The protectionist

ee ce Vetaeect ee AS He wayeses Reine Baits a eeateh tnd aT eee baronet bie Tees Tr eaeny, het, ateee "ew, fe BAe ‘ ren Aulges 5 Re eae os aN NS be ead ad 2 s ie s UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY Class Book ; Volume SUS a. OF RR 1 ee SN ee, 3 F ; : eee ee ae os — Mr10-20M Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2021 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign https://archive.org/details/protectionist1719unse ae sy ss e if r_ x ae nee oP + ¥ THE PRO hw PIONS FE Devoted to Political Economy Published Monthly—$1.00 a Year VOLUME XVII May, 1905, to May, 1906, inclusive BOSTON : Published by THe Home Marker Crus 77 Summer Street The Protectionist INDEX TO VOLUME XVII May, 1905, to May, 1906, inclusive Administration.) che. and Horeign' Tariiia yun e ae iu aici erie eters ee ratte tele 237 Bien Habor pan. erancisco’:‘Chromele) § 3 Va Duo oi vac ee Nanaia 25 minartion s (sreatest Pree “Lrader |) oy’ Uo aon natn ha i gitar Bas ic maneanE 459 American Manufactures Abroad. International Weekly .................. 152 ENEMA CD DOTCUNITY. |: We ids DAL ATE Wurman nero anit Guana dues ARG aay 2'70 American Protective Tariff League—Annual Meeting ................... 549 American Shipping. From Press Correspondence .........e..ccececcccces 397 American Trade in West Africa. John S. Barrows ..............cccecce. 552 American Woolen Company. Boston News Bureau ..............ceceeces 563 Anti-Protection Convention. Iron and Steel Bulletin .................... 271 Anti-Protection Movement, The. Boston Transcript ...............e000. 207 Anti-Protection Movement, The. Iron and Steel Bulletin ............... 420 Australia, A Warning from. New York Commercial ................005- 323 Back Bay Tariff Notion Rebuked. New York Tribune ................... 334 IpAlance nan) Lrade,:.. Consular Repork wcieuviw wiewin wa nwantaieneretn eats luis uaa iuarg ale 400 BaTGlebE VON WE iaes.)) MomMmerville’ ss oumnaliicniee meee im Raine lalia lane hw iciuikan weer 345 PRG OOICH A RECON (i POVORE isle e lis Wi ula Wika) Riu Cel CRU nana NOLANDL eT MART ne ana VO Neg 46 Boots)and: Shoes.’ Boston, Commercial Bulletin oye ee a 493 MRosses and carty Leaders. New York) Tribune views bce e seie ee ences 391 Bravia vnc pam “oupporting. |!) Wey ds MOR Uera nice alee en uruva te ware 215 Britain, Increasing Labor Difficulties in. London Letter ................. 445 Britain’s Fiscal Policy. Correspondent of New York Tribune ............ 437 Inman se i riscal Ee olicy. || London, i ettert Ae ee Manan eioneho Lion Nec ivaeynugle rg 75 British Agriculture Ruined. Philadelphia North American .............. 458 Hritish Empire, rroducing | Power) ob.) Weide oa bLe we waewiniew e's nie dec cles 187 British Liberals and Free Trade. Robert Ellis Thompson ................ 479 British lave Labor im Atrica. "Wy 'd) Ballard) wee els es 239 British Elections and the Future of Trade. London Letter ............... 579 British Monopolies Lost. London Ironmonger .......-...2.ce0cceccccees 551 THE PROTECTIONIST. 643 PEPIN OO MEUTITAOLUTS PST LLECTILOOL EY cule Ad od del crete ale elaeldela slate eieeere yale aes 238 suying and Selling. San Francisco Chronicle ...... 00.00. cece cc ccc sees 283 Buying Government Supplies Abroad. Robert Ellis Thompson ........... 128 California Board of Trade. San Francisco Chronicle ................-... 240 CANRGa ASaINst MeCLInroeItys | mOIOrlaly iy yeu y wien wlamieelatan waco. eulek 44 Canada as an Industrial Power. The Manufacturer ..............cccce0e. 104 Gannda,) Commereiahi Union swith, i uGtOrtal i Wego wien vel augue gute ee ea ire 1 CUsnada,! Hostile tor heciprocity...4 ohn Ces Gordomi see i ee eta 252 Usnada, «Protection sit OTTAWA, EP Tee IE TeESe! Orly elaave baie lOuiols ile wis dice wees 474 Canada, Trade with. Charles Heber Clark. New York Tribune .......... 188 Canada Wheat a Menace. Oliver Dalrymple. . ey I EERO CUM HUREATS Ys Gan sdiany seaktoriss tia Wares SALTO o ON ularly Coney MS CIS AOR AEN Me gd Ag uy 449 Canadian Tariff Matters. Tariff Commission Hearings .............5...000. 555 Ganadiani: Varia: Canagiam uM anit aebureny yar lay we chialats wards mele bie ele sae la 303 Canadian Textile Imports. Textile Manufacturers’ Journal ............... 76 Canadians Woolen indnatry, EP IDTe| ANG DADIIG Heli co salute maoeren g suoully 451 Canadian Woolen Industry. Textile World Record .............0...000. 213 Cannon, Speaker, Centered in. From Wall Street Journal and Comments... 539 Carpet Wool Duty, The. Textile Manufacturers’ Journal ................. 186 Chamber of Commerce (Pittsburg), A Sensible ........0..c cee cence cecee 476 Chambers of Commerce and Boards of Trade—Statement of Home Market Chea ee COT GOreit aa ay a eT AUR CT Hl) on ORANG eS EAC SS Ir BA AN MASS Mia Re a 317 Chicago Conference, Review of the. Robert Ellis Thompson.............. 295 Chicago Reciprocity Conference. Proceedings ...........ccecccc cee ceeces 219 Chicago Reciprocity Conference, The. Albert Clarke ................000. 161 Ghiald) abhor in’bextile (Malle, \Bibre and Paprich tee ee vii valule eben Wits iiytahuente 265 hing) Our Wexnorgys rade: Wir Woo wei SALA POs aun tulsla\eielalle's 6 what elanw eke availele 284 Shines) | TAade.) Sal MraneiscouCHnroniclasew weave uke Cite dine ete ptaltabeleat ow ehacd 337 MRI BA PHO VCOLE i: LE UE CLLOLES Dinas sea slutna DTaIeakurEUti Malah ia aan bi a! se Ok de ARMS Sg 260 Club Membership. ):Gentleman’s Magazine okie se eaie miele blsieicnnierale ouiwans 112 Coal Interest) The Public, and: the’) Boston) DTranseript sine Ve eo eee ead 306 COLONIA LVL FA CGAY Wille) WN SALE ATER ROU Ohio le: nto a POPU RNG NORA OV i ad ARN Rh SUA eI SCT UNSW 404. Commerce and Production. San Francisco Chronicle .................0.- 462 WOTTIGTOOK UC COTO AEST TIL OS WW oval Wk DL LATCE Antshete’ cuca) Daher Wael Rlasionn tat arek Nae iui 264 Gonfereneen KE hey interpreted, \ GGitorig kG Ne ssa lanes CUS eu dele 217 Consular Service Reorganization—The Lodge Bill .................-..520- 464. Consuls, ands LHe eporisa LAN Gon) LELGER No Nejere nian dials ele Gita a Wi albrelelauataaal's 521 ORL OTN CLO TEL HEA ITECLERCHETEL LUND e Unarerarate Ore eka caver ala ate wh ava la td ane etie) satel arate 523 Govton sh uturesi Laxtile MANUTACTUTETS hOURTAL) (se Un ala ere cieg Wislw mer mone ave 249 Cotton Growers and Manufacturers, Conference of.........0.ee ce eeeeecees 627 DORLOTE MER CRINETYOLATILOTESES Nieto baer Cane ens lana Yet var Aaa CR MuaNenta a eta Ye he ag 131 rCLOL MEIC CEILS 21) ALL Wh ane RTRs rate Ruane lateea nya UA Ceara ane ana fain AID Nyy 569 Cotton Manufacturing Interests—Extracts from Addresses..........--:.-+. 99 Cotton Manufacturing Interests—Report of a Committee.................. 158 Cotton Manufacturing Interests. Textile Manufacturers’ J Dayal) UTA DW cy 335 CPR ETOOMUCEIOTIU ATIC ty ts PARSE! SOONER ca nD DENI TaHANGUUIDSS te COLRUIG I Up BBP Bs 308 Cotton Supply, The. New York Journal of Commerce. Dun’s Review .... 266 Cotton Trade, Our, in the Orient. Hon. J. L. MeLaurin. ................:. 182 OTM PL eer ah LEA ETS CITY Sse esate are aie wd rea aie UN Ri Shaka a eheia. G whatavaie ata eio ie ince 547 SVE Moe Era feb a UB GE MERLIN eX HRS BS IAN NUE AA AUN OR 559 Cummins (Governor) Again. Des Moines Capital ..............0. 0200 ee 74 AVA TES 644 THE PROTECTIONIST. Democratic Inconsistency. New York Tribune ...........ccccccessccece 366 Democrats, The, and Reciprocity. From Congressman Keifer’s Speech..... 605 Dollar Che Walne ofthe si Wall Street i Ournal con cine cee alee esos oy ee etehe acs 294 Domestic Productive Industry is Vital. Charles Heber Clark .......... 517 Draper, Eben S., Views on Reciprocity and Tariff ...........22cccccecees 142 GILADSTS ACME GY ACEODY Ls OL laa Sey Oe conn NG CTU LIBEL CHARS Su OT SAOU VAG Vee a Ue 269 Dress Goods Imports. Textile Manufacturers’ Journal.............eceee- 40 dota AYIA: MoONPTOSsINAN i. LAGE Y 1 ON pL eG ueuls ao che b's. Wield lees sta’ ee ier aie ele 367 MAIO OTH Ned Dey LO Well | MOOUTICL WLGd warm ata RUE is oro ly wi elehe ibe tae leeteieee 253 Duties, Trying to Defeat the Honest Collection of ...............e0eeeees 570 Early Revision a Past Question .... VERS Cu R eS Economie Club Debate—Whitney, lanka Oummane aa eluate 369 NUAITOVIAL WN OLES ieee en 35, 80, 139, 192, 242, 287, 338, 401, 452, 532, 564, 609 England, The Tariff in. Textile World Record. . UE aT ioe - . 685 European Labor, A Glimpse of. Charles sia Clank: AA ATR SOMO) aD gy raeee ype 545 European Immigration. Consular Reports. . TURNS % BRUTE? Wihwase 5 Geka Oe MRDOTL NE TICES SANG fT LOMO TE TICES). (.' ccc tle kaetnine ei lenaie ies wie eens Galacaieu & ateie’ a 154 Exports and the Tariff. New York Tribune .............cccceececeececs 560 Menore uLrade and. Labor). K.v0. LUN ber see em ei ante nanehors waite hia kit a ele 494 Farmers’ Market, The: San. Francisco Chronicle (2... /oc. ccs lc cece cess 552 Harm) Laborer, Position’ of ‘the: London’ Detter Gia f22s2e. ceil sc ei. ee 30 Maren VE TOCUCTS ANG | VARIES Hi wan a nik Cra stp meee item ear etE nat Siler vetenoegaios aie 469 Berens stxports, oan | Hrancisco sChroniciemauue cient ty vain cnele sc esics te 327 Foreign Commerce, Our-—Review and Commenteyes si cic a ees sie ee ose os 931 Foreign Labor in Massachusetts. . Wa? OR UO Ramer as Rea Liana Re etd ETS NS Foreign Markets. San Francisco Ohennitlen Ie SA RE A es tou tes OA a 412 Korean me reservation. | (Press: Lxtracts. sis niet nie eels ie tn tid ae elutes ate 590 SSS ENTS A GLA TLE. ob ys sciel hile Uru eit yAldl Red ESSE Ue CREAN A ne lat Pat fear CUCM each Nuns enn Te 87 Hreo«naw) Materials.) | Springheld. Union iasieweae beh eee toe lee eres ee 278 Free Trade Theory, A, Tested by Facts. Charles Heber Clark............. 91 Free Wool Period, The. Manufacturer, in Boston Herald ................. 547 Realtinger ‘Shipping Bill, The eek awe eee ee ee pee rere ete re cecal 466 German Confession of Fraud upon United States Revenue .............4.. 587 German Tariff, The, and American Trade. Speech of Congressman McCleary 575 German Tariff Bugaboo, The. Robert Ellis Thompson.................... 624 sorman ari, Loe. News.) Ws) ssa LlerOe ae rnte Agen yee sl lals wa ere kis 210 German Trade Menace, The. American Manufacturer ..............+-0-: 361 Germany and Reciprocity. Robert Ellis Thompson ..................... 94 Germany ‘and’ ‘the United :States.!) London Latter yu vis. cedaesu ess esge ean 279 Germany, Our Tariff Differences with. Editorial ................ece0c0- 257 Germany, Our) Lrade))/Relations/,sviths soa Orie seating wile Wels stele a eel ale eee. 61 Germany s Arbitrary | Customs cervical deve unin eny waite eons holes © nis se aie ote 584 Germany s (Concession: | Mditorial ayn sa vee rere La atto ne eis ale sts 554 Germany’s New Demand. San Francisco Chronicle .............eceeeeees 562 Guild’s (Gov.) Letter to the President. Comments ..............cceeeees 405 PG ETS (aid Deb <a Mk YW AORU OR RO aM ca rae i 6 Lrg a ora si he a aged oe ya an OO 514 Home and Foreign Markets. Textile World Record ..................2.-- 421 Home! Market’ Club, Annual, Meeting ior vecvawde sive ae cc vi sin ts bcs tees wre crs 409 tome: Market, Our. Wall Street) ourmabieee ian) seiko ee seb eh ae eae reels 518 THE PROTECTIONIST. Home Market, The. The London (Ontario) Free Press............0..0.- Home Market, The. From Speech of Congressman Lacey. . ap Home Production and Consumption. New York Journal Bf Gonuiercs fetus Home: Trade the. Best.\.George J, Seabury sles (ewe siete en sh POU, TIDBIBLY a OTGION Ay) Ee TEGR ute trmete ily mera Seguin ul evel ered ails talelath wt retibvaly eis IPAMBISTALLON. CN) CRYIN DORLUTIN OL LDOSGOD HIGDON ciate bikie Adie sath esl sle were eres Inimigration)andyWasressa Oharies) Heber Clarky vy olivesia ito aw eo bweie ween see Mimicration acter anniur roolenis., | diOrial yy eases is es: token waa alccalewk athe Immigration Problem, The. Views of Joseph E. Fletcher ................ Tramiora tion e esemicel Ong yee cies Sat ON OT ime it ele DT WE a Import Tariff and Standard of Living. San Francisco Chronicle ........ Importers versus “ha aaa New York Merchants and Customs Administra- tL eee at Bae a chao ane ates aunaia ah tat kote Industrial Condition, ones we Eraneisecs GnroniGhey ii ysta a dee eo PaoUsUtIae OGY Ouro tian, A ldem' wpm iti) alestusdiaivd ae care ol ellsaueiete latter Eadustryand thie wensis:),.) boston “TL ransertp tis toes bw ales soe /aia agente emirate Infant Mortality and Industrial Conditions .......... Internal Commerce. San Francisco Chronicle Rieter Ala COIN Ol Cen CHT WL Hote eicierierd: olnin aa REIL RR ehetsiel ete: ta tanaiaes IR Cua tii. tare Intera rades Ouro San) brancisen:, Chronicle /syomaseeeee eek cee aileron International Trade Policy. From Secretary Shaw’s Speeches............ International Trusts. San Francisco Chronicle ....... ae Mataie Towa and Tariff Revision, Views of Senators and anteont tie eak CaM Tron and Steel, Prices to Foreign Buyers. Iron and Steel Butletine! Skea tebe es SPEEA YELP COT NOE Ey Guid Wie sist Mm AyeT oie (ato cru a nT a ate Fg aden Nin Ca pur cua Japan.s) Weonomiey bosition.4i London Lettert iii) tai is tials ca ke barca eee mates HSEHoOvVVecision VAM LI pOPea nt cine cia cro alaere Neiee a Nreiie vette ateate Ulan s atate iabor Parties and ie rotection.k London, Loe tern ais ve suied seven aides wnetinrirs Std Rate Young snbroad. Des; Moines): Capital ui Nice A a etes oee eis era ellubnourh Alonése walter ss Ballarda ah cis cess e colin ante eae cane Leather sxporterim 10a nm VW alter’) Dallard james she's uid save eceitio’ erature et bla abe tk Pew ia aril Ca tecee HS VOSIE ON s ac lc ia lve bataeieniens eta ametuer Qe wety SLUM MOEN oe PTINIOS UL INDOLESE La LOTITE SA LCEVIO Wii vital atarature seat ey atone arohe ta uch y ) ciaia hy bee tes Manufacturers, National Association of. Annual Meeting ................ Meariketeal Hes Orelonin vi Elo WW ay F GOOLE S sale ever’ © kadar arheseralate alata gwi'ete elaine alah Massachusetts and Freee Trade. Fitchburg Sentinel.................-.... Massachusetts and Other States. Albert Clarke.............. ccc ccc cees MaASBSCHISELLA) Democratic? E LAtLOrIn Nis et. Wy aso cee laterea oreo a Ad prelate} Gow ate Massachusetts Republican State Convention. Proceedings ...........+.... Maximum and Minimum Tariff. Iron and Steel Bulletin ........... aes EG IOATY CANICU LA WHBY (ate ie ate taealn lenin sa a kha hs aera ued Mean wi ota Where Meee atateatie ceal's Metric System and Tariff. Textile World Record ....................... Michigan. Under, Protection. | Walter J: Ballard) ose oe eli ees. Money, The World’s Stock of. Walter J. Ballard. ................ 22 cc ccees Municipal Operation, The Failures of. Press Extracts ...........cee000- PAVONA MEE AT PANE DOStOM. LTATISCTID EI). oss Se sia We's sels ela hee a bajo ewe reece ers Nebraska’s Manufacturing Progress under Protection ................+-: 268 581 578 548 439 646 THE PROTECTIONIST. New. Mneland tron) Industries, \\artortahi ves Gav ere a umcle state cnaleieielbeuecre ss 291 Newfoundland, Retaliation from. Robert Ellis Thompson ................ 26 NEV OUN GLACE BUA CUOMO HALT LOREAL MA had Utne Aan NERO Vana aU ogra Na is tale 42 Newfoundland Treaty, The. Des Moines Capital ..............ee-eee eee . 160 New Hampshire and the Tariff. Portsmouth Chronicle ...............0-- 268 PG esti TaN El OPER NGGOTLOPTBL Wulieit ale cee erate lib i wie winlevatate wena te wie atau thokRe ale tena 544 RETO U TRODUDIICATIS NATE Nid TETIE A. Wella ret na careng Ona MANY SECON SIN CT Oh Sa ue arte 109 Oriental Trade) Our. Cotton :and) Wool Reporters fae... ses cece ee sees eh Leo CN aermag 4 rade.) WOrGester, (Leleera mean uMne a alurlih (aie y's Ulels bWlaloiemieateae 480 Overproduction, Cure for. W. G. Lightbown in New York Sun ........... 528 Gapern eto tides sand shoes: iA Lberk) Cuatingiisc we Maecsid eee viece ele mem mle eine 519 LEASES RUT NI By Cas HOMINID NG RURCSL ATTN NR MAAS Rd ay NAC CAD AAA A LEN 341 PIPACO MECH OSO TMV NOTELS MOE CEN CUiuh kit ute acumen Med mn Ce utucelS Wie iata' pi nat sw atip 312 RAOUL VILE Y Hu T Rta ya nck Phe YUU lines dias Guana MCE ON aa ML Ten HA UacUisrar ey eat lane 191 CML PINGS--ORSUWIES SO MID DINE WB WE. vice tells kieieie els wieiele is isle ties aie wis epee si ales 461 TLippince i cariir wi Meriden st O:) a) OULMAL IE Wcities ewe aues wale nvsls weie eels mace 458 Pig Iron, Politics, Strikes. W. J. Ballard... J ek OL ARMIES RU UATE ae: 8 Poverty and Pauperism in London. Tonaan Perea VORP URSA NEI GANUUG LOVE tt 396 Depa Cre N ON Ate BOTs EM COT ORLA s14 s/h). WN Dulane OU amen Mera NS Wr VGA ya tehns a nt culty ial (EDES UD PPI GIUE RINE OWOTS OTERO Teele Liaise ly aiahe iecetMa tele a care Mley one ty er ehc unt etate LD le CCW es 155 PPE to Ke TAIT Ale Neo ONO el BINES (Mes OWE OR Cunt si kn ae el ltieraie aGrere sie 516 President Roosevelt to the Shoe and Leather Manufacturers .............. 415 PPPORTORING GM CSSA On SITTIN AI NO Nitin 4 NLU UieLGuee Hanae nys latent cba Mack an allie ougtst ata gt 446 miroeress And we rosperity. .\( haries) Eheber Clarkueu wien cue giaw nue wilien edie cane 628 Pececeriiyy Giobert nlis: CHOmpson yl su eremae en Uianh all ann Pane bine Lanes 200 PRON DETI Cy AA OODITIC Ss RUA TEORUERL S103 OSC RN NNN AUNT SIUC A NS RICA OS le 262 Ppos erica WA Tiara OL. LUN SW OLK cl BOUT My Miu uieininn ieldahel abana el ctelg cee & weer 362 Prosperity, A Year of. New York Journal of Commerce .............-26. 558 Protection and Canadian Woolens. W. J. Ballard ...............0 sce eces 468 Protection and Commodities. San Francisco Chronicle ................. 314 Protection and Foreign Trade. George W. Russell ..................242. 254 PoreOLTOn ANG Ua DOIe Hi al et WW ALGER. Gi iap miu ater ane ld eta Marah at tall had fe Giang g a ies are 468 PAOLO CENT AIC MT BEB ACHITREELS |) ie! AV) Kinyo 4 Warm ein ie aM gaa kimmel aura adalic ave alate ate /clumenee 307 Mrotecrionin \hermanent: COUC ye MCLLOLIAL i eimaiae. ¢ we cle pele eos celetola wttlae nce large 505 Protection in England, The First Step Toward. London Letter ........... 134 Protection, The Benefits of. Charles Heber Clark ............. 0.0 cece eee 184 Protections benent)to wuabor.) The! Hibernian ii. oi eee ee walle eens 418 Protection’s, Benefits..:: San’ Francisco Chronicle . 0.0... c os wk ewes 1828 Protectionists at Odds. From a Free Trade ediaa ae ye Ct at) Bene a 341 mass ILOT NANA. oH LOGTE LAP KO loci guia iotetuta mals alin ildvavalehh hei abe toned gate 57 Pure Food Laws. New York Journal of Commerce Seth Weve Toilet ese kelttlane nto 111 (eine etal Orato UPL Bcc EVER A Lesa Weed Ge ME Uhre GA NAMEN ANE AG TS RIUM MLL ee Navin yi eC) 574 Railroad Rate Bill. From Senator Lodge’s Speech . UC RS ean nae Railroad Rate Legislation. From Senator Lodge’s Shscel! ARE RNA AU ad 549 HEAT OAT. TATE ATI Ak GIN Oe.) LIT Sl ERO VIO WT ia lie wise ta Rast netitiel Mauer Mest 54 Railroad Rates. Washington Correspondent Boston Transcript .......... 3805 AUTO CRATES, (1b AROUE (AMA WA DPOB ies iicie) ie sic alale ee, nlaistieiaiecmiataleteliovs © Ania ataliaalte 470 Railroads—How They Lower the Tariff on Imports. John Franklin Crowell 443 Railroads—Why they are Satisfied. American Manufacturer..........--.. 597 Railway Harnings, Distribution of .......... ccc cee ee cee w ee enc cence cwene 454 LYHE PROTECTIONIST. 647 Reciprocity Abandoned. New York Journal of Commerce EE a It AEE Reciprocity on Academic Question. Boston ESPOSCTID Ue Venue sig my roule one 156 Reciprocity and Tariff Revision. “The Committee of One Hundred” ./4 0.62. 144 Reciprocity Conference. Secretary Clarke’s [OF abe they ete CONN Mt OE MR mien we 248 Hecinrooiiy, Delegates: Heporty lu lan unt since mimi iy MONI URN NIN I 6 6 ce 311 Reciprocity, McCleary on. Washington Correspondent Boston Transcript.. 267 Reciprocity Movement, The. William Whitman ......................... 250 Reciprocity Petitions in Haverhill. Haverhill de Wated Fe hitey lleva alan a dat aN eA EY ee 365 Reciprocity Question, The. Boston (PRanSOnriy en NEM isle cD on MOR Aili may dias. 212 meciprocity,) The Administration Against: alicia, oun ioe dk dans 108 Reciprocity Treaties. From Senator Foraker’s DOSE HNL Maan ark vi titah nits 349 Reciprocity with Germany. Philadelphia Public MS saa aN NAS UO RD Reciprocity “World Wide.” New York Tribune EDEN SSE SUR eA UY Ba 197 Peep U DUCATI AMATI AL HOY Sanit uilis MOMMA R NU YOM A HAM | b 344 Republican Principles and Policies. Chicago Inter-Ocean................ 638 Revision, Dalzell Against. Pittsburg Gazette ............ 006000, 0.05., 0, 292 PremIOMIaa KM SSSA CHusB hea NUNN clon SU UML UUme NO TDG tt 535 meWARCIE Medigaritv i Lolado Bladeiiea lun De WeliiinkuiMnaricui tn ona tln 526 Hussia, “Our males itos WW altar dy Ballard yacMienionoe cucu kaolin uyeN Ab 301 penataland tanith: Philadelphia Press (awww Wigs ekthe ua cues May) Lime on 6 Pup ppe ul Sonmarnvnrche: New mU eins stiuar gumulny Wes, doe igre 529 ees y os ot al COUN EAM BD eve Ot Co hia 3i¢ ©: 9 AMR, UG Co CIN SERENA Ys te) Ships VW ot Must haven Ww Ballard (esa aii clan con wee Ml WZ) 270 Silk Industry, The Sixty Thousand Names, Those. General Draper's Expose wis teu Niue Bok Standard of Living, The. San Francisco Chronicle ............. seven apa ws DOS Steel Rails, The Cost of. Tron and Steel Bulletin Miatahanala hey oars ahaa tae a fe Wana, 132 Dimas aL Hel Aw satide), Presa lxtracta i juninnauuniiny wei ier oe Many Mai! 216 Surplus, The Dumping of. San Francisco Chronicle...... 621 Syndicates in German Industry. London Letter. ....)..0..5000 0002.00... 235 Tariff Agitators, The, and the Republican Party in Massachusetts .... By rall ah eqaNNE Tariff and Drawback. Senator ERAT DEOUEE RD aan Cbs o ny nea WN ARUI MRMLu CRED ONE 32 Tariff and Revenue. Editorial ........ A JALEUEN AALS SS OMS REC ANAT ANI CR 392 Hert Vandy Ravente,) Senator Burrows (omnia cia vod wa. calle m unig hs 98 Tariff, An Impartial. San Francisco Chronicle .................... Se RREAS Tariff, An Object Lesson in. Textile Manufacturers’ Journal ............. 557 PATA) Deter an Ont The On sane Fy UCR NN CURM ENO yay Kein WIND 4] Tariff Laws and Protection. From Secretary Shaw’s Speech ............ 339 Pari, Leavesit) Monen || Waltar di Ballard) Wiissice sod vunh gene ou numerous 39 Tariff Menace, A. Textile Manufacturers’ Journal ...................... 588 Ratt No mectlonal Ritch pire Sentinel oxi dun) SNOW namin aun wees Oo 337 Been LONGI ECTOLALY | HAW) OLINC Goro) Wai sowed ERI ee yoke SENN Gs Tariff Preference and Reciprocity. From Report of Chicago Economie Con- REGO teitinea canna anyis aig) thet anata aha bay aha) Clo UNS ae Stal) si ata phon MNP INNIS OR SAME ORKA LAS) (p 555 Davitt) Purposes Sar i raricrsco: CHrOnicla yyy sh ku we cu wooo uma ey ae 230 Tariff Reduction, Gradual. Wilwaukee Sentinel Tariff Reformers and Free Traders. Editorial Parts efor Leaps) Iisinesss METIS | Liss bbasmuaioe namie sole bares oaks 591 Tariff Reform Schemes. Salem (Oregon) Statesman PAPUES ME VIION MN COOTPS MEA DBES ESL a RN NVA lake eR ek eee 346 648 THE PROTECTIONIST. Tariff Revision, Best Time for. Baltimore American .................0-- 465 Tariff Revision, Massachusetts Members of Congress on. Communications.. 507 ELATIIL MRC VISLON UNOW. INO Gime ela oid bietalepleta rote are ainsi a Mingle mtn ele eile vont 614 Tariff Revision, The Demand for. Speech of Gen. W. F. rae VIRAN, Le tae oes 7 Tariff Rippers, Specimen. Des Moines Capital ........ eel icle ate sie MOLE Tariff, Secretary Shaw and the. Boston Transcript ...........2++2.eeeee: 145 Deri Usituation. OL be) WuCLLOTTAL. 4!) ETERS A DITLIONISI a eles nia'e ete aisle aieipterrene eale 298 Tarif. the, and ;Gonsumers. ) Editorial. |) sic cn se) ese er wes taaim wines se miele ae 275 Tariff, The and Finance. Burlington Free Press .............sesceeeees 4772 Tariff, The Attacks on the. Des Moines Capital .......-........-e+00-- 178 Tariff, The, in Massachusetts. Robert Ellis Thompson ................... 320 Tariff, The, in Western Massachusetts. Springfield Union. . Tae ciate agiae Gig eer aM Tariff, The Next. Washington Correspondent Boston Teanenei th ere let tik ses tts Tariff, The, Not Oppressive. Troy Times.. RA VINIIEY A ENE HELA AML J Aha foto ht Tariff Views, Southern. Congressman Tesvente eae wb rs etait anal eee Rete nee 326 Tariff, Why it Should Not be Revised. Thomas H. Ball ................. 515 Tariffs, Maximum and Minimum .......... cece rece cee ee cee cece eee ese 194 Ten Hour Law Unconstitutional. . Gr SRN ATR NS CAST NOR ve ok eee cae Sete ge av Textile Products in Our Foreign invader ireecie World Record .......... 589 Tin Plate, Prices of. Iron and Steel Bulletin .................00.-00e- 473 Trade Conditions, The, of a Prosperous Country. London Letter ........ 203 Trade War, The Prospective. Charles Heber Clark ..............0..0++0-. 48 Treasury Outlook. Washington Letter ....... ce eeeee eee ce ce ceeeer rece 557 Treasury Outlook, The. New York Tribune ......--..-seeee eee eeeeeeee 86 Uniform Industrial Defence. Hon. William W. Bates ..............-... 117 United States, Made in the. Textile World Record ...-.......+..e.eeee- 234 Voting, The Neglect of. By a Startled Citizen ..........-. eee eee eee eee 68 Wages and Prices in Great Britain. United States Consul Halstead ....... 550 Wages, Working Hours and Cost of Living. Journal of Commerce ......... 471 Walker, Hon. J. H.—Speech at Annual Meeting ..........-...--.seeeee 541 Wealth, A Defence of. New York Commercial .......--..-.s.eeesee eee 211 Wells, George W., Sketch (with Portrait) ...........-see eee e ee ee ee eeees 413 West, The, and Protection. From Congressman Mondell’s Speech ........ 590 RHEE MEIN DION TL HE i u'sie cis Bs a Web gl belele WialeaINIO Winible les § hinels' me alnceW a's el#ihe in imis 56 Wood, William M. Textile Manufacturers’ Journal ............-+-.--.0.- 209 AM CO TT HOCAY ic eiatc +) cts poe Seieee ele SUC hints @ Rie Minse 208 Waly. »'p's nate! #12 mien whe 34 Wool and Woolens in Bradford. Correspondent New York Tribune ........ 804 Wool Growing. Textile World Record ......--...ceesesces sec veesescoes 363 Wool Imports. Textile World Record ...........ee eee ee eee eee eee cee eees 88 Wool Industry, The. Charles Heber Clark ............sccceeseeceeeoes 146 Wool Manufacturers’ Association—Annual Meeting, Reports, etc. ......... 587 Wool Tariff, The. Theodore Justice ....... cece cess e cece eect ten eecees 208 Wool Tarif, “Lhe. New York’ Trade Record: 0c ee ee 80 Workingman, A, Against Lower Duties ....+...e see ee cece eee ee eee eee eee 531 World’s Commerce, The. Walter J. Ballard ..........eecee cee cce ccc ecees 527 Fine and Lead Industries, Our. ' Walter J; Ballard. ...-........-..-....... 601 THE PROTECTIONIST. A Monthly Magazine of Political Science and Industrial Progress. Signed articles are not to be understood as expressing the views of the editor or publishers. Volwavile MAY, 1905. No. 193. COMMERCIAL UNION WITH CANADA. HE failure of the attempt to get reciprocity with Canada has caused inquiry as to a commercial union. Mr. Whar- ton Barker of Philadelphia, who says he has studied the subject for years, has written to the New York Sun strongly in favor of such union. In order that the arguments for and against it may be fairly presented, let us take his letter as a text. He says the demand in New England for reciprocity is looked upon in other parts of the country as narrow, but that commercial union would be just and advantageous to the peo- ple of both countries. He says, but on what authority we do not know, that “an offer of such union will be made by Congress to the Dominion of Canada.” He believes that the Canadians are too favorable to the “Chamberlain policy of an imperial zollverein” to con- sent to reciprocity, but that the advantages of commercial union with the United States would become so obvious to them that they would soon abandon their imperial programme for it. En passant let us say that the word “zollverein” does not ac- curately describe the Chamberlain policy, for a zollverein— — a toll union—such as existed between most of the German states during the middle of the last century, is commercial union, with a common tariff against the rest of the world but with free trade between themselves. The Chamberlain policy does not contemplate a common tariff by the United Kingdom and the colonies, but allows each unit to make its own tariff and control its own revenue, each giving preference to the other units over other countries. Zollverein more nearly THE PROTECTIONIST. - describes what Mr. Barker would have between Canada and the United States. But we are not so sanguine as he is that the Canadians would prefer this to preferential tariffs within the Empire. Before discussing the advantages and the disadvantages of commercial union, let us see what the term means. It means that both countries must agree upon a common tariff, must exe- cute it impartially in the interest of the customs union, and must divide the revenue upon some agreed basis—probably according to population, as that has been the historic basis. It means that one of the parties to the agreement cannot show a preference to any other country unless the other party assents, and it means that in case one of the parties becomes involved in war it cannot increase its customs revenue without the con- sent of the other. It means, also, that should either party de- sire to enact some exceptional tariff in favor of industry or a dependency, the consent of the other party must first be ob- tained. And of course it means closing all the customs houses between the two countries and dispensing with the revenues which each now derives upon imports from the other. Upon this last item Mr. Barker makes an eloquent presenta- tion of the advantages of substituting a natural for an artificial condition. He says: Interchange of commodities between countries so situated is a movement of nature, and in this case its naturalness is in- ereased by the configuration of the border line. The Canadian Provinces impinge upon the United States much more than they do upon each other. They lie in groups, each of which has its closest geographical relations, not with the other groups, but with the adjoining part of our country. The Maritime Provinces find their counterpart in Maine; Quebec and Ontario join upon New Hampshire, Vermont, New York and Michigan; while Manitoba and the Canadian Northwest are the trade associates of Minnesota and our States westward to the Pacific. Interchange across the line between these closely joined regions is as natural as the flow of rivers, and whatever may be done to check it and to force a trade move- ment east and west through Canada, passing from one to the other of its several groups, is done against the physical laws of their situation and interest. In view of this, the burden of the present system of custom house barriers, by which Canada repels our trade, and we on our part repel hers, becomes unreasonable. Here is not only one line, but actually two lines, of custom houses and customs officers, maintained along the enormous stretch of territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific. For nearly four thousand THE PROTECTIONIST. miles this mutual repulsion is set up. That it is costly to each nation is evident. There is, however, another side to the revenue and expense question. Canada imports from the United States more than twice as much as from any other country. To forego the revenue from these imports would necessitate greater internal taxation, and this would be found difficult to arrange and main- tain. While the public debt of the United States is only about $11 per capita and the annual interest charge only about 30 cents, the debt of the Dominion is about $50 per capita and the annual interest fully $2.65 per capita. In a sparsely settled and developing country the debt and interest are likely to be increased, and it is now certain that the aid of the government recently extended to the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway will impose a heavy additional burden, which will not be compen- sated for some years by revenue-yielding industries. Certainly the loss of revenue upon imports from the United States would be vastly greater than the saving caused by dispensing with the revenue service along our border, as will be seen from these figures: In 1903 the duties collected on imports from the United States were $17,069,881; the cost of collecting the cus- toms that year was $3.31 for each $100 collected, or $345,010 on the above amount; therefore dispensing with this revenue would result in a net loss of $16,724,871, or about 46 per cent of Canada’s entire customs revenue. It would be easy for the United States to get along without any customs revenue from Canada, but it would be hard for Canada to get along without revenue on imports from the United States. This brings us to the gist of the whole question. It is more political than commercial or industrial. Until the chief politi- cal interests of two countries become common they cannot have a common tariff. The German zollverein was successful because the several states which entered into it owed no foreign al- legiance and had no separate national interests; in fact they were getting ready to form the German Empire. If Austria had been only a principality it could have joined the union to mutual advantage, but Austria was a nation, with many rela- tions and obligations different from those of the smaller states and with possibilities of world power to which they could not aspire. Canada has political relations very different from those of the United States. She is a colony of Great Britain, has no treaty-making power, possesses no navy, sends no ambassadors or envoys to other countries, furnishes troops to aid the mother THE PROTECTIONIST. country in its foreign wars, but could not thus aid the United States, however close our commercial relations might be, and on the contrary would assist the United Kingdom in case of war with the United States, which of course would terminate any customs union that we might have. This very fact proves that political relations over-ride local, industrial and commer- cial interests. Government is a very real thing and the ma- terial bounds and barriers of nature go down before it. If Canada were independent and could treat with us, we can see how much it might promote the convenience of the people of both countries to have a commercial union. We should have a common zeal to protect that union and nothing to conflict with it. A Canadian customs official could then be intrusted with the revenue and industrial interests of the United States, even against the persuasive power of a British merchant, but so long as the Canadian is a Briton his power of resistance would be distrusted in the United States. In this connection it should be borne in mind that the United States market is several times as large as that of Canada and we have some in- dustries which Canada has not. It is no reflection upon Canadians, but a proper recognition of human nature, to say that in such circumstances we should rather have Americans on guard. If commercial union should not work smoothly in practice it would be such an “entangling alliance” as Washington and Jefferson warned us against. If it should work well, it would al- most certainly lead to political union, because, with no foreign allegiance in the way, the Canadians would see the immense advantage of becoming a part of the greatest and most prosper- ous nation on the globe. But this is the greatest reason why such commercial union is not likely to come, at least for many years. It would mean the dismemberment of the British Em- pire, for Canada’s withdrawal would be followed by the inde- pendence of the Australian Commonwealth and ultimately, no doubt, of South Africa. The one great argument of Mr. Chamberlain and his followers for the policy which bears his name is, that it will more effectually cement together the dif- ferent parts of the Empire. In most of his speeches Mr. Chamberlain sets forth the eagerness of the United States for closer relations with Canada, which to every Briton’s mind suggests the loss of Canada from the Empire. While there can be no doubt of the right of this country to offer to Great Britain commercial union with Canada at any time, would there THE PROTECTIONIST. be any likelihood of its success while the Chamberlain policy is pending, and would not such an offer defeat its purpose by driving the now backward Britons to Mr. Chamberlain’s support? Mr. Barker, in his zeal for complete freedom of trade be- tween the two countries, becomes a little inconsistent. In the forepart of his article he says: “Their country is one of colder climate than ours; its products are therefore different,” and so he contends that there would be no severe competition between Canada’s products and ours. But towards the close he says: “We shall receive, when our crops of agricultural products are deficient, the excess of those from Canada, without their cost being increased to the consumer.” How about the similarity in that case, and how about the competition when ours are not deficient? The truth is that Canada’s products and those of our northern states are strikingly similar and would in most years severely compete with each other, to the great advantage of the Canadians by reason of their cheaper labor and the greater magnitude of our market. In case of complete political union, however, these objections would partly disappear and the advantages of such a connection would be so great that the competition, being within the same country, might be to the advantage of the whole, and diverse conditions would tend to become equalized. Mr. Barker stands squarely by the protec- tive policy for both countries, and admits that “if they com- peted with each other for the disposition of the same products,” and “if they differed materially in their standard of social con- ditions,” then “the argument for complete freedom of inter- change would fail.” When facts are taken into account this gives away his whole case. The products of the two coun- tries are similar and do compete and to some extent their social conditions are dissimilar, for labor in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces is from 25 to 50 per cent lower than it is in the New England States, and the greatest argument of the New England reciprocitarians—most of them free traders—is that they want the cheaper food and raw materials of Canada to compete herg with the products of New England and western farms, forests and mines. Mr. Barker cannot fail to see that so long as Canada and the United States are two countries, we cannot invite or permit such competition without breaking down the whole protective policy, logically at least. Finally, if complete union is the objective, the place to work THE PROTECTIONIST. for it is Canada. The people of the United States are and al- ways have been willing. It is our belief that a majority of the people of Canada would be glad of union, but the governing class of both parties is against it. Some of them love titles; . they like to be lords and knights; others who are prominent and influential in Canada think they might either be lost in the United States or “fall” to the level of some of our politicians, which, truth to tell, is often not of the highest; others con- template the vast area of Canada, ignore the Arctic cold of most of it, and dream of her national possibilities; while others, loyal to Britain and preferring her form of government, shrink from contact with our cosmopolitanism and from the dangers that they think threaten our stability. So long as this govern- ing class is always alert and influential and the people are not led to discover the great advantages of union, the voice of Can- ada will be against it, and especially since the country is pros- pering under the benign influence of protection. This being so, had we not better cease to pursue an object so impracticable of attainment and attend strictly to our own affairs, in the conduct and promotion of which we have, happily, every incentive and encouragement, thanks again to the beneficent policy of protec- tion and to the freedom of the largest and richest market in the world? SENATE AND TARIFF. [Philadelphia Press. | As Senator Allison is scheduled to go to the Philippine Islands with Secretary Taft and ex-Secretary Root on July 1, not to return until October, he can hardly contemplate taking much of a part in any action of the Senate Finance Committee looking toward tariff revision. He acted for Chairman Aldrich, now in Europe, in obtaining authority from the Senate, usual at the close of a session, for the committee to hold meetings and make investiga- tions, during the recess, of the subjects under its jurisdiction. What Mr. Aldrich may do on his return is not known, but, as any measure relating to the tariff would have to originate with the House Committee on Ways and Means, the Senate committee will probably not take any action toward preparing a bill. It can gather informa- tion which would be useful to all con- cerned. As the House is not organ- ized and the Ways and Means Com- mittee not appointed nothing can be done on that side until Congress convenes, probably in October. “8 Mr. Payne, who has long been chair- man of the Ways and Means Commit- tee, and who will probably be reap- pointed, is to be one of the party accompanying Secretary Taft, as will be some other members of the House Committee and Speaker Cannon. The House was never more jealous of its constitutional rights than it has been under Speaker Cannon. At the last session it even refused to consider an amendment made by the Senate to a House bill, because the amendment re- lated to the drawback provision of the Dingley tariff. Under these circum- stances there is small probability of any great public activity on the part of the Senate committee concerning the tariff before Congress meets. THE PROTECTIONIST. THE DEMAND FOR TARIFF REVISION. SPEECH OF GENERAL WILLIAM F. DRAPER BEFORE THE MASSACHUSETTS CLUB, APRIL 15, 1905. ENERAL WILLIAM F. DRAPER addressed the Massachusetts Club at Young’s Hotel, on Saturday afternoon, April 15, on the subject of “The Demand for Tariff Revision.” The meeting was the largest the club has had for some time. Ex-Governor John D. Long presided, and among the distinguished guests were Congressman McCall and Congressmen-elect John W. Weeks and Rockwood Hoar. Following is the speech in full: I am here to-day under peculiar circumstances. I hold no public office and seek none. The fact that an old-time Republi- can principle seems in danger in the house of its friends is my excuse for occupying your time. Other policies, too, hereto- fore accepted, may be in danger in these strenuous times, but I propose to confine myself to the one which has, more than any other, differentiated the Republican from the Democratic party. Ten years ago or thereabouts, when I last spoke before you, our party was in perfect accord on this issue. Five years ago, one year ago, or even six months ago I should have expected a sympathetic audience before any Republican organization in expressing my unchanged views on the question of protection. Now, though Republicans as a rule still are, or claim to be, protectionists, there is evident a disposition to see the question in a different light. I am not assuming that this is the case in this club, but realize that the apparent change in feeling in our state, and in our state, perhaps, more than anywhere else, must have affected some of you, and very likely many here will not sympathize with my views, which the independent papers call extreme. However that may be, you are here to hear me, and while I desire to treat Republicans who differ from me with proper respect, I shall not hesitate to state my own position squarely. Referring to my former statement, the change in attitude of some of our statesmen is far more evident than any change of conditions that is referred to as justifying tariff revision. We used to hear from Massachusetts Republicans, as well as those from other sections, that a protective tariff diversified industry and kept up the wages of labor, and, in fact, that it was one of the principal causes of our phenomenal national prosperity. I believe so still. Latterly, however, we hear, not only from Democrats, but from some of our own party who desire re- THE PROTECTIONIST. vision, that the tariff checks foreign trade; that it is responsible for trusts and combinations against the consumer; that it ex- ists only for the benefit of a few favored individuals; that our industries have outgrown the necessity for the indirect assistance which it has given, they having become dangerous ageregations of capital that need to be restrained by govern- mental power. Logical men who believe these things become Democrats, or, at least, free traders, while some of the illogical remain Republicans with Democratic tendencies and nominal protectionists working for free trade. PROTECTION AND THE NEWSPAPERS. To such an extent has this gone that there is not to-day in Boston a single daily paper that stands aggressively for pro- tection. The majority have free trade tendencies; others treat the subject as of minor consequence, and still others talk on both sides, as did our last State Republican platform. Not one stands for protection as a principle, and fights for it day after day, and year in and year out, as the Democratic and inde- pendent papers stand and fight for free trade. Some of our leaders, too, as I said before, are not outspoken for protection as they used to be. One of our Republican candidates, Mr. Foss, wandered far from it during the last cam- paign; the Republicans of the Federal Relations Committee of our Legislature have just united with the Democrats in a two- faced report, and the Senators, and substantially all of the Representatives in Congress from Massachusetts, have recently wnited in recommending a revision of the tariff at the “earliest practical time,” in spite of the opposition to revision from the great majority of Republican representatives from other states. J am aware that they said “according to the principles of protection,” and I admit that consistent protectionists may favor tariff revision when it is clearly required; but still, those who favor it should fairly be expected to justify their position. They recommend a course that has always proved dangerous. Why? Is the present tariff doing such great harm, or have they modified their former protectionist views? The anti-revisionist need make no explanations. His position is a logical one. The present tariff has produced, or, at least, has been accompanied by, great prosperity, while the last re- vision downward caused or was accompanied by a period of overwhelming adversity. Facts seem to argue for us. The burden of proof to the contrary is on the revisionists. ORIGIN OF TARIFF REVISION SENTIMENT. I believe that this call for tariff revision is not of protection- ist origin, but the reverse. The constant influence of free trade precepts in our colleges, the continual reading of editorials charging the tariff with increasing the cost of living, without crediting it with the higher wages and increased employment THE PROTECTIONIST. that it maintains; the talk of the great advantages of competi- tive reciprocity (or free trade on a small scale), have developed among us a feeling similar to that which existed in 1892 and may cause a similar result; very likely would, if Massachusetts alone were to be considered. Fortunately the Republicans of other sections are more stal- wart than we are and do not deem the moment of victory a proper time to surrender to the enemy. They do not believe that it is wiser to yield something while we are in power for fear that the enemy may some time come into power and take more. They think it better to stand by our own principles and our own handiwork than to join with the Democrats in undermining them. They do not recognize any changes in conditions since last June that make tariff revision necessary or desirable. We in Massachusetts must before long decide whether we are to be logical or merely nominal protectionists; whether we are to act with the majority of the national party or to oppose it. NO GROUND FOR COMPROMISE. There is no defensible ground for compromise. If we try it by scaling 10 per cent, does any one doubt that the Boston Herald and the Springfield Republican, to say nothing of the Democratic papers, would immediately call for 20 or 50 per cent and use the fact that we had yielded something as an ar- gument why we should yield more? One thing, however, may be said: That if we ever reach free trade our compromisers cannot go further in this direction. They will have to seek some other opportunity to exercise their talent, and if I read the signs of the times aright, opportunity will be offered them, perhaps in helping along the advance of socialism. It is undoubtedly fair and proper—necessary even—to consider the reasons which actuate revisionists, so far as they can be learned. The free trader is logically a revisionist, or a destructionist, as far as the tariff is concerned. He would eliminate every vestige of protection from our revenue laws re- gardless of consequences, and considers every reduction a move in the right direction. I shall not consider his view to-day, nor that of the Democratic party, which is dominated by him, be- cause I am speaking to men who, having studied the broad ques- tion, have arrayed themselves, in theory at least, on the other side. , WITHOUT BASIS OR KNOWLEDGE. Outside of free trade argument a large part of the revision talk is mere clamor, without basis