The Iron Age 1903-02-19: Vol 71 Iss 8

THE [JRON...AGE “MY suy és ue A Review of the Hardware, Iron, Macusuc., - Most preg i Trade. ‘ublished every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 232-238 William St., lew York. ol. Z1: No. 8. New J a Tihaessilan, february 19, 1903. $5.00 a Year, including Postage Single Copies, Ten Cents Reading Matter Contents......... page 54 A'phabetical Index to Advertisers ** 179 Classified List of Advertisers..... ‘6 6172 — and — Rates ** 101 yaX N - W Ie — V O iv _ R. New York. IRON AND we Prowucts!|1 THE THAMES AUTOMATIC THE BRISTOL COMPANY, STANDARD QUALITY. PRICE ATTRACTIVE. Waterbary, Conn. PROFITABLE TO THE DEALER. Bristol’s Recording " — Instruments. 313-315 BROADWAY, For Pressure Temperature M. HARTLEY CO., Sole Agents, NEW YORK and Electricity. Silver Medal, Pris Exposition. All Ranges, Low Prices, and Guar- anteed. Send for Circulars. ————— minted Sa ” ee ——=—=98 caeciniinieeaciill SAMSON CORDAGE WORKS, Boston, Mass. REGULAR PATTERN. THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COMPANY HARTFORD, CONN. 0 TURNBUCKLES. oO } . 2 iz CAPEWELL HORSE NAILS? gx ¢ Branch Office. 11 Broadway, New York. a o Cleveland City Forge and IronCo., - Cleveland, O P NEW YORK, Branches $ PORTLAND, ORE., > TUORNBUCHK UES. — eee , a 10, DETROIT, BALTIMORE, . MERRILL BROS.. ST. LOUIS, CINCINNATI, NEW ORLEANS, | (ES ime 465 to 471 Kent Ave , a BOSTON, SAN FRANCISCO, DENVER, v Brooklyn E.D..™ ¥ " > ; einen < 4 , m A 2 Zz Basic Pia. PILLING & CRAN Lows Block. Petar b REGU ae PATTERS. =. SS = 2 JENKINS BROTHERS’ VALVES Perfectly tight under all pressures of steam, oils, or acids. Warranted to give satisfaction under the worst conditions. Received the At the Pan-Amer-<« Mighest Award Gold Meda ican Exposition, Insist on having the genuine stamped with Trade-Mark. JENKINS BROTHERS, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago. easy and quick it is to work, THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING C0, HOT AND COLD ROLLED Successor to 162. STRIP STEEL. The WILMOT & HOBBS MF6. CO. PAGE eae METAL. Best Anti-Friction Metal for all Machinery Bearings. | Selling Apollo galvanized ) iron is only showing how Rare SS ind how perfect the job is. American Sheet Steel Company, New York Pac-Simile of Bar. Beware of <->. imitations. MAGNOLIA METAL CO., ra-rs Beams, London, coca ont eT tei Metals Owners and Sole Manufacturers, NEW YORK , at competitive prices. | . , i = Se eK = } wy fHBONIAN BET oe + a ae SE EN ST OE CS Ee THE IRON AGE, py Co PPER Co: ESTABLISHED 184. MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER Seamless Tubes, Sheets, Rods and Wire. N. Y. Store, No. 122 to No, 180 Centre St. Providence Store, No. 131 Dorrance St. and No, 152 Eddy St. SOLE MANUFACTURERS Tobin BronZe | w sneer, rop ano wire (TRADE-MarK REGISTERED.) for Key Stock Cutlery Metal Condenser Plates,Pump Linings, Round, Square and Hexagon Bars, for Pump Piston Rods and Bolt Forgings. Seamless Tubes for Boilers and Condensers. Electrical Purposes 99 John Street, - - Plated Ware New York. CROQOOO8ORO SESS 88O88 also Randolph-Clowes Co., ¢|“*Pope’s Istand White jletal” for like uses when extra drawing and spinning is required. WRITE FOR SAMPLES, Main Office and Mill, WATERBURY, CONN, MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET BRASS & COPPER. ® BRAZED BRASS & COPPER ‘ GENUINE No. 1 BABBITT. TUBES. c gies rpienssh, SEAMLESS BRASS c “Saves in every way—Time, ' > oney an atience. Raper TUBES ‘ GREATEST DURABILITY. New York Office, 253 Broadway, Postal is Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze Telegraph Bldg., Room 715. and Metal Company, Chicago Office, 602 Fisher Bldg. € Bridgeport, Conn. Bower Ee Nee Nc ee Ne NN Ne Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., LA SALLE, ILLINOIS. SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use. Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. Stove and Washboard Blanks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. HSN area UE Hy S8‘74 West Monroe St., Chicago. ANUP CNM TMU TTT ede R Beat On Short Notice. Founders, Finishers, HENDRICKS BROTHERS PROPRIETORS OF THE Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, MANUFACTURERS OF Brazsicrs’ Bolt anda Sheathing COPPER, COPPrPER WIRE AND RIVETS. Importers and Dealers in Ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. Main Office and Mills at Waterbury, Conn. GERMAN SILVER | Nace ed Nabe BRASS, BRONZE and ALUMINUM CASTINGS. W. G. ROWELL & CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. ANsonia Brass WATERBURY BRASS GO, | Tue Peume & Arwooo Mrs. Co. MANUFACTURERS OF Sheet and Roll Bras: —AND— WIRE PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERM: SILVER AND GILDING METAL, COPPER Riy AND BURRS. Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Ke sene Burners, Lamps, Lamp Trimmings, &c. | 29 MURRAY ST., NEW YORK 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. 199 LAKE ST., CHICAGO ROLLING MILL : FACTORIES : THOMASTON, CONN. WATERBURY, CONN SCOVILL MFG. CO., Manufacturers of BRASS, CERMAN SILVER Sheets, Rolis, Wire, Rods, Bolts and Tubes, Brass Shelis, Cups, Hinges, Buttons, Lamp Coods. SPECIAL BRASS GOODS TO ORDEK Factories, WATERBURY, CONN. DEPOTS: NEW YORK, CHICAGO, BOSTON. JOHN DAVOL & SONS AGENTS FOR Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., DEALERS IN COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, LEAD, ANTIMONY. 100 John Street, - New York. Arthur T. Rutter SUCCESSOR TO WILLIAM S. FEARING 256 Broadway, NEW YORK. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger man Silver. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire. Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tube. Copper and Brass Rod. “PHONO-ELECTRIC™ WiiIiRE. “1's Tovan.” TROLLEY, TELEPHONE Mit tp ane 8 and TELEGRAP! LINES. Sala, BRIDGEPORT BRASS co ' No better coun made. 4 Wheel, $3.0 5 Wheel, 83." Guaranteed. R. A. HART, BATTLE CREEK, MICH . >, 9 ‘THE IRON AGE Trurspay, Ft sry 19, 19038 A Novel Jib Crane. liinin. = One ese plates is located at the bette ‘ thie sy - feet T inches ot In the new foundry of the Gruson Llron Works, at top, or directly behind the jib \t suitable points Kddystone, Pa., David Townsend, who is general mana i the column the bearings are fastened These consist ver of the plant and was the engineer in charge of its of divided cast tron circular plates, Fig. 5. boited to the construction, has devised a series of jib cranes, which column Fheyv are provided with grooves, Figs. 5 and 4, prove interesting features. The cranes are built up ot tis are also the plates joined to the frame uaking a channels, angles and plates, and are so constructed that unway for the steel balls The segments belted to the they revolve completely around an ordinary I-beam col olumn thus bear t weight of the crane and its load, umn, to which their bearings are fastened. The cranes ined furnish a circular track, allowing the crane to pr are mounted on steel balls, so that even when loaded to ortn a complete circle about the column ln attaching their full capacity they can be revolved by hand with the crane to the column 1-ineh holes are drilled throug ense, the latter in the positions to be occupied byw the b Each crane is of 3000) pounds capacity, being pro “ Phe segments are provided wv l-is cores vided witha Pedrick & Aver pneumatic hoist, supported espond, and they are bolted ! er ’ f \ NOVETI ILI KAN by trunnions resting on grooves in the top of the frame Phe crane being mipletely assembled, with the ex of a four-wheel trolley, which is moved by hand. ception of the re fr of each of the grooved plates, The general construction is shown in Fig. 1 The thre hele ot frame is then placed trolley, it will be observed, travels on the steel Channels, Wo poostti my, tine . ( perly placed in their which provide the horizontal beam or jib. These are Lrooves rhe assembling then completed around the 6-inch channels, 15 feet 7 inches long, and weigh 13 hin pounds per foot. They are located 20 inches apart, be \s will be noted by the illustration, Fig. 1, the cranes ing connected at the forward end by two pieces of angle in be used very advantageously swinging materials iron and riveted to a \-inch plate forming part of the from the bays to the central span of the building, and frame or box surrounding the column. The supports to f sf (ine « m is mvenionthy located on a the jib are also of 6-inch channels. In addition to the olvumnm near the core 01 hich is located in one of end fastening, the channels forming the support and jib t iVsS Hleava ores cub be swung by this erane are connected by angle iron braces, as shown in Fig. 1 om the core ro o the ! sof the core ovens with The upright frame or box, which serves as a mast, is t further handling built up of 244 x 2! x \ inch angles and 44-inch plates —_ The top of this frame is 15 feet 9 inches above the floor | Winnifred Tron Mining (en rn St. Paul, The bottom of it is elevated 18'4 inches. The sides are \Miinn.. have been organized with crpital stock of S150, 33% inches wide. This frame is bolted around two (hte eperate the Winnifred and Laura mines in 58-20, halved cast iron plates, each having a circular opening venr Hibbing. recently sold to Corrigan, MeKNinney & in the center sufficiently large to revolve around the a Ple offeers of ft ihe company are: Price Mein ; I iy a 2 THE IRON AGE. ney, Cleveland, president; Wm. C. Read, St. Paul, vice- president; James D. Armstrong, St. Paul, secretary, and Wm. R. Begg, St. Paul, treasurer. a ee The Commercial Museum of the Philippines. Tbe Commercial Museum of the Philippines is a branch of the Philippine Museum of Ethnology, Natural Iiistory and Commerce, established October 29, 1901, by Act No. 284 of the United States Philippine Commission, aud placed ii charge of the Chief of the Bureau of Non- Christian Tribes. The object of the commercial branch of the museum is to encourage the intelligent and profita- Lie development of the resources of the Philippine archi- pelago, and to aid in the extension of domestic and for 92 Hardened Steel Bal! 1 dia. 5 7 ~ | ! | Tae IRON AGB hig. 2.—Section of Upper Bali Bearing 53 nf \ > \ \ = 1 . | x x . ¢ d x \ ' \ / \ ; - \ S Leah : Li nn” 94 > 44 ” * 3314 os . — Fig. 3.—Plan of Bearings. ~$2 Hardened Steel Balls, 1 dia, «#--T] + THB IRON Avs Fig. 4.—Section of Lower Ball Bearings. A NOVEL JIB CRANE. eign trade relations. This will be attained by the col- lection and exhibition of commercial products and the collection and publication of commercial data. The museum will collect and exhibit, both in the crude and manufactured form, the commercial products ef the islands. For the convenience of local importers and foreign exporters, the museum will procure an ex- tel.sive and well selected exhibit of articles imported frcin foreign countries. In order to increase the demand for Philippine products in foreign countries, the museum will place exhibits Of native products in the best markets of the Orient, the United States and Europe. The museum will further make the fullest possible collection of data bearing on the resources and commer- cial opj«crtunities of the islands. It will study the prac- ticai side of the cultivation of the chief products of the aichipelago. A systematic study will ajso be made of foreigu markets for the purpose of finding out what they linve to sell, aud what they need to buy; to discover the February 19, 1903 best markets for exporters of native products, and for importers of foreign products. Foreign manufacturers and exporters, and local pro- dueers, manufacturers, exporters and importers, may piace exijtits in the museum free of charge. However, in some instances where the exhibits require special care and protection, it may be desirable that the ex- Libitor furnish a suitable case. In case of heavy articles or intrieate machinery, the exhibitor will be required to place them in the museum. Articles for exhibition sent by rail or water transportation to Manila will be looked after by the museum. However, all freight to Manila must he prepaid, unless otherwise arranged for with the museum. There are no customs dues on articles ad- dressed to the commercial museum. Every article on exhibition will be marked with its name, name of manu- facturer and exhibitor, use, price, «ce. In case of valuable or perishable articles, the ex- hibitor may retain the right of property in the articles exhibited, and may change or discontinue his exhibit whenever he feels so disposed, except that he may not demand an article while it is on any special exhibit, or when it is wanted for such an exhibit. The Commercial Museum is maintained by the Civil Government and its services are rendered without charge to its patrons. All communications and articles for ex- hibition should be addressed to Samuel B. Shiley, Com- mercial Museum, Manila, P. L illest tinea New Ruling on Imported Heavy Machinery. WASUINGTON, D. C., February 17, 1903.—The Treas- ury Department has made an important ruling with re- gard te the proper procedure in the matter of the exam- ination and appraisal of imported heavy machinery which is permitted to be shipped directiy from the land- ing wharf to the place where it is to be instalied under a bond given by the importer that the duties and cost of inspection will be paid after appraisal. In connec tion with some recent importations at Boston the ques- tion has been raised as to whether the ruling of Au- gust 26, 1900, and a somewhat similar decision of June 8, 1895, should be regarded as superseding a regulation of many years’ standing promulgated April 27, 1883. The last mentioned ruling required importers to make a deposit to cover the traveling expenses of the specia! agent detailed to examine and appraise the machinery iv question. The Department takes the view that the more recent rulings supersede that of earlier date and copies of the following letter to the collector at Boston lave been forwarded to the leading ports: “The Department is in receipt of your letter in which you state that a doubt has arisen in your office as to whether the ruling dated April 27, 1883, is impliedly re- voked by the decision of June 8, 1895, requiring the filing of a special bond where application is made for the priv- ilege of having machinery examined and appraised at a place of delivery or destination other than the port of original importation. The former ruling provides that in case of the examination of merchandise for appraisal at any place other than the port of importation the im- porter will be required, in order to defray expenses of the examiner, to make a deposit in a sum equal to 10 cents per mile for the distance to be traveled by such officer, and also for the manner of deposit, the account- ing and the payment thereof; whereas one of the condi- tions of the bond mentioned in the decision of June 8, 1895, and that dated August 29, 1900, is that the importer ‘shall pay, or cause to be paid, to the United States all duties, additional duties and charges that may be found to be due on said. machinery, ineluding all expenses in- curred by the person or persons designated to examine and appraise the same.’ , “In view of the foregoing condition of said bond, which fully protects the Government, the Department deems it unnecessary to require importers executing the bond for the purpose mentioned to make the deposit re- quired in the ruling of April 27, 1883, and the latter in- structions may be regarded as impliedly revoked by those of later date, so far as the examination of such machinery under a special bond, as aforesaid. is con- cerned.” . W. Bik February 19, 1903 THE Abram S. Hewitt.* A Biographical Notice. LY R. W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK CITY The tidings of Mr. Hewitt’s death. cabled to me at Rome, bring ine a great shock as well as a sincere sor row. I left him a few weeks ago. not indeed in vigorous health, but still quite able to command recognition as a continued power in public affairs, and destined, as I hoped, to enjoy for many years that final stage of a long, active and honored career, where, having passed beyond the struggles and rivalries of business and of politics, his life and character could be justly appreciated by all men, like some noble work of art, already crowned, and marked henceforward Hors de Concours. Moreover, he was, and would be to the end, not merely the passive recipient of admiration and esteem, but the source of in- spiring appeals, effective warnings and wise counsel, and his rich and varied experience he placed at the service of his fellows. His lightest word was weighty, and those who contradicted him only injured their own cause thereby. Great trusts (true “trusts” in the old and proper sense of the term), like the Peter Cooper endow- ment. Carnegie fund and others, commanded his disin- terested services. Even his business was often con- ducted as a private trust for his employees and less active associates. Great principles of liberty and of justice were strengthened in perilous crises by his power- ful advocacy: great measures received from him a pow- erful impetus. No wonder it seemed to us that this happy twilight hour of life, so well earned and so wel- come to innumerable recipients of its blessing, must continue for a while. We do not expect the night to engulf instantly the full orbed sun. Abram Stevens Hewitt was born on July 31, 1822, at Haverstraw, Rockland County, N. Y. He began his education in the public schools of New York City, where he won, as the result of a competitive examination, 4 scholarship in Columbia College. Throughout his col lege course he stood at the head of his class, and with that rank he was graduated in 1842. Although the scholarship which he had earned relieved him from dues for tuition, he was obliged to support himself, in other respects, by extra work as a teacher; and at the time of his graduation he was already, though but 20 years of age, a regular tutor of mathematics in the college. It was in this capacity that he made the acquaintance of Edward, the only son of Peter Cooper. It was fortunate for Petef Cooper that his son and his son-in-law (Mr. Hewitt) took charge of his business when they did, for he was a business man of the old school, accustomed to superintend all details himself, and very largely keep the particulars of his business situation ‘in his head.” His industry, honesty, frugality and inexhaustible inventive genius had built up a busi- ness greater than his primitive methods could handle. But he wisely acquiesced in the changes required by new commercial conditions and lived to see them amply justified by results. One of these changes was the removal to Trenton, N. J., of a wire mill owned by Mr. Cooper and occupying in New York City a site no longer suitable. In its new location this mill became the nucleus of the large busi- ness subsequently developed by Cooper & Hewitt, and represented by the works of the Trenton Iron Company and the New Jersey Steel & Iron Company at Trenton, and the iron blast furnaces at Phillipsburg, Ringwood and Pequest, N. J.. and Durham, Pa. For many years the firm were a leading representative of the iron manu- facture of the United States. They were the first Amer- ican concern to make iron beams and girders and the third to roll iron rails. Their blast furnaces at Phillips- burg were regarded, in their day, as models of excel lence and long held the record for yield of pig iron. Foreign as well as domestic improvements were dis- cerned and promoted by this firm. In 1856. within 60 days after the reading in England of Bessemer’s famons paper. an experimental Bessemer converter was running * Read at the Albany meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. [RON AGE. 3 in the works of Cooper & Hewitt at Phillipsburg. This experiment, it is true, had no immediate practical result of value. In fact, it may be said to have failed, as did similar first experiments elsewhere. Yet it deserves mention as evidence of the alert intelligence with which Mr. Hewitt noted and appreciated every sign of progress in the metallurgy of iron and steel, at home and abroad. He was twice president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, was elected one of the first hon orary members of the Iron and Steel Institute and was an honorary member of many other scientific associa tions. He was United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition in 1867; in 1875 he was elected as a Repre sentative from New York in the Forty-fourth Congress: in 1887 he resigned this office to become Mayor of New York City; in 1887 he received from Columbia University the degree of LL. D. and was chairman of the trustees of Barnard College. The latest public utterances of Mr. Hewitt’s life were among the most influential. His trenchant, unanswer able and unanswered exposure of the pretenses ani evasions of labor agitators, and his argument in favor of the Pennsylvania Railroad tunnel franchise (endan gered by the audacity of self constituted representatives of “labor” and the corresponding timidity of politi cians), were potent factors in current national and municipal history. And who can forget the ringing let- ter sent by him to the John Fritz anniversary dinner. October 31, 1902, the reading of which brought that great ussembly of the “ captains of industry ” to their feet in irrepressible enthusiasm of applause? Indeed, that let- ter may fitly form a part of this present narrative of 1 life, the spirit of which it so well epitomizes. Free opportunity, full justice. fair play: no coddling by government, no tyranny by caste, no sacrifice of lib- erty, no maudlin sympathy with the disturbers of order and the violators of law: no corrupt fear or favor. either toward those who possess capital or toward those who court it; no power without responsibility: no premium upon clamorous idleness and no blackmail to the “* sturdy beggar ’—this was the wholesome, manly, old fashioned American creed of Abram S. Hewitt. On the other hand, his sense of duty to his city, his nation and man kind knew no limits save those of his strength and abil- ity. Millions for help, thought not a cent for tribute! might have been his motto. May it be long before such an ideal of blended justice and generosity shall cease to be followed among us! $$$ A Chicago Organization of Employers. According to the Chicago Tribune, the employers in that city have organized to stop the aggressions of labor organizations. The employers’ association will maintain a bureau to hire men and to adjust difficulties arising from the demands of labor. The industrial future of Chicago is believed to hinge on the success of capital dealing with labor. For years the power of trades unions has been growing in that city, until it is now regarded as the strongest labor center in the world. The team- sters’ union and their support of strikers in other lines have brought the nratter to a crisis. It is stated that among the branches of trade interested in the employers’ association thus far are the furniture manufacturers, lumbermen, master plumbers, brick manufacturers, wholesale tailors, coal tenm owners, associated teaming interests, State street merchants and the interests con- trolled by the Iron League, Metal Trades Association and Illinois Manufacturers’ Association. They propose also to deal with the combines now controlling fuel and other supplies, with a view to securing freedom from oppressive restrictions in that direction. Frederick W. Job is secretary of the organization. ee — The city of St. Louis, on account of the necessity for ‘in increased water supply in the city, is now installing au new high service pump. The one formerly in use had a capacity of 22,000,000 gallons every 20 hours, and this pump has been sold to the firm of Cal Hirsch & Sons Iron & Rail Company of St. Louis, Mo. a ar rs eae” A PEIN ET a Te a Se ~—_ — 4 THE IR The Stassano Electric Steel Furnace. An Italian Direct Reduction Process. At a meeting of the Electrotechnische Gesellschaft recently held at Cologne, Germany, Dr. Hans Gold- schmidt of Essen read a very interesting paper on the Stassano electric: steel furnace at Darfo, a little village situated north of the Lago d’Ises, in the northern part of Italy, where he had been sent some time ago by the Imperial Patent Office at Berlin to study the new method invented by Captain Stassano, an Italian metallurgist, of producing steel in an electric furnace, and particular- ly to ascertain whether it was possible to produce in Mr. Stassano’s furnace and by his process an iron which con- tains less than 2 per cent. of carbon. As Dr. Gold- schmidt has had the opportunity of studying the work- ing of the new method very closely during the course of several days and has given in his paper the results of a number of analyses made by himself of the various kinds of raw materials used in the process, as well as of the products derived therefrom, we present the fol lowing extract from a report on bis lecture, published in the Electrotechnische Anzeiger :* The Stassano process consists, according to Dr. Gold- schmidt, in the direct reduction of the iron ore by means of chareoal in combination with the radiating heat of an electric are formed above the charge and the simul taneous exclusion of undesirable impurities by the addi- tion of suitable agents in proper prop irtions. The furnace is of brick. lts inner dimensions are 1 m. (about 3 feet 4 inches) in each direction. The sides are lined with magnesite blocks. As electrodes, two im- mense carbon blocks are used, which are placed in two opposite side walls. The distance between the two poles can be regulated by means of a mechanical arrangement. At the beginning of the bperation the carbons are placed close to each other and the electric are formed between the poles is consequently only small, while later on the distance is widened till the are reaches through the whole space of the furnace, causing a terrific rattling and whizzing noise. Che electric power used consists of an alternating current of 2000 amperes at 170 volts, which is furnished by two dynames of 500 horse-power each and a third one of 100 horse-power driven by water power. In one of the operations witnessed by Dr. Gold schmidt the charge consisted of 100 kg. of iron ore, to which were added 23 kg. of charcoal and 12.5 kg. of flux. The chemical analyses made by Dr. Goldschmidt show the following composition of the various materials employed Ore.—_Sesquioxide of iron, 93.02 per cent.; protoxide of manganese, 0.619 per cent.; silica, 3.79 per cent.; sul- phur, 0.058 per cent.; lime and magnesia, 0.5 per cent., and water, 1.72 per cent. Flur.—Lime, 51.21 per cent.; magnesia, 3.11 per cent.; alumina and oxide of iron, 0.5 per cent.; silica, 0.9 per cent., and carbonic acid, 43.43 per cent. Coal.—Carbon, 90.42 per cent.; ash, 3.88 per cent., and moisture, 5.70 per cent. To this a mixture was added containing 59.2 per cent. of carbon, 40.5 per cent. of hydrocarbons and 0.27 per cent. of ash. The analysis of the iron produced gave the following result: Composition of the Iron Per cent. Iron ‘ 09.764 Manganese 0.092 Silicon None Sulphur : 0.059 Phosphorus .....-+-eecereeeecece i etek whe wie — Ce 8 wks 2 bd eR EASED FORO ES FORESEES ae 0.090 - 100.014 In another instance a furnace of & somewhat smaller capacity was used and run with an electric current of 1000 amperes at SO volts. The charge consisted of 70.25 ke. of a mixture of the following proportions: 1000 parts or ore, 125 parts of lime, 160 parts of coal and 120 parts of admixture. mr : . ° ‘ The ttme consumed in the operation was two hours. * Flectrotechnische Anzeiger, 1902, XIX, 3181. ( YN AGE. February 19, 1903 The charging began at 8.15 o'clock. At the same time the electric current was turned on. By 9.15 the whole charge had been put in. In the meanwhile the current had been so regulated that 20 minutes after the begin- ning of the operation it had a potential of 80 volts and 800 amperes. After another 20 minutes it was raised to 100 volts and 1000 amperes, where it was kept for 30 minutes, to be, thereupon, changed to 70 volts and 600 amperes, and after 30 minutes more to 50 volts and 500 amperes. During the last 20 minutes it was kept again at 100 volts and 1000 amperes. The total energy em- played amounted, therefore, to 7,200,000 volt-ampere- minutes, or 972,000 watt hours, or 132.27 horse-power hours. The result of the operation is shown by the following table: Quality and Quantity of the Materials Used and Produced. Used Produced. Material. Grams. Grams. Ch ee eer eee or cr eos 32,557.28 30,727.312 MONGANCHE .cccccccccceseseveseore 239.745 28.336 CR ee kere tk eS HO SRS 910.448 Trace. SOIDAUP voce deccemeseceeenseunes 29.000 15.172 PhosphoruS ....-.-eeeeereceerecces 28.000 2.772 In both instances the iron produced by Mr. Stassano’s process is of remarkable purity. This fact has been con- tirmed by other analyses made by Dr. Goldschmidt of a number of samples of different kinds of iron produced at Darfo. He gives the following figures. Sample 1: Carbon, 0.04 per cent.; manganese, 0.05 per cent, Sample ”’» Carbon, 0.04 per cent.; Manganese, 0.12 per cent. Sample 3: Carbon, 0.17 per cent.; manganese, 0.07 per cent.: silicon, trace; phosphorus, 0.29 per cent., sulphur, 0.05 per cent. Sample 4: Carbon, 0.09 per cent.; man- sanese, 0.18 per cent.; silicon, trace. Sample 5: Car- Manganese, 0.65 per cent.; sulphur, 0.04 per cent. Sample 6, chrome steel: Carbon, 1.51 per cent.: Manganese, 0.26 per cent.; chromium, 22 per cent. bon, 0.77 per cent.; The purity of the products is the result of, first, the purity of the Italian iron ores used in the process, and, second. the addition of suitable agents by which the silicon is eliminated almost completely, and the man- eanese, the sulphur and the phosphorus in considerable quantities. The Cost. Without going into the thermo-chemical details of the process, for which Dr. Goldschmidt furnishes very ac- curate figures, it may suffice to state that, according to his caleulations, the electric power required for the furnace costs 0.0057 lira (equal to 0.11001 cent.)* per horse-power hour per ton of iron, and 3364 horse-power hours being necessary to produce 1-ton of iron, the cost of the electric power amounts to 19.17 lire (equal to about $3.70) for each ton of iron produced. At a plant using 5000 horse-power (working with an efficiency of about 66 2-8 per cent.) and producing 30 tons of steel per day of 24 hours, the total cost of producing 1 metric ton is given as follows: Cost of Production Per Metric Ton Lire. Iron ore 1600 kg., 15 lire per 1000 kg ‘ ; 24.00 Pulverizing same, 3 lire per 1000 kg......--++-> ns .. 4.80 Flux, 200 kg.. 5 lire per 1000 kg.......-+-+- bent hint 5 wd 1.00 Coke (7), 250 kg., 45 lire per 2? and «sp atily wie Me Pulverizing same, 2 lire per 1900 kg.. : ; oo. Admixture, 190 kg., TO lire per 1000 kg... ..- eee eee eees 13.30 Making the mixture.......eeeeeeeeeeees ie dice enn ee Electrodes, 12 kg., 0.30. 3 5 Sia am Ser Maintenance of furnace.......+++6++ De i edi otcas nite: io oC Labor . ; wi ia sei ree Se ae ee ee Utensiis ; 7 . ; et ; . 8.00 Electric power, 4000 horse-power hours at 0.005 secus We General expenses ee .s ; scl a ata bins .5 8 ecu, 112.00 Deduct 00 ¢c. cm, of volatile and combustible g¢ 2 centesimi . reer. 18.00 nepdateeicaih ttess (eee 94.00 Bike cis src eaciinnnken timid nae ans -. .$18.14 Even if, as Dr. Goldschmidt remarks, the item given under general expenses viz., 3 lire (about 58 cents)—is taken too low, the total would remain surprisingly low and show that Mr. Stassano’s method might be success- * One lira equals 19.3 cents, February 19, 1903 THE fully introduced in countries which furnish cheap water power and pure iron ores, and where coal would have to be imported from abroad. It would seem that, be- sides Italy, Chile offered very favorable conditions for employing this process. At the time Dr. Goldschmidt was at Darfo he met there Mr. Vattier, who had been sent there by the Chilean Government to study Mr. Stassano’s method. Althougpb the facts given above show that Mr. Stas sano’s process has passed the first experimental stage and has proved worthy of the serious consideration of the ironmasters, a great deal of money will yet have to be expended, according to Dr. Goldschmidt, for making further experiments and improvements, before it can be commercially exploited. The works in Italy have, up to the present time, caused an outlay of about 1,000,000 of lire (about $193,000) without enabling the inventor to commence manufacturing on a large scale, although to a certain extent by the fact that Mr. Stassano has not been assisted by any educated or skilled help, but has been his own ma- chinist, laborer, furnaceman and chemist at the same time. In the discussion following the reading of the paper the opinion was expressed that the use of coke (the table of cost of production contains an item for coke) instead of charcoal was out of the question, since by using this material new impurities would be introduced into the charge and thereby one of the main results of the proc- ess—that is, the purity of the product—be impaired. This Dr. Goldschmidt conceded, saying that the item “ coke” might be a mistake of the translator. stated that the use of the electric are to produce pure iron directly from the ore was not a new invention of Mr. Stassano, but has been tried for a long time by other metallurgists. Stassano this has been caused Besides it was — ee The annual meeting of the stockholders of the Pitts burgh Coal Company of Pittsburgh was held in Jérsey City, N. J.. on Wednesday, February 11. The net earn- ings and tonnage of this concern in 1902, as compared with those of the previous year, showed a remarkable increase. ‘The annual report of Francis L. Robbins, president of the concern, was read, and in part was xs follows: While the production of coai at your Pittsburgh dis- trict mines, as compared with the preceding year, shows an increase of 13%4 per cent., it would have been very much greater had not the operation of the mines been restricted by the inadequacy of transportation facilities provided by the railroads leading from the Pittsburgh district, which it fill many large and profitable contracts, other mines largely in- creased the cost of production. The profits after the deduction of all operating ex Irom this are deducted $650, 660.11 for royaities on coal mined and $396,666.05 for the in consequence of was impossible to while, on the hand, the enforced idleness of penses were $5.753,.913.28 depreciation fund for replacement of equipments in ex- cess of the amount spent during the year for such equip- ments, leaving the net earnings $4,706,587.12. Dividends on preferred stock Nos. 9, 10, 11 and 12 and interest on bonds amounted to $2,427,146.50, leaving undivided earn- ings for the year amounting to $2,.279,440.62. The net earnings during 1901 were $3,099,538.06, mak- 1901 the district ing an increase during 1902 of 51 per cent. In total mined in the Pittsburgh and Hocking amounted to 13,155,115 bushels. In 1902 it amounted to 14,908,351 bushels, an of 1,753,236 Possession of the Colonial Coke Company was only a¢ quired on January 1, 1903, and none of their operations are included in the report. The acquisitions of the company during 1902 were as follows: Fifteen thousand five hundred fifty-one acres of coal and 939 acres of surface lands in the Pitts burgh district; 2956 acres of coal and 1798 acres of sur- face land in the Hocking district of Ohio; all of the sur face lands, mine equipment, 400 miners’ and other property of the Midland Coal Company, with three mines in operation on the Chartiers Valley branch of the increase bushels. and houses IRON AGE. ° Panhandle Railroad, and a lease for a period of 40 years of all the coal owned by that company, approximating 5000 acres; also the purchase of the capital stock of the National Dock & their pany engaged in a lake shipping and fueling business at Cleveland, Ohio, and Erie, Pa.; a controlling interest in Pittsburgh & Shannon uel Company, subsidiary com the capital stock of the Castle Railroad Company, which carries with it the owner- ship of several hundred acres of the best Pittsburgh coal, with a mine in successful operation; entire capital stock of the Colonial Coke Company; additional equip- ment of the most modern and improved type for installa tion at all mines where it can be advantageously used; 920 standard 40-ton railroad cars; a controlling interest n the Milwaukee-Western Fuel formed during the preceding year by the Company, who were merging of the Thrig Fuel Company, the R. P. Elmore Company, F. R. Buell Coal George S. East- man & H. M. Benjamin Coal Company, who owned and operated 11 docks and yards in Milwaukee, and a trolling interest in the Western Coal & Dock Company, with docks located at Waukegan, Ill. Expenditures on investments during follows: For additional coal lands, $3,810.019.71; addi- tional equipment at mines, $1,245,443.53; additional coke ovens and equipment, $91,745.16; additional railroad trackage and equipment, including railroad cars and car shops, $690,608.86; additional docks and yards on the lakes, $2,661,806.93; additional capital stocks of other companies, $40,786; additional quick assets (coal merchandise, cash ac- in excess of original properties of B. 1 Company, 1902 were as great and on docks, other counts and bills receivable, &c.), cash or working capital, $1,941,151.62, a total of $10,- {$1.561.81. The total expenditures and investments made by the company since their organization amount to $24,692,325.38. J. E. McDonald, secretary and treasurer of the relief association, says in his report that 1040 employees have in transit invested in the preferred stock of the company, owning 7723 shares, under the terms by which the stock was offered to them in 1900 ee Drawback on Railway Layouts. 1903. Department has prepared regulations for the allowance WASHINGTON, D. C., February 17, The Treasury of drawback of duty paid on imported materials used in the production of railway layouts upon the application of the Lorain Steel Company of Johnstown, Pa., as fol- lows: “On the exportation of railway layouts, consisting of curved and connecting rails and in the construction of which are used tongue switches, mates and frogs manu factured from imported steel rails, fish plates and bolts by cutting, planing and fitting as per engineer’s draw- ngs, a drawback will be allowed equal in amount to the duty paid on the imported material used, less the legal deduction of 1 per cent Attached to the preliminary entry and forming a part thereof must be a transcript of their manufacturing records, showing the marks or piece of curved and connecting rails mported and also the quantity numbers of each and the weight thereof as plates and bolts used in the man- The net weight of the im of imported rails, fish tongue switches, mates and frogs ufactnre of drawback entry must show the ported rails, fish plates and bolts used in the article ex The said entry must further show, in addition that materials and in the manner set ported. to the usual averments, the exported merchandise was manufactured of forth in the manufacturers’ sworn statement transmitted herewith, for file in the custom house at the port of ex- portation. In liquidation the quantity of imported rails, fishi plates and bolts which may be taken as the bases drawback equal the quantity ex- after official verification of the weights.” Ww. L. ¢C. for allowance of may ported, as shown in the drawback entry ee a The Case Mfg. Company of Columbus, Ohio, builders of cranes and power transmission machinery, have cpened an office in Room 404, Park Building, with F. H. Sparks in charge. After April 1 the office will be located in Room 502, Park Building. me CIP ALA met 6 THE IRON AGE. Classifying Steel Ingots, and the Influence of Chemical Composition on Their Solidity. Very numerous experiments made by J. A. Brinell have led him to several conclusions on the influence of chemical composition on solidity, differing from those hitherto held by metallurgists, and to disbelieve in the idea that the solidity of ingots and position of blow holes are chiefly dependent upon the temperature of the steel when cast. He considers that the latter, unless abnor- mally high or low, is only a subordinate factor in the condition of the ingots, and under norma! circumstances he regards only those factors as important which exert an influence on the point of time during solidification Febreary 19, 1903 steel is very hot, if only the material is quiet; that is, if gas is not given off. When, on the contrary, gas is given off immediately after the ingot is poured fresh material is continually brought to the surface, thereby preventing solidification. Brinell ascribes only a sec- ondary réle to carbon in influencing the formation of blow holes. The temperature of the heat during conversion, whether in the converter or the open hearth furnace, has a great influence on the amount of silicon and man- ganese remaining in the bath when the heat is com- pleted, thereby indirectly affecting the type of ingot produced. Brinell has classified ingots according to their physical condition and arranged them in a series, some 6. a Type 4. Type 3. 4. 5. 6. = © 10. ai. Ten-Inch Ingots. Five-Inch Ingots. Fig. 1.—Brinell’s Classification of Steel Ingots. (The dotted line indicates the level which the steel occupied in the molds directly after casting. ) that gas is formed. In itself, the original temperature has no effect on this, for the point of time in question is determined almost exclusively by three constituents, aluminum, silicon and manganese, all of which not only effect in a high degree the absorption of gas, but also promote the retention of the same. Steel containing a sufficient quantity of silicon and manganese can be cooled down to solidification with- out giving off any gas whatever. On the other hand, in metal which contains but a small quantity of these elements gas begins to form just before solidification, when the steel is in a pasty condition. Finally, with a steel containing practically no silicon or manganese, formation of the gas begins immediately after the heat has been poured into the molds. To obtain solid ingots it is, therefore, a primary condition that the percentage of silicon and manganese should be high enough to pre- vent the formation of gas before the surface has solidi- fied. This surface crust appears rapidly, even if the members of which are shown in Fig. 1. This shows cuts through the vertical axis of ingots of three sizes: 14, 10 and 5 inch, each figure representing steel of the same percentage of silicon and manganese as those of the other sizes immediately above or below it. By this ar- rangement the influence exercised by the size of the mold is shown at a glance. Fig. 2 shows photographie reproductions of the fractures, which in every case were obtained by breaking off one-third from the top of the ingot. The larger the ingot the longer it takes for the surface to solidify, and, therefore, the greater the possi- bility of gas being given off before the material has solidified. ig. 1 shows that the same steel cast in a 10-ineb mold gives an ingot of Type No. 5—that is to say, per- fectly solid with the exception of a few blow holes iu the neighborhood of a small shrinkage pipe—whereas in a 14-inch mold an ingot with blow holes around the edge is obtained. February 19, 1908 THE Description of Various Types of Ingot. Figs. | and 2. Type No. 4.—Top surface concave. No gas is formed either before or after solidification. Brinell is inclined to believe that occasionally vacuum the shrinkage pipe. Type No. 5—Top surface flat, This type differs from No. 4 only in the fact that the pipe does not extend so far down the ingot, while the surface is flat or slightly convex. Steel giving this type of ingot has a certain tendency during solidification to give off gas, which, rising to the top of the ingot, where the pressure of the fluid material is not so great, fills the shrinkage pipe and gives to the top its characteristic form. Type No. 7.—Top surface partly concave and partly flat, but always lumpy. Blow holes are present around the edge of the ingot. This type is formed when gas is evolved during that period of solidification when the material is in a pasty condition, the process being as follows: The pouring completed, the top surface re- mains quiet for a few seconds, but a very small evolu- is formed in a occasionally convex. type = 4. Ty pe Ss. , Puy. < tion of gas being seen while a thin crust forms over almost the entire surface. because as the material cools off a powerful develop- ment of gas takes place at the sides and near the bot- tom. This gas is forced through the still fluid center of the ingot, the thin crust is broken through and the metal flowing out forms the before mentioned lumps. The evolution of gas does not, however, last long, because the pressure exercised by it is not strong enough to pre- vent the top surface of the ingot from solidifying. Type No. 9.—Top surface sunken, uneven and shows edges raised above the general level. No blow holes on the sides, but a ring of them between the center and sides. The formation of this type takes place in the fol- lowing way: When the mold is full, sometimes fore, gas begins to evolve from the metal in contact with the walls. This gas escapes toward the center of the ingot, where the metal being hotter and thinner offers less resistance to its passage. This means that at the side of the ingot the steel is free from blow holes. As the cooling progressed the gas bubbles would move more and more toward the center and top if the possi- bility of their so doing were not prevented by the solidification of the surface. As soon as the latter has taken place all evolution of gas ceases. Type No. 11.—Surface of the ingot irregular. This condition soon changes, be- Blow IRON E AGE. holes very numerous, not only at the sides, but through- The evolution of gas during pouring and This is the result of a large percentage of iron oxide in the steel Although the an early the rapid the whole because hot out the ingot. cooling causes the steel to boil vigorously. causing a formation of carbon monoxide. pouring temperature is comparatively low, solidification of the surface is prevented by formation of gas. This does not cease until form, metal is continually forced upward by ingot has solidified, as no crust can the rising gases, the result being that the whole area of the ingot is full of blow holes. Opportunity may be taken here to show how, in cer- tain head does more harm than good— namely, those when the steel, in the usual way, would ingots of Type No. 5% or Type No. 9. By reason of the fact that the sink head keeps the top surface hot longer than the rest of the ingot, the evolution of gas aided and the have more holes at the if this method had not been used. Every- thing which delays the solidification of the top surface cases, a sink vive is ingots blow edges than 5 6 and 7. 9. ae Fractures of Steel Ingots. tends to give the ingot a higher number in Brinell’s scale. After many years’ experimenting, Brinell claims to be able to produce at will any particular type of ingot. He finds that the relative values of manganese, silicon and aluminum in preventing blow holes are 1, 5.2 and 90; that is to say, it takes 5.2 times as much manganese as silicon, or 90 timies as much manganese as aluminum to produce the same effect. formula This he expresses by the Mn+5.2 Si+90 Al=T, in which T is a constant (called by Brinell the Solidity Value) varying with each type number, and the amounts of Mn, Si and Al are expressed in percentages. He found the Solidity Value (7) for Type No. 5 to be 1.66 per cent. These values must not, however, be applied without further investigation when the conditions differ from those of Brinell’s experiments. They only hold good for 10-inch ingots made in the Fagersta Works, poured at a normal temperature in molds with 2-inch walls, the percentage of phosphorus varying from 0.024 to 0.029. The amount of Si, Mn and Al needed diminished by the following factors: 1. An abnormally high temperature. 2. Hot molds. 3. Decreased thickness of molds. is eS oF ! — — ao we a ee 8 THE 4. Decreased percentage of phosphorus. 5. Decreased area of mold. The reason factors 1 to 4 have the effect mentioned is that they delay solidification, thereby permitting the formation of the top crust to make further progress before gas begins to form. Factor 5 hastens solidifica- tion for the inner as well as the outer parts of the ingot, but the surface seems to be most affected—Stahl und Eisen, 1903, No. 1. — The American Steel & Wire Company’s San Francisco Factory. The completion of the large new factory of the Ameri- can Steel & Wire Company firmly establishes at Sun Francisco the center and seat of the wire and cable in- dustry of the Pacific. It has grown from small begin- nings to its present magnitude, and bears striking testi- mony to the ability of those who have conducted its affairs so as to make it one of the leading factors in California industries. The late A. S. Haladie was the pioneer of the wire industry of the Pacific Coast. As far back as 1869 he laid its foundation in a small way in a factory at North Beach. The force was confined to two men. A wire mill was established on Brannan street in the seventies and there existed in 1883 three separate lines of busi- ness—the manufacture of wire rope, of barbed fence wire and of wire goods generally. These were all con- solidated that year. The capacity of the establishment was added to from time to time until now it can manu- facture 60,000-foot cables, though the largest in the city does not exceed 30,000 feet in length. It has turned out tive cars of barb wire daily, besides large quantities of wire nails. It has employed as many as 350 men. The purchase of the works by the Washburn & Moen Mfg. Company took placeg