The Iron Age 1899-09-14: Vol 64 Iss 11

il @ on}! en 6A "7 -~ i” THE TRON AGE A Review of the Hardware, Iron ant © 4 uomuusva 3. ayngiysuy Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., 00 j I REIHOPH NS St.. New York. Vol. LXIV: No. 11. New York, Thur wee Seadneahes 14, ie See Sees eee Pom Single Copies, Ten Cents Reading Matter Contents......... page 44 Classified List of Advertisers. .... “6085 THE THREE REQUISITES OF A PERFECT GUN, Alphabetical Index to Advertisers ‘‘ 120 Advertising and Subscription Rates ‘‘ 51 BALANCE, EVEN P ATTERN AND PENETRATION, Can only be obtained after years of experience. Davee st. jaa Mo. DELTIN® Wow York. Boston. Republic Iron & Steel Co. ; CHICAGO. Manufacturers rd TURNBUCKLES |THE REMINGTON HAMMERLESS DISTRICT SALES OFFICES: Buffalo, N. Y. New York Cit J is backed by nearly a century’s experience, and the success that rewards the man » EO St. is. Mo. . ove Cincinnati, Oo. age Ala.| who shoots a Remington proves that our efforts have not been in vain. s 5 2 Bristol’s Patent Steel Belt Lacing, SEND FOR CATALOGUE. SAVES REMINGTON ARMS CO., Time, Belts, Money. GreatestStrength | 3315 Broadwa be N. *. sown, N. . READY TOAPPLY FINISHED VOWT with Least Me Send for Circulars and Free Samples. weawsonsroreoro GAHALL BOILERS ® % i CAPEWELL HORSE NAILS. SAMSON CORDAGE WORKS, - Boston, Mass, TURNBUCKLES. _ NEW YORK, - PHILADELPHIA, CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS, RANCH OFFICE: 11 Broadway, New York. BOSTON, Clevel it di Cc it land, O eveland yForge and tronCo.. - Clevelan DETROIT, BRANCHES: ciINCINNATI, ‘ SAN FRANCISCO, MANUFACTURED BY PORTLAND, ORE... MERRILL BROS., Brooklyn, N.Y. BUFFALO, BALTIMORE, Basic Pic sige i ” THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COPIPANY, PILLING & CRANE, fuss Szatitscuess caida didi Compare Weights WHEN YOU ARETOLD THAT JENKINS ’96 IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER PACKINGS. JENKINS STANDARD PACKING meee a. ee Average w eight, % “Jenkins °96,” 11 lbs to the square yar JENKINS fe Red Packing, 14 “ < At 50c. per pound “JENKINS °96” is not only very much rerio tevin ries ith. si.ctsaeince oe cheaper, but the best joint packing manufactured. Promptness, in galvanized iron, ranks with quality now- dé s stomers adays Regular custon JENKINS BROS., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicage. get it. Brass Prices High, So Use Bright “Swedoh” Stamp- seg 105 ing Steel Easily Brass Plated and Save Money. P*# A MAGNOLIA METAL Best Anti-Friction Metal for all Machinery Bearings. Beware of Imitations. Genuine Magnolia Metal is made up in bars of which this is a fac-simile : word: appear _ ered PW he SES NY ONO ae words ‘ Manufacture hese ean bel “ro “Patented June 3, '90," eee) der side of each bar. So do the rest, whén we can. The name and trade- box and bar, and the in United States” and are stamped ou the un Apollo Iron and Steel Company, Pittsburgh. MAGNOLIA METAL CO., (°x2er222.Se!) 266 & 267 WEST ST., NEW YORK Sstsscutatg: THE IRON AGE MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER Seamless Tubes, Sheets, Rods and Wire. Waterbury Brass Co. Established 1845. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, German Silver, Copper, Brass and Ger- ingot Copper. SOLE MANUFACTURERS Tobin Bronze (TRADE-MARK REGISTERED.) man Silver Wire, Brass and Copper Tubing. COPPER RIVETS AND BURS. PERCUSSION CAPS, TAPE MEASURES, METALLIC EYELETS, Brass Kettles, Brass Tags, Powder Flasks, Shot Pouches, &c., Condenser Plates, Pump Linings, Round, Square and Hexagon Bars, for Pump Piston Rods and Bolt Forgings. 99 John Street, - : New York. R ( AND SMALL BRASS WARES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. H LOWES HICK’S PRIMERS, BERDAN PRIMERS. , R ANDOLP § | Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells | WATERBURY, CONN, a Specialty. | ~ —MANUFACTURERS OF — niga 60 Centre St., New York. 126 Eddy St., Provi- dence, R. |. 38 Mechanic St., Newark, N. J. MILLS AT WATERBURY, CONN, NEW YACHT COLUMBIA All Her BRONZE CASTINGS are made of our... Ordnance Bronze Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal Co., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. -HEETIBRAS« , SH COPPER? > 9) RAZED BRASS & COPPER TUBES. SEAMLESS BRASS & COPPER TUBES”38"DIAM. wet CHICAGO, ILL. r, f MEW YORK, ROOM 202, POSTAL TELEGRAPH {CH J 8106, 253 BROADWAY. ( PH/LADELPHIA,ROOM 320 PHILA BANK BLDG. {2,1 CINCINNATI O. ROOM 308 NEAVE BLOG Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., LA SALLE, ILLINOIS, SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID. Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates relected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use Stove and Washboard Blanks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. Mires. of —poupes Brass, Geoeds, Brass Labels tor Cans Rubber Moulds. Address all | SPECIAL communica - GOODS tions to the MADE TO factory. ORDER, BRONZE DOOR ENOBSB, Bronze and Plated Roses, Combined Rose and Escutcheon Plates, Socket Shells, &c., Patent Mirrc Cushion Business Cards, Mucilage Brushes. Novelties of new design made to order. SALESROOM: 117 Chambers St., New York. FACTORY: 86-92 Third St., So. Broox.. HENDRICKS BROTHERS PROPRIETORS OF THE Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, MANUFACTURERS OF Braziers’, Bolt and Sheathing COPPER, COPPER WIRE AND RiVETS. Importers and Dealers in Ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. Silver and Nickeled and THE PLUME & ATwoo MF6, Co. MANUFACTURERS OF Sheet and Roll Brass WIRE PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN SILVER AND GILDING METAL, COPPER RIVETS AND BURRS. Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kere- sene Burners, Lamps, Lamp Trimmings, &c. 29 MORRAY ST., NEW YORK, 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. 199 LAKE ST., CHICAGO, ROLLING MILL : | THOMASTON, CONN. SCOVILL MFG. CO., Manufacturers of BRASS SHEET, WIRE, TUBES, FACTORIES : WATERBURY, CONN. Hinges, Buttons, Lamp Goods, Nipples, Pumps and Oilers for Bicycles, Braziers’ Solder, Aluminum. Factories, WATERBURY, CONN. DEPOTS : Chicago, New York, Boston. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, AGENTS FOR Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., DEALERS IN COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, LEAD, ANTIMONY, 100 John Street, New York. WILLIAM S. FEARING, 256 Broadway, NEW YORK, SELLS TO THE TRADE Sheet Brass, Fancy Sheet Brass, German Silver, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tubes, Brass and Cop- per Rods, Brass Ferrules, Pure Copper Wire, Sheet and Ingot Copper; Spelter, Tin, Antimony, Lead, &c. Deaeh-Light” OIL and GAS *“neIns. THE BRIDu. Bridgepu 19 Murray 8t., N.Y. 17 No. i. 85 to 87 Peari St., Bos. IAN ETS re- ‘THE IRON AGB. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1899. Bevel Gear Cutting at the Pope Mfg. Company.—Il. The Leland & Faulconer Bevel Gear Grinding Machine, The machine designed and built by the Leland & Faui coner Mfg. Company of Detroit, Mich., reduces the hard THE LELAND & FAULCONER BEVEL GEAR GRINDING MACHINE. ened bevel gear to the exact theoretical outline, to the correct contour and converging form, and makes all the working faces of the teeth exactly radial from the center of the cone and concentric with the axis of the gear. The frame which carries the gear spindle is yoke shaped at its upper end and is pivoted on two bushings, the axial line of which passes through the cone center of all gears gen erated. This frame and spindle, with the gear mounted upon it, can be swung on its pivots around the cone center line and clamped to the quadrant, so that any bevel gear may be correctly generated on the machine, The frame which carries the reciprocating ram, which in turn car- ries the abrasive wheel, is also pivoted on one of the same bushings that the gear spindle frame swings upon. The back end of this frame has a vertical movement imparted to it by means of acam. This movement carries the cut- ting edge of the abrasive wheel on a vertical line, the plane of which passes through the cone center. The ram = — ne a ee aaaene Seeses ————-- — setae °° en ‘a (% ) . . , ) ts has a reciprocating movement imparted to it=byfan eccen- nt tric cam, which causes it to reciprocate on radial lines mt from the cone center above explained. This ram recipro- 4, E a yi, cates about 500 strokes per minute and is mounted in Bat if suitable steel guides. It also has a universal head which can be tilted in either direction. The abrasive wheel which does the cutting is mounted on this universal head. The head is so constructed that it can be adjusted in either direction by micrometer screws reading to the thousandth of an inch. The ent- ting edge of this wheel reciprocates in a line that is radial] at all times to the cone center, and at the same time, as above stated, its cutting edge is also moving up and down in a plane which passes vertically through the cone center. The periphery of this cutting wheel is traveling at a speed of 2 miles a minute. It will be perceived from the above that the cuttirg wheel has a rotary movement, a reciprocatory movement on the cone line of the gear, a vertical movement and a swivel adjustment to give clear- ance thereto in its work on the side of the teeth of the gear, while it may also be vertically or laterally adjusted to maintain its proper relation to the teeth of the gear and the‘cone center. - THE IRON AGE. September 14, 1899 by any suitable means and then rolled until the central line of any tooth of the gear comes into precisely the cor rect relation with the former. It is then ready to be acted upon by the cutting wheel. When the gear and the wheel have been once properly adjusted all the functions of the machine are automatic, and its various movements are continued until the gear has been finished, when it will be found to be theoretically and geometrically correct. Detailed Description. It may be well to state that the accompanying half- tone engravings were made from photographs of the latest machine. The line engravings were made from the Fi j. 2.— End View THE LELAND The former is attached by an arm to the lower end of the spindle which carries the gear to be acted upon at its upper end The ram frame carries a roll at its moving end. As the frame is moved in a vertical direction this roll travels on the former, thereby rolling the spindle with the gear mounted upon it, and thus giving the correct curve or outline to the tooth being acted upon by the cutting wheel. As the whecl is at the highest point of its move- ment the spindle is rotated by means of the indexing mechanism, and the wheel as it goes down again cuts the face of the next tooth The gear spindie is provided with a worm and worm wheel which are incased and by means of which the gear may be revolved without turning the index plate. This mechanism is shown in the central portion of Fig. 3. This allows the gear to be placed and secared to the spindle & FAULCONER BEVEL GEAR GRINDING MACHINE. Patent Office drawings. The former therefore represent the machine as actually constructed. ‘The differences are of minor importance, the principles of the design being identical in both cases. In addition a device has been provided for locking the former in a perfectly central position. This does not appear on the drawings, but is shown in position on Fig. 1. The gear blank is carried by the arbor B, shown in place in the machine in Figs. 1, 6 and 7 and detached in Fig. 3. The bearing at this end of the spindle is provided with forks, b, which are falcrumed in line with the cone center of the gear, this intersection being indicated by the dotted lines meeting at Q. The rear end of the bearing carrying the spindle is secured to the quadrant H by means of bolts entering the T-shaped slot. The quadrant is formed with a guide arm, in which the outer end of the ram frame F is guided. The frame A of the machine is Se September 14, 1899 formed with brackets, upon which the forks b are ful- cramed. By this arrangement.the arbor may be moved as may be required to bring gears of different sizes and angles into proper position The grinding wheel C has a reciprocating movement on the cone line of the gear. It is driven by means of the THE IRON AGE. 3 working position the cam O is provided upon a shaft driven by the pulley O’. The frame carrying the ram slide and grinding wheel is also given an oscillatory move- ment to carry the grinding wheel toward and away from the bevel gear, as, for example, when the gear is to be rotated. This movement is accomplished by the cam P, ert Fig. 3.- Gear Holding Spindle and Yoke Fran Fig. 4.—Wheel Carrying Ram or Slide. THE LELAND & FAULCONER BEVEL round belt shown in both Figs. 1 and 2. The ram frame F is made oscillatory on line with the cone center of the GEAR GRINDING MACHINE. which is engaged by a cam roll on the frame F. The form of this cam is clearly illustrated in Fig. 1. The cam shaft gear and is provided with a slide, F’, Fig. 7, which carries the grinding wheel. This frame is pivoted in line with the cone center of the gear and is provided with ways in which the slide F moves. The form of this slide, together with the construction of the wheel arbor, will be under- stood from Fig. 4. In order to bring the slide or ram into is also actuated through suitable gearing. Upon an extended portion of the frame F is pivoted an arm, f°, which carries a roll which travels about the edge of the former and thereby gives a rocking movement to the spindle D and an oscillatory movement to the arm E. By this means the tooth being operated upon by the grind- ing wheel is given a rocking movement to secure the proper curvature of the tooth under the action of the wheel. It will be understood that the grinding wheel con- Fig.5.—Frame Having Guides for Ram. 4 THE IRON AGE. September 14, 1899 roll may be made to contact with either side of the former and in that way the grinding wheel may be guided to act on either side of a given tooth. Fig. 6.—Plan. THE LELAND & FAULCONER BEVEL GEAR GRINDING MACHINE. tacts with the tooth in operation on the edge of the wheel, and by thus rocking the gear the proper curvature of each tooth is secured in a perfect manner. The parts are so arranged that the roll will always contact with the former on a line passing through the cone center. This The spindle carrying the index plate d also has its center on this line. When the former roll is lifted a step by step rotation is given to the spindle D’ and the arbor carried by it to turn the gear D from one tooth space to another. When so moved the index plate is locked in its relation to September 14. 1899 the former. The index plate, Fig. 3, and also Figs. 7, and 10, is toothed accurately on its periphery to correspond with gears having the same number of teeth or multiples thereof. The index plate is interchangeable on the spin- dle, so that one corresponding to any given gear to be formed may be used. It is provided with a ratchet wheel, G, which engages a pawl, G’, to give rotation to the plate. A plunger, K, is provided for accurately locating the index plate, its edge being wedge shaped so as to readily engage a given space upon the plate. Means are provided to keep the former in contact with its roll and to bring the point of the former to a central position on a line passing through the cone center, when the roll is not acting thereupon. A guide is provided for carrying the housing f, which carries the grinding wheel. The cross head R is limited in its travel by stop screws, 8, 9 THE IRON AGE. 5 Operation, The bevel gear is first placed upon the arbor and brought into proper relation with the teeth of the index wheel. The grinding wheel is then brought into rotation before the other parts begin to move. The lever F is given an oscillatory movement and the grinding wheel a reciprocatory movement on the cone line. It is evident therefore that the former will be caused to act, to rock or partially rotate the arbor carrying the gear. Next a ver- tical reciprocation is given to the grinding wheel, and when this wheel is in its raised position a step by step movement is given to the bevel gear by means of the index mechanism. The Chicago Coliseum Accident. : The coroner's in- quest in the cases of the 11 of the Chicago victims Fig. 7.—Side Elevation. THE LELAND & FAULCONER BEVEL GEAR GRINDING which are micrometer adjusting screws, to accurately limit the lateral adjustment of the grinding wheel carried by the housing, so as to bring the cutting edge of the wheel upon the line passing through the cone center of the gear. This provides for the lateral adjustment of the wheel with the greatest accuracy. The guide may be tilted in the arc of acircle to tilt the grinding wheel and thereby produce the necessary clearance of the wheel in its operation upon the teeth to shape them to the required form. The housing f may be vertically adjusted on the guide by means of a micrometer screw, in order that as the grinding wheel reciprocates it will operate on a line passing through the cone center. This provides for tak- ing up any wear of the grinding wheel. Means are also provided to insure the grinding wheel being accurately adjusted so that its cutting edge will be upon the cone line of the gear both vertically and horizontally. <A diamond is provided for keeping the wheel in condition. MACHINE. Coliseum accident was held last week, and the jury brought in a verdict censuring the Pittsburgh Bridge Company and Charles N. Peaslee, construction foreman for the company. The examination of 11 witnesses satis- fied the jury. These witnesses differed as to details, but all agreed on the essential facts. Workmen, they said, were engaged in taking down the traveler, which had been erected to aid in construction, at the two north arches. An engine stationed in the center of the building was used to lower the heavy pieces. A line ran from the spool, or drum. at the engine to the point of the arch, where it passed through a pulley and then down to the bent which was being lowered. The engine was 140 feet away from the arch, and this made a strong lateral pull on the arch. en The Elmira & Seneca Lake Railway Company are pushing the construction of their line. The American Engineering Company of Philadelphia, Pa., are the gen- eral contractors, and have placed the order for the 17 bridges required with the Berlin Iron Bridge Company of East Berlin, Conn. England’s Home Demand. BY WILLARD 8S. MATTOX. CARDIFF, WALES, September 1, 1899.—Interest centers chiefly in the coal trade in this thriving Welsh town. Carrying coals to Newcastle is no more an absurdity than trying to sell them in Cardiff, though the northern city claims pre-eminence through having itself associated with a time honored saying. There was a time when Wales matched this phrase or might have coined one to suit her staple industry. and *‘ making tin plates with profit any- where but in Wales *’ would have been as expressive if not as terse. Since those days Wales has learned that tin THE IRON AGE. September 14, 1899 witnessed such an overbalancing increase in home demand that we have had less and less to spare for foreign mar- kets—markets which were only gained after months of striving. The vanishing point of our ability to continue exports seems dangerously near. It is quite true such a state of trade is healthy and much of the decrease in the exports of raw materials may be found in an increase of manufactured goods, which helps to adjust the scales, but the theory remains that an even balancing of demand and supply is not normal. t England has for years gradually been approaching that other state which is equally to be feared—diminished sup- ply and slowly increasing demand. Consumption has overlapped production by such easy stages that her keenest students have failed to feel the current or, partly Fig. 8.— Rear Elevation. THE LELAND & FAULCONER BEVEL GEAR GRINDING MACHINE. plates can be turned out elsewhere and sold to the markets of the world as cheap or cheaper than her mills can pro duce them. It may not be Utopian to foresee the day when foreign coals may be found in the markets of Eng- land and Wales, just as pig iron and steel and machinery have been found necessary to her consumption. Nowhere in the world has consumptive capacity grown as rapidly as in America, and it is noteworthy that each forward step has been matched by enlarged production. The United States is just now at a critical stage, when produc tion and consumption are poised delicately, and the least weight on either side may tell for prosperity or depression for years to come. That country is commercially unhappy whose demand is greater than its supply, especially in raw materials. This is almost axiomatic and must be obvious. The ideal politico-economical condition is production to meet all domestic demands and a surplus for export. During the years 1897 and 1898 America realized this ideal. But the last half of 1898 and the first half of the present year have realizing it, have not been ready with means for stemming it. The publication of the Board of Trade statistics shows the disparity between exports and imports, and this is more noticeable in raw materials, though ma- chinery, tools, &c., make up a good part. Great Britain finds herself to day in much the same position which the United States is now facing, and she has not the same hope that America has of readjusting the balance in her favor. The time has passed when Great Britain made all the iron and steel she wanted and shipped largely abroad. America was one of her first customers to drop off. The Continent continued to buy, but by imperceptible grada- tions shaded its demand as the home supplies were in- creased. Germany decreased her purchases of iron from Glasgow and Middlesboro, first by finding in America a cheaper seller, all the while straining every effort to make herself independent of both countries by increasing her output. English iron men have had Germany’s example and America’s example, but though she had the advan- tage of experience and unexcelled reputation apparently eC ee September 14, 1899 no effort has been made to meet the all around increase of the consumptive powers of the world. Old furnaces that are ready for the scrap heap are still turning out 75 and 100 tons a day, and it takes five or six such plants to equal the output of a single modern furnace in America. Such conditions point only one way, and the logical results are as inevitable as the laws of mathematics. If England were slowly losing her position in foreign markets because of keener opposition and modern methods adopted by her rivals the case would not be so THE IRON AGE. 7 There is only one reason why American locomotives have been bought by English railways. It was not that they were thought to be superior, for the results of the Midland Railway Company’s trials show that, whether excellent or not, American engines cannot expect to be placed on a level with English engines. It was not so much a matter of price, because buyers were willing to pay a premium to get delivery in a reasonable time. The single reason was that British locomotive builders could not promise one engine under two years and the railway mor” Fig 9.— Elevation of Indexing Mechanism. qe Fig. 10.—/ lan V iew of Indexing Mechanism. THE LELAND & FAULCONER BEVEL GEAR GRINDING MACHINE. bad. By copying other measures and adopting better machinery she might easily regain her prestige. The fact is that her exports are falling off because the domes- tic mouth must be fed, and though the appetite has grown the means for supplying the food have not been materially increased. In 1897 and 1898 England readily accepted thousands of tons of American iron and steel because they were needed, and at the same time her own mills and fur- naces were sending less abroad and making more for home consumption. Announcement was recently made that German buyers had contracted for 10,000 tons of Ameri- can iron for prompt delivery. The price is almost certain to have been more than English iron could have been bought for. Quality being equal theretis only one ex- planation—England has not the iron to sell. companies could not wait. It is not soothing to our national vanity to have this view of the case forced on us, but it is quite true. The same principle applies to the Atbara bridge contract. These evidences cannot be passed by without some commentary. It means simply that England has not the facilities for supplying her own commercial needs, and not only must she import to keep her mills and shops going, but she must curtail exports, lose orders for want of ability to fill them, and all the while America and Ger- many are enlarging their production as rapidly as pos- sible. From time to time during the past 18 months there has been a pressure in the iron market which the furnaces could not meet, and a famine has been threatened more 8 THE IRON than once. The argument is made here that all this indi cates a highly satisfactory state of affairs, when the engineering works are so full of orders that they pass by big contracts, So it is prosperity present and depression imminent. Iron markets in Great Britain are everywhere firm and the tone is sound. The Scotch warrant market has been gradually improving since the slump in July and nothing noteworthy has transpired. Prices all around are good and business continues steady, with a good demand for all classes of materials. Purchases of pig iron are mostly for immediate requirements. English manufacturers are less ready to contract for future supplies than their American cousins. The furnaces have mostly sold well over the last quarter of this year, but very few contracts have been entered into for next year, as neither sellers nor buyers are willing to discount the future. Midland quotations at Birmingham on July 31, two days ago, were as follows: Marked bars £9 10s.; merchant iron, £9; common bars, £8 10s.; black sheets (:loubles', £9 10s. ; hoops, £9: rods, £9 to £9 5s.; tube strip, £8 10s.; best sheets, £10 10s.; tank plates and angles, £9. Staffordshire tin plates (coke), 16 to 17 shillings per box and South Wales, 15 shillings 6 pence to 16 shillings per box. Best Staffordshire pig iron, 85 shillings; part mine, 72 shillings 6 pence; common or cinder pig, 65 to 67 shillings 6 pence: hematite forge. 88 shillings, all delivered in the district. Business in Cardiff is generally well sustained. The tin plate industry is rather to be looked for about Swansea, though there are a few mills in this district. Pontypool, according to an ancient authority, claims the distinction of first producing tin plates—i.e., iron plates tinned over— in the year 1670. The art of making these was brought from Bohemia. Since that time the manufacture of tin plates has improved. To Cardiff, however, one looks for colliery news, and coal quotations are more important than tin plates. Steam coal from this district is growing scarce and prices are consequently firm and advancing, and there is a brisk inquiry for coke. Best steam coal 1s guoted 13 shillings 6 pence to 13 shillings 9 pence, with seconds standing close at 12 shillings 9 pence; best ordi naries, 8 shillings 3 pence; coke, special foundry, 30 to 31 shillings; foundry, 26 shillings 6 pence to 28 shillings, and furnace, 23 shillings 6 pence to 25 shillings per ton, all f.o.b., less 21g per cent. The iron ore market is un changed with best Rubio at 16 to 16 shillings 6 pence and Tafna 14 shillings 6 pence to 15 shillings per ton, c.i-f. Cardiff and Newport. Welsh colliers are more or less always restive,.and there are signs of discontent at all times. Several incipient strikes have been nipped in the bud, but there remains the uneasy feeling that an out break may be expected without much warning. The labor atmosphere is charged with disturbances, and what with the fear of miners’ troubles, the difficulty with the workmen of the Cardiff Railway Company and _ the troubles with the firemen and seamen at Liverpocl, affairs are not altogether happy — Industrial Color Printing. A machine has been introduced into England for print- ing in colors which, says Engineering, is in its operation a departure from any machine hitherto used for a like purpose. It is the invention of Ivan Orloff. chief en- gineer and manager of the Russian Government Printing Works, at St. Petersburg, and it possesses many points of interest. In the ordinary fiat color printing machine the successive colors are applied one at a time as each one becomes dry, but the Orloff machine puts down all the colors on the paper at once, so that a great saving of time is effected The principle of the machine is as follows: The blocks which take the different colors are fixed to a cylinder of large diameter, and each block receives the supply of colored ink intended for it, and as the cylinder revolves the ink on each block is transferred to a composition roller very similar to an ordinary inking roller. After all the colors have been transferred to this roller, each in its proper position, an engraved block or form follows and receives a perfect impression from the composition roller. Thus impressed, the form passes on and comes in con- tact with the paper on the impression cylinder, where it prints all the colors at one operation. The whole of these varied transfers are performed during one revolution of the cylinder. While the blocks pass under the inking rollers the latter are. at the proper time, lowered by a system of cams so as to come into contact with the blocks which they are intended to ink. The number of colors that can be used is only limited by the number of blocks and the size of the machine. All the operations go on continuously, as the cylinder revolves in one direction only. The number of finished impressions is stated to be about 1000 an hour. The machine was originally designed for the Russian Government to print multi-colored pat- terns for bank notes, and it appears to be well adapted for this purpose AGE. September 14, 1899 On the Use of Finely Divided Iron Ore Obtained by Concentrating Processes.* WIBORGH, STOCKHOLM. By the introduction of magnetic and other methods of separation the power of enriching or improving iron ores, by the removal of barren or undesirable constit- vents, has been greatly increased; and by the use of such methods the waste of working, in the case of mag- netic minerals at least, can be considerably diminished. The advantage arising from such operation is, how- ever, largely qualified by the circumstance that the product or concentrate is usually obtained as a com- paratively fine powder, which limits its utility to the smelter when compared with that of similar or even poorer ores obtained in large masses, and therefore the question of how such material can best be applied is now becoming of importance. As a contribution to the knowledge of the subject, the present paper, giving the views of one of the most experienced Swedish iron chemists, cannot fail to be of interest to the members of the Institute. Powdered iron ores obtained by concentration may be utilized in several different ways, namely: 1, By di- rect addition to the charges in the blast furnace; 2, by agglomeration previously to charging in the blast fur- nace; 3, as a refining or softening material in the open hearth furnace; 4, for the production of sponge iron for use in the open hearth furnace, which uses will be con- sidered in the above order. BY PROF. J. I Direct Use in the Blast Furnace, The proportion of small ore that can be used in the blast furnace is subject to variation according to the conditions of fuel and working, but cannot, in most in- stances, be very large, limits being imposed by the tend- ency of the material, especially if it is of high density, such as pulverized magnetite, to overrun the fuel charge and come down to the tuyeres in an imperfectly reduced condition, as well as to form accretions or scaffolds by adhesion to the furnace walls above the hearth. As an example of the behavior of concentrates, the results of experiments made in 1898 at the blast furnace at Vidlitz, in the government of Olonetz, in Russia, will be given. These were conducted by Dr. H. Blankett, an experienced metallurgical engineer and graduate of the School of Mines in Stockholm. The materials smelted included concentrates obtained by magnetic separation from a lean magnetite at Valimiki, in Fin- land, poorer magnetite ore in lumps from the same place, and bog ores from Taipala, of the following com- position: Ore concentrate, Lump ores, Bog ore, Valimiki. Valimiki. Taipala. 0 Sree ee et nie er 8.30 "A Sie HR a A tt 72.32 51.48 Pat AE Ce re ae eae 11.26 21.70 19.74 BE ee eee Oni. pa ete 4.65 7.40 ake ENA 55% Simi as da Siete eink eaters 4.81 2.07 2.47 | RR eee ree 0.19 0.12 4.72 > ae 4.00 7.65 1.81 RD et ais oe Wa kee eS 4.42 8.14 trace. IS Pee renee Narn ah trace 0.038 0.87 eS ES ee ee ira Seer ge 0.99 trace 0.09 BU doi ee ees as a peat Fes tas 20.00 een 52.06 37.06 33.79 Cold blast was used during the trials, the regenera- tive heating stoves being under reconstruction, and the proportion of concentrate in the charge was gradually increased. Under these conditions no scaffolding was observed, but the descent of the charge was often ir- regular, with the result of chilling and gobbing the fur- nace. This irregularity was most apparent when a charge of small sized charcoal was followed by one or more of larger pieces; and when care was taken to insure better sizing of the fuel the furnace drove more regu- larly, and in the week from April 18 to 25, 1898 (O. 8.), the ore concentrate was smelted alone without the oc- currence of any such irregularity. From this it appears that in the smelting of rich and heavy concentrates the coal should be used in smaller pieces than is necessary with finer materials of a less dense character, such as lake and bog ores, purple ore, &c. This combination can, however, only be successfully handled in furnaces of small hight, as in a tall furnace the close packing of the charge is necessarily attended with slow driving and unduly large production of carbon monoxide, from the prolonged contact of the gas from the reducing zone with the fuel above. [rregularity Due to Adhesion of Ore to Stack Wall, or Scaffolding.—It is a matter of general experience that finely divided ore and ore dust readily adhere to the heated wall of the furnace, and gradually accumulate into large masses, which, falling into the region of the hearth when detached by the pressure of the column of materials above them, meet with an insufficient body * Read at the Manchester meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute. ' PRs ew BZ eee wee wwwihi iw sé September 14, 1899 THE IRON AGE. 9 of fuel to effect their complete fusion, with the result of producing “cold” iron or choking. This tendency to form accretions or scaffolds is the principal cause re- stricting the use of powdered ore in large quantity in blast furnaces, but there are certain distinctnons to be made; thus the tendency to scaffolding is greater with small than with large ore, with ‘small grained ores of equal size it is greater with those of lower than higher density, and with those containing fusible minerals greater than with those carying waste constituents of a refractory character. Other conditions influencing the result are the greater or less steepness of the bosh walls and the more or less refractory character of the ma- terials used in the stack lining. In the case previously referred to at Vidlitz the slope of the boshes above the tuyeres was 75 degrees, which at a higher level was reduced to 70 degrees, a section which would @ priori be considered as extremely unsuitable for the use of powdered ore. Nevertheless the furnace worked satis- factorily even on concentrates alone, so long as cold blast was used. When, however, the stoves were re- paired, and the blast was heated to 450 or 500 degrees C., scaffolding begun, and continued with little alteration until the hearth and tuyeres were burnt out, and no improvement was experienced even by reducing the proportion of concentrate in the charge to 30 per cent. The difficulty was attributed to the intense local heat- ing of the hearth and boshes by the blast, causing the finely divided ore to stick to the wall of the furnace, but it was considered that the fine dust of the bog ore was a greater source of trouble than the dense magnetite. As a preventive of scaffolding with the materials un- der consideration, furnaces with cylindrical stacks or a bosh angle of 90 degrees have been suggested, but it is easy to see that the use of such a section would be at- tended with considerable difficulties. Notably the fur- nace must either be of small dimensions, or if of a large capacity it would be unreasonably wide, and the rapid driving necessitated by such a form would be suitable to the production of pig iron for forge use, or the produc- tion of malleable castings, rather than a more siliceous or manganiferous metal; and even though magnetic concen- trates may be somewhat more easily reducible than sim- ilar ores in lump form, it is doubtful whether it could be advantageously used under the conditions of forced driv- ing called for by the cylindrical form of stack. Rich and heavy concentrates or small ores have, how- ever, been used without difficulty on several occasions; as, for example, at the old works at Hégfors, where con- centrates obtained by washing from the leaner ore of Norberg were used to the extent of 30 per cent., and at the Bagga furnace of 25 per cent., the latter being ob- tained by magnetic separation with the Gindahl separa- tor. Certain ores from Griingesberg, when crushed after roasting, also readily fell to pieces, but no great incon- venience has been experienced in them. The author is, therefore, disposed to consider that the addition of con- centrates up to about 50 per cent. of the charge may be regularly carried out in furnaces with a bosh angle of 83 to 84 degrees. The washing of powdered ore with a view to increasing its reducibility is of less consequence than with the same ore in lumps, except, of course, when it contains sulphur, when it becomes necessary. At Bagga the concentrates are roasted in a simall reverberatory furnace. Another inconvenience attending the use of powdered ore is the loss caused by dust in the gases, and in this respect the cylindrical stack would be most dis- advantageous on account of the velocity of the upward current in the stack, which would necessarily be greater than in a furnace of smaller bosh diameter. At Vidlitz, when the charge consisted of magnetic concentrates and bog ore only, from 8 to 10 per cent. of the powdered ore was carried over into the gas conduits. . Al. Agglomeration Before Smelting in the Blast Furnace, In order to avoid the inconveniences attending the use of small ore iu the blast furnace numerous methods have been proposed and tried, more or less successfully, for consolidating it into coherent masses or lumps as a preliminary to smelting. This may in certain cases be done without the addition of foreign matter, but as a general rule some binding material is required. There is tolerably wide range of choice among the substances that can be used for this purpose. One condition, how- ever, is necessary—namely, that nothing shall be used that would be injurious either to the product or detri- mental to the working of the furnace, which excludes such a substance as gypsum, as likely to introduce sul- phur into the iron, or magnesium chloride, which, by bringing chlorine or hydrochloric acid into the blast fur- nace gas. would be destructive to the iron work of the stoves and boilers. The principal methods that have been practically tried are as follows: Agglomeration by Heat Alone Without Binding Material. —Powdered ores that are not particularly rich and con- tain easily fusible silicates, such as hornblende or py- roxenic minerals, may be able to cohere by heating in a reverberatory furnace up to the point necessary to pro- duce incipient fusion of these accessory minerals; but to obtain a similar result with rich magnetic concentrates it would be necessary first to mix them with such a ma- terial; as, for instance, with easily fusible blast furnace slag. Such methods are, however, costly, as the temper- ature to which the mixture must be heated is higher, and the time required is longer, than is necessary in the ordi- nary method of ore calcining. They have been used at the Cornelia mine at Stollberg, and at Valimiiki in Fin- land. The powdered ore is mixed with water, and the damp mass is molded into bricks, which, when dried, are sufficiently coherent to be charged into kilns and burnt to masses of considerable strength and hardness. The best results are obtained when the ore, which should be in a very fine powder, is not very rich, containing 50 or at most 60 per cent. of iron, the remainder being fusible silicates. This has also been tried experimentally at Vidlitz, the mixture being molded into small cylindrical masses, which are burnt with charcoal dust in the Sche- dinska kiln, which is generally used in the locality for calcining iron ores. At Stollberg the finely powdered ore obtained by washing was molded into bricks and subsequently burnt. Consolidation of Small Ore With Lime.—Caustic or slaked lime tempered to a stiff paste with water is the best biuding material for powdered iron ores, especially for those containing a notable amount of iron silicates or silicu. Briquettes made with such materials become harder by continued exposure to the air, first by the conversion of the lime into carbonate and subsequently into silicate, and the intimate mixture of the reducing and tluxing material in the mass tends to facilitate work- ing in the blast furnace. For this latter reason, in the treatment of differently reducible silicates, such as heat- ing furnace slags. it is sometimes found convenient to grind them to powder and mix them with lime and some charcoal dust into briquettes, in order to furnish a slag suitable for smelting in the blast furnace. Agglomerution of Ore with Carbonaceous Material and Coking.—It has long been known that pulverulent ma- terials, when mixed with tar, pitch or bituminous coal and strongly heated, give, when cooled, hard and com- pact masses. This was applied by Weissmann about ten years ago in the production of so-called ore coke, which was made by mixing powdered ore with 20 per cent. of coal dust and 5 per cent. of pitch, pressing the mixture into blocks, which were coked at a strong heat applied slowly. This, however, proved to be too ex- pensive for practical use, but the idea has been revived in a simpler form—namely, mixing small coal and pow- dered ore together and coking the mixture in the ordinary way. Experiments in this direction, made, at the sug- gestion of Carl Ericsson, by C. C. Dalerus at the Islinge coke works, with the concentrating magnetite obtained at the Lulea apatite separating works, have given re- markably good results. The powdered ore, averaging about 1 mm. in the size of the grains and containing about 70 per cent. of iron, when mixed with 30 to 40 per cent. of coal gave a product which was hard and compact, and could be quenched with water in the same way as ordinary coke of good quality. By coking the ore was reduced to ferrous oxide with some metallic iron, and showed no great tendency to pass into a higher state of oxidation even when exposed to the air for a considerable time. With easily reducible ores, however, it is probable that there would be a larger production of metallic iron, which would readily oxidize when quenched with water, or by long exposure to the at- mosphere, with the result of diminishing the strength of the coke. The author is, however, favorable impressed with the results of the experiments made in Germany upon ore coking, owing to the simplicity of the method, and has considered the subject from the thermo-chemical point of view, in order to determine the possible heat require- ments of the process. The unit of magnetite contains iron 0.7242 and oxygen 0.2758, and as the unit of oxygen in the conversion of iron to magnetite develops 4326 cals., the heat absorp- tion in the reduction of a unit of magnetite to metallic iron will be 4326 x 2758 = 1194 cals.; while the reduc- tion, if effected with carbon, will consume 12-16 x 2758 = 0.207 of carbon, producing 28-16 x 2758 = 0.482 of carbon monoxide, and developing 2473 x 0.207 = 512 cals., or a heat deficiency of 1194 — 512 = 682 cals. The carbon monoxide produced is, however, susceptible when burnt of developing 2403 ~ 0.482 = 1158 cals., so that the final result will be 1158 — 682 = 476 cals. available for heating the flues and walls of the oven per unit of magnetite reduced. These, however, are extreme figures, as they suppose complete reduction of the ore, which is not likely, the temperature prevailing in coke ovens not being sufficiently high; but any degree of reduction will be at- tended with some less of tixed carbon, which, however, 10 THE IRON AGE. it may be supposed, will be compensated by a diminished consumption of fuel in the blast furnace; but, as far as the author knows, no actual smelting trials of such ore coke have been made up to the present. Among the causes likely to produce irregularities in working may be mentioned the difficulty of so mixing the ore and coal as to insure a product of uniform rich- ness; the probability that such mixtures would contract less than coal alone in coking, so that there might be trouble in drawing the charge, and the scorifying effect of the ore dust upon the heated brick work of the oven; while in the smelting furnace the possibility of such coke coming down the tuyeres unchanged with a par- tial combustion of the contained iron as well as of the earbon has to be considered. But, as has been before Cc Cc D | a4 F > F 2 mf wef cam f wef om es ‘man ff mam monn {| wee ee E E om // “ = 114 ‘ E SECTION ONC-D ce E: P ’ BN of @ § eA. 5 EA EE EE “ie F, 4 } | he c F Now Q | G j : a D a i | ] | : | 4 5 , B a i le ‘wom 4 1 A, charcoal hopper. B, ore hopper. C, reducing chamber, G, producer gas passa: es D. preheating chamber H,. re@uced iron cooler. September 14, 1899 final charge consisted of 11.1 tons of pig iron and 1.22 tons of ore concentrate, which quantity of metal should, according to previous experience, have yielded about 92 per cent. of its weight in ingots, or 10.212 tons as a maximum. The actual weight obtained was, however, 10.874 tons, showing an excess of 0.662 ton, recovered from the 1.212 tons of ore added, corresponding to a reduction of 57 out of the 72 units, or a utilization of T5- per cent. of the iron contained in the ore. The time re- quired for working this charge was about one-half more than when scrap was used; but Dr. Tholander considers that, with longer experieuce of the method, this might be probably reduced. and also that it would be possible to increase the amount of ore used from 11 to 15 per cent. of the weight of the pig iron. L L _ iM] M F, surnt casa ot Ol ae | H T joeoee] | ‘ous I coe {if =e 7 ox, Cat te 4 wr G mone fee Vy oem as G | / LS CAAA ee \|3 | PRODUCER GAS eyed SECTION ASB i H | a 2 S27 — oe AN ce 3 ra =) F pa a. | } 1 iF \ a F, F, F 1 | 4 CHIMNE LUE 4: ) GP -Cep y2 +t 4 yt Jt eit] E, recuperator, F, burnt gas flues K K, blast pipes. I The producer gas comes from G,, passes by H,, G, and G,,, through the shorter passages in the recuperator E to the hot gas main G,,;, rhe burnt gas coming from F passes by F), P,, and F,,,. through the longer passages in the recuperator E to the chimney flue. REDUCING FURNACE stated, experimental evidence upon such points is en- tirely wanting. Iit, Use of Powdered Ore in the Open Hearth Furpace, Experiments on the substitution of powdered for lump ore in the open hearth furnace were made by -Dr. H. Tholander in the basic open hearth furnace at Hofors in September, 1897. ‘The material used was the con centrated ore from the Lulea magnetic separating works, which contains 72 per cent. of iron and 0.1 per cent. phosphorus, the average size of the grains being about 1 mm. Four successive charges were made, the first three with pig iron, scrap and ore concentrate, which was worked in the same manner as those with the Kungsgruvfa lump ore currently used; while in the fourth pig iron and ore concentrate alone with some limestone were used, the final additions of ferromanga nese and ferro-silicop being made in the usual way. The FOR PULVERULENT ORES. The composition of the ingots was as follows: Per cent. Ns ica as ao ee eS ee hin ah id ie he Skew a eal Ste .120 SECS EE PRE CO I RS ae 0.330 a ee ae ee are Se eemenepinns peepee ae 0.027 NE ads ak Cea dn dice bole ee ee a a ee 0.003 Another application, due to H. Brinell, is an improve- ment on Ellershausen’s process of incorporating the ore with the pig metal at the moment of casting. An ingot mold is partly filled with fiuid metal from a lad!e, and when it is about to solidify a quantity of small ore is thrown upon the surface, and this is repeated until the mold is full. From 12 to 15 per cent. of ore can be added without notably diminishing the cohesion of the ingots, which are to be used instead of pig iron in the open hearth furnace charge. Rich and heavy concentrates are admirably suited for this use. IV. Direct Reduction of Pulverulent Ores. As it is possible to obtain concentrated ore containing more than 70 per cent. of iron, and practically free from September 14 1899 earthy waste, it seems to be an unnecessarily circuitous proceeding to corvert it first into pig iron when soft .ron or steel is required, such material being especially well suited for direct reduction to sponge iron capable of re placing scrap in the open hearth furnace. For this pur- pose the author has designed the furnace represented il the annexed drawings. This contains a heating chamber, D, in which the powdered ore supplied from the storage hopper B is brought up to a high temperature by the spent flame, and a reducing hearth, C, with a hopper, A, for supplying charcoal dust. The heating is done, part