The Iron Age 1903-04-23: Vol 71 Iss 17

THE IRON. AGE A Review of the Hardware, Iron, eimpeuy Metal Trades. wuosy aN Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., <s<-~ William St., New York. : Vol. 71: No. 17. New York, Thursday, April 23, 190}. ee oe Reading Matter Contents.........page 62/7 . Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ** 175)| Classified List of Advertisers... .. “ 167] Advertising and Subscription Rates “ 174 a ev wer Smokeless Powder Shot Shells are being continually improved to meet changing conditions. Dealers should carry a stock of the best loads of U. M. C. NITRO CLUBand ARROW shells to meet the increasing demand. U. M. C, products are half sold before they are offered by the retailer, This is due to their long standing reputation and the thorough advertising behind them, Bristol’s Patent Steel Belt Lacing, The Union Metallic Cartridge Co., SAVES Agency, 313 Broadway, BRIDGEPORT, Time, Belts, New York City, N. Y. CONN. ) Money. Greatest< tren; READY TO APPLY §=FiNisHEDVOwT With Least Metal Send for Circulars and Free Samples. THE 8RISTOLCO., Waterbury Conn ad ‘ se Aloo eens bass Cee Ee Bas == a t SAMSON CORDAGE WORKS, Boston, Mass. REGULAR PATTER. Oi : et 0 ff TURNBUCKLES. oO aE a }: CAPEWELL HORSE NAILS: | ¢ ‘i Branch Office, 11 Broadway, New York. - o ” Cleveland City Forge and | ee Cleveland, O | NEW YORK, Branches : PORTLAND, ORE., DB FF : k PHILADELPHIA, BUVSALS, . a ix CHICAGO, DETROIT, BA o N se |° sr. Lours, CINCINNATI, NEW ORLEANS, 0 ae |] BOSTON, SAN FRANCISCO, DENVER. 2 rN is = * _ | |) 5 THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COMPANY 3 | BASIC PIG. |@ sARTYORD, com 76 ‘a z 3¢ Board of Trade, Boston. ¢ rard Building, Phil = REGULAR PATTERN. _ «| PILLING & CRANE, fssascinesscsn Ee ee Se CONG ———— a eee - | in, Db : 9 8 JENKINS BROTHERS’ VALVES ‘Ba d Perfectly tight under all pressures of steam, oils, or acids. 38 Apolig. pee iron, is Warranted to give satisfaction under the worst conditions. : At the Pan-A . e At oe 1903 wes, Gold Medal itescn2 soft i i astic a oug ° Insist on having the genuine stamped with Trade-Mark. +4 JENKINS BROTHERS, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Ghicago. 55¢ . $$$ $$ $$ anything to it; “it fhakes no ng ye THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING 60, HOT AND COLD ROLLED Successer to 7 Sr ' | _ STRIP STEEL. The WILMOT & HOBBS MF6. CO, esan 2s ie Wt A METAL ie ee Saves wages, AGNOLI for all So ae 7 ae Fac-Simile of Bar. : Loe Beware of ing American Sheet Steel Company, New York ee °.50 oe MAGNOLIA METAL CO., ‘is Owners and Sole Manufacturers, 511-613 West I3th St., San Yrancisco, New Orleans, Montreal. Boston, 0. Chicago, Fisher Bidg. NEWEYORK. grades of Babbitt Metals at competitive prices a i ee “he _ THE IRON AGE. ansonia Brass — (WATERBURY BRAGS GD, | THE Pome & Arwooo Mee, C0, MANUFACTURERS OF B® COPPER C2: |. omce an ail ot Vaebury, com ONBBT Ald ROll Brass BRASS AND COPPER | _ rrovidence’store so. 181’ Dorrance <7 ee Seamless Tubes, Sheets, Rods and Wire. a I FR a=F a PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN Re , a GERMAN AN SILVER eer GILDING METAL, COPPER RIVETS i Tobin BronZe | w steer, rop ann wine | Batt Batt Hineew, Jack Chala, Keres Se re er Siva oe ols aes Lssccieeee Ta jae (TRADE-MaRK REGISTERED.) for Trimmings, &c. Condenser Plates, Pump Linings, Round, Square and Hexagon Bars, for Pump Key Stock 29 MURRAY ST., NEW YORK. Piston Rods and Bolt Forgings. Cutlery Metal 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. Seamless Tubes for Boilers ene dace sete Electrical Purposes 199 LAKE ST., CHICAGO, 99 John Street, - - New York. Plated Ware oman ate epee» THOMASTON, CONN. WATERBURY, CONN. Randolph-Clowes Co., ¢|“‘Pope’s Istand White fletar”|§ SCOVILL MFG. CO., Manufacturers of Main Office and Mill, for like uses when extra drawing BR R A a & 9 CERMAN SILVER WATERBURY, CONN. and spinning is required. MANUFACTURERS OF WRITE FOR SAMPLES. Sheets, Rolis, Wire, RAR Rods, Bolts and Tubes, SHEET BRASS & COPPER. $| pn. BRAZED BRASS & COPPER @|© GENUINE No. 1 BABBITT. 9/9 5rass Shells, Cups, Hinges, € Handiest Metal you can ¥ Buttons, Lamp Goods. TUBES. € use, as there is practicall } | SPECIAL BRASS GOODS TO ORDER SEAMLESS BRASS 3 “Saves in, every xay-Time, | ; Factories, WATERBURY, CONN. & COPPER TUBES . GREATEST DURABILITY. 3|[ NEW YORK, CHICAGO, Boston. TO 36 IN. DIAM. eaten New York Office, %8 Broadway, Postal f Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze Se eee ee ee ee ie € and Metal Company, JOHN DAVOL & SONS, Chicago Office, 602 Fisher Bldg. & Bridgeport, Conn. AGENTS FOR Fae Nac acNa Nbc NNN NNN NNN NEN Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., DEALERS IN COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, LEAD, ANTIMONY. 100 John Street, - New York. Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., LA SALLE, ILLINOIS. SMELTERS OF SPELTER Arthur T. Rutter AND MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. SUCCESSOR TO Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. WILLIAM S. FEARING Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use. 56 Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. 2 Broadway, NEW YORE. aT _—— Small tubing in Brass, Copper, ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. Copper, Brass and Ua German Silver Wire. Brazed and TU NN gM PACU ROME Urgim scams ec and corr nae 88/74 West Monroe St. Licago. boNaarah I faht 3? - Best Bronze, Babbitt Metals: Brass-and ae pg yn pty oO. pearch-Light | BRASS, BRONZE and ALUMINUM CASTINGS. OIL and GAS oo we Bleycte Lantems. PROPRIETURS OF THE Send for Circulars and Electrotypec. THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO., Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, og Braziers’ Bolt and Sheathing a 3 to at Ponti Si Bon COPPER, COPPER WIRE AND RIVETS. Importers and Dealers in Ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. No better counter — made. 4 Whe-l, $3.00 5 Wheel, $3.25 Guaranteed. 0g 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. R.A.HART, BATTLE CREEK, MICH. . r, r id id THE IJRON AGE THurspay, Aprit 23, 1903. The Zucker & Levett & Loeb Plating Dynamo. While the art of commercial electroplating has not advanced greatly in the past decade, so far as quality of product is concerned, there has been a great increase in the amount of work done, and the consequent greater importance of economical production has brought about a vast improvement in the capacity and reliability of ma- terials and apparatus. As an indication of the advance which has taken place we here illustrate an electroplating generator completed recently by the Zucker & Levett & Loeb Company, of 526- 530 West Twenty-fifth street, New York. This machine possesses several new characteristics in design and con struction, and is of very unusual capacity. Being sepa inetal, with the assistance of Richard Raddatz, an expert iu this line for many years with the Edw. P. Allis Com- pany of Milwaukee. idiccseceagl aa iaceiadicis The Wanamaker Building at Philadelphia.— The Wanamaker department store at Philadelphia, which is to cost approximately $5,000,000, is to be erected on the site of the Wanamaker store at Thirteenth and Chestnut streets, and will be 12 stories in hight with a basement urd sub-basement, having a frontage of 250 feet on Mar ket and Chestnut streets and 479 feet on Thirteenth and Juniper streets. The building will be of brick, stone and steel construction with terra cotta trimmings. The roof vill be covered with asphalt, the floor beams, girders nud columns being of steel It is stated that the floors THE ZUCKER & LEVETT & rately excited from the motor supply circuit it is capable of a wide range of regulation with fine adjustment. It is of 3000 amperes capacity at six volts full load, and the adjustments are such that any voltage below this can be obtained. To one accustomed to high voltage machines the relative sizes of the commutators to the balance of the machine will be noticeable. The armature wires are soldered directly to the com- mutator, thus insuring a perfect electrical contact, which cannot be obtained with screws. Steel instead of cast iron is used in the magnet circuit, with the result that a more powerful field is obtained and better regulation secured. The armature is of the toothed form, the result being a field free from distortion and the commutation being sparkless. The coils are all wound to form and are exactly alike, so that it is possible to remove and re- place a coil, in case of accident, without entirely rewind- ing the armature. This construction also insures perfect ventilation, since almost every inch of the wire is directly exposed to the air. OO — The Spence Mfg. Company, 279-288 Park street, Mil- waukee, Wis., have taken up the manufacture of babhitt LOEB PLATING DYNAMO. will be of marble mosaic tiling and white maple laid on concrete bases. It is designed that the foundations, laid in concrete, will extend 47 feet below the street level, while the building will be 200 feet above this level. The architects, D. H. Burnham & Co. of Chicago, have not authorized any figures, but the data herewith given is re- garded as approximately correct. The plans are said to call for a first floor 22 feet high, a second story 16 feet and the other floors 12 feet high. The light court, which will be in the center of the building, will cover an area 72 x 152 feet. It is estimated that about 18,000 tons of structural steel will be used. The building will have a floor space of 1,676,500 square feet, equal to about 38% acres, and will be equipped with 62 passenger and freight elevators. The power house will occupy a separate build- ing ou Juniper street, below Thirteenth, being connected with the main building by a tunnel through which all pipes will be carried. All boilers and engines, of course, will be located in the power house. All plans are ex- pected to be completed within three weeks. It is esti- mated that the Wanamaker department store, to be erected at New York, will require 15,000 tons of struc- tural steel. ie ih 3 in i: q ; i / Chill Rolls.—I. The Problems of Their Manufacture and Use. BY B. E. V. LUTY. The manufacture of chill rolls constitutes a very important branch of the rolling mill foundry trade. There are about a dozen foundries in the United States making chill rolls for a variety of uses, the principal being in the manufacture of sheets and tin plates, these industries consuming about 5000 rolls annually, costing consider- ably over $1,000,000. Outside the sheet and tin plate industries there has of late years been a greatly increased employment of chill rolls in rolling various sections, par- ticularly rails. These uses arise from entirely different motives; chill rolls are used in rolling sheets and tin plates because their hard smooth surface imparts a smooth surface to the product, while they are used in rolling sections not on this account, but because they wear so much less than sand rolls that the correct section of the pass does not have to be restored nearly so often by returning. Chill rolls are used to a limited extent in the cold rolling of the softer metals, but hardened steel rolls have the preference for this work. They are also used in plate mills. The most interesting employment of chill rolls, how- ever, and the one which presents the most important problem, is where they are used hot, without any artifi- cial cooling means applied to the body, and this use is confined almost exclusively to the tin plate, sheet and light plate industries. The present article will consider chill rolls only in this aspect. In a moderately full pres- entation of the subject it is necessary to cover a number of points with which all tin and sheet mill superintend- ents and managers may be supposed to be conversant. There is almost daily evidence that they are not familiar with other points. The reason chill rolls are used hot in rolling tin plates and sheets is that on account of the thinness of the pair or pack being rolled, and the impossibility, on account of scaling, of raising it to a very high temperature in the heating furnace, the metal would rapidly lose its heat to the roll if the latter were cold, and a sufficient number of passes could not be given. In ordinary tin plate rolling the thickness of the metal rolled varies from about 4-10 to 1-10 inch; in sheet rolling the upper limit is a little higher. In tin plate rolling the temperature of the steel varies. from 1200 to 900 degrees F., and we mention this lower limit as being frequently met in practice rather than as being desirable. In sheet rolling a higher tem- perature is used on the roughing pass, 1500 to 1600 de- grees F., but this is only on the roughing or sand rolls, and is done to scale the bar. In tin plate rolling there must be no scale. A temperature of 1200 degrees corre- sponds to a medium cherry red, while 900 degrees is just about the limit of visibility. The chill rolls in sheet and un plate work are generally between 650 and 800 degrees in the central portion, shading off to a lower neck tem- perature. It is this using of the chill rolls hot which introduces practically all the vexed problems in connection with their use and is the foundation for the never ending dis- cussion between the roll maker and the roll user in re- gard to the failure of rolls. It is not nearly as generally realized as it should be that the whole problem of chill rolls is one governed by certain simple laws of nature, the difficulty being not so much in the understanding of the laws themselves as in determining their application, for the reason that rolls are expensive and tests to de- struction are regarded as too costly, while it is impossible ‘te see into the roll either during its manufacture or when it‘is in use, in order to determine what is going on. A proper understanding of the subject has also been re tarded by the faulty reasoning of workmen in the ranks unacquainted with the general laws of physics. The writer can say without fear of successful contradiction that in this business there has been a great deal more theorizing on the part of men unacquainted with generil natural laws than there has been by those who under- stand these laws, such incorrect theories having done much THE IRON AGE. April 23, 1903 to retard progress and the proper investigation of the subject. The importance of baving the very best rolls for rolling tin plate and sheets is shown by the fact that the average pair of rolls stands for a product of about 400 tons, and as a new roll is worth about $20 more than an old one, this is equivalent to a roll cost of $1 per ton of output, a big item in these days when the cost of making tin plate is figured dowm for each plant to the last cent per ton. Nor is this all. When a roll breaks, instead of wearing out, there is product lost while a new roll is being put in place and time lost in getting the new roll warmed up, after which it is considered necessary to handle it carefully for a week or two. Anything which would double the average life of a roll or cut the break- age in half would mean a saving of between 60 and 75 cents per ton of output, or over 1 per cent. on the total value of the product. British and American Rolls. This comparatively high expense in a minor item of rolling mill cost does not indicate that American rolls are not good. They are probably of better quality than those of any other country. E. D. Nicholson, in a paper read a few years ago before the South Staffordshire Institute claimed that Staffordshire rolls were the best in the world, and would doubtless be exported even to the United States were it not for the tariff. - However, in his paper Mr. Nicholson gave what he considered an ideal roll analysis, which American roll makers con- demn, while he seemed to base his opinion on the “ un- reliable character of American rolls” on what he under- stood to be the fact, that in American works whole stands of rolls were kept in readiness to replace stands in which rolls might be broken. There is no need for such practice, nor does it exist. The practice which Mr. Nicholson had heard of was that of keeping whole stands of grooved rolls made up, to facilitate changing from one section to another. This has been the practice at Lorain ever since the works were built, a separate build- ing being provided for the large number of extra stands. The analysis of a roll which Mr. Nicholson considers an ideal one follows: Ideal Staffordshire Chill Roll. PD -< s'.5.ie ea Ch eee ees wa ey Seals o's he bots 0 0 0.650 EE aan oss bh ae w ORS-Aes cho .¥e RAweS bd cee eee 6 03 0.050 IN «4,4 9k etcw pensatentin wlte tbe oak ea CURES s 0.250 IED“. «big: tis wie ela bcs aos 45.5.o. OR AMOR LS eg 4 Vale 1.500 A ee eee ee ne eee 2.865 Re I Sb Ovla wae co's oh Vi cb eke teas caceeess 0.635 The writer regrets that he has been unable to obtain an analysis of what might be considered a typical Amer- ican roll, but would note that American roll makers say that a roll of the above composition would not begin to stand the service to which their rolls are subjected. Gen- erally speaking, American chill rolls contain less im purities, and have a much deeper chill than the British. American roll makers have the choice of all kinds of pig iron to select from, and can arrive at any mixture they may desire. Mr. Nicholson gives an average of 5000 tons of cold blast pig from Staffordshire and Shrop- shire, analyzed at intervals over a period of three years, which is regarded not only as very fairly representative of the average iron turned out by the furnaces, but also as being the analysis which the roll makers desire, and is as follows: ee ee er ey ee ere ree ae eee ae 1.110 EE ee te ee ae 0.109 en ca ads ARE SS REESE OT ERO Te ee ee Oe 0.475 PEE SG Sok sec oS ebebe vaseed ws Os eee vaseneve ca “ee a MORON, oid nie So Siawhis < eG Ges Benes ea 2.443 ee ee ere ee ee 0.538 With such iron as the above British roll makers make chill rolls quite different in analysis from the “ ideal ” roll cited, but which are claimed to be just as good, the ideal analysis not being obtainable because the iron would cost too much. In the United States there is no difficulty in obtaining iron much purer than is necessary. The maker has, for example, the white charcoal irons made in the Lake Superior region, which run as follows: ee eee Pers eee eee trace to 0.10 ME RUE ELE TE OT nd ee ee trace to 0.018 56 i ore dre bicccw 0 bW MEU Sc calhs on 0.12 to 0,22 ND eared ed (nse OWE Vkeee ed cad nee 0.10 to 1.00 Graphitic carbon...... Mnkh bb eRe ese sspears 1.10 to 1.65 ee. GES 6.65 5 BS bs Sade Ne cent ean 1.75 to 1.00 April 23 1903 THE The above iron is graded as No. 6 and is given merely as representing the greatest purity. The actual mix for chill rolls contains more sulphur and phosphorus with much less combined carbon, from the proper combination of the metalloids. The American roll maker has all the variety of iron he can possibly desire to make any ideal mix. The impression has prevailed outside the roll foundry that nothing but new warm and cold blast charcoal pig, with sparing additions of old rolls, was employed in the mix, but this impression is yielding to the facts in the Even coke pig is used. resulting case. Not maby years ago a coke iron which chilled was regarded as a freak, but it is no longer so, and such chilling pig made in coke furnaces is now a regular market commodity, being manufacture of car wheels and to a chill rolls. used in the limited extent it In some roll foundries there is practically no employ- ment of chemical analysis. In others it is the absolute rule. In one ease at the outset analyses were obtained of a large number of rolls which had stood good service, irrespective of who made them, and the start was then made from an ideal analysis, modifications being made as practice indicated. The Real Problem of the Roll Maker. The writer would not essay any attempt to point out how rolls should be made. The first question is to de- termine what rolls should be after they are made. In the complex actions of the various metalloids can be found all the influences desired to regulate the physical characteristics of the casting to what may be found to be the desirable standard. Sulphur, apparently used in England to increase the chill, increases shrinkage; phos- phorus reduces shrinkage, but decreases strength; man- ganese increases strength and decreases the chill, al though an old dictum runs to the contrary; silicon de creases ‘strength, shrinkage and chill. Thus, if we set down chill, strength and low shrinkage as desirable, we find that each metalloid favorably affects one desirable element at the expense of one of the others. makers claim, however, that a able. The real problem of the roll founder is, therefore, to find the proper mix to avoid the greater proportion of eviis, and on this problem an immense amount of time and thought has been spent. But the difficulty has been that the ideal sought was merely a casting whose physical traits were largely unknown, and when sent out into the world would be treated according to the caprice of the mill manager or roller. To eliminate this personal equa- tion and substitute an ideal,roll of certain defined phys- ical properties should be the first aim of the student of the subject. Then the determination of the mix and questions as to the operation of casting can be approached with much more certainty. Some roll large shrinkage is desir- Making the Roll. Starting with the mix which the individual foundry regards as most desirable, and consisting of warm and cold blast charcoal pig, old roll and other scrap, and possibly some coke pig, the iron is melted in an “air furnace,” which means really an open hearth furnace, the flame playing across the bath. Cupola iron has been used, but is very objectionable. The air furnace can be used so that besides melting and mixing the charge certain chemical reactions can be brought about. The mold is built up of several sections of chill for the body, the necks and wobblers being ordinarily molded in sand, al- though chills have actually been employed for the necks also, and would, of course, be desirable did they not weaken the roll. All rolls are bottom cast, with an ar- rangement at the bottom of the mold by which the iron enters the cavity with a swirl, the object being to evenly distribute fresh metal against the chill mold and pro- mote evenness in the chilled portion of the roll. A sink- ing head is provided at the top, in which impurities may collect. As the metal strikes the chill mold it instantly solidifies to a certain depth, the central portions remain- ing fluid for some time, an annealing effect being pro- duced by the gradual cooling after the chill has set. The condition of the roll as to general shape and [RON AGE. 3 chill varies greatly in different foundries, aud even in the same foundry. Some rolls have a clear line between the chill and the gray portion, while others shade from chill to gray very gradually. Sometimes the chill is thicker on one side than on the other, and in other cases shrink- age produces an elliptic section, the area of an ellipse being less than of a circ¢le of equal circumference. The chill may than the other. Rolls are frequently condemned by the maker before they are turned, while the turning often shows up defects. be thicker at one end The Coutest Between Maker aud User. It is the honest desire of every reputable roll maker not to send out a chill roll which has any defect which may interfere with its usefulness. There is nevertheless a running contest between maker and user as to whether rolls which have failed in service have been poor rolls or have been misused. This is not surprising in view of the fact that neither party can hope to completely under stand his own business, and knows still less of the other's What is surprising, is that so littie effort has been made to study the problem on a scientific basis, so as to arrive at common ground for comparison. One element in the situation has done very much to- ward improving the general quality of rolls, and that is that there has been very little competition as to price. Mill owners are willing to pay a fair price, and this price is so well settled that competition has been mainly on the matter of quality. The roll maker knows he can reduce cost and make more money per roll, but if he does so he is likely to lose business and make less profit in the long run. however, Dimensions and Life of Chill Rolls, The standard tin plate roll is 26 inches in diameter and 382 inches long in the body, with necks 20 inches in diameter. Longer rolls are used only to roll wide packs of tin plate. The leading interest has changed all its mills to rolls 26 inches in diameter. In sheet mills there sizes, on account of the much of gauges and widths rolled. In Wales tin plate rolls 16 to 18 inches in diameter were the and the upper limit even now is not often exceeded. The early tin mills built in the United States in 1890 to 1892 had rolls 20 to 22 inches in diameter, but 24 inches soon became the standard. As late as 1S)8, is a much wider range of greater variety) standard a dozen years ago, however, there were several mills equipped with these small rolls, but 24 inches had become the standard, with a few 26-inch rolls in use. The desire to increase the diameter was so great that in cases where the windows in the housings would not per- mit the larger roll the housings were chipped out, and rolls 26 inches in diameter in the body used, with 19-inch necks. The depth of clear chill in rolls used to be from % to 54 inch, this being as much as it was safe to put ina roll, as the chance of longer life from there being more chill to be worn and turned off was balanced by the in- creased danger of greater skill in the manufacture of rolls and more care in the handling, but mainly on the former account, rolls are now used with breakage. By much deeper chill. % inch being about the average. In England most mills are inch available chill. No two roll hold the same view as to what life a chill roll should be expected to have, but the gen- eral average lies between 90 and 120 actual working days for tin plate or ordinary sheet rolling. While the break- ing of rolls was regarded in the past as an unmitigated evil, and one to be avoided at all hazards, it is now ad mitted by some of the most practical mill managers that the advantages of greater output may well warrant run- ning the risk of breaking a good roll occasionally. The question of the durability of a roll is not one which requires discussion at this time. Durability can unquestionably be increased at the expense of increasing the danger of breaking before the chill has all been used up, and the problem is therefore to determine why rolls break and then find out how to avoid the breaking. After that the way is open, by well understood methods of deepening and hardening the chill, to make rolls which it will take longer to wear out. still content with from 1% to % makers a Sa - : : | ; / + THE IRON AGE. April 23. 10.5 Why Chill Rolls Break. The question of why chill rolls break in service is one still unsettled after years of discussion involving imany fanciful and absurd theories and neglecting many simple and important natural truths. Broadly speaking, one side of the argument is that the broken roll was not a good one, and the other side is that it was misused. One party will claim that it is practically impossible to break a good roll, while the other will claim that the roll shows its own evidence that it was a good one, from the appearance of the broken surfaces. Both parties have some right on their side, and both know well enough that the other is not entirely wrong. The roll maker knows himself that there are casting strains in all his rolls, but does not spend the money necessary to determine by actual experiments how great they are, or how they can be reduced. The mill man knows that pressures put on rolls are sometimes too great, and that they are subject to too great variations in temperature, but does not investigate just how much of such strains a roll ought to be able to stand. It is entirely possible, in the light of present knowl- edge, to reduce the question of breakage to three heads: 1, Casting strains and variations in the coefficient of heat expansion in different parts of the roll; 2, pressure on the roll from the metal being rolled; 3, heat strains pro- duced in the roll by irregular working. The problem is to determine the proportionate influence of each. In some cases of breakage all three may have exercised an influence worth considering. The Pressure on a Chill Roll. The load, applied at center, which would be required to break a roll in which no factors, such as internal strains, operated to reduce the strength is calculated by the following formula: w= rf 0.0982 d* where W is the load in pounds applied at center, f is the fiber strength, / the distance between supports, and d the diameter. The fiber strength may safely be taken at 20,000 pounds per square inch. Any fairly good chill roll iron should exceed this. G. R. Henderson even claimed* that car wheel iron test bars should stand a fiber strain of 48,000 to 56,000 pounds. ‘The length, in a standard tin plate roll, with 32-inch body, housings 14 inches thick, and 1 inch between housing and barrel, is 48 inches, the diameter being 26 inches. The reduction in diameter at the neck occurs so far from the center that it is negligible. On such a standard roll the load applied at the center necessary to break it would be 2,887,000 pounds. In ordinary rolling of tin plates and sheets nothing like this pressure is or should be exerted. No actual tests have been made, but from a variety of considerations it is pretty safe to assert that the ordinary pressure is less than a tenth of this. But there are cases where from carelessness or ignorance the draft is made entirely too great, or where the steel is cold, and then the pressure is greatly increased. From a combination of these it is absolutely known that pressures approximating this limit of strength have been reached, without breaking the roll. Cases were found where the housing screws actually bound from swelling to such an extent that the practice was introduced of tapering the bearing end, so that any deformation of the screw should occur at this point, where the inconvenience is minimized. The mini- mum diameter of the screw portion was 6 inches, giving a total area of the two screws of 56.55 inches, and divid- ing this into 2,877,000 pounds would give 51,100 pounds per square inch. It may well be admitted that the re- sistance to compression of such steel as these screws are made of should not be less than this, and if the general reasoning is correct, and one of the most prominent tin mill engineers claims it is, then a roll which would so deform the screws was strained to a point where break- age was avoided only by its fiber strength being greater than 20,000 pounds per square inch. Such cases are entirely abnormal and should never ** The Manufacture of Car Wheels,’ Transactions A. S. M. E., May. i899, Vol. 20. occur. The fact is cited mainly to show the error of any one who claims that a broken roll is evidence of nothing else than a fault in the roll or in its heat treatment. Nor is that all. It is well known that the continued repetition of strains far below the elastic limit of steel or iron will ultimately cause rupture. The metal in a chill roll is subjected to regular alternations of tension and compression. As the average speed at which tin mills are run is 30 revolutions per minute, it follows that a chill roll which lasts 90 days has had its metal subjected to 3,888,000 alternations of compression and tension, cor- responding to breakage at a fiber stress far below the elastic limit. There is evidence here of the fallacy of the reasoning which assumes that if a roll stands its first fortnight’s service it has proved itself a good roll, and one which will not subsequently break except through abuse. (To be continued.) OO — British Naval and Marine Notes. Lonpon, April 9, 1908.—The spring meeting of the In- stitution of Naval Architects was held last week, and a number of important matters of abiding interest to structural steel manufacturers were discussed. Those who concern themselves specially with naval architecture will, of course, obtain the full report of the proceedings in due course. A few points may, however, be brought into prominence without delay. Cost and the Ratio of Speed. The president in his address dealt with the vexed question of the relation of cost to high speed. Among the most important events in naval engineering last year were the steam trials of the armored cruiser “ Cape of Good Hope.” On her eight-hour full power trial, this vessel (of 14,100 tons displacement) attained a mean speed of 23.05 knots, the highest speed attained by any vessel in the Royal Navy other than torpedo craft. The progressive speed trials carried out with her had yielded information which would doubtless be of value to de- signers of vessels of this class. By the speed curves plotted from the trial results, it would appear that to go from half speed (11.5 knots) to full speed (23 knots) needed, roughly, 26,000 additional horse-power ; while the last knot alone absorbed 8621 horse-power. That was to say, to progress from 22 to 23 knots needed as much pow- er as the total required to drive the ship at about 16 knots; or, to put it in still another way, the power needed to drive the “ Cape of Good Hope” at full speed would propel two similar vessels at about 19 knots. The coal consumption at full speed was, roughly, 26 tons per hour, at 19 knots about 11 tons per hour. Again, at full speed the ship would steam 0.85 knot for each ton of coal burned, while at 19 knots the distance would be dou- bled for a similar consumption of fuel. Such was the price paid for high speed afloat. Modern Accessories in War Ships. W. H. Whitin, assistant director of naval construc- tion, read an interesting and suggestive paper on “ The Effects of Modern Accessories on the Size and Cost of War Ships.” The paper brilliantly illuminates the im- mense addition to cost and weight involved in modern accessories. Here are some instances he gave: Until 20 years ago the weight of the largest steamboats carried by most vessels was about 9 tons, and they could be hoisted at davits by hand; but now most of our large bat- tle ships and cruisers carried two 56-foot steam pinnaces, each weighing 18 tons, which required heavy mechanical appliances for hoisting. Thus the replacement of two 9- ton boats by two 18-ton boats meant an addition, not of 18 tons, but of at least 70 tons to the weight carried, and to carry this load without loss of speed or other quali- ties an addition to the displacement considerably exceed- ing 70 tons would be necessary. Again, some particular item, instead of being increased in magnitude, might be developed with the object of increasing its efficiency or lessening the chance of a breakdown, and an example of the great weight involved in such elaboration of a set of fittings for a single purpose was afforded by the anchor and cable gear. On the whole, the opinion of the con- April 23, 1903 ference was that this question of the weight of acces- sories must be faced very soon. Wharf Crane Service in American Shipyards. W. A. Fairburn on the third day of the proceedings submitted a paper on “ Fitting out Wharf Crane Service in American Shipyards.” The references made to Ameri can shipbuilding may be of some interest. In the paper the lecturer described the wharf crane service now ex isting in each of the American shipyards and navy yards, and discussed their advantages and disadvantages, sug- gesting a few points worthy of consideration in the de sign of such installations. He remarked that 12 years ago none of the American yards was equipped with an efficient wharf crane service. ‘Temporary wooden shears und derricks used to be principally in vogue, but now al- most every yard of note was fitted with its own inde- pendent and permanent hoisting appliances. American shipbuilding companies not only made it a practice to build propelling machinery for the hulls they constructed, but also built all classes of vessels in the same yard. Hence practically every yard must be complete and inde- pendent in its equipment, and on account of the great va- riety of ship construction the wharf crane service was worthy of special attention. Nevertheless, it must be ad- mitted that this question had not, as yet, been given the consideration it deserved, and questions of cost, a varia- ble policy and a lack of appreciation, of the conditions to be complied with, had resulted in many systems that were primitive and without much real merit, although de- vices possessing many advantages had undoubtedly been produced in some cages. Corrosion in Metal Pipes on Board Ship. The last paper of the conference was by A. W. Stew- art on “ Corrosion in Metal Pipes on Board Ship.” The lecturer said that Professor Cohen’s investigations, sup- plemented by those of A. F. Yarrow, went to prove that sea water co-operating with atmospheric air was corro- sive in its action on metal pipes. Such corrosion was to some extent normal in its action, depending on the qual- ity of the sea water and the nature of the metal em- ployed, but instances occurred in which pipes corroded at quite abnormal rates. For these abnormal cases elec- tric currents from the ships’ dynamos were often blamed. Rapid deterioration of this kind had occurred in ships of the Russian volunteer fleet, and the author had in- vestigated the matter to discover whether or not the elec- tric currents in the ship were its cause. The paper con- tained a full account of his inquiries, his conclusion be- ing that the corrosion was due neither to electricity as supplied for lighting, fans and bells, nor to the system of wiring, but principally to the quality of engine room oils in use. He suggested that no olive or other vegetable oil should in future be used for lubricating purposes, and recommended the employment for the future of mineral oil of good quality, together with thorough cleaning and washing with caustic soda of the engine room bilges and bilge and discharge. pipes. The New Turbine Cross Channel Steamers. The two cross channel steamers which are being built by W. Denny & Brothers of Dumbarton, and engined by the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company, will be on service this summer. The engines for one of these boats —that for the Dover-Calais route of the Southeastern & Chatham Railway—are completed and ready for dispatch to Dumbarton. The other vessel is for the Newhaven- Dieppe route of the Brighton Railway, and her engines are well in hand. Ss. G. H. oo The Iron and Steel Institute.—At the London meet- ing, to be held on May 7 and 8, Andrew Carnegie will deliver his inaugural address, and the following papers will come up: “On the Alleged Diffusion of Silicon into Iron,” by J. E. Stead: “ On the Influence of Sulphur and Manganese on Steel,” by Prof. J. O. Arnold and G. B. Waterhouse, Sheffield; “On the Open Hearth Process,” by Lieut.-Col. L. Cubillo, Trubia. Spain: “ On the Applica- tion of Electric Furnaces in Metallurgy,” by Albert Keller, Paris; “On Hollow Pressed Axles,” by C. Mercader, Pittsburgh; “On a New Blast Furnace Top,” by Axel Sahlin, Millom; “ On the Manufacture of Portland Cement from Blast Furnace Slag.” by C. von Schwarz, Liége: “On the Continuous Process Working on Hematite Iron,” THE IRON AGE. 2 by B. ‘Talbot, Leeds; “ On the Effect of Flue Dust Upon the Thermal Efficiency of Hot Blast Stoves,” by B. H. Thwaite, London; “ On a Specimen of Sussex Cast Lron,” by Prof. T. Turner, Birmingham. Reports on research work carried out during the past year will be submitted by O. Boudouard, Paris; by W. Campbell, New York; by A. Campion, Cooper’s Hill; by P. Longmuir, Sheffield ; by kx. Schott, Berlin, and by F. H. Wigham, Wakefield, the Andrew Carnegie research scholars of 1902. a The Independent Labor League. WASHINGTON, D. C., April 21, 19038.—An application has been made to the Department of Commerce and Labor on behalf of the so-called Independent Labor League of America for the formal appreval by Secretary Cortelyou of the aims and objects of this organization. In view of the public functions of the Department, the Secretary has been obliged to decline to take any action in the matter either officially or personally. The subject of official approval for the new organiza- tion of laboring men was presented to Secretary Cortel- you by Rev. E. M. Fairchild of Albany, N. Y., an honorary member of the League, which was recently organized in Elmira, N. Y., and incorporated under New York laws on March 19. Headquarters have been opened in New York City, and it is the purpose of the promoters of the move- ment to give it a national character, to accomplish which it is desired to secure the sanction of prominent officials, economists, philanthropists and others whose influence would be likely to aid in the extension of the movement. The present plan of the organization is described in the following brief memorandum : ‘Several features distinguish it from labor unions other than the name * League.’ While it is made up solely of non-union men, it does not aim to build up a strike- breaking bureau, such as has been operated in England. It has no list of professional strike breakers. It proposes to drop the strike as a weapon of labor. Its scheme for so doing has been worked out to its finest points in the constitution drafted in Elmira. First, it has taken for its inotto the quotation from Emerson, ‘Of what avail the plow or sail, or land, or life, if freedom fail?’ It has aimed to be American and to insure the employer that his men are pushing his business to its limit. They are to work in harmony with him as men of sense. But should the time come when their demands should not be granted by the employer, the matter shall be taken to their council. At this point the honorary members—another provision providing for one honorary member for about every one hundred men—shall be called in. These men shall have a voice, but no vote, in the meetings. They are to be men of judgment and high standing in the community. By the advice of these men it is thought that employer and em- ployees can be brought together. In case they should not, the league provides that any man not satisfied with his condition shall go out of the work and go about his own business. A labor bureau will locate him individually as soon as possible in a better position. If the man desires he may remain in his former employer's hire until he secures another position from the bureau.” The representatives of the organization state that the movement has been fully approved by the National Metal Trades Association, and that similar organizations now in existence in Dallas, Tex., Spokane, Wash., Anderson, Ind., Muncie, Ind. and Dayton, Ohio, have been invited to become members of the Independent Labor League of America. The representatives of the League were especially anxious to secure the formal approval of their project by Secretary Cortelyou, owing to the fact that the new Department is charged by law with the Federal super- vision of all matters affecting labor. It is obvious, how- ever, that the purposes of the league are so different from those of the leading labor organizations of the country that should the new Department accord it official approval such action would be construed at once as hostile to so- called “union” labor. Mr. Cortelyou’s declination, how- ever, was based upon the fact that the statute under which the new Department has been organized does not contemplate the recognition or approval of any form of labor movement. Wi Bete. a ee wen me SS FS ea a a SE OR ATS Spat mer sn ee a | 6 THE IRON AGE. April 23, 1903 The Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. THE PRESENT STATUS. Rapid progress is now being made in the construc- tion of the exhibit buildings on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. Since the advent of more favorable weather and the settlement of the strike of the “staff” workers building has been pushed and the result of each day’s efforts now is plainly discernible even to the uninitiated. The outlook for con- tinued rapid progress is also favorable. At this writing four of the largest and principal buildings—Education, Machinery, Electricity and Varied Industries—are near- ing completion. The Liberal Arts Building, too, is but little behind the first four, being already under roof and the frame work ready for the “staff.” In this latter building will be held the dedicatory exercises, which take place on April 30. Work on the Manufactures Building 1s well under way, and contracts have been let for the Transportation and Mines and Metallurgy buildings. ' The brick work on the east wing of the Fine Arts Build- ing is ready for the ceiling joist, and the frame work on the west wing is completed and brick work begun. Not- withstanding these two wings are to be temporary struc- tures only, unusual efforts—and a liberal expenditure of money—are being made to provide a safe housing for the art treasures. The foundations of the central Fine Arts Building, which is to be a permanent structure, were laid over a week ago and floor joists are in position. One of the boiler houses, too, is completed, and all but two of the foundations are ready for the installation of the boil- ers. Work has been begun upon the briquette manufac- turing plant also. From the foregoing it is evident that nine of the 15 de- partments—each of which is to have a building—will be practically provided for within GO days. For the other six divisions—agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fish and game, anthropology and social economy and physical culture—no buildings have yet been constructed. But it is understood that bids are being taken and contracts have already been let for a number of State buildings, although little if any work has been begun upon State structures. It is understood also that work will have been begun on the United States and French Government buildings by the time of the dedication. Location and Topography of Grounds. To understand the progress thus far made it is es- sential to be somewhat acquainted with the location and topography of the grounds upon which the Exposition is being located. The western portion of Forest Park, be- longing to the city of St. Louis, with some adjoining prop- erty belonging to the Washington University, was se- cured for the Exposition. These tracts of land embrace about 1180 acres located 6 miles southwest from the busi- uess heart of the city. Of this area about 668 acres were taken from Forest Park, which, at the time grading and excavation were undertaken for the Exposition buildings, was a virgin forest. It was necessary to sacrifice many of the noble trees, and, because of the fills required upon the location where now stand the principal exhibit build- ings, many piles were driven to secure firm foundations. The site of the Exposition is about 2 miles long from east to west, and 1 mile wide; the land is estimated as being worth $15,000,000. Location of Buildings. By reference to the ground plan it will be seen that the Exposition site is divided by Skinker Road, to the east of which, in the northern portion of the grounds, is located the main group of exhibit buildings. The Ma- chinery, Transportation, Electricity, Varied Industries, iducation, Manufactures, Mines and Metallurgy and Lib- eral Arts buildings are located on the same level, covering an area of about 300 acres: To the east and south the land rises, advantage being taken of the natural topog- raphy to form terraces reaching back to the Fine Arts Building, which crowns the summit of the most prom- inent hill. The section of the grounds upon which the various State buildings are located is of a rolling char- acter broken by low hills, and in this section the forest trees will not be disturbed except in spots where neces- sary to construct buildings. Cascade and Gardens a Central Feature, Irom an architectural and landscape standpoint the central feature of the design adapted is the Cascade Gar- dens, and the arrangement of the buildings has been planned to enhance the artistic effect of this feature. The Grand Basin, into which the waters from the three cas- cades pour, is excavated. At the time of the dedication the basin will be fiooded with water. In constructing the water way leading from the basins to the east and west, flowing around the Electricity and Education build- ings on either side, advantage was taken of the natural stream which runs through a portion of the grounds. This water way has been completed, and is now covered. The main avenue or boulevard is 600 feet wide, and leads from the Grand Basin northeast between the buildings of Varied Industries on the west and Manufactures on the east, while at right angles to it, and a continuation of the water way above referred to, is Transverse ave- nue, the eastern end of which wi]] be commanded by the United States Government Building, which is to be lo- cated on rising ground, and the western end terminates at the site of the French Government building, also to be located at a commanding hight. The Colonnade. The cascades and gardens are to occupy the slope of a natural amphitheater, the terraces being crowned by a colonnade ; square plyons alternating with columns. This colonnade is to be 52 feet high, occupying an are of 1500 feet or more than 4 mile. The peristyle commands the entrances to a Festival Hall, having a dome and lantern 150 feet in hight and covering an area of 2 acres. The two arms of the peristyle terminate in circular pavilions 130 feet in diameter and 100 feet high, which will be utilized as restaurants. At the moment the ground is being prepared for the pavilions and the terraces formed. On a level with