The Iron Age 1902-03-27: Vol 69 Iss 13

seat T H E [ R <80 UT rics GE A Review of the Hardware, Iron, Machinery and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 232-238 William St... New York. Vol. 69: No. 73. New York, Thursday, March 27, 1902. 28.00 Wess, See e Payee Single, Copies, Ten Cents. ‘4 Reading Matter Contents......:.. page 52 Alphabetical index to Advertisers “* 155 Classified List of Advertisers .... ‘‘ {48 Advertising and Subscription Rates ‘** 69 are TT he The Name Smokeless Changed to Arrow. The famous U. M. C. SMOKELESS |shell is now branded ARROW, but the quality and| color remain the same. This change of name has been made to |better protect the shooters of U. M. C. loaded shells, who have often been given shells of other makes loaded with smokeless powder when they wished U. M. C. SMOKELESS. Bristo’s Patent Steel Belt Lacing, Specify U. M. C. when ordering ammunition. SES = THE UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO., Ee ae | \_cenitiaesttnerinieen amnesia anemia THE BRISTOL CO., Waterbury, Conn. i oslin eccccadate Semmens CAHALL BOILERS mm ee CAPEWELL HORSE NAILS. ~. S®URNBUCKLES, « NEW YORK, ei PHILADELPHIA, CHICAGO, Branch Office, BS Svente , New York. Cleveland City Cleveland City Forge and tron C tron Co. . . “Cleveland, 0, oan on & RANCHES: DETROIT po ian oe. * — VY Ofor ~ é B53 B Ci. + CINCINNATI, _ J wiih I Uf "a, Cae © ks SAN FRANCISCO) fy — S3<s PORTLAND, OREw [{ {44 eee BUFFALO, SOL GOR s los ae oO . BALTIMORE, Np j NEW ORLEANS, DENVER. ASONIAN. DEPOR i BESSEME Lewis RE a THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COMPANY, 3 NY Lewis Block, Pittsburgh. : ) Empire Bidg., New York. 4 HARTFORD, CONN. s 5 : a Jenkins ’96 Packing. Pronounced by steam users throughout the world the best joint packing manufactured. Expensive? Not at all, as it weighs 30% less than many other packings, consequently is innch cheaper. JENKINS DROTHERS, Kew York, Coston, Philadelphia, Chicago. THE AMERICAN TUBE & STAMPING 60, APOLLO BEST BLOOM GALVANIZED IRON Satisfactory galvanized iron: Apollo. HOT AND COLD ROLLED Successor te ; Costs as much as any, but | STRIPSTEEL. The WILMOT & HOBBS MF. CO. raox. a MAGNOLIA ee Best Anti-Friction Metal for all Machtp Fac-Simile of Bar. bf - ES ae 9d E of ™m >) r J Imitations. AL C0., n3-115 Baok St,, saves on labor. ys MAGNOLIA Owners and Sole 2 THE ANSONIA Brass sp” COPPER CO. MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER Seamless Tubes, Sheets, Rods and Wire. Ingot Copper. Tobin Bronze (TRADE-WaRK REGISTERED.) Condenser Piates,Pump Linings, Round, Square and Hexagon Bars, for Pump Piston Rods and Bolt Forgings. Seamless Tubes. 99 John Street, New York. QS OSOOSOZ2ERSOTVEEB8B Randolph-Clowes Co., Main Office and Mill, WATERBURY, CONN. MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET BRASS & COPPER. BRAZED BRASS & COPPER TUBES. SEAMLESS BRASS & COPPER TUBES TO 36 IN. DIAM. New York E Omics, 258 ma Postal Tel- egraph Chicago Ottice. 602 Fisher Bld Boston Office, Cor. Oliver and hase Sts. Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co.,’ LA SALLE, ILLINOIS. SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET ZINC AND Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Litho: Selected Sheets for Paper and Card } Stove and Washboard Bianks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. PU aa ls 68°74 West Monroe St., Chicago. SCO GEIS CME TCM: UT TINTTUMedpe alae ENN ovesissc™™ | BRASS, BRONZE and ALUMINUM CASTINGS, 4 Wheel, $3.00 5 Wheel, $3.25 Guaranteed. R. A. HART, HENDRICKS PROPRIETORS OF THE Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, MANUFACTURERS OF Bolt and Sheathing COPPER, COPPER WIRE AND RIVETS. Importers and Dealers in Ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. Braziers’ BATTLE CREEK, mich. | ¥- G. ROWELL & CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. AGE. WATERBURY BRAGS C0. ESTABLISHED 1845, Main Office and Mills at Waterbury,‘ Conn. Manufacturers of Brass, German Silver, V7IRE Copper, PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN IN SHEET, ROLL, ROD, WIRE, »| SILVER AND GILDING METAL, COPPER RIVETS BRAZED and SEAMLESS AND URES. Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kero TUBING, 7 SPECIAL BRASS, BRONZE, and. GERMAN SILVER in sheet and. Wire, for the HARDWARE: TRADE. | Rivets and Burrs, Metallic Eye- | lets, Shells, Brasswares of every Description. THE IRON ‘THE PLUME & Atwood MF6. CO,, MANUFACTURERS OF Sheet and Roll Brass —AND— Trimmings, &c. 29 MURRAY SI. NEW YORK. 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. 199 LAKE ST., CHICAGO, ROLLING MILL ¢ THOMASTON, CONN. FACTORIES : WATERBURY, CONN. SCOVILL MFG. CO., Manufacturers of BRASS, CERMAN SILVER Sheets, Rolls, Wire Rods, Bolts and Tubes, Brass Shells, Cups, Hinges Buttons, Lamp Coods. SPECIAL BRASS GOODS TO ORDER Factories, WATERBURY, CONN. DEPOTS: CHICAGO, Ferrules and Small New York Store has been removed trom 60 Centre St. to 122-130 Centre St. Deoxidized Babbitt. ; NEVER HAS BEEN BEATEN. NEW YORK, BOSTON. JOHN DAVOL & SONS. AGENTS FOR Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co. DEALERS IN COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, LEAD, ANTIMONY. 100 John Street, - ‘New York Arthur T. Rutter SUCCESSOR TO WILLIAM S. FEARING 256 Broadway, NEW YORK. Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal Co. BRIDGEPORT, CONN, SULPHURIC ACID. phers’ use. akers’ use. Small tubing in Brass, Copper, Steel, Aluminum, German Silver, &c. Sheet Brass, Copper and Ger- man Silver. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire. Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tube. Copper and Brass Rod. OIL and GAS a Lanlems. Send fer Circulars and Electrotyper. THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS CO. ee Conn. 19 Murray St., N.Y. 1? No 7th St., Philad GS 00 a7 Poaal Ste Beato eee. Founders, Finishers. BROTHERS BESSEMER STEEL, GRASS AND OIL. TEMPERED SPRINGS. Slt > ’ Srmeas © Lame OF SmALi QUANTITIES TO ORDER. The Woods Automatic Hollow Chisel Mortiser. Bos hollow Woods South have The S. A. ton, Mass., chisel mortiser, possessing many advantages. Those familiar chinery are aware of the fact mortiser, in addition to being faster than the old type Machine Company of designed a vertical automatic unusual features and rking ma- hollow with wood VW that the chisel machines, will do much better work. The first shall lay out stops for laying out indicated by the diagrammatic sketch, Fig. 5 are the which consider characteristics we mortises, and are The tim Fig. 1 Front ri WOODS AUTOMATIC ber placed on the table is to be deeply mortised, and the mortises are located in the following manner: Stops 1, 2,3 and 4 are set the desired distance apart on the rod 5, and after each downward stroke of the chisel the table is moved along until the trip H is struck by one of these stops. In this between A and B are reached. ‘After these mortises made the trip H is thrown back and the table moved along until the trip may be thrown between the stops 3 and 4, when the device is ready for the next set of mortises, and so on. The distances between the points E and F are simi- larly located by adjusting the stops on a rod which is attached to the chisel carriage bolted to the frame, as indicated in the enlarged view of the head, Fig. 3. These stops really control] the cross movement of the chisel carriage, and in this way the distances between manner the mortises have been ‘THE IRON THURSDAY, MARCH 27, HOLLOW CHISEL GH 1902 points E and F are obtained without further meas- rements The table ’ hand wheel Z lig. 5, at the other end of which is attached a cog wheel the table. that laterally by the S operated Which runs in a rack in This system of lay out stops is provided so when several end pieces as indicated in the railroad and like accomplished without measur- of timber are to be deeply mortised., sketch, and such as is common in shops, the work may be ng or laying out each piece, a chalk mark on the table being sufficient to locate the timber, after which the stops working in connection with the trip will accom- plish the results. In Fig. 5 is also shown a new device for instantly MORTISER changing the depth of the mortise. While this feature is valuable, it could in reality be with, inas- the and lowering the table by the hand neath it in the The provided with an automatic belt tightener, sists of an idler pulley done away obtained by raising shown be- much as same result could be wheel machine is also first illustration which con- so arranged as to be operated by an adjustable weight and to be always kept against the belt, which in this uniform tension. way remains under a The machine is provided with an improved friction feed, with quick return and two rates. The two rates are obtained from a cone stop pulley, Fig. 2. The fric- : tion feed is operated by the lever shown in Fig. 3, which is attached to a trip which is thrown by stops on a rod actuated by the ram when the desired depth of mortise 2 THE hes been reached. The construction of the bearing for taking up the end thrust of the spindle will be clearly understood from Fig. 4. The following are the general dimensions of the ma chine: The chisel ram has a vertical travel of 9%, inches; the carriage has a horizontal travel of 11 inches across the timber; the table has a longitudinal ment of 18 inches and will mortise 17 inches high. Timber up to 12 inches may be clamped, and chisels up to 1% inches can be used on hard wood. move- stock The Department of Commerce and Labor. WASHINGTON, D. C., March 25, 1902.—The House Com- mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce has decided to give a series of hearings, beginning this week, on the bill establishing a Department of Commerce and Labor. Fig. 3. THE WOODS AUTOMATIC This measure, which was originally drafted by Senator Nelson of Minnesota, recently passed the Senate by a large majority, and its advocates believe it will be fa- vorably reported and put through the House before the end of the present session. The purpose of the hearings to be held by the committee is to enable all interests af- fected by the proposed measure to appear and present ar- guments either for or against the bill as a whole, or in advocacy of desired amendments. The committee al- ready has assurances that representatives of numerous commercial organizations throughout the country will urge a prompt and favorable report upon the bill, and the communications received from these sources leave no doubt as to where the business community stands on the measure. The great desirability of gathering under one head the numerous Governmental bureaus now inappro- priately attached to the several departments, or in some cases maintaining semi-independent organizations, is very generally recognized, and the memorials and other communications that have reached the committee ex- press but one view on this point. Consular Reports, Among those who will be heard by the committee, either orally or by letter, will be a number of high offi- IRON HOLLOW CHISEL AGE. March 27, 1902 cials of several departments, concerning the proposed detachment and reassembling of Governmental bureaus, and special interest centers upon the probable attitude of the Secretary of State as to the ltunctions of the United States consuls with reference to the new depart- ment. The correspondent of The Iron Age is reliably in- formed that the views of Secretary Hay were reflected during the debate in the Senate in the amendment of- fered by Senator Lodge, which was accepted, and under which the whatever subject whether diplomatic or commercial, will be forwarded di- rect to the Secretary of State and separated by State De- partment officials, all matter relating to commercial af- fairs being promptly transmitted to the Department of Commerce. The practicability of this plan cannot be questioned for the reason that in a modified form it has been in daily use in the department for a number of years. Un- der standing regulations all commercial reports relating to agricultural matters are now promptly separated from consular reports on Enlarged View of Head. MORTISER. the general mass, copied and forwarded to the Secretary of Agriculture. Similarly, all reports dealing with South and Central American affairs of a commercial character are copied and turned over to the Bureau of American Republics. Under the Lodge amendment, calls upon con- suls for special reports or current information will be prepared in the new department and forwarded through the Secretary of State. In this way the efficiency of con- suls as agents for the advance of American commerce will be greatly increased without detracting from their usefulness in connection with diplomatic affairs, for while they will still be under the general supervision of the State Department, they will receive many sugges- tions along commercial lines, which will be the out- growth of the development of the new department de- voted exclusively to the extension of American com- merce. A feature of the coming hearings that is the logical sequence of the unsatisfactory compromise made in the Senate concerning the title of the new department, which is to be known as the Department of Commerce and Labor, is already foreshadowed in a series of pro- tests which have been filed with the House Committee by representatives of labor organizations. The word ““Labor” was added to the title of the bill to placate March 27, 1902 THE has had Exec utive Department to be devoted exclusively to labor in Since the passage of the Senate bill, the labor this particular element, which for time bills pending in Congress providing for a some special terests. IRON pendent status absurdity of the labor from those of House will form,and that all works of the AGE. 3 The incident effort to differentiate the illustrates graphically the interests of commerce Senator Nelson expresses great confidence that the fairly satisfactory incongruities thatmay creep into it wil pass the measure in a l subsequently eliminated in Conference Committee We I C. oe Francis Laur of the Echo des Mines et de la Metallurgie 16 largest stee that the in consideration of having the mat f Paris asserts that a syndicate of the world is forming. It appears ferni Works of Italy, et of the country reserved to them, have signed an igreemen The president of the International Syndi ite is to becom member of the Terni Board of Di- . Sectional THE WOODS AUTOMATIC leaders have decided that if the measure goes through in its present form all hope of an independent department is at an end, and therefore they have memorialized the committee to strike out the word “ Labor” in the title and to restore the Bureau of Labor to its present inde- HOLLOW Fig. 7 Elevations, CHISEL MORTISER rectors, buying 2000 shares of Terni stock at current prices as a guarantee during the life of ten years of the syndicate. Since the Terni Board of Directors cannot deliver the 2000 shares a meeting of the stockholders is to be called to authorize the issue of new stock. —dseual em Ee ee a Ne - we OR en SE ie 4 THE IRON AGE. Foundry Economy.* BY DR. RICHARD MOLDENKE, NEW YORK. The rapidity with which the buying of pig iron on chemical specification has spread among the foundries of this country is perhaps the best evidence of the value of a rational method of procedure. Where at first the broker declined to sell iron under this arrangement, or exacted an extra 50 cents per ton (one furnace even thinking a guaranteed analysis worth $2 a ton above the market price), to-day the makers of foundry pig iron are almost altogether relieved from the annoying “fracture correspondence.” That this revolution in practice has been no easy thing to accomplish may readily be imagined, and even to-day the majority of founders feel a little shy of irons with the proper com- position which do not show the accustomed fracture. With the selling pricesof castings finding lower levels at every period of depression, the founder naturally asks him- self: “ How will I keep my margin of profit unchanged? I have been as economical as possible in every way, and yet other founders, whose tonnage is no larger, are quot- ing lower figures and seem to be making money.” The solution is not so simple, and will be found based on a good cost system in the office and scientific methods ap- plied where needed in the shop. Just how the foundry- man is to go about this work will form the substance of this paper. Were it simply a question of employing an expert the foundry doing a large business would soon be going in the right direction, but experts who have been through the changes of the last decade and know what is wanted are searce. Technical graduates and others who can carry out the scientific manipulations required in a laboratory must be given a few years to acquire practical foundry experience before they become valu- able. The owner of a small foundry, therefore, finds it difficult to take advantage of those economies which great institutions have developed after years of pioneer work in their respective lines. The founder must do a little studying himself of cause and effect in his foun- dry. He must so systematize his operations that should he not have a metallurgist on his staff he need call in one only on occasion of troubles which require quick adjustment. The most important consideration is naturally the daily product. This must be kept up to standard, and at the same time be as low in cost as possible. Here is where the cost accounts come in. One must know the cost per pound of the good castings sold for every de- partment in the establishment. Thus, if the cost of core making runs, say, 0.25 cent per pound in one month, and it creeps up gradually te 0.385 cent in the course of the next three, it is time to see if the knife cannot be ap- plied effectively, or, failing this, to rearrange or place new machinery to get the work out to better advan- tage. On the whole it will pay to do the latter anyhow, for until the monthly figures are brought down to a point where there will be only a fluctuation of a few points the department cannot be said to be in proper working order. Be it understood that this refers to a fairly uniform run of work. ‘The principle involved, however, is a truly scientific one and should be applied in every manufacturing establishment. The molding machine question will be found the most important one so far as the foundry pay roll is con- cerned. A well managed pattern shop and pattern stor- age system are also money-~-savers. If the founder is personally systematic in his work he will not tolerate slipshod habits in his employees; if he is not inclined that way it were better for him to get an associate who is systematic. Then should come the establishment of systems of working marked by extreme simplicity and carried through with an iron hand, the head of the es- tablishment setting the example. Piling Pig Iron, The iron itself will naturally give the founder food for continuous thought, as it is a constantly changing *A paper read before the Foundrymen’s Association. March 27, 1902 factor. To effect the greatest saving in the cupola room one must know what is there, what to buy and how the material is handled. Take first the pig irons. They will either be piled up by carloads or stacked together by brands and with grade numbers. Thus we will see a separate pile for Low Moor No. 2 soft, Sloss No. 2 plain, Isabella No. 1 X, Pioneer No. 4 and the softeners. To-day the progressive foundry also has a number of piles. They are still separated by brands as formerly, this serving the purpose of locating any undesirable qualities shown by castings of an otherwise satisfactory composition. This statement requires further explana- tion. It is well known in the foundry trade that some irons are stronger than others, even where an analysis shows them to be of an identical chemical composition. This difference is most noticeable in irons of the lower silicon ranges, and in the case of charcoal and coke irons of the same cross section. Among the charcoal irons we find that a cold blast metal is stronger than one made with warm blast, even if the former has more impuri- ties. I have always contended that this lay in the man- ner of running the blast furnace, in so far as it affects the oxidation of the resulting pig iron. A furnace which charges pure stock and runs normal should make strong iron. The forcing of the operation, however, coupled with the addition of quantities of mill cinder and sala- manders of burnt iron, which can have no chance for proper reduction before they are melted and in the bot- tom, can only yield an inferior product for remelting in the foundry, no matter how valuable it may be in the making of open hearth steel. Since we are not yet able to trace the degree of oxi- dation of an iron by chemical means with any certainty, it must be looked for in another way. The American Foundrymen’s Association, which through its active members has done so much to bring about the adoption of rational methods of buying and using foundry iron, will, it is hoped, in the near future develop the best methods of judging strong and weak pig irons of given compositions, so that the founder may prove to his own satisfaction whether he is getting the proper returns for his money. As was stated above, by keeping the brands of iron distinct inferior varieties are soon located by cutting out the suspected ones from the mixture and noting results. The piles are now arranged according to their silicon contents, due regard being paid to the other constituents as a matter of course. Thus in a jobbing foundry, with sulphur and phosphorus normal in a given line of ship- ments, there would be one pile for 1.75 per cent. silicon, one for 2 per cent., another for 2.25 per cent., and, finally, one for 2.50 per cent., or four piles. If there were three brands kept in stock in all the varieties the number of piles would be 12. If experience indicated poor results with the low silicon ranges of any particu- lar iron, these would be omitted in making the next contract. For light work there would be extra piles of 2.75 per cent., 3 per cent. and even 3.25 per cent. silicon, and special piles also for high phosphorus metals. Oc- casional bargains in high sulphur pig irons suitable for floor plates would also come in for this method of piling. A letter of the alphabet painted conspicuously on each pile, and a stock book for continuous record, will give the foundry superintendent the information wahted at a glance when making out his requisitions. This also conceals the identity of the iron so far as unauthorized persons are concerned; all the more so if the letters are changed about as the piles run out. The ferrosilicons and silico-spiegels being only used in small quantities, and that only in emergencies, usu- ally find a convenient resting place a little out of the way of the stock irons. Scrap. The scrap heap will form the next consideration. Two general classes must be reckoned with—that which we make and that which we buy or take in exchange for good castings. As will be shown later, it is neces- sary for the founder to know almost daily how his prod- uct is coming out in order that he may keep his mix- tures in proper shape. This information, consisting March 27, 1902 THE practically only of the silicon and occasionally the sul- phur in the castings made, also answers for the domes- tic scrap. It is also possible to keep the low phosphorus scrap for low phosphorus mixtures. With the bought. or, as we ¢all it, * foreign,” scrap things are a little different. As it is manifestly impos- sible to attempt a reliable sampling of this material in order to find out what it contains, we must do a little guessing on this point, and then use no more than the mixture can safely stand without upsetting our calcu- lations. Fortunately certain lines of castings require irons of a pretty generally understood composition. A piece of stove plate scrap, whether of recent date or made 50 years ago, may be safely counted on as contain- ing 2.75 per cent. silicon and 1 per cent. phosphorus. Ordinary machinery scrap is never far from 2 per cent. silicon, with phosphorus and sulphur normal. Heavy machinery may be classed as 1.75 per cent. silicon, and if it should contain more so much the better. Scrap rolls, plates, car wheels, malleable scrap, in fact every- thing out of the ordinary line of foundry work, should not be used in quantity unless an expert is at hand to see that it is properly cared for in the mixture. The founder, then, who wishes to make up his mix- tures from day to day by more accurate methods than the cut and try will first settle upon the proportion of pig iron and scrap the necessities of the case compel him to use. He must take care of his own scrap in the first instance, and then look over the market prices of pig iron and scrap for the rest of his mixture; always remembering that the class of work he makes must not be injured by too great a cheapening of his melt. Cases may occur in which no foreign scrap is admissible at all, and your own and a lot of steel in addition will only just let you out on the specifications. Unless you are running a sash weight factory 60 per cent. of scrap, your own included, is about all you can safely stand; 25 to 40 per cent. is a good average. It was my misfor- tune, through delays in shipment, to be left without any pig iron of the kinds I could use in the yard for the period of four days, and 50 tons of castings had to be delivered daily under contract. A mixture consisting of 97 per cent. scrap, most of it foreign, and 3 per cent. silico- spiegel, containing 24 per cent. manganese and 18 per cent. silicon, answered all the requirements of the case and nearly cleaned out the scrap pile. This is quoted, not as an example to follow, but merely to show that a little science was a handy thing around the foun- dry just then. - Mixture Calculation. For the purposes of the mixture calculation, suppose you prefer 70 per cent. of pig iron, 15 per cent. of your own scrap and 15 per cent. of foreign scrap. The size of the charge which experience has shown to be the most economical with your cupola is 5000 pounds. You may use five charges one day ang seven another. Of this 5000 pounds 3500 pounds will be pig iron, 750 pounds your own scrap and 750 pounds foreign scrap. Experience has further taught you that the class of castings you make should average 2.10 per cent. in sili- con. This means 2.35 per cent. in the mixture, as about 0.25 per cent. is burned out. Your scrap running 2.10 per cent. silicon and the foreign 2 per cent., we have the following: Domestic scrap—750 pounds. silicon 15.7 pounds. Foreign scrap—750 pounds. con 15 pounds. or 30.7 pounds of silicon of the 5000 times 2.35 per cent., or 117.5 pounds silicon wanted in the charge. This leaves 86.8 pounds to be furnished by the 3500 pounds of pig iron to be used. Now in buying pig iron it is always best to get the stock so proportioned that the greatest quantity on hand is that used to counterbalance the scrap put in. In the case under discussion, which is really that of the ordinary jobbing foundry, irons run- ning 2.50 per cent. in silicon are the ones required in greatest quantity, only smaller stocks of 2, 2.25 and 2.75 per cent. being necessary. Let us therefore take 2000 This 1500 Silicon 2.10 per cent. gives total Silicon 2 per cent, gives total sill- pounds of, say, Sloss with 2.50 per cent. silicon. 50 pounds ineans of the 86.8 accounted for: IRON AGE. a pounds must now furnish the remaining 36.8 pounds silicon or the iron would have to run 2.40 per cent. sili- con. As we do not have this in the yard, we can either reduce the Sloss a little and make up with iron run- ning 2.75 per cent. from the stock or we may split up the remaining 1500 pounds into 1000 pounds at 2.75 per cent. and 500 pounds at 2.25 per cent. silicon from the yard. Doing the latter, as it gives us three brands of iron in the mixture instead of two, we have: silicon gives 15.7 Ibs. silicon. Domestic scrap —750 Ibs. at 2.10 % ; 15.0 * Foreign scrap —750 “ at 2.00 ¥ Sloss —2,000 “ at2.50 ¥ 50.0 * - Low Moor 1.000 “ at 2.75 = ° 27.5 * - Mabel —500 “ at 2.25 5S 7 = “z= “ with 114.4 Ibs. silicon. The mixture would therefore have 2.28 per cent., which is near enough to 2.35 per cent. to pass. It is probably the simplest way to get it out. You can calcu- late it in your office in a few minutes, and be certain that the castings will come out right if the mixture is properly handled and your materials are good. Now what is needed to make this work on mixture making successful? Simply a knowledge of what is in your pig iron and what is in your own scrap. Even this can be narrowed down to the silicon in both items for the daily run of work. I will go even further and say that two or three determinations of silicon a week, to- gether with stocks of irons, well sampled and analyzed as they are bought, and an occasional sulphur determi- nation of your coke, is all that the jobbing or stove founder requires. I know cases where this work amounts to less than $6 a week, or not even the wages of a laborer. I feel quite certain that many a young chemist would be glad to locate in a foundry center if he can get that much from three or four foundries to begin with. The above is naturally based upon the supposition that you, your sons or your managers will do the think- ing, the chemist only the manual work. Where you have enough thinking to do in this line to afford a good man in your works, get him, and your foundry foreman will thank you for relieving him from the responsibility and sleepless nights occasioned him by the changing of irons. The application of rational methods in a foundry must be systematic to bring about the desired economy. It will not do to get an analysis of a chip of iron, pay $10 for it, and expect that your mixture will cost you 2-10 cent per pound less laid on the charging platform. I read of a man recently who did this and then asked the foundry world at large what to do with his $10 an- alysis—his gold brick. If he quietly sits down and thinks over what has been outlined above he will see the necessity for going at the problem slowly, carefully, and, once the idea is absorbed, working it out systemat- ically. He will then wonder at the extreme simplicity of science applied in every day foundry practice. 5,000 lbs. The Cupola House, Now comes an altogether different line of economy. How about your cupola house? Is your cupola tender really a man who will take pains with his work, or does he make a mystery of his job, keep the foreman at a distance, want only such and such irons, and go home when told to distribute his charges better? Have you still men with you who shovel in the material in a general mix- ture without separating into charges? I saw this done the other day and wondered what the castings would be like. Go among the molders a little and get their views on the iron tapped out, and ten chances to one you will find the troubles coming from the charging platform. I had a cupola tender one day put on his coat and go home during a heat, telling the men he would be sent for in the morning. I asked an _ intelli- gent laborer to jump in and better his prospects in life. My foreman and I stayed with him until he became pro- ficient, according to our standard of measurement. The result was better iron, no chances taken with the cupola and the charges, and the latter weighed correctly. To- day that laborer is getting $3 a day. The moral is: Go up and watch your men weigh out and charge, watch them daub cupola and ladles, make bottom, and see if things are done with precision and judgment. Here is a THE chance for foundry economy as shown by hot iron of uniform composition and gotten out in quick time. I mentioned chemical specifications for pig iron sev- eral times. This is simple enough. We deal with sili- con, sulphur, phosphorus, manganese and total carbon, important in the order pamed. The limits of these ele- ments in foundry work are now generally known, and so we simply specify like this: For ordinary medium weight machinery castings, silicon 2.50 per cent. This does not mean 2 to 83 per cent. or even 2.25 to 2.75 per cent., but nothing wider than 2.40 to 2.60 per cent. silicon. Make an agreement that everything between 2.25 and 2.40 per cent. takes the 2.25 per cent. price, and you will have no difficulty in getting what you want. To resume. Manganese is specified to be not over 0.80 per cent., unless special reasons require an exten- sion of this limit. Similarly phosphorus not over 0.80 per cent. Snlphur should not exceed 0.05 per cent., and if very soft castimgs are wanted total carbon may be required not under 3.75 per cent. With the purchase of pig iron under chemical speci- fications, a good method of making mixtures which can be depended upon to produce the results desired and the proper disposition of the charges in the cupola, the good that science can do the founder is accomplished in the main. There are, of course, many points which a well managed laboratory can place on an economical foot- ing, especially when we turn to furnace irons and spe- cial lines of castings. For the owner of a foundry which turns out, say, 10 tons of castings every other day it would, however, be unwise to establish this de- partment as an adjunct to his works. He does better by sending his work out and learns all he can to apply the reports he gets properly. Let it be understood that a good mixture misman- aged will give poor castings, but a poor one cannot under any circumstances turn out good work. The sole object of all this scientific manipulation is to start you off right, and then you must follow it up with due vig- ilance through every department of your work. —_——— ae Feed Water for Steam Boilers.—It appears from a discussion of the subject of feed water for steam boil- ers at a meeting of the electrical engineers in England that great difficulty is still encountered with it. It has been found that, notwithstanding all the precautions that are taken in the way of filters and grease separators, boilers are still corroded in various parts, and bagged sheets and bulged tubes are much too common. A num ber of members who were in charge of plants gave their experiences, and it is noticeable that even with the same water supply they disagreed as to the causes of the re- sults. Some asserted that Manchester water was all that could be desired, while other stated that it attacked and corroded valves and fittings. Rain water, popular- ly supposed to be the very best steam water, was found to be full of gases and local impurities; usually it does not contain more than three or four parts of solid mat- ter in 100,000 parts of water, but in the vicinity of large towns this ratio was often largely exceeded; near the coast during a prevalence of high winds, rain water con- tains quantities of salt. River water is very unreliable, particularly in the neighborhood of large cities on ac- count of the sewage it holds, while spring water is prob- avly the worst of all by reason of minerals in solution. There are various patented devices in the market in- tended to precipitate the scale making salts outside of the boiler and filters of one sort or another for catching the grease. They vary much in efficiency, but all of them require frequent renewal and regular supervision to obtain good results. This last they do not always get, attendants feeling that “‘ automatic ’”’ means that the ma- chine has brains of its own, and will continue to operate when it is in very bad condition. The general opinion of the members was that it was not possible to get pure water by means of any mechanical devices, and that the most reliable system was to have large tanks of chem- ically pure water set up, as it was not possible to make bad water good by self acting machines. ‘ IRON AGE. March 27, 1902 Building a Stern Frame. RICHARD L. TAPPENDEN, FOREMAN FORGE, FORE RIVER SHIP & ENGINE COMPANY, QUINCY, MASS. The frame which we speak of will be the ordinary L-shaped frame. There are many styles of frames, some of which I may mention later. The frame of which we treat is as shown in Fig. 1. The material is of best scrap iron, which is piled on boards about 14 or 16 inches square, in piles of about 300 pounds in weight. The piles are charged into a reverbera- tory furnace and brought to a welding heat. They are then withdrawn with tongs and swung under a large THE IRON AGE SCALE OF FEET 1 2 3 Fig. 3.—Rough Forging of Back of Frame, Fig. 1.—Side Elevation of Frame. Tus IRON AGB Fig. 2.—Rudder Pintle. BUILDING A STERN FRAME. steam hammer, where a man welds a handle to them and turns and manipulates them under the hammer un- til they are drawn out into large flat slabs. These slabs are then piled one on top of the other in fagots of from 6 to 12 or more of these slabs. One end of a fagot is grasped with large tons or porter bar rig- ging, and welded up to about 12 or 14 inches square, de- pending on the size of the fagot. The other end is then heated and drawn down to the finished size of the back of the frame, leaving swells of about 2 or 3 inches in hight on the edge of the back at, and slightly longer than, the bosses or pintles which are to be welded on. The shoe is welded up from the scrap in like manner to the back, only a large lump of metal must be welded on March 27, 1902 THE one side of the bloom to form the leg to which to weld the back. The lower boss or rudder pintle is usually forged solid, and forms part of the original shoe forging, as shown in Fig. 2. The back of the frame is prepared in the following manner: As the forging comes from the large steam hammer, where the heavy work is done, it has the ap- pearance shown in Fig. 3. The lumps left are 2 or 8 inches higher than the finished part of the back. These lumps are heated with lump down in the fire so as to heat only the front side of the piece and keep the back cold, so that a fuller bar held on the lumps will spread them out and thicken up the metal in the body of the piece in order to have stock enough to weld the pintles on. The back now has the appearance shown in Fig. 4. swells or In the meantime the bosses or lugs have been pre- pared under the hammer in pieces, as shown in Fig. 5. hese pieces are to be taken one at a time and grasped M | | 4 i } } —_ a ! | ' | | | A | | | a | ae AT / ah t / i } / } / ——_ Ea / / } / } | } / | | jf | | | } j lf BB | | | | | | = | | | | | | L = — f eel Litas | | | | \ ——— | c - } \ heen chs J bases ' \ | ' \\ 7 : i \ | a | Sor . \ SCALE OF FEET _ / J 7 Penal epee tietiednnetiniceticaal SES368 ie SCALE OF FEET ae je Or res aw Sl cessed — + 9 > * } 0 1 2 3 i ; ‘ 0 3 ‘ ae eee AGE THE Ag Tug IRON AGE Tus [Ron Ags 4 #ig. 4.—Back of Frame. Fig. 5.—Bosses or Lugs. Fig. 6.—Back Ready for Shoe Fig. 7.—Finished Stern Frame BUILDING A at the top by tongs made especially for the purpose and heated end down in the fire. One of the scarfs on the back is heated face down, and when the boss and scarf are both at a high welding heat the back is turned over, swung under the steam ham- mer, and the boss is carried and placed into the scarf, care being taken to brush out any coal or dirt that may cling to the pieces. A few lusty blows from the ham- mer drive both’together, making a sound union if the work is properly done. The piece is turned on its sides, and the laps welded with sledges and fullers, the large size of the work holding the heat for soune little time. After all the bosses have been welded to the back, the end is scarfed with a V-scarf to match the one in the shoe, which has been sent to the machine shop in the meantime to be trimmed up. The back now has the appearance shown in Fig. 6. The shoe and back are then assembled together in a portable furnace, built to burn coke, the hearth being IRON STERN AGE. 7 at between two grates so that while the metal receives the heat it is kept out of the dirt of the fire. The two pieces are kept together with harness which consists of chains and turn buckles. The turn buckles are screwed up very tight, so that the expansion by the heat, together with the small extra length which has to be allowed for the purpose, assisted by the vigorous ap- plication of a heavy ram to the end of the back, makes a perfect weld in the fire without removing the piece. After dressing up the heat with a flatter and lining up with squares and straight edges, the work is sent to the machine shops, where, if the smith has performed his work well, the holes are bored in the pintles and the frame is sent to the ship, where, together with the rud- der frame, which is built on the same principles, it will look something like Fig. 7. | sai ke alliage The Dodge Mfg. Company, Mishawaka, Ind., have re- cently turned out an interesting piece of foundry work, FRAME consisting of a very large pulley to be used on an en- gine shaft by the Kokomo Steel & Wire Company, Ko- komo, Ind. This pulley will be used for transmitting 4000 horse-power to the rod mill. This is the largest wheel of the kind ever made by the company, is the largest ever turned out in Indiana and is one of the largest ever made in the country. The pulley was cast and finished without pattern or flask. It is 24 feet in diameter, has a 90-inch face and a 27-inch bore. When finished it will weigh 170,000 pounds. Two casts were made to get the full wheel with the required face. The wheel pit in which the pulley was cast has a 28-foot diameter, with a depth of 5 feet. The time recorded in making the cores was 560 hours. The molding time of the two molders was 30 days each, and the time for two molders’ helpers was also 30 days each. The time of four helpers for digging the pulley out of the pit was 10 days each: The casting and finishing of the wheel were entirely successful. The Reciprocity Treaties. Hearings Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. WASHINGTON, D. C., March 18.—A decision has been reached by the Foreign Relations Committee of the Sen- ate to report at an early date, either favorably or ad- versely, all reciprocity treaties now pending in the Sen- ate. The reason for this action is that the administra- tion finds itself greatly embarrassed by not being able to reply definitely to inquiries from the representatives of the nations with which the treaties were negotiated concerning their present status and the outlook for final action. Incidentally, the committee believe that impor- tant commercial interests will be served by a decision at an early date on the point as to whether these conven- tions are to be ratified or rejected. With a view to bringing the discussion of the treaties in committee up to date, ‘it was recently decided to give a hearing to a prominent representative of the friends and of the opponents of the principal conventions. Sen- ator Aldrich was selected to represent the opposition to the ratification of the French treaty in particular, and Mr. McCoy, who assisted Commissioner Kasson in the negotiation of all the pending conventions, was chosen to advocate favorable reports. Senator Aldrich’s Argument, In accordance with this arrangement Senator AIl- drich appeared before the committee and occupied two hours in an extended argument against ratification. He asserted, in the first place, that the United States was en- titled to the minimum rates of the French tariff under the “most favored nation” clause of our treaties of commerce and navigation with France, and that we should have received the concessions made to us in the French reciprocity treaty without reducing our own tariff rates below those maintained against the principal nations of the world. The maintenance of maximum rates against the United States, he contended, was a di- rect discrimination which this Government was entitled to have removed without granting any special conces- sions in return. Senator Aldrich argued, in the second place, that while, numerically, more concessions were granted by France to the United States than were reciprocally con- ceded by this Government to France, yet in point of im- portance the French Government secured by far the bet- ter bargain. Owing to the subdivisions employed in the French tariff, by which a larger number of specified ar- ticles are made dutiable, the total number of concessions by France, he asserted, was made to appear quite for- midable, but it should also be remembered that some im- portant exports of the United States were excepted from the enjoymentof the minimum rates of the French tariff, including especially machine tools, boots and shoes, &c. The third contention presented by Senator Aldrich was that, without regard to the question as to whether the treaty as a whole was a fair exchange, it was evi- dent that the American negotiator had lost sight of the conditions prevailing in several important industries, es- pecially in the manufacture of knit goods and jewelry, and had made concessions in the rates on these products much higher than the general average of the treaty and higher than the present development of the industries would warrant. He therefore urged the committee to re- port the treaty adversely on the general grounds speci- fied. He also expressed doubt as to the advisability of making a favorable report upon any pending treaty, and he intimated that he took it for granted there would be no action upon the Argentine treaty, which provides for a 20 per cent. reduction in the rates on wool and hides. The Other Side. Mr. McCoy, who has been chosen to speak on the other side of the treaties, will have a hearing during the present week. He has been chosen because of the fact that Commissioner Kasson is not in robust health, and because he is thoroughly familiar with the technical de- tails of all the treaties and of the French convention in particular. A strong effort will be made to show the fallacy of Senator Aldrich’s contentions, especially that relating to the right of the United States to enjoy the THE IRON AGE. March 27, 1902. ininimum rates of the French treaty without regard to reciprocal concessions. It will be contended that nearly all the leading European countries have secured the mini- mum rates from France by negotiating reciprocal trea- ties containing very important concessions. So far as the fairness of the bargain represented by the treaty is concerned, it will be maintained that the statistics of the Franco-American commerce in the three years since the treaty was negotiated bear out very graphically the assertion that the United States received more than it gave in the treaty, not to mention the high- ly important fact that the negotiation of the treaty, al- though it was not ratified, nevertheless resulted in the suspension of a strong movement in the French Cham- ber of Deputies and Senate having for its object the plac- ing of probibitory duty on such important products of the United States as petroleum, cotton seed oil, &c., which are now shipped to France in very large quanti- ties. Treaties Still Alive, After careful investigation into the present status of the pending treaties with reference to the provisions of section 4 of the Dingley act, which require that treaties negotiated thereunder should be “ entered into” witbin two years from July 24, 1897, a subcommittee of which Senator Spooner is chairman has reported that in view of the extensions agreed to by the signatory powers all: the treaties are still alive. The subcommittee has also- reported upon the questions as to whether the treaties become operative without special legislation on the part of both houses of Congress, and, while holding that the- President and the Senate can negotiate, ratify and pro- claim such treaties without consulting the House, it has nevertheless recommended that all the pending treaties be amended by the incorporation of a provision that “this treaty shall not take affect until the same shall be approved by the Congress.” The report, which has a wide bearing upon the gen- eral subject of reciprocity treaties, is in part as follows: “The President and the Senate are, under the Con- stitution, the treaty making power. The initiative lies with the President. He can negotiate such treaties as- may seem to him wise, and propose them to the Senate for the advice and consent of that body, which is as free- and independent in its action upon the same as the Presi- dent is in exercising his power of initiative and negotia- tion. The power of the President and the Senate is de- rived from the Constitution. There is under our system no other source of treaty making power. The Congress is: without power to grant to the President or to the Sen- ate any authority in respect of treaties, nor does the Con- gress possess any power to fetter or limit in any way the- President or the Senate in the exercise of this constitu- tional function. It cannot enlarge or in any wise limit or attach conditions to the exercise of the treaty mak- ing power. “Whether the treaty is one which is self executing, or one which requires legislation by the Congress to give it effect, it must first in any event be negotiated by the: President and ratified by the Senate. Whether he will negotiate a treaty, and when, and what its terms shall’ be, are matters committed by the Constitution entirely to the discretion of the President, and whether the Sen- ate will advise and consent to it, with or without amend- ment, is a matter committed entirely to the discretion of the Senate. If a treaty be such as to require legislative action, and when entered into by the President and rati- fied by the Senate does not meet the approval of Con- gress, it has the power to withhold the legislation req- uisite to give it effect, but with the preliminary steps of negotiation and ratification the Congress has nothing whatever, under the Constitution, to do. “The subcommittee is clearly of the opinion, there- fore, that nothing contained in section 4 constitutes any valid restriction upon the jurisdiction and power of the Senate te act upon the conimercial treaties now pending. Whet