. They would not be allowed to make goods in Philadelphia and assemble them in New York. When they entered New York they were considered to be a foreign corpora- tion and would be treated as such. They were further informed, with more or less emphasis, that if they wanted to do business in New York they must establish a plant there. The fact that their men were unionized and that the firm conformed to all the rules and regulations of the union made no difference. As a special favor they were allowed to ship what they had already made, but no more. The same thing happened on a job in Pittsburgh. The union prohibits the firm doing business outside their own city unless they erect a plant. The machinery they use is very expensive and most of it is of massive proportions; it cannot be picked up and carried easily and cheaply from place to place. Nevertheless, if they secure a contract with a possible profit of $1,000, they must establish a plant at a cost of at least $50,000. It makes no difference if there is but the one single little job in sight, a plant must be properly equipped for doing the work. Carried to its logical conclusion, this firm, not being al- lowed to do a stroke of work beyond the limits of Phila- delphia, ought not to be permitted to work outside the ward in which they are situated. Then they ought not to be allowed to work beyond their own fence line, and final- ly they ought to be compelled to present the keys of their place to the walking delegate and retire permanently from business. We have heard of no more flagrant case of persecu- tion by the unions. Having complied with every require- ment, good, bad and indifferent, this firm must not carry on the industry they have been years in building up. Re- strictions and conditions, impossible of compliance, have been placed around: them, and as a final stroke and to cap the climax their men have struck for no reason known to any one but themselves. We imagine that such a case brought before the United States Courts under the Interstate Commerce laws would quickly bring even a walking delegate to his senses. July 16, 1903 THE The Universal Pipe and Fittings. A new type of pipe has been put on the market by the Central Foundry Company, 116 Nassau street, New York, under the name Universal, which has many advantages and is receiving marked attention at the hands of steam, water, gas and sanitary engineers. It has been patented in the United States and other countries by Mark Dean, the inventor, who has also designed special machinery for its production. The pipe is made of cast iron, especially adapting it for use in the ground and for carrying many fluids that are destructive to wrought iron. It is made in a variety of sizes from 2 to 8 inches, and to stand pressures of 150, 200, 250, 300 and 400 pounds. The pipe is provided with bosses placed 36 inches from center to center, the regular length of the pipe being 6 feet. bosses provide a thickness of 5¢ inch at the thinnest point for tapping purposes. The method of connection, which is the means of mak- These ing cast iron pipe available for all uses to which wrought iron pipe has heretofore been put, is the principal feature. The pipe is made, in addition to the regular length, in Fig. 1.—Method of Connecting Pipe and Nipple Used with Two Hub Ends. shorter pieces GU, 54, 48, 42, 36, 30, 24, 18, 12, 9 and 6 inches. By the absence of the large bell end commonly used for connecting cast iron pipes a saving of 10 per cent. in weight is effected, which is a matter of importance in large shipments of pipe through its effect on the freight bill. The method of connecting the pipe is clearly indicated in Fig. 1, which also shows how the pipe is connected with the fittings. There are strong lugs cast on each end of the pipe. Bolts of suitable diameter for the different sizes of pipe to be connected are used for drawing the hub and spigot ends easily together. The spigot end, A, Fig. 1, is finisbed on a machine, and the machines for finisiing these ends are constructed on a master basis so thiut the pipe will always be of the same taper and dimensions. The hub end is finished in a neat and careful manner, the bevel of the hub being a fraction of an inch greater than that of the spigot end, allowing some flexibility te the joint. And, as an iron to iron connection is effected with a carefully machined bearing, there is no necessity of the use of any joint cement, except to prevent cor- rosion inaking trouble in case the joint must be separated for any purpose. It will be noted that there are tugs through which bolts pass on the end of the pipe, A; that the fitting B is provided with a flange having a beveled under side, and that a special casting or loose lug is used to grasp this flange and to permit the bolt to pass through it and draw the joint tight. This cut also shows the method of connecting two hub ends, the fitting D and the pipe B being joined by means of a nipple, C. Another picture of the nipple is shown at the right IRON AGE. 7 of Fig. 1. ‘This nipple is constructed with a bevel each Way from the center and a slight groove is provided on each end of the nipple. These nipples are also made of different lengths, providing some space between the two They are finished with the same exactness of dimensions as the hub that a and unchanging The machinery tor making them is ¢on- bevels or finished ends. inaintain and spigot care to ends, so universal size is effected. structed with a view to maintaining one perfect size that will not vary in the dimensions and bevel, all these es- sential points having been determined upon before the manufacture of the pipe for taken up. The flanges, nipples, loose lugs and the bolts are all of will stand the heaviest strains to which the pipe will be put, without breakage, unless a defect in the bolt licad may cause it to pull off. With a view to determining the pressure which ordi- stand with this joint, the joint Four sections commercial purposes was such dimensions as nary extra heavy soil pipe will particularly so far as tightness of was con- cerned, a number of tests have been made. of the pipe connected were with a cap on one end and a plug on the other. A water connection was made with the pipe through one of the bosses and a pressure guuge was placed on this pipe. By the use of a special force applied until 200 pounds the blocks under the pipes were pump was reached ; withdrawn and the pressure was run up to 670 pounds, when a bolt head was pulled off. due to a defect under the head, allowing the pipe to separate. In less than inserted and the pressure was again pressure Was then two of two minutes’ time a new bolt was joint made tight run up to 500 pounds and the block under the center and the block under the end joint were removed and the ends of the pipe were forced down 57% inches from align- ment, while the center joint was forced down 3 inches The pressure was then run up to 700 again, when the out of aligninent pounds, and owing to the pipe being thrown so much out of alignment, the first leak was shown. The pipe was again aligned and the joint made and 700 pounds pres- sure applied without a leak. This experiment is cited to convey an idea of the ease and quickness with which joints between pipes and fittings can be made; also to show the high pressure that the joints are capable of withstanding without any preparation other than that which each section of the pipe or fitting receives on the regular machines of the company. The company have partially equipped two of their plants to make some sizes of this pipe and are proceed- ing to complete their equipment. No special effort has been made to place the pipe properly before the trade, vet considerable demand has developed as the result of the various installations that have been made to test its value in a practical manner for various uses. For a soil and vent pipe for sanitary purposes the pipe has marked advantages. It is lighter in weight through the absence of the old heavy bell hubs and will stand higher pressures permanently, as the lead and oakum joint are not depended upon continuously. It has also been demon- strated that the bolt joint can be made far more quickly than it is possible to make the ordinary calked joint. The company’s sanitary fittings include L’s, long sweep L's, TY’s and every fitting that is needed to install a perfect sanitary system in the modern building. As a water pipe supply, 1200 feet of 4-inch pipe has been used in Boonton, N. J., carrying a pressure of 114 pounds, a portion of the pipe being suspended along the side of a bridge having a span of 93 feet. Here the flexibility of the joint enabled the pipe to conform to the arch of the bridge. In the span several feet of pipe are out of a straight line. The Maryland Steel Company, at Sparrow's Point, Md., are using several hundred feet of G-inch pipe for a water supply. The Ottawa Gas & Heat- ing Company of Ottawa, Kan., state that men who had never seen the pipe before laid 90 feet the first hour a