The Iron Age 1899-03-16: Vol 63 Iss 11

THE aon AGE ‘ : Od uo A Review of the Hardware, Iron and 151..." - [ Published every Thursday Morning by David Williams Co., Z3<-~J° aa “6 > “ +. New York. Vol. LXIT/II: No. rr. New York, Stincssia, March 16 18s $4.50 a Yea, including Postaga Single Copies, Ten Cents. Reading Matter Contents......... page 48 Classified List of Advertisers.... “ ‘29 Alphabetical Index te Advertisers ‘“‘ 134 Advertising and Subsoription Rates ‘* 57 New York TUDOR IRON N WORKS, ST. LOvuIS, Mo. MANUFACTURERS BOLTS +» NUTS. Bristol’s Patent Steel Belt Lacing. SAVES Time, Belts, Money. Greatest Strength READY TO APPLY FINISHED ONT with Least Metal Send for Circulars and Free Samples. THE BRISTOL CO , Waterbury, Conn. SAMSON SPOT CORD Also Massachusetts end Phenix Brands of Sash Cord, SAMSON CORDAGE WORKS, - Boston, Mass, — —e | H OFFICE: 11 a New York. Cleveland and City Forge and iron Co., Cieveland, VU. DROP HAMMERS. ANUFACTURED BY MERRILL | BROS., Brooklyn, N.Y. IRON ORES. PILLING & CRANE, fort icckbittsburgs. i & re ma i There are people still who chink thatApollo Best Bloom is no better than other gal- vanized irons ! ' Apollo Irom and Steel Company, Pittsburgh. | | Factory | Loaded Paper Shells Smokeless and Trap Shells, With Nitro Powders. Acme Shells, With dense Nitro Powders. New Club Shells, With Black Powder. ALL GAUGES, ANY WADDING, ANY COMBINATION OF LOADS. SPECIAL LOADS IF DESIRED. ONION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO., - Bridgeport, Conn. SEND FOR LATEST PRICE LIST. GAHALL BOILERS » CAPEWELL HORSE NAILS. NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS, BOSTON, DETROIT, CINCINNATI, SAN FRANCISCO, PORTLAND, ORE., BUFFALO, BALTIMORE, NEW ORLEANS. BRANCHES: THE CAPEWELL HORSE NAIL COMPANY, HARTFORD, CONN. Compare Weights WHEN YOU ARE TOLD THAT JENKINS ’96 IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN OTHS&R PACKINGS. AURIN Average weight, 4” * Jeakins °96,” 11 Ibs to the square yard. (fe Red Packing, 4 “ At 5%. per pound “JENKINS °96” is not only very much cheaper, but the best joint packing manufactured. JENKINS BROS , New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago. “finoher” Gyole Tubing te Best, = 115 MAGNOLIA METAL Best Anti-Friction Metal for all Machinery Bearings. Beware of Imitations. Genuine Magnolia Meta! is made up In bars of which this gio = — simile : MAGNOLIA METAL GO., (Szscrssntco*) 266 & 267 WEST ST., NEW YORK. sraccrs Stat? on each non and te es a the words ia? Manuf factured in United States” and uted June &, 30" are stamped on the un- der aye ae of each bar. = = ero mA Sa Cee SEL EP TOTS 5 : —— ——— eq 2 eee ee ee J x Te SS 2 THE IRON AGE THE Ansonia Brass & Coprrer Co. MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER Seamless Tubes, Sheets, Rods and Wire. ingot Copper. SOLE MANUFACTURERS . Tobin Bronze (Trape-Makk REGISTERED.) Condenser Plates, Pump Linings, Round, Square and Hexagon Bars, for Pump Piston Rods and Bolt Forgings. 19 & 21 Cliff Street, - Waterbury Bre German Silver, Co r, Brass and Ger- man Silver Wire, Brass and Copper Tubing. COPPER RIVETS AND BURS. PERCUSSION CAPS, TAPE MEASURES, - New York. WATERBURY CONN, Brass Kett'es, Brass Tags, Powder Flasks, Shot Pouches, &c., HICK’S PRIMERS, BERDAN PRIMERS. a Specialty. —MANUFACTURERS OF= DEPOTS: “SHEET. BRASS dence, R. |. 38 Mechanic St., Newark. N. J. MILLS AT WATERBURY, CONN. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, METALLIC EYELETS, AND SMALL BRASS WARES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells 60 Centre St., New York. 126 Eddy St.. Provi- THE PLUME & Atwoon M6. 6o., MANUFACTURERS OF Sheet and Roll Brass WIRE PRINTERS’ BRASS, JEWELERS’ METAL, GERMAN SILVER AND GILDING METAL, COPPER RIVETS Brass Co. AND BURRS. Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kere- sene Burners, Lamps, Lamp Trimmings, &c. 29 MURRAY ST., NEW YORK. 144 HIGH ST., BOSTON. 199 LAKE 8T., CHICAGO, ROLLING MILL : THOMASTON, CONN. | FACTORIES : WATERBURY, COWN, SCOVILL MFG. CO., Manufacturers of . BRASS & COPPER. BRAZED BRASS & COPPER TUBES. SEAMLESS BRASS & COPPER TUBES”38"DIAM S N DEPOT 226 LA . Este CHICAGO, ILL. NE sy YORK ROOM 202, POSTAL TELEGRAPH 106 BROADWAY THE NEW DEFENDER are made of our... Ordnance Bronze 1144 BANK BLDG 0. 308 NEAVE BLOG BRIDGEPORT, CONN. All Her BRONZE CASTINGS SHEET, WIRE, TUBES, Hinges, Buttons, Lamp Goods, Nipples, Pumps and Oilers for Bicycles, Braziers’ Solder, Aluminum. Factories, WATERBURY, CONN. DEPOTS: New York, Chicago, Boston. Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze & Metal Co,,,22HN DAVOL & SONS, AGENTS FOR Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., MATTHIESSEN & HEGELER ZINC CO, LA SALLE, ILLINOIS, SMELTERS OF SPELTER AND MANUFACTURERS OF GHEET ZINO AND SULPHURIC ACID. Special Sizes of Zinc cut to order. Rolled Battery Plates. Selected Plates for Etchers’ and Lithographers’ use Selected Sheets for Paper and Card Makers’ use. Stove and Washboard Blanks. ZINCS FOR LECLANCHE BATTERY. BRASS COODS MFC. CO. °°™ *-#setestaee bane ttn Address all communica - tions to the factory. BHRONZE DOOR EBNOSBSB, Combined Rose and Escutcheon Plates, Socket Shells, &c., Patent Mirror Pin ‘ushion Business Cards, Mucilage Brushes. Novelties of new design made to order. Bronze and grapes DEALERS IN COPPER, TIN, SPELTER, LEAD, ANTIMONY. 100 John Street, - New York. WILLIAM 8. FEARING, 256 Broadway, NEW YORK, SELLS TO THE TRADE Sheet Brass, Fancy Sheet Brass, German Silver, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, Brazed and Seamless Brass and Copper Tubes, Brass and Cop- per Rods, Brass Ferrules, Pure Copper Wire, Sheet and Ingot Copper; Spelter, Tin, Antimony, Lead, &c. “Deareh-Light” OIL and GAS SALESROOM x = SamDaa BROTHERS, wer Bicucle Lanterns. Proprietors of the Belleville Copper Rolling Mills, Brazsiers’, Bolt and Sheathing COPPER. COPPER WIRE AND RIVETS. Importers and Dealers in ingot Copper, Block Tin, Spelter, Lead, Antimony, etc. 49 CLIFF ST., NEW YORK. Send ter Circulars and Electretypes. THE BRIDGEPORT BRASS CoO., Bridgeport, Conn. 19 Murray 8t., N.Y. 17 No. 7th 8t., Philadelphia. 85 to 87 Pearl St., Boston. 10 ON TRACTS renee a paices THURSDAY, Mat The Farmer Combination Lathe and Grinding Tool. The attachment illustrated consists of a yoke with a shank whereby the yoke may be secured to the tool post ot an ordinary lathe. In each branch of the yoke is a tuper hole fitted with a split box which is provided with nuts for adjustment and for holding it in correct position. Supported by the box is a rotating sleeve carrying a pul ley located between the branches of the yoke. The sleeve is splined to a shaft having one end arranged to carry the cutting tool and having at the other end a a S77 | bd Hod, // El - / 7 rf L4 _—" ff | _— ] / al] Deel TY) | | fal] PeyeCReeole t—_——- 1 4a a -— — aa a | 2 eB // “Ty LT r | — GT ™ || eu = SS \ PY > « j | ] a 4 Dae \\ \ * Ne — 45, 1 os 5; + \\er { == ] | ee cetece 1 | i , > = f 4 hE V7 7 7 ~ 5; ae f —? . z ; d on zi Fig. 2.—Grinding a Bevel (utter Placed on Expansion irbor. THE FARMER COMBINATION head by means of which the longitudinal movement of the shaft may be controlled. Secured to the yoke is a removable bracket holding a feed screw operated by a handle and engaging the head on the shaft. The yoke of this tool is a drop forging of 40 carbon steel. The boxes are made of gun metal. The sleeve and shaft are made from 50 carbon steel, as also is the feed screw. The brackets are made of cast gun metal. There is a cutter grinding attachment connected with the tool, con sisting of three face plates, one face plate screwing onto the spindle of the lathe, one face plate with expan sion and solid arbors, for grinding straight, spiral and bevel mills, one face plate with centers attached for grinding straight and taper reamers. A countershaft and drum with two sets of tight and loose pulleys to regulate speed as desired by the operator. The machine is designed for grinding solid and shell reamers, either straight or taper milling cutters of all shapes, up to the diameter the lathe will swing; also cut- ter heads ground in the lathe or on a milling machine ‘THE IRON AGE. F H 16, 1899, Phe tool will also do turning, boring (either straig taper) milling and drilling Some of the applications of the attachmen his luade by J. E. & A. J. Farmer of Hartford, Conn.. are shown in the accompanying drawings. The first engray ing illustrates grinding a taper reamer with the center set at an ungle corresponding with that of the reame1 In Fig. 2 the tool is set at an angle corresponding witl the bevel cutter it is working upon. Fig. 3 illustrates Grilling a hole at an angle in round stock. The piece to be drilled is cClamped to the face plate of the lathe and the drill adjusted to the desired angle. A more or less difficult job is by this means easily and accurately done. air vioteeeeacaeematlas =e The Mining and Metallurgical Section of the Franklin Institute held its stated meeting on Wednesday, the Sth inst., and Prof. Wm. H. Burr of Columbia University New York, read a paper on “Some Features in the Structural Design of Buildings.’’ Professor Burr's paper dealt particularly with the engineering features of the modern office building of the ** sky scraper “* type. Among og T Fd , 4 y - Ps f- ( M) / j } . F 4 \ Vv r \ | ip ae | Y |h \| f a 2 4 Y 1} | | } i] 7 1} / ‘. if » Ad | Y 5}\ » | A | == 4 YA Se rr 4 i ‘4 ( A Yo — \\\ / VS l= | \| im ie __} RS < 7 a3 | pt 7,=e | \ \L \ yr oy TNL CY AL ae. \ \ . J \ PY Ay Dy \ = ae LP y | VS } / } \ + ot a Oo We \ r J 9 , — Fig. 5.—Drilling a Hole at an Angle in Round Stock LATHE AND GRINDING TOOL. other problems discussed were those of the forms and methods of foundations, the various types and forms of columns and beams used in connection with these struc tures and their relative merits. The systems of wind bracing were minutely discussed, and particular attention was paid to the methods of rendering such structures fire proof. The speaker presented an abstract of some recent experiments made by the fire underwriters of New York on fire resisting qualities of cast iron and steel columns Several instructive instances of failure, more especially in cast iron columns, were noted by the speaker. <A note worthy point in connection with the paper was his ex tended reference to the use of cast iron columns, which the speaker deemed unqualifiedly as unfit to be used in building construction. The Naval Bureau of Yards and Docks has decided to issue advertisements in the course of this month for the construction of a stone dry dock of the largest proportions, at Portsmouth, N. H TAD nee AS oa Bs The Design of Roughing Rolls. bY WILLIAM HIRST, TRENTON, N. J An object in roll turning that is becoming more and more important is economy in the utilization of the sur face of the body of the roll To this end passes are de signed so that there will be no idle grooves or portions of the roll’s surface that do not perform useful work in shaping a section or reducing the sectional area of the bloom or billet. The necessity for such economy is brought about by the tendency to make larger sections than was formerly considered practicable in trains of moderate size W hen it is considered that the weight of a set of rolls increases as the square of their pitch or diam eter, it will be readily appreciated that it is cheaper to roll sections in the smallest train having the requisite strength For example: The weight of a 12 inch roll would only be ubout one-half that of a 16-inch of equal length. The actual proportion of the squares of these diameters is not quite 2 to 1, but the difference would be more than made up in that the grooves being the same depth in the larger roll would therefore be proportionally shallower ; in other words, the percentage otf metal cut away for the grooves is less with the larger roll than with the smaller. The smaller train also takes tess power than the larger and is, consequently, easier on the coal pile For the sake of the direct economy resulting there from, and sometimes because the larger train is lacking, sections are being rolled in 12-inch and 16 inch merchant trains that were formerly considered impossible. Im provements in the mixtures of iron for casting rolls and the increasing use of steel for the same purpose have helped much in this direction In rolling structural sections, such as beams and chan nels, the capacity and the range of sizes of a finishing train is‘increased by having the blooms rough shaped or partly formed in the blooming train, where one set of rolls will furnish a roughly formed section for several different sizes by the use of passes that reduce what would be in the fimshed section the hight, which is possible only in the blooming stage of the process. The production of other sections is also greatly facilitated by the use of spe- cially designed roughing rolls which reduce the bloom to the most convenient form or size to suit the different dimensions and weights of finished bars. As in the case of beams and channels, one set of roughing rolls can be adapted to a variety of sizes of one form of section, and in some instances, notably in the case of angles, the rolls can be designed to deliver a billet of a section conforming to the outline of the finished bar. This means fewer passes in the finishing rolls by relieving them of all work except that required to bring the bar to the proper shape and size. There are instances also where the roughing passes for the largest size of a section may be used for the smaller, the T for example: By using one or perhaps two passes to reduce the size, the smaller can be readily made from the roughing rolls for the larger, thus saving the length of roll for the preliminary passes that would other wise be necessary The largest portion of the product of a train is made from the standard sizes of billets or piles, which have to be reduced more or less to bring them to a convenient size for the finishing rolls. They must also have a certain amount of working to create or restore the fibrous struc ture which has been impaired or destroyed altogether by the high heat necessary for rolling. It is the purpose of this article to show the forms and arrangements of passes best calculated to perform this work. That rough ing rolls have a function other than the mere reduction of sectional area is shown by the fact that the amount of re duction in sectional area is frequently specified for the higher grades of iron or steel to insure in the iron a per fect weld. and generally for the purpose just mentioned Of the three forms of billet, the piled scrap, the laminated pile of muck bar and the steel billet, the first needs the most, and the others less in the order named, because working the pile or billet, particularly the former, at a proper heat is the only means of securing a compact ana thoroughly welded bar. It should be understood that all forms of passes are not well adapted to this end. Every train of rolls has its quota of general roughing rolls, and it is by the design of these rolls, neglected as they usually ire, that the efficiency and the output of the train may be materially affected simply by not having them turned with a specific object in view. As in everything else rolls that are turned to be good for everything in general invariably turn out to be not good for anything in par ticular Excepting the rod trains there are three general forms f roughing passes used in merchant trains—namely, the zothic, the diamond and the box pass. Of the first two kinds all the passes in a series are of the same shape, liffering only in size. They are not adapted for the most rapid reduction of sectional area, but are designed, as a rule, to give a variety of sizes for round and square bars for which such forms of passes are most used, and for the = THE IRON AGE. March 16, 1899 smaller sizes of flat bars which do not warrant the use of special roughing rolls. The box pass reduces the billet by working on two of its opposite sides; the diamond and gothic passes by working on opposite corners. The box pass effects the reduction by applying the pressure on the sides of the bar uniformly through the section; the dia mond and gothic effect it by alternately changing the angles of the bar from acute to obtuse, with the greatest draft on the corners formed by the acute angles. All these passes—diamonds and gothics—are worked open— that is to say, without fore plates or guides to prevent the bar from turning down in the pass, and for this reason there should not be too great a difference between the two angles of the pass, because the greater the difference the more liable is the bar to turn down. Practice has proven that a pass whose angles are 100 degrees and 80 degrees gives the best results generally. The amount of draft pos- sible is determined by the angles, and as the purpose for which the passes are to be used suggests these it is accord- ingly limited. Asan entering bar cannot be wider,than the pass, the hight or vertical axis of the preceding one is made somewhat less than the width of the one following. If we were to make the horizontal axis of a succeeding pass the same as the vertical axis of a preceding one, the maximum amount of draft weuld be represented by the difference between the areas of the passes so constructed, which is about 46.6 per cent. of the smallest. It is not practicable, however, to proportion them so as to work them to their fullest capacity on account of forcing the metal out of the pass and thereby causing a fin, which perhaps might result in cracking the corners of the bar. A fair amount is about 126.5 to 100, which amounts to a reduction of 114g inches to 1 inch in size, which is sufficient to fill the pass and to steady the bar. The relative dimen- sions of the diamond pass, which are also coefficient in the construction of the other passes in the series, are as follows: Angles cas kok aukiGEe OS dea anee peewee 100 degrees and 80 degrees. PO IR ciean dacgeesccencnadeic ceme ; ba cttnsenenena — EEE, .o.ccanns caeseesta¥aiusdcas iki whneewEihesepese 1.0154 ie iE iden ceclnscebes seasideaes ans Le NE IO II ooo v 06 b5c05+ >> chen eweeedescevsvkenee 1.285 OS. J pennscoscenx Lebron bWhn Saas Rkernaewns meewene . 1.0048 POV ENNMDD ccna scbbueeced Rune weeess bets enecentans 126.5 to 100 Ruduction (size), inches........ EE er eer nee 1% to 1 Of course itis not absolutely essential that this exact proportion of decrease in size should be adhered to. It may be, and should be, modified to suit any special re- quirement. The modification, however, should be intelli gently made, as one pass overfilling will spoil the working of the whole series; or another not having draft enough to steady the bar may work badly. As before stated, and shown by Fig. 1, the draft in diamond and gothic passes is effected by changing the angles of the sides of the bar, and as the difference between these angles is greater or less so may be the draft; therefore, as the first pass in the series takes a square billet whose sides are angles of 90 de- grees, the draft in that pass can only be one half the amount of a pass following another of like shape. In laying out these passes two objects should be kept in view: 1, To have the sizes that will be the most useful; 2, that the draft be not more than 130 to 100, or less than 120 to 100. Making the draft more than the larger amount is to court the danger of torcing the metal out of the pass between the collars of the rolls; making it less than the smaller amount makes the bar sensitive and easily turned down. In the latter case there are too many passes, which causes time to be lost in working with a consequent loss of heat, and if, to save time, the roller omits or skips a pass here and there he overfills them, with the result as stated, making a fin which may lap over in the next pass and mark the bar. As the relative dimensions of the pass given are of a unit of size they can be taken as coefficients ; therefore, it is only necessary to determine the sizes of the passes required and to multiply them by coefficients of the side, width and hight to get the corresponding dimen- sions of each pass in the series; but the square of the size must be taken and multiplied by the coefficient of the area when the area is required. The difference between side and size 1s that the side is measured from one corner to another. while the size is taken from one side to the op- posite one, which corresponds to the size of the billet when squared or passed through the same pass two or more times, and by which the pass is referred to. If there are no special sizes required they may simply represent a geometrical series whose ratio is 1.125, or any ratio be- tween 1.09 and 1.14, which are safe limits, and which represent reductions in area of 120 to 109 and 130 to 100, respectively. If special sizes are desirable it is best to take the mean, and to give and take within the limit. The gothic pass follows the same rule in regard to draft, and in shape*it is only a diamond with concave sides. The first pass of a series of gothics can be no smaller than the entering square when a square billet is used, but the size of a round bloom or ball, as it is usually called, may be to the pass as 1.2 isto 1. In the construc- tion of the gothic pass the diamond is laid out first, then the centers a, b,c and d are located from the corners a distance equal to the horizontal axis of the diamond; with March 16, 1899 THE IRON AGE. 3 these centers, the segments of the circles forming the sides of the pass are described as shown (Fig. 2). This form of pass has been used mostly for muck bar rolls, probably on account of its being nearest the shape of the ball as it comes from the squeezer, or because its corners are blunt, which tends to lessen the number and frequency of cracks and fissures on the corners of the bar. Some of its advocates claim that it rolls more to the center of the bar than the diamond—thkat its sides have a motion to that effect. 1f such a motion is a fact, that it is beneficiat goes without argument, but apparently it is not so. The sides of the pass have no oblique motion, and like in other form of passes the sides of the pass merely resist the lateral expansion of the bar when it comes in contact with them. It is true that the sides of the pass curve in, so to speak, which would seem to offer more effectual resistance to spread to keep the metal in the pass; but, as in all open passes, the sides of the pass are not close together except in one place—that is, in the plane of the axis of the rolls. From there the space between the rolls widens considera- bly, and as the reduction really takes place before the smallest part of the pass is reached the incurving sides do not afford the resistance to spread that the outline of the pass seems to indicate. Of course, in all forms of passes the pressure of one roll must be opposed by that of its mate, and in this way the pressure on the bar is equalized on opp site sides and the metal is pressed toward a com- mon center; but, as shown by Figs. 1 and 2, the draft is directly on two opposite corners of the bar in the middle of the pass, while the corners near the openings do not come in contact with the rolls at all until forced out, there fore, like everything under pressure, the displaced metal takes the path of least resistance (if we may borrow that term from our brethren electrical) which is toward the sides of the pass. When it comes in contact with the sides of the pass, and if the pressure, caused by excessive a 5 ~ “d , Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. dase bal a —— aie CeO aoe ee a doing probably more harm than good. In the next pass as in Fig. 4, while the draft nay be heavier, the plates are again subjected to this diagonal pressure as before, and With like result, tending tojslide them back again. But as the rolls begin to squeeze the pile, thereby increasing the adhesiveness between the plates, this motion ceases. The seesaw change of shape, however, continues from pass to pass, Which cannot fail to have a deteriorating effect upon the bar, unless the same has been thoroughly welded betore entering the diamond or gothic passes. In this respect diamond and gothic passes are alike, and wherever used in finishing trains they are almost invariabivy preceded by two or more box passes. But while this shows the dia mond and gothic to be more or less harmful to the pile im tended for a finished product their faults become virtues in the muck bar train. The puddle ball as it comes trom squeezer, being round in section instead of square, can be subjected to a comparatively heavy draft im the first pass and as no one is at all particular as to the appearance of muck bar there need not be any nice discrimimation as to the amount, which may be 135 to 100 or even i46 to 100, if the mill will stand it. While the continual changing of the angles of the sides of the bar means nothing at all as far as the angles are concerned. its effect on the physical structure of the mass is, in a degree, hurtful in a_ pile in- tended to be finished at that heat. Yet this effect of the diamond and gothic pass, defective on the one hand, is just the right thing to work out the cinder in the puddled ball. The action of these passes is not unlike kneading, which, while beneficial in the case of the puddle ball, by eliminating the cinder, is injurious to the fibrous qualities so desirable in the finished product. These qualities can not be attained to their fullest extent unless the whole section is reduced coincidently, which requires that the pressure on the pile should be so that it will be uniform throughout the mass, which, as has been shown, is not the JS UW Fig. 5. Fig. 6. DES'GNS OF ROUGHING ROLLS. draft, is not too great, spread will be stopped, after which reduction in sectional area goes to increase the length of the bar. Primarily, the object in rolling is to reduce the cross section of the bar to a proper size and shape; a secondary object, in some cases of equal importance with the first. is the development of a fibrous structure to increase the tensile strength, to raise the elastic limit to the highest attainable degree, and to make it susceptible of considera- ble elongation without fracture. These qualities are in- creased in the line of greatest extension (longitudinally), but at a loss in the crosswise strength, and it is in this particular that the skill in the heating, rolling and the de- sign of the rolls is manifested. That good stock can be spoiled in the working is too well known to be more than hinted at, and that the form of the pass in the rolls may have something to do with it is what concerns us in this article. Any form of pass will produce a fibrous structure with the proper heat and an adequate reduction in sec tional area. but all forms of passes are not adapted to thor- oughly weld a pile so as to secure the greatest lateral or crosswise strength to withstand punching and like opera- tions tending to split the bar. The pile usually brought to the rolls is the ordinary laminated pile of muck bar or a box made of muck bar filled with scrap, in some cases all scrap; but in all, particularly the latter, there are many interstices, which to be closed up require that in passing through the rolls the first three or four passes it should be subjected to the heaviest possible draft that the rolls or the pile will stand. The draft should be distrib uted evenly over the section, so that the tendency will not be to displace the particles, but to press them together. As previously stated, the amount of draft possible ina diamond or gothic depends upon the difference between the angles of the pass. A square section entering such passes can only be subjected to about one-half the amount that it could be were its shape like that of the pass, there- fore a heavy draft for the purpose of welding is impossible in the first pass. By referring to Fig. 3, which shows the position of a pile in a diamond, it will be seen that as the rolls engage only its upper and lower corners the pass does but little else than change its outline. While the corners a and ¢ are subjected to the pressure of the rolls the cor- ners b and d are not engaged at all, and the result is that the plates of the pile are merely displaced, the plates on one side are pressed from a toward b, and from c toward d on the other, one plate sliding on the next one. Instead of pressing them together it has tended to separate them, case with the diamond or gothic pass. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the rolls having this form of pass work only two diametrically opposite corners, while the other two receive little or no work at all. In rolling iron the welding must be done in the first passes while the mass is at a welding heat. If it is imper- fectly done at that time it will remain so. The creation of a fibrous structure continues throughout the entire operation, and the lower the heat the finer and closer the grain becomes. Fiber is made by reducing the section of the bar so as to make it draw or extend in one direction only; lateral extension tends to open it, which impairs its closeness and fineness and decreases its tenacity. There- fore any form of pass that will draw with the least degree of lateral extension should produce the most perfect and tenacious fiber. Any radical change of section, or in equality of draft, always increases the crosswise motion in the pass, which in a rolling mill is called spread. In the case of. iron particularly it is easily seen Sthat the effect of this spread, as we will hereafter call it, is to separate the imperfectly welding particles of the pile and to cause the bar to crack should any tendency to red short ness be present, or the grade of stock be low. Reducing a round section between plane rolls or two flat dies is a good illustration of uneqeal draft: The pressure is apptied in the middle of the bar, and as the sides are not affected they check or prevent any tendency to draw out, and the result is spread. More than a gen eration ago manufacturers of snafting and like things found that forgings made between two flat dies were very imperfect, the foutside was usually good, but the core in variably turned out to be in an unwelded incoherent state. In short, this was found to be the result of spread between the dies. They remedied the difficulty by using the V-shaped dies, which apply the pressure at four diametric- ally opposite points toward a common center. <A smith, drawing out a small bar, finds it to advantage to reduce it to a square in section and draw it out in that form: but if compelled to draw it out round he uses*the V-shaped or half-round swages. These familiar illustrations show that to prevent spread the pressure or draft should be applied to all parts of the section equally, that it may draw out coextensively. In the case of the diamond and gothic passes the draft is all on two opposite corners in the middle of the section, while at the sides it is nothing, and as one part of the bar cannot draw without the other, the section is spread until it meets the resistance of the sides of the pass, when the displaced metal equalizes itself and eee VR ree ~——— . ea a ene Stine. eos a 4 THE the bar begins to draw. For this reason it seems that a fractured billet rolled in these passes is more likely to show a granular structure than a fibrous one. In contradistinction to the diamond and gothic pass and their effect upon metal is the box pass. This form of pass, While its usefulness and merit have been recognized by many. is not as popular as it deserves to be. The reason of this seems to be that its adaptation to the work for which it is to be used and its construction are not well understood. For welding the pile it cannot be excelled; it takes it readily, and, while keeping its shape. presses the plates together squarely and evenly, as is readily seen bv Fig. 5. While being much more economical in regard to rolls they are fully as efficient in roughing down as far — _ al > —_ > mms ae UR Ue IRON TOU UU AA Bi | j | | > | ] UU LH AIAN Fig. 9. DESIGNS OF as 2 inches square as the diamond, and in the larger passes, taken pass for pass, more so. There are three types of these passes (Fig. 6)—flat, square and edging. Unless for some special reason they are arranged in pairs, one of which is above the other, one-half of each being the same groove in the middle roll. They are also divided into groups of two or more according to the arrangement of the whole series. By a group is meant the number of passes between and including one of each of the square passes in the series; Fig. 7 has four in a group; Figs. 8 and 9 two. On account of the diameters of the rolls in the passes, which will be explained further, the lower one must be the first. and the one directly above it the second; and as the middle roll is used for both passes, bottom and top, the two or pair must have a common width. There- fore, when the first pass in a train is in the bottom (be- tween the middle and lower roll). and the pile or billet is an equal sided square, there are four passes in the group, as in Fig. 7. Ina group of this kind the first two are flat- tening passes, the third an edging and the fourth a square. ROUGHING AGE March 16, 1899 The billet is passed throngh the first and second the same side up, then turned quarter way around on its axis and passed through the third and foarth in like manner. The bar cannot be revolved or turned between passes compris- ing a pair unless the lower one is square, in which case it would fit the upper pass sidewise either way it was en- tered. By using an unequal sided billet, such as 4x5 or 5x 6, or by making the first an idler or dummy (that is, one that does no useful work), all the passes on the bottom can be made square as in Figs. 8 and 9. The passes in Fig. 9 are arranged like those in Fig. 8, but for a train whose first pass is in the top, between the middle and the upper roll. because of entering on the opposite side. When used for the reduction of sectional area only 4 mn a _—, 14 7. we. ae SU Uh Fig. 8. \ q x Beatties Lr; on i 4 Fig. 10. ROLLS. the two latter arrangements (8 and 9) are the best, as they allow the billet to be turned between each pass, thereby lessening the liability to fin, which means that they can be given greater draft. Each alternate pass being square, a larger variety of sizes can be had—a convenience which is appreciated in general work. Fig. 10 embodies a series of passes such as would be desigired for some special pur- pose, as for roughing down for flats or any oblong section; they are of the flat and edging types, and their dimensions are arranged to suit the special work they are intended for. As rolls will not readily take in anything that is large snough to require a bearing on the circumference of the roll of more than 30 degrees, and as heat does not wait upon prolonged efforts that are sometimes necessary to induce the rolls to take the pile, it is best to make the draft so that the pile will enter without any extraordinary assistance, such as a liberal use of sand and the bogie as a battering ram. An extra pass or two will very often save much unnecessary delay, not to speak of the advan- tage of being able ‘to strike while the iron’s hot."’ All March 16, 1899 points considered, practice shows that the draft should not exceed 133 to 100 in box passes for steel and for iron 125 to 100 in the largest passes. For both, particularly iron, it should be somewhat less in the smaller passes. Blooming mulls are constructed on the principle of tak ing the upper and middle rolls of the three-high set, and by spreading them apart for the first pass, closing and reversing them for the second, what would in a fixed three high set be one pass, can be used for two or more, thus making the two rolls answer the purpose of three. These rolls are usually very large and heavy, and by using only two the appurtenances can be made much lighter; and there being no necessity for lifting feed tables and their auxiliaries there is much resultant economy both in cost and operation. Another advantage in this kind of a mill is that, as all grades of steel in ingot cannot be treated alike in the rolls, the draft may be modified to suit, mak ing a greater or less number of passes according as the condition of the ingot may require Ordinarily, in finishing trains, 2 inches square is about as small as a box pass can. be advantageously used, as at this point, the coherency of the pile being established, the diamond and gothic or the alternate oval and square are more serviceable on account of their being uniform in section. The difference in size between two passes, one directly above the other, is made by making the diameters of the rolls in the grooves of the middle and top rolls proportion ally larger. The collars separating the passes being of one size, a difference between the diameters in the passes makes a corresponding difference in size of the pass. Some roll turners increase the diameter of the top roll only, but as this causes the pass to work badly, it is best to divide the difference between the three. The proportion may be determined in the following manner: The diameter of the middle roll groove will be the pitch of the rolls less half the sum of the hight of the two passes. For the diameters of the top and bottom roll grooves add the ditference between the hights of the two passes to the diameter of middle for the top and subtract it therefrom for the bottom. To illustrate this let the size of a lower pass be 4.x 4 inches and the upper 4 x 3 inches, and the pitch of the rolls 12 inches. Then: 12 ” inches — * + ® — 84¢ inches = diameter of middle roll groove; and S44 inches + 4— 3 = 9% inches = diameter ot top roll groove; and 8g inches — 4— 3 = 7% inches diameter of bottom roll groove. If preferred, to find the depths of the grooves in each roll from the pitch line divide the sum of the hights of the two passes by four for the middle roll groove; subtract the result from the hight of the lower pass for the bottom, and from the upper one » for the top, as follows: ; ” inches = 1%4 inches = depth of middle roll groove; 3 inches — 134 inches = 1!; inches depth of top roll groove, and 4 inches — 1°4 inches = 24 inches = depth of bottom roll groove. Usually the first pass in a train is between the bottom and the middle rolls, but it sometimes happens that it is necessary to enter between the middle and the top. To make the second pass beneath the first, in such a case, would make the middle groove larger than the top and the bottom larger than the middle. As the difference in the size of a pair of passes is made by variation in the diameters of the grooves, it follows that the second of the pair must be the upper one 1f we are to conform to the usual practice of setting guides, otherwise double guides, upper and lower for each pass, must be used. The use of double guides wherever avoidable is generally regarded as an unnecessary inconvenience, therefore the common practice is to arrange the ran of the passes so that if both passes of the pair are to be used the first will be the lower one. This makes the diameter of the middle groove larger than the bottom and the top larger than the middle, and as the larger diameter will free itself from the bar and at the same time force it down on the guide in the lower roll, a steady straight delivery can be had with the one guide. If the first pass or the largest of the pair were in the top and the second in the bottom, the use of double guides would be unavoidable, because the lower grooves, having the largest diameters, would raise the bar upward, and to avoid the inconvenient arrangement of guides and plates which would be necessary to correct this, it is best in such cases to omit the lower pass of the first pair and to enter the lower one of the next. A series of passes like those of Figs. 8 and 9 are adapted to work in this way. These two arrangements also have the advantage of having all the lower passes square, which permits the bar to be turned between eacli pass, whereas in the arrangement of Fig. 8 it,can only be turned be- tween each pair. In Fig. 10 the bar cannot be turned while working through the edging passes, except there is a tendency to overfill; then the bar is passed through the flattening pass to reduce it. This causes one of the edging passes to be omitted; but, as the draft is light, this is of no consequence. THE IRON AGE. 5 A perfect arrangement of the sizes of the passes may however, be spoiled by an improper distribution, or by the malformation of the passes themselves Upon the latter, particularly, depends the behavior of the passes in action—whether they will be sensitive as to turning down; whether the bar can be entered with the assurance that it will go straight through. Like all other forms of passes the box pass is more or less sensitive when not filled up, hence the entering bar should be almost the same width as the pass itself, so that it can hold up the bar square, that the pressure of one roll upon it may be directly in line with that of the other. The box pass, with its straight angular sides, works well when properly constructed; but if the corners are rounded by great big fillets the bar be comes sensitive and turns over easily. The fillets in the corners of the grooves should not be larger than enough to round the corners of the bar to prevent their bemg cooled; a radius of one-eighth of the side of the pass should be enough. For the corners of the collars forming the sides of the pass a radius of ‘4 inch for the largest passes and 1g inch for the smallest will do. The idea of large rounded corners is that should the metal be forced out of the pass the collars will not make a fin with a sharp angle at its junction with the body of the metal; but as matter of fact the more the corners are rounded and the greater the space is between the rolls the easier the metal is forced out. As to the proper amount of space between the rolls, or the ** opening,” as it is com monly called, either by large. round corners on the collars or by spreading the rolls apart, practice varies somewhat With small passes, say 4 inches or less, it is best to run the rolls about !4 inch apart, while larger ones may have considerable more space between them, if for any reason it may seem desirable. Close sides, however, tend to pre vent spread, and for this reason they are generally pre ferred. It requires a tremendous pressure to force metal into a small interstice, but a comparatively small pressure to force it into a large one; therefore, while a heavy draft would force the metal out between rolls which were sepa rated considerably, it would take an unusually heavy one to force it out where the rolls were running close. In the former case overfilling would have no bad effect, be cause the projection could be rolled in again, which, of course, is not always possible with the narrow fin which might extend beyond the rounded corner of the collar The disadvantage of a large vpening is that the bar is much more sensitive, especially in the square and edging passes, as, the groove being shallow and the opening large, the slightest swing or bend to one side or the other brings the bar on the collar of the bottom roll or against that of the upper one, which almost invariably turns the bar over. A shallow groove does not have the same control over the bar that the deep one has. The sides of a box groove should be beveled to an angle of about 95 degrees, which is a little more than one-sixteenth in Linch. A pass with sides too straight—that is, with not sufficient bevel, 1s more or less difficult to enter on account of being so near the width of the bar, and a pass with too much bevel, while it may be entered freely, allows too much spread As regards the relative values of the diamond and box passes, it will be found that for the largest passes the box pass will demonstrate itself to be the most efficient means for the reduction of sectional area, if properly designed and intelligently arranged in view of the work required of it. Not only should the passes be correctly formed in them selves, but also with reference to each other and to the group in which they are comprised. It has long been a recognized fact that squaring the billet at each alternate pass affords the most favorable condition for rapid reduc tion coupled with general utility. and for this reason the series of passes in Figs. 8 and 9 are thought to be the best. Like the train itself, the rolls should be designed for a specific purpose and the passes arranged so that each will perform its part in harmony with the others. A pass should not be taken from one and two or three from an other to make up a new series, but the whole should be specialiy adapted to work with reference to the common purpose and for the particular class of work for which the rolls are intended. The particular uses for which the diamond and gothic and the box passes are best adapted is quite clear, and while the former will reduce nearty as fast as the latter, yet they are much less economical in roll space, taking up at least 50 per cent. more for the same work; they also require deeper grooves in the body of the roll, which increases the liability to break and in many cases requires larger diameters of rolls. For general work, including sectional reduction, the diamond and gothic are best below 2 inches square. They are well adapted to that class of work whose sizes and quantities do not warrant special roughing rolls. but for all other purposes, when its construction and adaptation are understood the box pass will be appreciated and its use extended. ——Es ee A Western paper facetiously states that ** A company has been organized in Chicago to compress air to make engines to compress air to operate themselves to make more compressed air and more engines.” poaibeeen at Ena Ee ae <a Rie Rea te “=F + = Lz tie Feed Water Regulators on the British Ship ‘¢ Pactolus.”’ The “ Pactolus ” is the first vessel of the British Navy to have each of her water tube boilers fitted with the feed water regulator, here illustrated. In describing this equipment the Enginecr says that the rapid fluctu- ation of the water level in most water tube boilers, con- sequent on the very small area of water surface in their Steam chambers, and their much greater evaporative efficiency, compared with ordinary boilers, have neces- Sitated the use of special apparatus for regulating the water level and insuring its continued and perfect ac- tion. Among the devices that have been adopted for regu- lating the admission ot feed water to boilers, in which the level of the water within the gen erator is caused to actuate a feed ad- mission valve by means of a float, that applied to the boilers of the * Pactolus” bas been found to be very effective and to answer the in- tention of its design very success- fully. The boilers of the * Pactolus ”’ are of the Blechynden water tube type and are eight in number, each of them being fitted with the feed regu- lator illustrated in Figs. 1 to 5, which is the invention of the patentee of the boilers to which they are applied. In this particular regulator—there are several arrangements of the ap- paratus—a double beat spindle valve is employed, its spindle being con- nected to a pivoted float lever, coun- terpoised by an adjustable weight, as shown in Fig. 5, the valve chest, shown in section in Figs. 1 and 2, in which this valve and its seat- Fig. l. ‘ Sections of FEED WATER REGULATORS ON ings are contained, having inlet and outlet apertures. Within the valve chest is an inner cylindrical casing or sleeve, movable in the direction of its axis, on one end of and within which the spindle valves are seated, this sleeve being provided with ports communicating with the interior of the valve box, as shown, the feed water passage being through these ports and the double beat valve seats, When open, to the outlet to the boiler. The eylindrical sleeve, being movable longitudinally within the valve chest, is made to approach or recede from the spindle valves by means of the screwed end of the rod shown passing through the stuffing box at the outer end of the valve chest, working in the boss of the bridge bracket by an ordinary hand wheel. It will thus be seen that as the movable sleeve con- taining the valve seatings is capable of moving nearer to or receding from the two valves, the position of the float lever—by its being attached to the valve spindle— at which it closes the valves is changed, and conse- quently the levels of the water in the generator at which feed water is permitted to enter, or is cut off from it, are determined. The interior of the valve chest being THE IRON AGE. March 16, 1899 in direct conimmunication with that of the boiler, the two valves are always under boiler pressure, the piston formed on the end of the valve spindle merely acting as a guide to it. The position of the internal sliding sleeve and that of the valve seats are indicated exter- nally on the index plate attached to the guide bracket shown. Ky moving the valve seatings to their extreme position the feed water can enter the boiler irrespective of the position of the float or the water level. This is a special advantage when an extra supply of feed water is required—e. y., to prevent the safety valves lifting by a sudden stoppage of the main engine. The arrangement of the regulator and the feed sup- ply pipes adopted in the “ Pactolus,” as shown in Figs. 4 and 5, where the feed is led through the regulator to: the lower chambers of the boiler, is the result of a series of experimental trials which proved the, advan- Fig. 3.- Plan Fig. 2. Valve Chest. THE BRITISH SHIP ‘‘ PACTOLUS.” tages of introducing the feed water in this maner in- stead of directly into the upper or steam chamber. ee B. D. Woodward, assistant commissioner general United States Commission to the Paris Exposit