The Iron Age 1893-02-23: Vol 51

‘THE The Sellers 40-Ton Dock Crane. ” The question of how to most conven- | iently handle the heavy pieces of armor that are to be placed upon the sides of the new battle ships and armored cruisers has received considerable attention since we started to build a new navy. Here- tofore it has not been necessary to handle such heavy weights as are represented by the huge steel slabs that are to be bolted on to the sides of the modern war vessels, and most of the work on the ships has oi wa i } been done while they were lying alongside | order. the dock under the shears. Other factors entered, and the problem was whether to hoist the armor or to lower it. The latter proposition gained the day, and it is now the generally accepted custom to place a vessel in dry dock when she is ready for her protective covering, and keep her there until it is all in place. Naturally, THE SELLERS 40-TON THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1893. about, as occasion required. In addition, it must be automobile to secure entire independence and be capable at any mo- ment of moving a short or long distance, as the proper adjustment of the plates demands. This, of course, necessitates the building of a special set of tracks around three sides of the dry dock, the fourth side being clear for the ingress and egress of the vessels. At the navy yarcs in Brooklyn and Nor. folk, these tracks, 18 foot gauge, have been built for some time, and at the former yard a 4U-ton crane is in full working ee - Arr | eT : ae cer = e/a DOCK CRANE One of the matters that was quite vexatious at the start was how to turn about the head of the dock without hav- ing too sharp a curve for the free move- ment of the crane. reverse curve and flaring out the track somewhat more than the rounding of the dock itself was found to be what was needed to secure the free movement of the when some of the armor rests on a shelf} machine. below the water line, this would have to The Government proposals for two 40- be done in any event, but the above water | ton cranes to cost $55,465 and to be erected, plating, as well as that below, is all placed during the time the vessel isin dock, as less time and greater handiness are found to result. The crane to lift the heavy weights had to be of peculiar construction and it also has to be capable of being readily moved one at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and the other at the Norfolk Navy Yard, were bid for over a year ago and the contracts were awarded to William Sellers & Co. (Incor- porated) of Philadelphia, who were to fur- nish materials and labor of every kind for construction, equipment and delivery. . Putting in a slight | IRON AGE A general idea of the appearance of the traveling crane is shown in the cuts. It has a working capacity of 40 tons at a radius of 50 feet, measured from cente line of the bearing pins of the jib. The crane that is now complete and in satis- factory working order is on the tracks about the new wooden dry dock. It is | quite capable of performing the opera- tions of hoisting or lowering, turning and traveling simultaneously or independently. The machinery is so geared that all these motions can be readily reversed without reversing the engines. Segoe. LISPLLSILIORAMGS ’ The crane is driven by a pair of 8 x 8 | inch engines, and the various motions of hoisting and lowering, turning and trav- ersing are obtained by large friction clutches without end thrusts on their shafts, similar to those found in larger cranes. By this method all motions are s‘arted, stopped, increased or decreased, as may be desirable, while it brings the | crane under most absolute control. Fur- | thermore, the load is autematically sus- . | tained at all points by a patent retaining | device. The maximum speed of the crane | is not less than 50 feet per minute. There are two hoists, one beirg a slow hoist for heavy weights with a speed of from 5 to 7 feet per minute; the otheris a rapid hoist for weights up to 15 tons, with a speed of about three times the former. 414 THE IRON AGE. nations and repairs as it may require. Pro vision is also made for athorough lubri- cation of all bearings. — — Bids were opened by the water works department of Cleveland last week for supplying pipes to the city the coming The engines and boilers have been proved capable of easily performing all of the operations mentioned. Counter- weights made of heavy cast-iron blocks are provided and have been found suitable for the purpose. The machinery, engine and boiler are roofed over by a light fram- ing of angles and corrugated iron, as shown in the perspective views. The drum upon which the hoisting chain is wound is of wrought iron, except the bearing strips for the rollers, which required harder material, and especially hard steel has been used. The circular web is.of two plates, all angles are in one length, the enas of no two of them meet- ing in the same vertical plane. The cross girders connect to the web of the drum, made with the view of having the girders fail at the center rather than at the con. nection. The orbs of all the cross girders are of one piece. The drum is connected by a hollow cast-steel pin to the car, the pin being capable of revolving with the drum. The lower plates of the drum are & inch thick and are riveted to the girder. The drum revolves upon conical hard-steel rollers 15 inches in diameter at the center of the head. They bear upon a bed made up of 1-inch steel plates bolted together in a circle, the plates breaking joints. On the inside and bolted to the roller bed and cover plates of the car is a 6 x 6 x § inch angle iron and on the outside the turning rack made of angles and pins. The car is of wrought iron angles and plates, all the N % / RA / > 4 4 2a A WL» 7 = llpeubtehioehie yy A) webs and girders being in one piece. The car is covered with %-inch plate and is stiffened under the roller bed with 6 x 6 x 8inch angles. The wheels are 32-inch diameter and rest in the frame work. They carry compression springs which in- | sure sufficient weight on the driving wheels to travel the crane at all times. The wheels are carried in boxes having brass journals. The weights are lifted by a chain made of tested links of special 12-inch round iron welded. The wear of the chain and consequent change of pitch resulting from use, it isthought, will not affect the action of the hoisting machinery to anywhere near the same extent that would have been the case if the original idea of having a sprocket wheel had been carried out. It was at first intended to have a hanging loop of chain at the end of the jib, but that has been dispensed with by inter- posing a change of speed for the lighter loads as being more convenient. By the arrangement already described, it has been found possible to substitute larger gears of cast iron and steel for the smaller gears, which is considered to be a much more desirable cc nstruction. The ma-| year. The lowest bid was submitted by chinery is grouped so as to afford the| the Lake Shore Foundry Company—$23 10 greatest possible facility for such exami- per ton for ordinary pipe and from $50 to >I . eA —— ! Hi , mmm) L MLL ] February 23, 1893 $70 for special castings, making the total $113,242. Other bids were as follows: J. B. Clow & Son, Chicago, pipe $24.40, special castings $50 to $70, total $117,655; Addyson Pipe & Steel Company, Cincin- nati, pipe, $23.24, special castings $52 to $60, total $113,489; Dennis Long & Co., Louisville, pipe $23.49, special castings $60 to $87, total $117,422; Howard Har- rison & Co., Bessemer, Ala., pipe $25.40, special castings $65 to $89, total $126,709. The very latest thing proposed in trusts is a sewing machine trust. The concerns said to be interested are the Standard, nA| L | MERA Tl SDAA AL OMA ET ee a Ra rence b. cE = rf) rl Z Fig. 3.—Ferspective View, Showing Truck Connections. THE SELLERS 40-TON DOCK CRANE. White, Davis, National, Union, Rockford and Domestic. It is rumored that the com- bination will havea capital of $15,000,000. February 23, 1893 The Conley Process. N. R. Conley has given years of study to the development of the direct process coypled with the manufacture of open- hearth steel. His last plan, details of which we propose to present, aims at overcoming primarily that bane of all di- rect methods, the reoxidation of the iron by providing for the quick transfer from the reducing chambers to the bath of the open hearth furnace of the reduced mate- rial. He aims to couple with this a reduc- tion of the fuel consumption by utilizing the heat of the furnace for carrying out the deoxidizing of the cre. The ac- companying sketch embodies the features of the design. The open-hearth furnace A may be con- structed in general after the manner of the Siemens reverberatory furnace, with its air and gas checker work or regenerator B B and bed or furnace C. The end walls D D of this open-hearth furnace are made thicker or more extended than \ LY, “EA K Wma Va K Nay Va TAT VAL A | VOL Va t j i= cf THE IRON* AGE. products of combustion from the furnace C, enter the flues n n on the opposite side of the furnace through the checker work L down the flues m m into the regenerators B on the opposite side of the open-hearth furnace, or vice versa, as the case may be. The heat of the waste gases is sufficient to heat the retorts to the degree requisite for the deoxidation of the ore contained therein,and this result is facilitated by the checker work around the retorts. By re- versing the action of the gas and air retorts on the other side can be heated in a sim- ilar manner. When the ore in any of the retorts is properly deoxidized the gate K is lifted and the resultirg sponge is discharged in the molten mass in the open hearth C. The ore, mixed with carbon in the form of coke or charcoal and reduced to a mod- erately fine state of division, is introduced into a retort heated hy the waste gases from an open-hearth furnace and by a simple mechanical operation is, on the completion of the reducing process, discharged into the previously fused bath of pig iron SST TACTIC “AIA 4 WCAC WN a} 1 UA 7 SATA TATA ALAA + SS 8 8 Ta LN INS te ; THE CONLEY FURNACE FOR THE DIRECT PROCESS. usual in order to receive and support one! without coming into contact with the air. or more deoxidizing retorts, E E, made of the shape shown or of any other judged more suitable, and of fire clay or of any other similar material. These retorts are provided with a filling shute, F, and gas outlet pipe, G. Each is also provided with a muffle door opening, N, and small opening, I. Each has also a rear opening, J, opened by a fire-clay slab gate, K. The retorts are surrounded by checker work, L, the object of which will be presently ex- plained, and has air flues, M M, leading from the regenerators B B into the checker work L and through the same into the flues nm formed in the masonry above the retorts. The gas and air pass along these flues into the bed of the open- hearth furnace. The working of the combined furnace is as follows: The retorts are shut off from the bed of the open hearth by the gate K and are then filled with a mixture of ore and carbon through the shutes F, which are instantly closed after filling. The bed of the open-hearth furnace is then pre- pared in the usual manner with scrap or pig iron to form a molten mass. The gas and air are admitted to the furnace on one side and from the regenerators on that side pass up the flues m m into and through the checker work L, out into the flues n n and along them into the flues C, where combustion takes place. The waste gases, The aim isto prevent the reoxidation of the reduced metal by contact with atmos- pheric air and to do away with the delay and expense involved in transferring the reduced metal to another furnace for the open: hearth operations. Mr. Conley figures the saving through the use of his process as follows : 25 tons iron in 65 per cent. ore, costing 8 cents per unit...2........--..2. «- $200.00 7 tons fine coke, at $4. ... 2... 28.00 bo ee en eee eee 10.00 ARMs cA viadslGn whe cucnssekelaweus $238 00 Loss in’ reduction to the ingot, 12 per cent., yielding 22 tons steel, or, per Watt kndcesesesebeedeet checcadaces $10.82 25 tons iron in pig metal, 10 per cent. less, yielding 204¢ toms steel......... RNsda ccc cence $6.25 Whether such figures could be attained would depend upon the loss. Besides, the sponge should not be pitted against pig iron, but against the much cheaper scrap which it takes the place of. et — The report of the West Virginia In- spector of Mines shows that during 1892 8,710,888 tons of coal were mined, giving employment to 15,393 men. For 1891 the production was 8,155,202 tons, produced by 13,023 men. In 1880, when the collec- 415 tion of statistics was begun, the total pro- duction was only 1,494,008 tons, employ- ing 3600 miners. The growth of coke making has been fully as rapid, and in 1892 1,313,449 tons were produced from 5490 ovens. In 1891 the production was 1,237,418 tons from 4117 ovens. In 1880 there were 631 ovens producing 121,715 tons. At the close cf the fiscal year 1892 there were 777 new ovens in course of construction, all of which are probably by this time producing coke. ——— EEE The Loop Proposed for Chicago “L” Roads. Last week formal action toward the or- ganization of a property.owners’ company for the construction of an elevated termi- nal loop in Chicago was taken, when articles of incorporation were filed in the office of the Secretary of State by the Central Elevated Railroad Company. The capital stock is placed at $5,000,000 and the following prominent business men and property owners figure among the incor- porators: David Kelly, R. H. McCormick, F. C. Wilson, Robert D. Sheppard, William E Hale, George E. Adams, E. R. Bliss, Marshall Field, Cyrus H. Mc- Cormick, E. H. Hunt, N. K. Fairbank, A. C. Bartlett, O. S. A. Sprague, Samuel M. Nickerson, Elbridge G. Keith, Lyman J. Gage, Otto Young, N. B. Ream, Ed- ward UC. Waller. The intention of the company is to con- struct a loop line to traverse the business center, affording terminal facilities and connections for the roads now in operation or building on the south and west sides of the city, and also for one on the north side, which will doubtless be undertaken in the course of time. Property owners have taken up the matter themselves, so as to make the loop as serviceable and yet as little of a nuisance as it is possible to have it. It is barely possible that the proposed loop line, if built, will be operated by the Elwell-Parker electric system. The Liver- pool elevated electric road is operated by this system, and is said to be the first road of its kind in actual use. A center rail is used to carry the current instead of an overhead trolley wire. The road is six miles in length and runs along the docks. Twenty-five trains of two cars each are in use. The cars are built on the American principle and weigh 40 tons. In the central, generating station are four 500 horse-power generators. The English company is known as the Elwell Parker Electric Construction Company, Limited, of Wolverhampton and London. A move- ment is on foot to establish a branch of the company in Chicago, to be known as the ElwelJ-Parker Electric Construction Company of America. M. Jacobs of the Columbia Universal Contracting Company has submitted to the company plans for a structure which he says will obviate the objections of property owners to a trestle work in front of their buildings and which can also be built cheaper than the structures now in use. A sketch of the structure shows it to ~ be a double-decked affair, supported on a single row of pillars. On each deck tracks are laid and alongside of these is a walk which connects by foot bridges with the second stories of buildings alongside. | The structure is wide enough for a single track only, and it is built entirely of steel and iron. At the end of the linea Y may be built which will enable trains to de- scend from the upper track to the lower, and vice versa. A twenty-foot alley is wide enough for the Y. OO After exciting debate the anti-soft coal ordinance was defeated in the Philadel- phia Council. 416 American Turbine Water Wheels.—LY. BY SAMUEL WEBBER, CHARLESTOWN, N. H. T. H. Risdon began at the Old Eagle Foundry at Mcunt Holly, N. J., to | improve and experiment on the Vande- | water wheel. He tried 2 styles of ‘ fly- | trap” cases, 9 kinds of register gates, 5 | kinds of gates to close the discharge at | the wheel instead of the shutes, 16 kinds | of cylinder gates and 8 different kinds | of wheel with each of these cases and | gates, until he had tried over 200 plans | and made about 1000 tests, with a Prony | brake and weir, as described in Mr. Francis’ hydraulic experiments, finding that a difference of 3° in the angle} of the buckets would make 5 per cent. dif- ferencein the economy of water. He tried gates inside the shutes and outside, and gates after the water had left the wheel, as shown in Zhe Jron Age of December 8, which showed that the gate half closed let out fifteen-sixteenths of the water. He also made 19 different forms of shutes on the present flanged cylinder gate. The wheel as it now stands, Fig. 15, has been practically unaltered for 20 years, but many improvements have been made in the form of the cases until the present satisfactory plans were attained. We have followed the growth of the American turbine up to what is practically its best present form, but there are still changes of importance to note. The Risdon wheel, which the writer first saw and tested at the Centennial Exposition in 1876, may be quoted in illustration of some of the most important of these changes. Fig. 17 shows the interior concave cone of the Swain brought down to the base of the wheel, so that there is no inward discharge, and the curve of the buckets is such as to give it an outward tendency, which would be aided by the centrifugal force imparted from the wheel. Fig. 16 represents the whole wheel, in its case, showing the gate-hoisting apparatus, with the projecting flanges, or wings, which vise and fall between the guides, and thus keep the current of water smooth and un- broken. The high results obtained by the writer from this wheel, in the table of tests published, have been amply corrob- orated since by other engineers, as well as by the practical operation of these wheels in actual use in mills, under heads varying from 20 to 50 feet. A general examination of these cuts shows the long curve of the bucket, and its wider opening, as compared with the earlier wheels. Soon after 1876 two wheels were put on the market, which are commonly styled **new departure’ wheels, in which these changes were carried much further in the direction of larger openings and longer buckets—i. ¢., the Hercules and Victor wheels—and the great point of both these wheels is the same—i. ¢., the Jarge amount of water consumed and power delivered by a wheel of moderate diameter. Our cut, Fig. 18, shows the Victor wheel in and out of its case, and shows the discharge to be outward as well as downward. The gate, not shown here, is a register gate, so called, which revolves a between the guides and the uckets, with a serics of openings corre- sponding with the guides, of which the edges are beveled in the same direction as the guides, so as not to break the cur- rent abruptly. Tests of small wheels of this pattern in the old flume at Holyoke have shown nearly 90 per cent. net effect, and tests of the same wheels with cylinder gate in the new flume show from over 80 r cent, at full gate to 60 per cent. with alf water. A table to follow shows the comparative discharge of this and a num OUTSIDE OF BUCKET THE February 23, 1893 DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF INSIDE OF BUCKET LLL SN on ~£ Sse y q a SSS ize CZ “LLL calla ge = = i Fig. 16.—Risdon Turbine. AMERICAN TURBINE WATER WHEELS. February 23, 1893 THE IRON AGE. 417 ber of other wheels of equal diameter un-| use of water when the gate is fully open, der the same head. but this is explained by the makers as due : The Hercules wheel, shown in Fig. 19, to their desire to construct a wheel which is very similar in external appearance} should be used at from three quarters to to the Victor when in its case, but is a| seven-eighths gate opening, and give its “built” wheel, the buckets being cast} highest results at those points, only open- singly of iron or bronze, doweled into the! ing the gate in full when there is obstruc- Fig. 17.—The Risdon Wheel. te a ae Eo Fig. 18.— Victor Turbine. Fig. 19.—Hercules Wheel. AMERICAN crown, cast separately at top and banded and bolted together by a steel ring at the bottom. This wheel also discharges out- ward)]y and hasa cylinder gate, but the evil effects of the sharp ‘‘ cut-off ” are in a large degree obviated by the projecting flanges shown on the interior face of the buckets. It will also be noticed that the diameter of this wheel is larger at the bottom than at the top, which is the cause of a wasteful TURBINE WATER WHEELS. tion from ‘* back water” and the flow is ample and excessive, when alittle waste is of no importance. With these wheels I close my remarks on vertical shaft turbines, as it is impossible to mention them all. maenntennneaaiiaan iP The House Committee on Naval Affairs recommends the construction of only one light-draft gunboat this year, on account of the condition of the Treasury. The New Armor Specfications. The new specifications for armor for the navy have been issued after a good many conferences with the steel works. The vessels that it is proposed to supply with armor are the following: Approxi- Name. Description. oun of armor. *Indiana”’....... | Battle ship J 499.77 ** Massachusetts "| Battle ship.... .... 2,041.81 * Oregon” ....|Battle ship. , 499.77 ** Olympia,” cruiser No. 6.| Protected cruiser. 42.64 “ Towa,” seagoing) battle ship No.1.| Battle ship.... .... 2,574.40 “Brooklyn,” ar- mored cruiser} No. 3.... .......|;Armored cruiser. . 686.50 eas bicdadasleccecane axtueiedas 6,344.89 Some of the features of the specifications are the following: Manufacture and Selection. 18. All raw meterial shall be chemically analyzed in the most approved manner by the contractor before use, and proper rec- ords thereof and proper melting records shall be kept by him. The product shall be a uniform alloy of nickel and steel with about 3} per cent. of nickel. The nickel steel shall be of domestic manufacture by the open-hearth process. 19. The ingot to be used in the manu- facture of armor plates shall be so propor- tioned that its weight shall not [ less than double that of the trimmed and fin- ished plate, or if more than one plate is made from an ingot its weight shall be at least double the combined weight of all the trimmed and finished plates made therefrom. In estimating for the observance of this rule, the calculated weights of the finished plates shall be used. In manufacture, a discard of not less than 30 per cent. of the weight of the ingot shall be made from the upper end. 20. The ingot shall be forged or rolled as much as the best practice requires, but in no case shall the ratio between the mean cross section of the ingot and that of the trimmed and finished plate be less than three. During the process of reduc- tion no metal shall be cut off except such as will clearly have no further beneficial effect on the working of the metal which is to compose the finished plate. 21. Whatever method may be adopted for producing the ingot, the part used must be equal in quality and in all other respects to an ingot cast in the usual way, from which at least 30 per cent. by weight has been discarded from the upper end. In the manufacture of hollow armor forg- ings, if fluid compressed ingots are used, a discard of not less than 5 per cent. of the weight of the ingot shall be made from the upper end. Physical Tests. 25. From each plate after forging or rolling and before any further treatment, except annealing, four test specimens shall be taken; one longitudinal and one trans- verse from each end. For plates to be treated by the Harvey process, each of these specimens shall show not less than 65,000 pounds tensile strength per square inch and 12 per cent. elongation. For plates not required to be treated by the Harvey process, but which are to be oil tempered and annealed, each specimen shall show not less than 75,000 pounds tensile strength per square inch and 10 per cent. elongation. Ballistic Tests, 34. The ballistic test is the chief one, and the object of all the other tests of plates is to insure, so far as possible, that the remaining plates of a group are capable of standing as severe a test as that to which the test plate has been subjected ; and the conformity required among the plates of a group will be only such as may be necessary for this purpose. The plate from each group intended for the ballistic test will be selected by the Di partment after all the plates of the group have re- ceived their final treatment and passed satisfactory tests for uniformity. The Department may, however, in its discretion, direct the manufacture of a special plate as to dimensions to be car- ried through the various stages of manu- facture and physical test with certain service plates, and if the chemical and physical tests and treatment of this plate are satisfactory, and compare favorably in uniformity with the designated service plates, after all the latter have been com- pletely treated and tested, it will be se- lected as the ballistic plate to represent the group of service plates. The ends must be trued. 35. It is supposed that practice in manu- facture will eventually produce ingots of such uniformity that the grading of the) ingots or plates into groups for ballistic | test will be unnecessary, as the variations | upon which to grade will be too slight. 40, About the middle line of the plate there will be marked two points of: pro- posed impaet, arranged so as to be not less than three and a half calibers of the gun | to be used from the upper and lower edges of the plate, not less than three and a half calibers from the ends and not less than three and a half calibers apart. 41. For plates of constant thickness one | of the proposed points of impact shal) be in the middle line of the plate correspond- ing to the axis of the ingot, if practicable. 42. For plates tapering in thickness one | of the proposed points of impact will be arranged in the thinner part on a line) parallel to that upon which the taper com- mences, and, when practicable, at least) one caliber from it. The second point will be placed on the thicker part. 43. The Department may arrange the points of impact near the central region of the lowest portion of the plate, with reference to its position in the ingot; this portion being in length at least one and one-half times the width of the plate; the) points of impact being otherwise spaced as directed in Par. 40. points of impact are arranged near the end THE IRON AGE. plate to penetration; the caliber of gun used shall be the same for both shots. 52. The following rules shall be ob- served in making the ballistic tests: For Nickel Steel Plates, Oil Tempered and Annealed. For Acceptance, One shot with the velocity established by the Gavre formula for a plate equal in thickness to the plate under test, together with 36 inches of oak backing. Requirement.—There shall be no crack extending from the point of impact to an edge of the plate, or from one edge to an- other of the plate, and at the same time through the eatire thickness of the plate at an edge. One shot with the velocity established by the De Marre formula for a plate equal in thickness to the plate under test, to- gether with 36 inches of oak backing, tor plates up to 13 inches in thickness ; for plates 13 inches thick the velocity shall be that established by the Gavre formula for a plate 31.1 per cent. greater in thickness, together with 36 inches of oak backing; for plates 14 inches thick the velocity shall be that established by the Gavre formula for a plate 28 per cent. greater in thickness, together with 36 inches of oak backing; for plates 15 inches thick the velocity shall be that estab- lished by the Gavre formula for a plate 25 per cent. greater in thickness, together with 36 inches of oak backing; and for a plate 16 inches thick and upward the velocity shall be that established by the |Gavre formula for a plate 20 per cent. In case the! of a plate, the high velocity shot shall not | be delivered at the point near the end. 44, The rules regarding positions of the points of proposed impact are intended as aids in conducting the test with regularity. The guns will be aimed for these points, but no allowance will be made for the ordi- nary errors inherent to artillery fire. 45. When the proposed point of impact falls upon the tapered part of the test plate, the thickness for which the velocity is to be calculated shall be measured at the thinnest point on the circumference of a circle described around the proposed point of impact, with a radius equal to the semi diameter of the shot. In the ballistic test for premium, when- ever the velocity required by the table ex- ceeds 2050 foot seconds, the next higher caliber of gun will be used with the proper velocity, but in no case shall the caliber of the gun exceed one seventh the width of the plate at the point of impact. 48. The ballistic test shall consist of one shot at one of the proposed points of impact with a comparatively low velocity to determine the resistance of the plate to cracking, and a second shot at the other proposed point of impact with a higher velocity to determine the resistance of the greater in thickness than the plate under test, together with 36 inches of oak back- ing; provided, that for plates whose thick- ness includes a fraction of an inch, the velocity shall be obtained by interpolation from the velocities designated for the thickness next above and next below the plate under test. Requirement. — The prcjectile, or any fragment thereof, shall not pass entirely through the plate and backing. For Premium, One shot with the velocity established by the Gavre formula fora plate 10 per cent. greater in thickness than the plate under test, together with 36 inches of oak backing. Requirement.—There shall be no crack extending from the point of impact to an edge of the plate, or from one edge to another of the plate, and at the same time through the entire thickness of the plate at an edge. One shot with the velocity established by the De Marre formula for a plate 15 per cent. greater in thickness than the plate under test, together with 36 inches of oak backing. Requirement, — The projectile, or any fragment thereof, shall not pass entirely through the plate and backing. 53. The following rules shall be ob- served in making the ballistic tests: For Plates Treated by the Harvey Process. For Acceptance, One shot with the velocity established by the Gavre formula for a plate 10 per cent. greater in thickness than the plate under test, together with 36 inches of oak backing. Requirement.—There shall be no crack extending from the point of impact to an edge of the plate or from one edge to an- other of the plate, and at the same time through the entire thickness of the plate at an edge. One shot with the velocity established by the De Marre formula for a plate 15 per cent. greater in thickness than the plate under test, together with 36 inches of oak backing. Requirement.— The projectile or any fragment thereof shall not pass entirely through the plate or backing. February £3, 1893 54, Table showing approximate veloci- ties which may be used in making ballistic tests, subject to restriction of caliber of gun : Velocities at Impact, based! ow Garre and De Marre Formulas, Modtfied. Nickel Nicke) steel. ceel, veyized. cCeDt- Pre. d -ept- Gun and thickness ———— a a of plate. 7 2/$/s/s/3|% 2|Sialie @\% BiS(|2/8 2/8 4-inch B. L. R. RMREEE cn cicnduvasian 1421) 1561 1491 1676 1491 1676 eee ...+. 1595/1758)1680 1893 1680, 1893 fe eee ee Sac ealcnuntewsct veae 6-inch B. L. R. 6 inches.......«. ... 1389/1532) 1472 1659 1472, 1659 7 inches.... .... .... 1528/1678 1620/1816 1620 1816 8 inches...... . «+» 1659/1809 1762/1968 L762) 1968 | Sree PEE vs vclocdslewcs| coes Sere: a See Wiis 8-inch B. L. R. Ns oS snains o:0000k 1309/1536 1391/1672 1391! 1672 DING 5¢ <s0nc cdcces 1400/1687 1491 1786 1491 1786 TP OE cess. < “deen 1491) 1757 1585 1897 1585 1897 i... |1577|1885 1678 2004 1678 2004 PPR. voi nactigues UNL a saitincs leva laces 10-inch B. L. R. Winches. ... . ...... |1814)1895,/1401 1772 1401 1772 oS eee | 1381) 1630 1472 1859 1472 1859 15 inches..... ........./1445)1682) 1539 1940 1539 1940 l6inches. . ........ ./1508/1708) 1607 2028 1607 2028 12-inch B. L. R. | POON csevcs an |1269) 1436 1354 1787 1353 1787 I7 inches.......... .-..|132|1495 1410 1858 1410 1858 jo eee 1374) 1554, 1465 1926 1465 1926 18-inch BLL. R. | Winches... ...... . |1256)1422 1840 1810 1340 1810 REMARK.—Velocities for Ist shot for accept- ance of nickel steel are for the 4-inch B. L. R., the De Marre reduced 9 per cent. 55. A steel projectile (of the best qual- ity and manufacture, as determined by the Department, and of the general shape as now used) will be fired at each of the two points of proposed impact, under the general conditions before described. 56. After the first shot, if the contractor should so request, the following changes may be made: When cracks develop, running near the other proposed point of impact, that point may be shifted to such a position as the contractor may select, provided the point is not placed more than 34 calibers from the center of impact of the preceding shot. The inspector determines the char- acter of the cracks. 57. Firing at a plate will be stopped whenever, in the opinion of the inspector, the plate has demonstrated its incapacity to stand the full test. 58. No plate which does not represent a ballistic group will be tested under the contract, except as hereinafter provided for. Acceptance and Rejection. 59. Such plates as successfully endure the ballistic test will be paid for by the Department, at the contract price. If they are not shaped, or as carefully finished on the edges or otherwise as a ship plate, a corresponding reduction of price will be made. If unsucesssful, they will not be paid for, nor their transportation; they will be removed from Government ground by the contractor. If not removed within three months from notification, they will become the property cf the Government. 60. If the group represented by the suc- cessful test plate has shown a close uni- formity in quality and treatment, it shall be accepted as far as the ballistic test is concerned, 61. If the test plate should fail to pass, the group shall be rejected. In this case the contractor may demand that another plate of the same group shall be selected by the department and submitted to test. February 23, 1893 THE IRON AGE. 419 62. If this plate successfully passes the test the group may be accepted ; but if the Department so desir¢s it mayselect another plate (third) from the group, and on this test the acceptance or rejection of the group will detinitely rest. 63. If the plates of a group do not show a close uniformity, or when the treatment has not been strictly uniform, if the first plate subjected to ballistic test passes, the Department may test two more before giving a decision as to acceptance of the group. 64. In case more than one plate is tested (owing to the failure of the previous plates, or to the want of uniformity of the group with the test plates), only a single one, that which passes the group, will be paid for. 65. In case of rejection the contractor must replace the group within a reasonable time, to be stipulated in the contract. 66. After a group of plates is accepted the Department may still test therefrom, ballistically, as many plates as it may desire, and only such as pass will be paid for This paragraph will only apply when the Department has reason to believe that there isa lack of uniformity in the ac- cepted group, or that defective plates are contained therein. 67. Plates to replace test plates shall be received or rejected on the judgment of the Department upon their chemical and physical tests, which must be practically uniform with similar tests from the plates of the group; but if such plates are re- jected because of supposed lack of effective ballistic resistance, the contractors may demand that they be tested ballistically, and if they pass that test, they will be paid for at the contract price subject to the rebate provided for. 68. The success of the test plates defines the status of the group in a ballistic sense, but does not secure the individual plates from condemnation for causes which seriously impair their resistance, or which are referred to herein as objectionable. Premium for Increased Ballistic Resistance, 70. If before the selection of a test plate from a ballistic group which has been oil tempered and annealed, the contractor shall offer in writing to submit it to a test corresponding to that established by Par. 52 governing premium, it shall be so tested, and, if successful, a premium will be allowed on the group of $30 per ton. 71. In the ballistic test the caliber of the gun used shall be so restricted that when the gun is fired with service weight of shot a velocity of at least 1250 feet per second (at impact) will be necessary to devi lop the projectile energy required by the Gavre formula to perforate plate and backing. 73. A plate which has failed to pass its group on the test for premium may be used on the lower test if the contractor should so request. Tests fer Brittleness or Cracks. 74. Plates not much curved may be . dropped on a suitable iron plate from a hight of 1 yard in order to test for brittle- ness and to develop cracks. The Department recognizes the imorac- ticability of obtaining some of the armor as soon as needed, but it will endeavor to place orders so as to get the armor which will be wanted in the near future as early as practicable, and other armor at or near the dates set forth. Each contractor for armor under this contract must make deliveries at the aver- age rate of 250 tons per month for the first six months after the first delivery becomes due, and thereafter at the average rate of 300 tons per month. The first delivery of 250 tons shall be due at the expiration of the fourth full calendar month after placing the first or- der for armor under this contract. Penalty for Delay. 137. At the end of each calendar month, the total amount of armor delivered since the placing of the first order under this contract shall be reckoned, and if this amount is less than is due at this time, under the provisions of the preced- ing paragraph, a penalty of $10 per ton on all armor thus due and not de- livered shall be charged against the con- tractor. Should the total amount of armor delivered at the end of any calendar month be greater than is due at this time, a credit «f $10 per ton for this excess of armor delivered shall be allowed the contractor. On the completion of the deliveries of armor under the contract, a balance shall be struck between the amounts thus charged against and credited to the contractor, and if this shows any sum due as a penalty to the Government, this sum shall be charged and collected from any moneys due the contractor from reserve payments or otherwise. Should the contractor be under obliga- tion to furnish the department armor under a previous contract, deliveries thereunder shall be reckoned, for the purpose of de- termining the penalties or credits afore- said, as if they had been made under this contract, and no penalties shall be charged, at any time, if the full amount of armor required by this contract to be delivered at that time shall have been made and delivered under either or both of these contracts; it being understood that the delivery of armor at the rate called for by this contract shall be held to have com- plied with the requirements of both con- tracts as to deliveries, provided, however, that deliveries of armor shall be made in accordance with the order established by the Department from time to time. 138. In the case of finished structures requiring to be completed and set up at the contractor’s works, armor forming part of such structures shall be reckoned as delivered, for the purpose of determin- ing penalties or credits, so soon as its manufacture has been advanced as far as is practicable prior to the completion and assembling of such structure. 139. In case armor under this contract is required to be treated by the Harvey process, the contractor will be so informed, and he must then at once proceed to es- tablish a sufficient plant for the produc- tion of Harveyized armor at the rate set forth in the preceding paragraphs; but in this case the first delivery of 250 tons of Harveyized armor will not be considered due until the end of the sixth full calen- dar month after the placing of the first order for this armor, and thereafter the rate of delivery and the system of penal- ties and credits provided for in the pre- ceding paragraph for ordinary armor shall be required in the same way for Harvey- ized armor. No penalty shall accrue against the con- tractor for delay in delivery caused by the Department or its agents. 140. In the ballistic test for acceptance it is not the intention that the tests shall be so severe as to subject to rejection armor which has been carefully and skill- fully manufactured in accordance with the requirements. If the Department has reason to believe that the tests as pre- scribed are unduly severe and will operate so as to cause the rejection of armor of the character described, they will be modified to such a degree as the Department shall deem advisable. EE ——_$_$—___. Notwithstanding repeated denials, signs are multiplying that railroad switchmen at Chicago are preparing to insist upon an increase of wages about the time that the | World’s Fair is in progress. Lamination in Metal. Some new light upon this subject has been supplied by recent investigations of Prof. John Tyndall upon the subject of cleavage, as it occurs in crystals, rocks, ice and other bodies; and his studies lead inevitably to the conclusion that lamina- tion results from the operation of the same laws under analogous conditions as those which produce the property known in mineralogy and crystallography as cleav- age. At first, one would suppose wax, or bakers’ dough, to be mcst unlikely sub- stances wherein to detect any tendency to cleavage; yet it is precisely with these materials, wherein plasticity is a most prominent physical property, that Professor Tyndall has performed experiments that are commanding the attention of the scien- tific world, and the results of which have an important bearing upon metallic proc- esses. In these plastic materials and others, such as clay and graphite, Professor Tyndall has proved that cleavage may be developed in as marked a degree as in slate—even the varieties of the latter used for roofing—by the simple application of pressure to the plastic mass. Cakes of wax that have been thus treated are easily split up into regular lamin, so uniform in character as to excite the surprise and admiration of those who have witnessed the experiments. These researches appear to have proved that any material, no matter how plastic or how homogeneous it may appear to be, has within it the condition for the devel- opment ‘of cleavage, and that the only external condition necessary to producé lamination is a sufficient degree of press- ure exerted in one direction upon the mass. The resulting planes of cleavage will be at right angles with the direction in which the pressure is applied. The philosophy of this effect lies in the fact that, as relates to the cohesion of its par- ticles, no substance is strictly homogen- eous; that is to say, the particles, granules, or molecules of substances do not possess cohesive power equally in all directions; and hence, when pressure is applied to them, they slide over each other (the sliding surfaces being those of least co- hesive power) and move toward a point of less pressure. In the case wherein pressure is applied in one diréction only the sliding will be in a direction at right angles with the direction of the pressure, and thus plates, lamine or strata are generated in the mass, the limiting faces of these layers having less cohesion than their interior parts. It is thus that under the action of the rolling pin flaky pie-crust is formed. The same kind of stratification is formed in a biscuit, while in bread, the loaves of which are shaped by kneading, this strati- fication is absent, and a fibrous structure —called by bakers the ‘* pile ’—results from the difference in the manipulation. It is entirely indifferent what kind of ma- terial is thus operated upon, provided that it will in some degree yield to pressure without crushing into powder; the result of pressure exerted in one direction moré than in any other will result in lamination more or less marked. A practical illustration of this kind of action is found in iron and other metals. When iron undergoes the ordinary process of rolling it is taken at a welding heat from the furnace, and the uniformly dis- tributed heat weakens the cohesive power of the particles quite equally throughout the mass; the result is a fairly homogeneous bar or plate. However, in bars the tend- ency to longitudinal stratification is manifest, and when the bars are cold and cohesion has again been restored to its normal power it can always be found that iron so produced is stronger longitudinally than laterally. Po 2 pti, a ere ees 420 Here, then, exists precisely the internal condition for lamination. Let this bar be passed, without again heating it, through plain rolls that allow it to yield laterally while reducing its thickness and stratifica- tion would immediately result, provided the rolls exert asufficiently powerful press- ure. Successively applied light pressures would ultimately produce a like result. Professor Tyndall thinks that when iron is taken hot from furnaces, as for rolling, it is ‘‘more or less spongy and nodular,” but that in the rolling proccss these nod- ules are drawn out into fibers. This view can only be explained by the hypothesis of want of uniformity in cohesion ; that is to say, if nodules exist, cohesion in the in- terior of such nodules must be less than on their exteriors, and this leads logically to the conclusion that fibers instead of plates are formed in the bare, because pressure is exerted in two directions, one of which is at right angles with the other. The lamination of rails under the action of car wheels results from the lateral slid- ing of the particles under repeated press- ures, the sliding being upon surfaces of least cohesion and in the direction of least resistance. Such lamination may result while either forging of rolling iron or steel when the presence of a foreign sub stance in the metal tends to create inequal- ities of cohesion. The principles which thus appear very clearly to govern lamination also explain the reason why drawing metal through dies increases tensile strength so largely, asin the manufacture of iron and steel wire. The effect of the operation of wire drawing is to arrange the sides of mole cules having greater cohesive force in such menner that they lie transversely with reference to the longitudinal axis of the wire, and in this position, to which the repeated drawing and annealing finally brings the molecules, the breaking of the wire unger.strain is opposed by the maximum cohesion of all the particles. Se - J. A. Fay & Egan Company. The consolidation of the firms of J. A. Fay & Co. and the Egan Company, both of Cincinnati, Ohio, has been announced, and the officers of the new J. A. Fay & Egan Company will take charge about March 1. The successful bringing to- gether of these two rival concerns may be regarded as an important move, since it makes the new company the largest manu- facturers of wood-working machinery in the country. The two plants occupy squares on the opposite sides of the street, and are therefore especially well fitted for being united under one management. The directors of the new company will be Thomas P. Egan, Frederick Danner, W. H. Doane, D. L. Lyor, David Jones, W. P. Anderson, Joseph Rawson, §, P. Egan and Edwin Ruthven. Thomas P. Egan will be president, Frederick Dan. ner vice presideat, §. P. Egan superin- tendent and Edwin Ruthven secretary, These four cfficers are of the Egan Com- pany. The Egan Company date from 1873, when Thomas Egap, with two partners, started in a small way. A stock company was formed in 1880, and the business proved so successful under able manage- ment that additional factories were built, until now the plant covers an entire block, and employs 800 men. The original J. A. Fay & Co. were estab- lished in Keene, N. H., about 1835. In 1850 a branch was established in Cincin nati to meet the demands of the Western trade and to save the expense of transpor- tation. In 1860 not more than 15 men were employed in the works, while now there are over 500. This plant also cov ers a square block of ground. THE IRON AGE. The consolidation will not affect the working of the two establishments in the least, and the amount of product and the number of men employed will not be re- duced. They will be in position to fit out a wood working establishment entire with machinery of their own manufacture. ee Rope Transmission of Power. From the ‘‘ Proceedings” of the semi- annual meeting of the New England Cot- ton Manufacturers’ Association, held at February 23, 1898 of the association better for me to say w