The Iron Age 1902-06-05: Vol 69 Iss 23

ie oe E T R On LN ig G. E our UBIUOSYITUIGg A Review of the Hardware, Iron, Machinert anh Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 232-238 William St... New York. r ® . $5.00 a Year, including Postage. Vol. 69: No. 27 New York, Thursday, June 5, 1902. Single Copies, Ten Came, Reading Matter Contents .. -page 68] - Alphabetical Index to Advertisers “ 215] Classified List of Advertisers . “ Advertising and Subscription Rates “‘ DENSE SMOKELESS POWDER U. M. C. Arrow Shells FOR DENSE SMOKELESS POWDER were formerly called ACME This shell differs from the ARROW for bulk powder in that it is maroon color and has a high conical inside base which is specially adapted to dense powders such as L. & R., Ballistite, Walsrode and Rifleite. All U. M. C. Smokeless Powder Shells.are primed with the famous No. 3 Primer. New Tilustrated Price List, Showing Special Tournament Loads, Free. THE UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE €0., 313 BROADWAY, N Y. BRIDGEPORT, CONN, Send for Circulars and Free Samples. THE BRISTOL CO., Waterbury, Conn. SAMSON CORDAGE WORKS, Boston, Mass. REGULAR PATTERN. THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COMPANY TURNBUCKLES. $ : CAPEWELL HORSE NAILS « w - NEW YORK, Branches : PORTLAND, ORE., e PHILADELPHIA, BUFFALO, hh CHICAGO, DETROIT, BALTIMORE, : ST. LOUIS, CINCINNATI, NEW ORLEANS, : BOSTON, SAN FRANCISCO, DENVER. q J a ‘ COKE PILLING & CRANE.) 47 __ HARTFORD, CONN. a Girard Bullding, Philada. me e Lewis Block, Pittsburgh. EOULAR PATTERS. ¢ Empire Ser ee eeere Seneng, avert New York. | NG 7 SSS SS" ? — = i ss ee : & 9 2 7 Jenkins "96 Packing. 2 APOLLO BEST BLOOM i Makes perfect Joint, instantly ; does net have to be followed “ GALVANIZED IRON Sh atin Mk” bees net eet, burn. iow rompeanents 7 Ge highest award—Gold Medal—at the Pan-American Expo- 8 n. : ] ost re- All Genuine Stamped with Trade Mark. : optics : JENKINS BROTHERS, now vo, seston, Pitadephia, Cheese. ; i lo. Any iron |\*~mnn LBB BIAL GD THD e CS ORL EDIE AA as ¥ THE IMERIGAN TUBE & STAMPING CO. ‘ will do for rough work. HOT AND COLD ROLLED ~. Successor to sxe (97 ¢ | an STRIP STEEL. The WILMOT:& HOBBS MF6. CO. PAGE : : Is there any advantage | jp, MAGNOLIA METAL. : using inferior iron ? Gf a Aste Friction Motel for ot Machinery Beware of : } American Sheet Steel Company, New York ; eieamena fig Seat Pst it ~~ \ ey “uN : 7 ae ae eee O98 . Ng alrite creat tt I ot Bin a A - , * - - * ‘ ge it tee. . -3 P or a ae ao en - he) wnat I att A tate ott. » ‘ 4 Me & Vf . a " Te. . ? Mote ob ; Be ih By,’ Sin Cr al aia tt is ede: Dieta aed tala Mean lteter tne ss eens ccc ‘te asiibtinin ts tian alt wtnacsannasssnaniine at — 60a Pb aD -_ aa bs + ~ - Pas % es a be ta he Ps ak . > . ss wll oe ¥ 7 wi: oe aot WPL ~ one PPS A Fe PEK] Se (TEL PRET wa era Se A a eae Ee ee ed ge », - gas £205 px WING ees Set oy eee Lh ire a SOOT ss, Ree a, he 9 ae Teter i¢ Game z ets $ ae? Carros @ ee STE Sty } ass THE ANSONIA Brass #° COPPER CO. BRASS AND COPPER Seamless Tubes, Sheets, Rods and Wire. ingot Copper. Tobin Bronze (TRaDE-MaRK REGISTERED.) Condenser Piates,Pump Linings, Round, Square and Hexagon Bars, for Pump Piston Rods and Bolt Forgings. Boiler and Condenser Tubes, Seamiess Tubes. $9 John Street, “ . New York. Randolph-Clowes Co., Main Office and Mill, WATERBURY, CONN. MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET BRASS & COPPER. BRAZED BRASS & COPPER TUBES. SEAMLESS BRASS & COPPER TUBES ‘TO 36 IN. DIAM. New York sig: ates 258 Broadway, Postal Tel- Boston Office, Cor. Oliver and Sts. WITERRURY muss 00. Te PLONE & Arwooo We Co, ESTABLISHED 1845. Main Office and Mills at Waterbury, Conn: N. ¥. Store, No. 122 to No, 130 Centre St: Providence Store, No, 131 Dorrance St., and No. 152 Eddy St. Pope's Island “White” “GOL Hon-Corrosive fetal,” Suitable for Spinning, Drawing, Stamp- ing and Jewelers’ Work Brass, German Silver, Bronze and Copper in Sheets, Wire, Rods, Brazed Metallic Eye- Ferrules and small brass and Seamless Tubing. lets, Shells, wares of every description. Deoxidized Babbitt. NEVER HAS BEEN BEATEN. Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal Co. BRIDGEPORT, CONN, * Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., LA SALLE, ILLINOIS. SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use. Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. Stove and Washboard Bianks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. ALLENS in oe 8S S8-:74 Wes BATTLE CREEK, MICH. ~ HENDRICKS BR. A. HART, EAE AGU tt Mor 1 & wy Founders, Finishers, W. G. ROWELL & CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. ‘BROTHERS > PROPRIETURS OF THE Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, Tiramiera* Bolt ANUPFACTUREES OF and Sheathing COPPER, COPPER WIRE AND RIVETS. and Dealers in ingot Copper, Block "Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. 7 MANUFACTURERS OF Sheet and Roll Brass —AND— WIRE PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN SILVER AND GILDING METAL, COPPER RIVETS AND BURRS. Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kere- eene Burners, Lamps, Lamp ey &ee 29 MURRAY ST.. "NEW YORK. 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. 199 LAKE S8T., CHICAG FACTORIES ¢ ROLLING MILL THOMASTON, CONN. WATERBURY, CONN, SCOVILL MFG. CO., Manufacturers of BRASS, GERMAN SILVER Sheets, Rolis, Wire Rods, Bolts and Tubes, Brass Shelis, Cups, Hinges, Buttons, Lamp Coods. SPECIAL BRASS GOODS TO ORDER Factories, WATERBURY, CONN. DEPOTS: NEW YORK, CHICAGO, BOSTON. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, AGENTS FOR Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., DEALERS IN COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, LEAD, ANTIMONY. 100 John Street, - New York. Arthur T. Rutter SUCCESSOR TO WILLIAM S. FEARING 256 Broadway, NEW YORK. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire. Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tube. Copper and Brass Rod. “PHONO- ELECTRIC” WIRE. “IT’S TOUGH.” TROLLEY, TELEPHONE and TELEGRAPH LINES. drevort, BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO., 19 Murray St., New N. ‘THE IRON AGE Tuurspay, June 5, 1902. Tunneling Under the Busiest Section of New York. New York is building an underground system of rapid transit railroads. As a consequence certain streets along the line are in a more or less disordered condition and traffic is thereby impeded. But the openings in the surface convey no idea whatever of the extent of the work carried on below. They resemble the entrance to a cave, which may be small and insignificant and yet admit to a grand series of chambers, or it may be of Pes | t CL tan? os ISPIL LI LTIIZ ILL TEL II III Te Brooklyn Bridge. roads and is within a stone’s throw of most of the New York daily newspapers. Park row, which passes the entrance, is, therefore, an extremely busy thoroughfare, without taking account of the bridge travel. The tunnel enters Park row at its junction with Centre street, passes south to Beekman, then curves under City Hall Park, making a _ loop, which unites with the main line at the Record Build- ing, shown in Fig. 2. The main line will extend south to the Battery, passing between the Post Office and the Syndicate Building, the highest office building in the world. In this particular neighborhood are many other Ss World. Fig. 1.—Looking East. TUNNELING UNDER THE BUSIEST SECTION OF NEW YORK. imposing appearance and dimensions and introduce to nothing but a hole in the ground. For convenience, work on the tunnel may be con- sidered as of three classes: Open cut, embracing the whole width and length of a section; tunneling proper —that is, sinking a shaft and excavating each heading, and a combination method of open cut and tunneling. The first is employed only in the sparsely settled dis- tricts uptown or at the northern end of the line, and along those streets downtown which could be closed without causing undue inconvenience. The second has been used in certain all rock sections, and, of course, un- der the Harlem River. The third method is the one most extensively pursued and is used under the most thronged part of New York, which probably means that tunneling is progressing under the busiest locality on earth. At this point all those who use the Brooklyn Bridge meet. The bridge entrance faces City Hall Park, con- mects with the Second and Third avenue elevated rail- massive structures, which demanded the utmost cau- tion in carrying forward the work so as not to endanger their foundations. For the most part the material is sand and gravel. Openings are made along the west side of Park row, skirting the Park, from Mail to beyond Chambers street on the north. A small opening is in the triangle formed by the union of Park row and Nassau street, in front of the Tribune Building, and at the foot of the statue of senjamin Franklin, whose head is inclined as if the great printer were seriously considering the usefulness of the whole thing. There is another long and narrow excavation on the west side of the Staats Zeitung Build- ing. The entire front of the bridge entrance is undis- turbed except on the Park side of the street. The en- trance has been extended over the cut to the portico of the Record Building, as shown in Fig. 2, thereby per- mitting easy access to the Park and thence to Broadway and the West Side car lines. While the method of working is extremely simple, the 2 THE IRON AGE. greatest care must be constantly exercised so as not to risk the foundations. At the same time the entire sur- face of the street, with its tremendous live and dead loads, must be supported. Also the gas and water pipes and electric tubes must be taken care of. After the excavation has been opened along one side a cable way is erected its entire length. In the particular excavation here illustrated in all the views the engine operating the hoist is at the southern end, Fig. 2. The hoist can thus be traveled the entire length, the bucket picked up at any point and its load dumped into the cart. The cart receives its load on a bridge spanning the cut. The actual tunneling progresses laterally beneath the street, the roof being supported by heavy timbers as the work goes forward. As the excavation deepens sheet piling is introduced to support the side walls which adjoin Brooklyn Bridge entrance, World. June 5, 1902 Healdsburg. Cal., as well as the Leavenworth Railroad Company, Walcott, Kan., and the Hartford Electric Light Company, Hartford, Conn. The Niagara Falls Power Tunnel Inspected. The Niagara Falls Power Company made an official inspection of their tunnel on the morning of Sunday, June 1. Preparatory to this inspection all the tenants and consumers of power from their great central station received notification that there was to be a total shut down of the installation that has commanded the ad- miration of engineers from all over the world. There was but a partial load carried on Saturday, May 31, and several of the manufacturing establishments on the lands of the company did not operate on that day. The Tribune. Old Hall of Records, Fig. 2.—Looking South. TUNNELING UNDER THE buildings, the piling being supported by horizontally disposed struts. Narrow gauge tracks, Fig. 4, extend from the open cut into the excavation and upon these the buckets are run so as to be reached by the hoist. After the digging has been completed the floor, side walls and steel framing for the roof are constructed. Oe According to the Aluminum World the use of alumi- num transmission lines has been steadily growing since 1896, when aluminum cables began to be used at Niagara Falls for conducting the current from the power house at the bottom of the cliff to the reduction works at the top. Aluminum lines have been erected in all sections of the country, but particularly on the Pacific slope, where there has been a remarkable utilization of mountain water powers. Interesting reports are pub- lished in the May issue of that journal of the satisfac- tory service rendered by the aluminum lines used by the Bay Counties Power Company and the Standard Electric Company of San Francisco and by the city of BUSIEST SECTION OF NEW YORK. complete stoppage came late Saturday night, and all of the ten great turbines and ten huge dynamos forming the installation of the station stood still. So far as the machinery of this wonderful installa- tion was concerned it was a picture of idleness, but not so with the engineering force of the company. The shut down was developed in order that the bulkhead in the tunnel extension between the old and new whee) pits might be removed and the tunnel extension per- manently opened. This was done. The hour for shut- ting down this station of such extended connections was selected at a time when it would least inconvenience the patrons of the company. Not only did the Niagara Falls industries have to be taken into consideration, but the Tonawandas, Buffalo and Lockport, as well as the electric car service all about the Niagara region. For this reason it was 1.30 o’clock on the morning of Sunday, June 1, before the stoppage occurred. In Buf- falo the trollies were operated by a steam plant and a storage battery service, while the Buffalo General Elec- tric Company got current from the railway company’s steam plant. When the gates had been closed and the June 5, 1902 THE turbines and generators brought to a standstill, prepara- tions for inspecting the tunnel were made. Electric cur- rent was thrown in from the generators of the Canadian Niagara Power Company, located in the station of the Niagara Falls Park & River Railway, Canada side, and this was used for lighting the old wheel pit. As the pumps of the Niagara Falls Water Works Company, an allied company of the Niagara Falls Power Com- IRON AGE. 3 2, and thence into the tunnel. The bottom of the tun- nel was covered from 1 to 1% feet deep with running water, the leakage of the gates, but as all in the party were properly clothed for the trip underground this was hardly noticed, except on the return back up the tunnel, when it was found more difficult to walk against the stream than it had been to walk with it. The total length of the tunnel from the new wheel Staats Zeitung Fig. 3.—Looking North, Staats Zeitung. City Hall Station of” Elevated Railroad. Fig. 4.—View Midway Between Figs. 1 and 3. TUNNELING pany, are located in wheel pit No. 1, where they are operated electrically, the reserve steam plant was ready for operation in case of need caused by fire. Soon after 1.30 a.m. Vice-President William B. Ran- kine, Edward D. Adams, both directors of the Niagara Falls Power Company; William A. Brackenridge, resi- dent engineer; Ciemens Herschel, consulting hydraulic engineer, and others went down the old wheel pit and passed through the connecting tunnel into wheel pit No. UNDER THE BUSIEST SECTION OF NEW YORK pit to the portal on the lower river in the gorge is: 7436% feet. From end to end this great hole, over @ mile long, 21 feet high and 18 feet 10 inches wide, is lined with brick. Not only is it lined, but at all points there are at least four rings of brick, while in many places the rings number seven and even eight. The eyes of all in the party followed the illumination of the torches to find if at any point the walls showed a breaking away, or even a weakness, but at no point was there the Fisk. ES ey | t | ) | ; ' i : t | | (AE TTT At OTE teal nT na oO ID AB cn ce ee ee a eh BET dL ECS SE a 4 THE IRON AGE. slightest change since the great tunnel was completed. It was in the most perfect condition, and the engineers and directors of the company were delighted. Considering the years that this tunnel has been in use, the result of the inspection was a grand demonstra- tion of the perfect workmanship of those who built it. It was in 1894 that the first water from turbines was turned into the tunnel. This came from the wheels of the paper mill located on the Power Company’s lands. In 1895 the Niagara Falls Power Company started their installation in part, and ever since then the water has been pouring through it in great quantities and at a terrific rate. In 1896 or 1897 the tunnel was inspected, but constantly since then there has been no let up to its service as a tail race. The water from ten 5000 horse- power turbines has been rushing through it, the esti- , mate being that 4600 cubic feet of water passes through every second. At 7 o’clock Sunday morning the water was again directed upon the turbines, and soon a supply of the energy of Niagara was once more available for the use of man. It may be added that when Mr. Rankine and party reached the portal of the tunnel they found Engineer R. S. Buck and Superintendent Rothery of the Interna- tional Traction Company already at work upon an in- spection of the northern American abutment of the upper steel arch bridge, now the property of the International Traction Company. This abutment is right on the water line of the stream that pours out of the tunnel, and the wash of the waters against it is terrific, but a very thorough inspection proved that it is in the most perfect condition, the form of construction being ample to pro- tect it from all danger. —$$$ ag Another Drawback Ruling on Cast Pipe. WasHINGTON, D. C., June 3, 1902.—The Treasury De- partment has issued a series of regulations for the al- lowance of drawback on the exportation of cast iron pipe which exemplify the general tendency of the De- partment to liberalize its policy with reference to draw- back rulings, which has been notably in evidence since the discussion in the Ways and Means Committee of the Lovering bill. In this case, as will be seen, it is pro- vided specifically that the identification of the material and the method of manufacture shall be based upon the records of the manufacturers, rather than upon the ex- pert examination of the finished product, and it is fur- ther provided that these records shall at all times be open for inspection by customs officers. The regulations, which have been issued upon the application of the United States Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Company of Burlington, N. J., are as follows: On the exportation of cast iron pipe manufactured in part from imported pig iron paying a duty of $4 per ton, a drawback will be allowed of the duty paid on the imported material entering into said manufacture, less the legal deduction of 1 per cent. The drawback entry must show the number of pounds of pipe exported, and furthermore, in addition. to the usual averments, that the exported pipe was manufactured of the material and in the manner set forth in the manufacturers’ sworn statement as made from their records, and these records shall at all times be open for inspection by customs offi- cers. Weights shall. be provided by a United States weigher. In the liquidation of the entry the basis of drawback which may be allowed may equal that claimed in the application, but shall not exceed 24 pounds of im- ported pig iron in each 100 pounds of exported pipe. Ww. L. C. — It is reported from Germany that the construction of a great tunnel between Germany and Austria is contem- plated. The tunnel will perforate the Wetterstein range and will be 18 km. in length. The length of the St. Go- thard tunnel is 14 km. and 912 m.; the Mont Cenis is 12 km. and 237 m., and the Arlberg is 10 km. and 240 m. The statement is made that the cost of this tunnel is estimat- ed at 40,000,000 kronen, which will be shared in equal proportions by Austria and Germany. Its construction, however, will be a less costly undertaking than either of the other great tunnels mentioned, notwithstanding its greater length. June 5, 1902 Piping Materials for Steam Plants.* Designing a system of steam piping is properly the province of the professional mechanical engineer. The manufacturer is interested in the design only so far as it may adversely affect his product. He has, however, a vital interest in the quality and type of the materials specified, as in the event of failure of any part of the system he usually bears the lion’s share of the blame. It is obvious that the manufacturer of any article whatever should have a knowledge of service conditions if he is to attempt to fulfill such conditions satisfacto- rily. Having such knowledge, it becomes necessary, when designing valves, fittings or other steam appli- ances, to draw upon the usual sources of engineering inforination as to strength of material, &c., supplement- ing this by a broad series of shop tests to determine whether the theoretical information is borne out by facts. It is one thing to think you are right and quite another to know you are right because you have dem- onstrated it. The Crane Company have carried on a series of such tests for several years, principally covering the field of high pressure steam piping, and as briefly as possible I will give you the results: Pipe. Ordinary commercial pipe, 12 inches and smaller, ap- pears to have an ultimate bursting strength in excess of 1500 pounds per square inch, provided the weld is per- fect. We have tested some lengths of 10-inch pipe taken at random out of stock to 2300 pounds per square inch, 8-inch to 2000 pounds, 12-inch to 1500 pounds, 16-inch % inch thick to 800 pounds, 24-inch % inch thick to 600 pounds, all without rupture or apparent distortion. We have tested from time to time thousands of pieces of all sizes, 20 inches and smaller, under 800 pounds per square inch, so that as far as strength is concerned, there appears to be no reason why pipe heavier than standard should be used on power plant work. In plants where the feed water is bad, it is economy to run the feed lines of extra strong pipe, and this has become quite a common practice even where the water is com- paratively good. Flanged Joints. We have had occasion to make nearly every possible style of joint, but the major portion of our orders are for either screwed or shrunk flanges, in the proportion of about 85 per cent. screwed to 15. per cent. shrunk. Considering everything—first cost, ease with which a line can be altered or repaired, freedom from troublesome leaks and strength against tensile strain—we think a good screwed joint is superior to any other. We use two lengths of threads, the standard up to 125 pounds and a somewhat longer full taper thread for pressures up to 250 pounds. They compare as follows: Standard. Extra heavy. Inches. Inches. 4-inch length - 1% 6-inch 2 8-inch 21-16 12-inch ‘ - 2 9-16 16-inch “ - 2% 20-inch 3% To determine the holding power of threads we made a large number of test, commencing with the long threads and gradually cutting them away. Results showed that the strength of the joint was limited by the strength of the cast iron flange. In no case was the thread stripped. On a 10-inch pipe the threads were re- duced until barely five threads were in contact instead of 14, as called for by ovr standard tables. On the test the flanges broke at 650 pounds per square inch, all threads being intact. This question of the holding pow- er of threads is one that we frequently have to explain, as some people are under the impression that under high pressure the threads are likely to strip. A calcula- tion of the amount of metal which would have to be sheared off before the joint parted will effectually still any fears in ame direction. Taking, for example, our * ‘Paper ‘read. by John B. Berryman, manager engineerin partment Crane Company, Chicago, before the Engine Buil = Association of the United States, at Pittsburgh, May 22, 1902. June 5, 1902 standard length of thread, eight threads per inch, the result works out as follows: Sectional Length area of full of threads. Metal in contact. weight pipe. Size. Inches. Square inches. Square inches. Peirce saws 154 42 8.396 pO” are 2 1-16 77 14.579 10% inches......3i. 2 7-16 116 18.41 If we assume that the shearing strength is one-half of the tensile, then it is evident that the holding pow- er of the threads is fully three times greater than the ultimate strength of the pipe. R. T. Crane had a great number of tests made upon runs of 8-inch pipe, using regular wrought iron couplings, for the purpose of dem- onstrating that long threads were not essential to strength. The final test was made with threads only % inch long, barely six threads being in contact. The pipe was tested to 1000 pounds per square inch, the pressure being held on the line for a day. If one did not stop to consider the subject carefully it would certainly look ex- tremely dangerous to carry 1000 pounds on a line with only half the usual number of threads, but as a matter of fact there were about 20 square inches of metal in the threads, against 8.396 in the pipe, and the joints were strong enough to carry the line to the limit of its burst- ing strength. The object in making threaded joints for high pres- sure work longer than standard is not to gain greater tensile strength, but to reinforce the pipe by a deep hub and by throwing a large number of threads into contact to guard against the flanges being loosened by the continual vibrations of a high pressure line. Pipe Should Be Screwed Through the Flange, It is important to have the pipe screwed completely through the flange, first to guard against the vibration, and second to make a bearing for the gasket upon the end of the pipe and close the thread against the oxidiz- ing action of the steam. It is our practice to screw the flange on with power. until the ends of the pipe project about 1-16 inch. The piece of pipe is then swung in a special lathe and the projecting ends cut off, a light cut being then taken on the face of each flange to insure them being parallel and at right angles to the true longitudinal axis of the pipe. This refacing operation is absolutely essential to a first- class job. Pipe is rarely perfectly straight, and, even if it were, there is the chance of the thread on the pipe, or in the flange, being cut on a slight angle, which in a long run might throw the line out considerably, or in a run with a number of joints the multiplication of a very small error in each one will aggregate a large one. Each pipe should drop into place naturally without undue strain upon the flanges, and this can only be accom- plished hy the refacing method. The shrunk joint is made in the following manner: The pipe is rounded up and calipered. The flange is then bored out to a shrinking fit, and, after being brought to ‘a red heat, is slipped over the pipe and the end of the pipe peined over. The flanges are then turned up in a lathe, as before described. It is claimed for this joint that the full thickness of the pipe is carried through to the face, and consequently it will stand more pressure and have a longer life than the screwed joint. The ex- periments we have made do not bear out this view. It is certain that against tensile strain the screwed joint will hold all the pressure that can be put on it; in fact, with end and blind flanges sufficiently strong a pipe may be burst under pressure without injuring the threads, while against lateral strain, expansion or vibration a screwed joint properly made is, if anything, better. The chief objection to a shrunk joint is its high cost and the fact that a gasket must cover the end of pipe in order to make a. tight joint. There are very few joints of this kind, whether they are shrunk on hot or peined on cold, which will not leak if the end of the pipe is exposed. Cast iron flanges riveted on are very undesirable, as they almost invariably leak through the rivet holes when subjected to the vibration of a steam line in active serv- ice. Facing Flanges. We are called uyon to face flanges in various ways, the principal being straight face smooth, straight face THE IRON AGE. corrugated, male and female, tongue and groove and 1-32 inch raised face inside bolt holes. For pressure of 180 pounds or less, our experiments go to show that a straight concentrically corrugated face will hold a Rain- bow or copper gasket without trouble. We have made repeated tests with pressures up to 1000 pounds with- out blowing out the gasket. There is no manufacturing objection to male and female facing other than in- creased first cost, and the fact that such goods are not carried in stock and there is always a delay in filling orders, but operating engineers have frequently com- plained to us about the difficulty they experience in changing gaskets if for any reason it is necessary to break in on the line. It is a severe task to spring a large heavy pressure line apart sufficiently wide to permit of removing the old gasket and putting in a new one. The tongue and groove joint is similar to the male and female, except that the recess is not carried out to the inner wall of the pipe. The end of the pipe is ex- posed to the pressure at all times and the joint is unde- sirable on that account. Flanges, There are two recognized standards for cast iron flanges at present in use. It has taken some time to bring about uniformity, but all the large manufactur- ers have now agreed to adopt, the tables. We attach to this paper dimension sheets covering all details.* Table No. 1 is for steam pressures up to 125 pounds. This ta- ble was adopted by a joint committee of the Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Master Steam Fitters’ As- sociation, and the manufacturers. Table No. 2, for pres- sures up to 250 pounds, was adopted at a meeting of manufacturers held in New York on June 28, 1901. It is generally referred to as the “ Manufacturers’ Stand- ard.” It would be a great convenience to all manufac- turers of piping material and their customers if the As- sociation of Steam Engine Builders would adopt these standards for all piping connections. The diversity in diameters and drilling of flanges on engines, pumps and condensers is the cause of much trouble and delay. Flanged Fittings. We manufacture these fittings in three weights, the lightest for very low pressures, such as exhaust or con- denser connections; the second for standard pressures up to 125 pounds, and the heaviest for high pressure lines up to 250 pounds per square inch. The thickness of body metal! in the three styles is as follows: Light. Standard. Extra heavy. Inch. Inches. Inches. Gans acer ae 9-16 % Be dwasaes wa % 15-16 pS ee ly, 13-16 1 CS ee 54 1 138-16 20-inch........ 11-16 11-18 15-16 24-inch........ % 1% 1% i 1% Wii 36-inch..... weed 1% omy Applying to these fittings the well-known formula . 9 ‘yy for cast iron pipe, P 7” XX . in which P = pressure, T = thickness of metal, D = diameter, S = tensile strength and 5 = factor of safety, it will be seen that we have largely increased the factor of safety to cover possible defects in the meaal, core shifts, or other imperfections. 2TS8 Te and in the case of a 16-inch extra heavy fitting to carry 250 pounds working pressure we have 1 3-16 inches of metal with a tensile strength of 20,000 pounds, then 2 x 1.18 x 20,000 Fo ~ 250 x 16 fitting F = 13.33, and in a 24-inch extra heavy fitting F = 10. An excess of strength is desirable, as the fittings have to stand the strains incident to changes in temperature, For example, solving the factor of safety F = = 11.80. In a 12-inch extra heavy . vibration and settling of the pipe line. These conditions make it necessary to use rather heavy flanges and of ne- cessity body metal thick enough to carry the flanges without shrinkage strain. We have also demonstrated by a large number of tests that a formula which may i 6 THE IRON AGE. be fairly accurate for cylinders is subject to some mod- ification when applied to tees, elbows and crosses. In fact, the majority of the fittings burst at pressures con- siderably below that indicated by theory. In all cases, however, we have a safety factor high enough, and the thickness of metal may be considered well adapted to the purpose for which the fittings are used. Valves. In valves the call is now for the straightway type. A number of angle valves are still used on boiler or en- gine leads, but a globe valve on a plant of any magni- tude is very exceptional. They are still used freely on small lines and wherever it is necessary to throttle the steam. Beyond this the gate valve has so many advan- tages that it has practically secured the market. To cover the range of power plant work we have had to build four lines as follows: 1. Low pressure for exhaust and condensing lines. 2. Standard for pressure not exceeding 125 pounds. 8. Medium for pressure not exceeding 150 pounds. 4. Extra heavy for pressure not exceeding 250 pounds. Upon the low pressure line we have not made very exhaustive tests, further than to ascertain that the valves are tight at 50 pounds per square inch. The other lines have been thoroughly exploited on all except the very largest sizes. Boiling down the results and striking general averages we arrive at the following: Standard valves, 4 to 8 inches, will burst at about 700 pounds; standard valves, 10 to 16 inches, will burst at about 600 pounds. The larger sizes we have not burst, but have tested the 18-inch to 450 pounds and 20 to 30 inch to 300 pounds pressure without injury. The me- dium valves will withstand a pressure of about 500 pounds in excess of the standard. Extra heavy valves, 4 to 8 inches, burst at 1600 to 1900 pounds; extra heavy valves, 10 to 16 inches, burst at 1200 to 1500 pounds. The larger sizes have not been destroyed, but the 18- inch has been subjected to 850 pounds and the 20 and 24 inch to 600 pounds without injury. The same thick- ness of body metal is used in the valves as given for flanged fittings, except that all gate valves have the metal increased at the top of the body to carry any set- tling strains. The next point to ascertain was the maximum load which could be applied to the disks without causing a leak. This load was found to be in nearly all cases 80 per cent. of the ultimate strength of the body. It must be borne in mind that all pressure valves mentioned were of the solid wedge type. It is not possi- ble to obtain equivalent results from parallel seated dou- ble disk valves, for the reason that the latter have two comparatively light faces set out by an internal wedg- ing mechanism, and the face exposed to pressure will spring under a load very much less than can be sus- tained by a solid wedge. It has been the custom for many years to rib the bod- ies of high pressure valves. The ribs give a massive appearance, and are desirable on that account from the standpoint of the selling department, but they serve no good purpose mechanically and are a detriment instead of an advantage. The distribution of metal is so un- even that shrinkage strains are set up all along the cor- ners where the ribs join the body, making the metal porous. A ribbed valve will not stand any more pres- sure than one with a plain body, and the only point which might be argued in favor of the ribs would be that they stiffen the valve against strains due to set- tling in the line. It is not, however, very logical to guard against a remote possibility by setting up a num- ber of internal strains, especially where a plain bodied valve can be designed which will take care of all strains reasonably to be anticipated. We have concluded to abandon the ribs altogether, and shall hereafter only make valves of that style on special orders. For high pressure work we always recommend valves having outside screw and yoke, stationary wheel and rising spindle; in fact, for any service this type is pref- erable, except on the very large sizes where the great hight from top of spindle when open to the bottom of the valve is a serious objection. The advantages over the internal screw valves are as follows: June 5, 1902 1. The stem is an indicator showing at all times the position of the disk. 2. The thread on the stem is never in contact with the steam and can be properly lubricated. 3. There is no thread in the wedge. Bypasses shoud be used on valves 8 inches and lar- ger when high steam pressure is used. The load on the wedge of an 8-inch valve at 180 pounds pressure is 9047 pounds, and on a 16-inch valve 36,190 pounds. It is ob- vious that under such loading the pressure must be par- tially equalized on each side of the wedge before the valve can be opened with facility. Pipe Bends. Bends are being used very freely. By their use all expansion: strain can be taken up and the number of joints materially reduced. In the process of bending the outer circumferential wall of the pipe is stretched, as the inner wall will not compress to any extent without buckling. There is also an appreciable loss of metal through scaling. Unless the bends are of very short ra- dius they are generally made of standard pipe for pres- sure of 125 pounds or less, full weight pipe up to 175 pounds, and extra heavy pipe for higher pressures. If the bends are used to take up expansion it is well to make them of pipe as light as is consistent with safety. The shape of the bends will determine generally the ma- terial which ought to be employed, as in those with large radius the stretching of the metal may be almost disre- garded. In conclusion we strongly advocate the use of staple, ‘“atalogued goods whereyer possible. Such a variety of fittings and valves may be obtained now from stock that there does not seem to be any necessity for the enor- mous number of specials which we, in common with other establishments in our line, are daily called upon to make. Many times these specials serve no other pur- pose than to put into concrete form some whim or fad of the engineer in charge of the installation. Specials are often the product of theory only. Staples result from theory and experience. A purchaser who buys a staple article from a reputable house has the as- surance that such an article has been thoroughly tried out, possibly hundreds or thousands of them, under con- ditions similar to his own. In addition he can get rea- sonably prompt shipment and the benefit of a lower price due to special machinery and the elimination of pattern labor. oro The Cooper Union.—At the annual commencement exercises of Cooper Union, New York, on May 831, Abram 8S. Hewitt, secretary of the Board of Trustces, announced several new gifts to the institution and stated that hereafter the entire building would be used for the advancement of knowledge. Mr. Hewitt made a most interesting address on this occasion, in which he stated that the endowment of the institution, which last year was $955,000, had reached a grand total of $2,133,.- 159. The great increase during the year came partly from Andrew Carnegie and partly from the Cooper family. Mr. Carnegie gave $600,000 and the Cooper fam- ily an equal amount, while a gift of $250,000 was made to the institution by one whose name has not been made public. Mr. Hewitt took great pleasure in making this announcement, stating that for 43 years he had an- nually presented the report of the Board of Trustees on such occasions, and had usually been obliged to state that the income of the institution was inadequate, and for the greater part of those 43 years the appeal he made seemed to fall on deaf ears. He had not expected to live to see the great object accomplished of freeing the building from secular uses and turning it over en- tirely to educational work. Among the first graduates of the Cooper Union who contributed to its funds was J. J. O'Rourke, the well-known civil engineer, who of- fered $5000. Prizes and diplomas were awarded to a large number of graduates, including students who had taken courses in the night schools in science, in quali- tative and quantitative chemical analysis, and in the night school of art. a a Reeth nk aie es 7 mma ao Fei iia 5 + Gi ncn > Sita femora hs June 5, 1902 Alleghany Ore & Iron Company. Several leading stockholders of the newly formed A\l- leghany Ore & Iron Company visited that property last week and inspected the mines and furnaces as far as was practicable in one day. The C. & O. Railroad placed a special train at their disposal to economize time. The company were formed to buy what is known as the Wilson Run or Dinniny ore property in Craig County, Va., with which is connected the Iron Gate Fur- nace. This is claimed to hold the record in the South for large and continuous shipments of brown ore dur- ing a period of five years. It is now mining with steam shovels from a vein 55 x 125 feet of solid ore. The out- put is limited by the washer capacity to 500 or 600 tons per day. This will be doubled, however, as rapidly as THE IRON AGE. 7 The Flying Shear.* BY V. E. EDWARDS, WORCESTER, MASS. In the engineering office of a past president of this society the question of cutting metal bars while in mo- tion had been so carefully discussed that in 1892 a carte blanche order was accepted for a mill and equipment which should accomplish unprecedented results. The problem was to take 24%-ton ingots after they had been worked down on 9 34-inch reversing mill to a long bloom having a cross section of 4 x 5 inches, crop the first end of the piece, which was then some 80 feet in length, roll the entire ingot to a section 1% inches square, cut it up into any desired lengths from 15 to 30 feet, cool the severed billets and load them on ears. The stipulated crop waste was one crop and cne short from the 4 x 5 View Showing Flying Shear in Operation. THE EDWARDS bnew equipment can be put in. The ore is an ideal one for basic pig, running 48 per cent. iron, 0.15 to 0.20 phosphorus, and high in manganese. Besides the Iron Gate Furnace the company have bought from the Empire Steel & Iron Company the Victoria Furnace, at Goshen, Va., and the Shenandoah Furnace, at Shenandoah, Va. Both of these properties have had a somewhat checkered existence owing to un certain ore supply. The output of the Oriskany mine, however, is now sufficient to take care of all three stacks, and will soon provide a supply for the open mar- ket. Victoria and Shenandoah have been thoroughly repaired and relined, and both were blown in late in May. The three furnaces have a capacity of 400 tons a day, and are running mainly on basic iron. The operating office of the company is at Clifton Forge, Va., and the office of the president, C. H. Zehn- der, formerly president of the Scranton Locomotive Works and of the Jackson & Woodin Company, is in the Broad-Exchange Building, New York. W. W. Taylor is manager of the company, with headquarters at Clifton Forge. FLYING SHEAR. inch bloom. This meant rolling a 1% inch square section over 600 feet long and cutting it into 20 or more billets 3U feet long, or shorter if desired. The ground available was a triangular space scarcely 100 feet on its longest side. Within this 100 feet must be placed the connecting drawbridge table, the prelim- inary shear, the mill, the finishing shear and the elevator for taking the severed billets to a high overhead con- which should carry them to a distant elevated cooling bed, from which they would be loaded on cars by gravity. These conditions, of course, called for a continuous mill and meant that the billets must be cut while in motion and close to the finishing pass. The mill problem was interesting. The shear prob- lem had in addition the exhilaration of pioneer work. The preliminary shear must be able to cut 4 x 5 inches hot steel, and to do this cutting while the bloom was either stationary or in motion. The shear used is clear- ly shown in Figs. 2 and 6. This is a simple hydraulic shear trunnioned at the base to permit the knives to veyor, * Paper presented at the Boston meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 8 THE IRON AGE. travel with the moving bloom during the instant of cut- ting. The shear at the finishing end of the mill required much study. The shear knives must move horizontally as fast as or a little faster than the billet. This hori- zontal movement must be entirely independent of the billet. The cutting must be done in a small fraction of a second; a clear passage must be made instantly for the oncoming billet; the shear must complete its cycle and be back in its origina! position ready for the second cut, all in less than one second. The moving parts could not be made light, as the shear was to cut not only 1% inches square, but any size up to 9 square inches section, and the steel was liable to be high carbon and quite cool. From many designs that shown in Fig. 3 was chosen. Fig. 4 shows the elementary idea more clearly. The two most noticeable features of this design are, first, the cutting is incidental to the forward movement of the shear; second, one knife is hinged in such a manner as to swing freely out of the way of the oncoming billet as soon as the cut is completed. The cutting stroke is made by a hydraulic cylinder in connection with a steam intensifier. As the first end of the advancing billet passes be- tween the knives to crop the first end an attendant presses a small lever. This releases the steam pilot valve, which in turn opens the main steam valve. The steam piston rises, forcing the confined water into the shear operating cylinder. The stroke of the cylinder is 24 inches. Of this 24-inch stroke, about 8 inches are used in picking up the @earance and in getting the shear knives to traveling as fast as the billet. About Fig. 3.- THE EDWARDS 8-inch stroke is used for the actual cutting, and the re- maining 8 inches are used for clearance and for stopping the moving parts. The instant the shear begins to slow June 5, 1902 the oncoming billet quietly pushes the hinged upper knife out of its path. Automatic link connections re- verse the steam valves, and the return stroke is made Fig. 2.—Original Preliminary Shear Built for Jones & Laugh- lins, Limited, in 1893. This is Trunnioned at the Base, Al- lowing the Knives to Swing through an Arc About 15 Inches Long. The Hydraulic Connection is Made through the Trun- nion, as is Clearly Shown. The Return Stroke on this Shear Was Made by Gravity. + feng 2° PIPE DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG —Sectional Elevation of Original Flying Shear, Yet in Use by Jones & Laughlins, Limited. FLYING SHEAR. by means of a small plunger under constant hydraulic pressure. The upper knife swings back to its original position while the return stroke is being made. The June 5, 1902 THE IRON AGE. 9 swinging knife is so heavy that a dash pot is used to prevent slamming. After cropping the first end all subsequent cuts are made automatically by the advancing end of the billet passing under a trigger placed 30 feet from the shear, Fig. 4.—Sectional Mlevation of Original Small Flying Shear. The next shear of this type was a small one for crop- ping the iirst end of bars while running between con- secutive passes of a continuous mill and for cutting and diverting the bar in case of a cobble. This is shown in Figs. 4 and 5. This is operated by a boy, who snaps the trigger of the small piston valve of the operating steam cylinder. Quite a number of these have been installed and they have become an important adjunct in rod, hoop and merchant mills. The original shear of this size has been at work continuously for some seven years. The billet mill and shear gave Jones & Laughlins, Limited, such complete satisfaction that the Carnegie Steel Company ordered a similar equipment to be used as an outlet for small billets from their 21-inch mills at THE IRON Acg The Upper Knife is Free to Swing About the Large Cross Head Pin. This Pin has a Combined Horizontal and Vertical Motion, as Indicated by Curved Line. 105%" Portion of Fig. 3. THE EDWARDS FLYING SHEAR. or closer if shorter lengths are wanted. The first ma- chine was a complete success and has been in constant use about nine years with only ordinary repairs. Duquesne. To operate this shear a direct connected steam cylinder was used somewhat similar to the small shear which had given such good results, Fig. 6. The success of this installation resulted in the Carnegie Company placing an order for a second mill and shear for finishing the output of their new 40-inch mill at Du- quesne. About the same time the National Steel Com- pany ordered a similar equipment for their Ohio plant at Youngstown. More recently the Republic Iron & Steel Company have ordered five shears for their new plant in the same busy city. The shear at the Ohio plant is the fastest running billet shear as yet installed; it is regularly cutting 14-inch steel billets at a rate of 2000 tons per 24 hours, provided the mill is kept full. Very high speed work calls for different treatment. In -1894 the Union Iron & Steel Company of Youngs- town, Ohio, placed a blanket contract for equipment to roll cotton tie from a billet weighing 225 pounds (the common practice in rolling ties at that time was to use a billet weighing 15 pounds). In this mill everything was without precedent, continuous furnace, continuous roll trains, continuous shearing and continuous cooling. It is needless to say that much trouble was experi- enced. Perhaps the most serious and expensive annoy- ance was the discouragement of the workmen by their doubting and pessimistic friends. In this mill it was necessary to cut hot cotton tie % inch in width by 5-100 inch in thickness, and to do this cutting while the hot tie was traveling at a speed of some 25 feet per second. The cutting in itself did not give much trouble, neither did falling from the roof injure our traditional Irish friend. In both cases the treuble all came in the stop- ping. Think of having some 150 hot, limber cotton ties 11 feet 6 inches long, limp almost as wet tissue paper, shot out endwise in one minute with no clearance between the ends. The momentum would slide them over 20 to 40 feet of rough iron floor. Let the least obstruction get in the way and a ijarge pile of scrap was instantly made. These difficulties, however, were soon overcome, and ee ree Ej | | | | | 10 THE IRON AGE. tue arrangements used gave excellent satisfaction for cotton tie. The shear used is showi in Fig. 7. The knives were carried on two conical drums geared together