The Iron Age 1892-09-22: Vol 50

‘THE IRON AGE THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 1892. The Strong Vertical Triple-Expansion | either as a condensing or non-condensing | all the requirements that are considered s }engine. There are many places where it/necessary for general efficiency and Engine. |is not practicable to use a condenser on | economy. a |}account of the scarcity of condensing! A peculiarity of the design is that the The engine shown in the accompanying | water, and as it is possible to secure about engine is self-contained and balanced. The illustrations has been designed to meet the| the same economy with very high steam |reciprocating parts of the two sides have THE STRONG VERTICAL TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINE. demand for a compact machine suitable | pressure without condensation this engine| simultaneous opposite movements, the for electric dynamo driving, and for otker| has been designed to fulfill that end. Anj|cranks being 180° apart, and thus in a purposes where it is desirable to econo-| effort has been made to put a triple-ex-| manner balancing each other. In conse- mize space, to secure economy in fuel and| pansion engine into the simplest ont most | quence of this, and the fact that each side to utilize the higher ranges of expansion, | compact form, and at the same time to meet|is independently balanced by a counter 5 al ft et ' a a TS v4 : VA % 4\a B ee — On as a ene : zy ie: 516 THE IRON AGE. weight on the crank, less foundation is re- quired and more quiet running produced than would otherwise be the case. This is very important in buildings where jars The Thomas Iron Company. The annual meeting of the stockholders Septemker 22, 1892 | denbergh, the last two to fill the vacancies | caused by the death of Messrs. Clarke and | Marsh. In the secretary’s report the following from engines are very annoying. If it is! of the Thomas Iron Company was held at | extracts from the minutes of the board desired that the engine shall be absolutely Hokendauqua, Pa., Tuesday, September | were read: noiseless, it can be placed upon a founda- tion insulated on the bottom by cork from the foundations of the building, while on the sides packing or other material can be used that will not transmit noise or vibra- tions to the walls. To meet the requirements of an engine using steam of 180 to 200 pounds press- ure, piston valves have been selected for the high and intermediate cylinders and gridiron slide valves for the low-pressure cylinders. By this means frictionless valves for the high and intermediate cylin- ders, where the pressure is high, are se cured. In those cylinders the matter of clearance is comparatively unimportant. aaa In the low-pressure cylinders, however, small clearances are very necessary for economy, and are brought about by the use of the gridiron valves in the cylinder heads. 5 The piston valve of the high-pressure cylinder is actuated by a block sliding in - the well-known Fink link, Fig. 2, so de- —, signed as to give a perfectly equal Jap and lead, and at the same time equal cut-offs at both ends of the cylinder The position of this block, and, therefore, the cut-off, is controlled by a sensitive high-speed governor, the resistance to the movement of which is very slight. The exhaust of the high-pressure cylinder, and the ad- mission and exhaust of the intermediate cylinder, are controlled by a connection to a fixed point at one end ofthe link. These valves have a fixed travel and point of cut- off. The movements of the low-pressure valves, both inlet and exhaust, are pro- duced by the same connection to the Fink link, and are such that when these valves are unbalanced they are motionless. All pins and bushings in the valve gear are of hardened steel, thus reducing the wear and rendering replacement easy. The governor is provided with a safety device, so arranged that in case the gov- ernor belt breaks the arms of the governor will be elevated and the link block thrown to an extreme position, thus cutting off the supply of steam and bringing the en- gine to a stop. The crank shaft is forged from a solid steel ingot and the counterweight is bolted on. The pedesta’s are bored and turned on their bases to fit a bored seat in the bed plate or frame of the engine, to which they are secured by ream bolts. The seats for these pedestals are bored by a single setting of a boring bar, and are conse- quently in perfect alignment. The engine described is the invention of Geo, 8. Strong of 45 Broadway, New York, and is manufactured by the Provi dence Steam Engine Company, who build the well known and excellent Greene automatic cut-off engine. This company believe that they are filling a long-felt need for an economical high-speed and high- class steam engine. The details of the engine have been worked out under the ' supervision of F, W. Dean, in his office at 53 State street, Boston, Mass. It is the intenticn of the builders to manufacture these engines in sizes up to 2500 horse- i ‘ power. — The Inman and Red Star lines, the United States & Brazil Steamship Com- pany and the Cuba Mail Steamship Com- nn. ni nm-», Fig. 2.—Sectional Side Elevation. pany are to be the beneficiaries in the latest THE STRONG VERTICAL TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINE. award of mail contracts, while the Pacific Mail Steamship Company and the Red D line have contracts which were previously | 13. There was a large attendance. The awarded, making in all eight ocean routes | following were elected Board of Managers: which will receive compensation from the | Samuel Thomas, Samuel Drake, James W. Government sufficient to warrant their| Fuller, John T. Knight, Charles Stewart, running in competition with foreign craft.! William H. Hulick and William P. Har- With a deep sorrow and sincere regret we record the death, on the 12th of August, at Antwerp, Belgium, of our late president, Ben- jamin G. Clarke, one of the founders of, and for many years a director in, this company, to whom in a very large measure is due its uni- September 22, 1892 THE IRON AGE. 517 % ——— iononane a eactetaaensataaeniaas = cramer ne » =} form success and healthy growth. In all our; contribute his wealth and his personal efforts | sessed the warm personal regard of the mem- relations with Mr. Clarke he has impressed |for the advancement of a righteous cause.| bers of this board, who early learned to Sy himself upon us as a noble, generous and up-| He loved his country, and deemed no sacrifice | appreciate those traits of character so abun- ¥ right man, in the broadest and best sense. As | too great which would contribute to its wel- | dantly possessed by him, which bind men to- a man of business he was quick in perception, | fare. | gether in the bonds of friendship. s deliberate in judgment, prompt in decision, of } As a member of this board and president of | The loss of such a man is no light affliction . untiring energy and unbending integrity. | this company he has been at all times the | to those who have been associated with him ‘ Slow to give his confidence, when once it was ‘ courteous gentleman and agreeable associate. | these many years. To those nearer and dearer : i q\ Car 22- ey ¥ it Saw - > * oh vk te w ee ee ee eee ae ‘ Fig. 3.—Sectional Front Elevation. er ® ~~ oe THE STRONG VERTICAL TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINE. * v * a iven it was given unstintedly and never un- | Always solicitious for its success, he has never | to him it brings a sorrow that we can neither justly withdrawn. Deliberate and careful in | allowed personal considerations to interfere | presume to share nor hopeto assuage. To them maturing his plans, he was prompt and fear-| with his efforts to that end, but has at all| we can only extend the deep and heartfelt less in their execution, and well deserved the | times given the company the full benefit of his sympathy of their father’s friends. . uniform success which he achieved. large experience, ripe judgment and tireless It is with profound sorrow and sincere regret << As a citizen he was zealous at all times for | perseverence and energy. that this board is again called upon to record what he believed to be right, and ever ready to| Asa friend he has long and deservedly pos- | the death of another esteemed associate and € . <A ce Oe te 518 friend, William W. Marsh, for many years a director in this company, who died suddenly at Schooley’s Mountain, N. J., August 30. Pains- taking, cautious and deliberate in judgment, he was attentive and faithful in the discharge of his duties as a director in the company. Courteous and agreeable in manner, he was ever ready to give his time, mature judgment and best efforts to promote the interest and C tt -—=—- —14---——> Fig. 5.—Vertical Section on Line A A of Fig. THE STRONG success of the company. His associates in the board, aside from the personal loss to them- selves of a friend who has so long been associ- ated with them in the conduct of its affairs, greatly lament and deplore the loss to the com- pany of so useful a member and one who had always taken a prominent and active part in its management. bulletin consin and Minnesota. THE IRON AGE. Population of Western States. | The Census Bureau recently issued a on the color, sex and general |age in Ohio, 21.53 per cent. are foreign nativity of the population of the States of | born; Indiana, 12.33 per cent. ; Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wis- | 36.39 per cent. ; Michigan, 40.22 per cent., land in the other two States more than The total popu- -—9[>-— os or Fig. 4.—Sectional Plan of Cylinders, VERTICAL TRIPLE-EXPANSION lations of these States are given as follows: Ohio, 3,672,316; Indiana, 2,192,404; Lili nois, 3,826,351; Michigan, 2,093,889; Wisconsin, 1,686,880, and Minnesota, 1,301,826. In Ohio 12.51 per cent. were foreign born; Indiana, 6.67 per cent.; Illinois, September 22, 1899 22.01 per cent. ; Michigan, 25.97 per cent. ; Wisconsin, 30.78 per cent.; Minnesota, 35.90 per cent. Of the males of voting ENGINE, half of the voters are foreign born, Wis- consin having 52.93 per cent. and Minne- sota 58.85 per cent. Of the male popu- lation of these States, taken as a whole, over 21 years of age, 19.59 per cent, are aliens; 64.23 per cent. have been natural- ized; 7.31 per cent. have taken out their September 22, 1892 first papers. As to the remaining 8.87 per cent. nothing has been learned. Of the aliens in Ohio, 35.43 per cent. cannot speak the English language. In Indiana the percentage is 26.10; in Illinois, 30.24; in Michigan, 27.99; in Wisconsin, 42.23, and in Minnesota, 34.26. The voting populations in 1890 of the States under consideration are given as follows: Ohio, 1,016,464; Indiana, 595,066; Illi- nois, 1,072,663; Michigan, 617.445; Wis- consin, 461,722; Minnesota, 376,036. WORLD'S FAIR NOTES. The Dedicatory Ceremonies, Interest centers at present on the prep- arations for the festivities to take place in Chicago during the third week of Oc- tober. departments are doing everything pos- sible to make as good a showing as possible at that time in view of the immense crowds Exposition officials and heads of | THE IRON AGE. seats will be upon a level, and yet massing together so many people the sections and subsections will be small and compact and easy of access and exit through a system of intersecting aisles. In case of a panic of any sort there will be no difficulty in getting out of the building. Some of the aisles will be 16 feet wide, and there will be exits all along the north, west and south sides, and also exits on the east side for platform guests. There will be a number of special feat- ures provided for the entertainment of visitors on the 19th and 20th, but the following special programme has heen adopted for the 21st: The national salute will be fired at sunrise. The President, Vice-President and ex Presidents of the United States, members of the Cabinet, the Supreme Court, members of the Senate and House of Representatives, the National Commissioners, directors of the World’s Columbian Expusition, distinguished for- eign guests, and Governors of the different States and Territories, with their official 114 Fig. 6.—Vertical Section on Line B B of Fig. 4. THE STRONG VERTICAL which are expected to be assembled on that occasion. Some idea of the magni- tude of the preparations can be obtained from the statement following: Ninety thousand people in 90,000 chairs with 35,000 people on the outskirts and the whole number under one massive rceof, is the crowd which Milward Adams has planned to provide for in the Manu- factures Building on October 21 when President Harrison dedicates the World’s Fair buildings. The Council of Admin- istration has approved all Mr. Adams’ plans, and when the mighty throng gathers there it will be the largest, it is said, that in the history of the world has ever been in one building. The stage, which is to accommodate State, Government and foreign officials, will have the seating capacity of 2000. The stage will be 6 feet high, and a plat- form 16 feet in width will extend west from its center, and on thisthe speaking and presentation; will take pl.c:. The floor TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINE, staffs, will be escorted by a guard of honor composed of troops of the United States army, detachments of the United States naval forces, and regiments from the various States, and National Guards to the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, in which the dedication ceremonies will be held. At 12.30 o’clock in the afternoon in this building the dedicatory exercises will be conducted under the direction of the master of ceremonies according to the following programme : 1. ** Columbian March,” composed by Prof. Jobn F, Paine of Cambridge. 2. Prayer by Bishop Charles H. Fowler, D.D., LL.D., of California. 3. Introductory address by General. 4. Address of welcome and tender of the freedom of the City of Chicago by Hempstead Washburne, Mayor. 5. Selected recitation from dedicatory ode, written by Miss Harriet Monroe of Chicago. Music by C. W. Chadwick of Boston, is number is introduced as a tribute to woman’s work, the Director- 519 6. Presentation of special commemorative medals to the master artists of the exposition by tke president of the World’s Columbian Exposition. 7. Chorus—‘ The Haydn. 8. Presentation of the buildings on behalf fof the World’s Columbian Exposition by the president to the World’s Columbian Commis- sion for dedication. o %. Presentation of the buildings by the pres- ident of the World’s Columbian Commission to the President of the United States. 10. Dedication of the buildings by the Presi- dent of the United States. 11. ** Hallelujah Chorus” siah,” Handel. 12. Dedicatory oration, Congressman Will- iam C. P. Breckinridge of Kentucky. 13. ‘* Star Spangled Banner ” and ** Hail Co- lumbia,” with full chorus and orchestral ac- companiment. 14. Columbian oration, Chauncey M. Depew of New York. 15. Chorus, ** In Praise of God,” Beethoven. 16. Prayer by his Eminence Cardinal Gib- bons of Baltimore. 17. Benediction, the Rev. H. C. MeCook of Philadelphia. 18. National salute. Heavens are Telling,” from the ** Mes- Seeking a Municipal Color. The sugge-tion has been made that the city of Chicago should adopt some dis- tinctive color or combination of colors, to make a prominent feature of the decora- tions of the city on this occasion. The Tribune has accoidingly offered a prize of $100 for the best suggestion, to be judged by a committee of artists. Competition for the prize is keen, and the list of colors and combinations sent in has reached for- midable dimensions. Engineering Points. E. L. Corthell, chairman of the Execu- tive Committee of Associated Engineering Societies, Chicago, has made an applica- tion for 1200 square feet of space in the Transportation Building. The space is to be used by the staff of the Associated En- gineering Societies of the United States and Canada for the purpose of aiding en- gineers from all over the country in ex- amining the engineering exhibit and also the general exhibit of the exposition. Large photographs of bridges are promised to the Department of Transportation Ex- hibits by the King Bridge Company of Cleveland and the Union Bridge Company of New York, for the display of which wall space has been asked. Joaquin Filippe Nery Delgado, president of the Society of Portuguese Civil Engineers at Lisbon, ap- plies for 96 square feet of space for books, albums of photographs and albums of drawings as engravings. The State of New York, through Edward Hannan of Albany, Superintendent of Public Works, wants 5000 square feet of space in the marine division of transportation exhibits. It is proposed to exhibit the State canal system of New York and photographs, maps, plans, models and drawings of canals, structures, elevators, boats, feeders and towing systems upon navigable waters connected therewith. The Edgemoor Bridge Works of Wilmington, Del., will include in their exhibit metal sections of various bridges, viaducts and other struct- ures, and also large photographs of large and important bridges designed and erected by the firm. Miscellaneous, Applications for the souvenir half dol- lars continue to come in with increasing volume. One day last week Treasurer Seeberger’s mail contained 102 subscrip- tions for the coins, coming from 19 States. The bulk of the subscriptions were from banks. New York City banks lead the list, one sending a certified check for $1000, another applied for 500, and an- other for 250, the total subscriptions from New York for the day being $2750. “It is particularly gratifying,” says Mr. » Seeberger, ‘‘ to see orders coming from all 4 ee aA ‘A WHE 4 T™ | LL! i oe. a. ff e op oie a “bes 520 THE IRON AGE. sections of the country, Daily my mail| missioners of the exhibition and Imperial orders increase, while direct applications |German Commissioner Wermuth.” from Chicago people are not on the wane. It is safe to say that if orders continue to come in as they have since the scheme was evolved long before the fair opens we will have received the full $5,000,000 from this source.” At an expense equal to about $500, an industrial school at Guntoor, India, wil make a notable exhibit. The exhibit will be entirely of articles made by Mobam- medan women, and it is stated that none of their work has ever been exhibited at an international or national fair. A small drawing room in the Woman’s Building will be furnished with articles made by the pupils of the school. Among the ar- ticles to be sent are a very handsome vel- vet portiére embroidered with gold, velvet embroidered with gold for upholstery, a table cover of white serge embroidered with gold and silks, a piano cover, cur- tains of Indian material embroidered with Recently a large meeting of European, American and native men was held at the rooms of the Royal Asiatic Society in the Town Hall of Bombay to consider the subject of Indian representation. The president made an address in favor of the movement, and quoted a paragraph from the Bombay Times criticising the attitude of the Government in India in not taking up Indian representation at the exposition. The meeting passed a resolution: ‘*‘ That it is eminently desirable to organize a thorough representation of Indian life, products, manufactures and arts at the World’s Fair in 1893.” A special com. mittee was appointed to consider the sub- ject, and this committee was requested to prepare a scheme for representation at Chicago. The Council of Administration have} authorized the construction of 1900 feet of | September 22, 1892 The Leffel Steam Engine. An improved steam engine, of which an illustration is here presented, has been bought out by the W. C. Leffel Company of Springfield, Ohio. As will be seen by reference to the cut, it is of the self-con- tained, side crank type. The cylinder is bolted to the head of the main frame in a substantial manner, and the guides are cast withand made a part of the bed plate. Heavy adjustable brass shoes on the cross head are arranged to take up wear. The connecting rod is forged and is provided with adjustable brass boxes, finished with wrought-iron straps, keys, &c. It has a plain slide valve, the motion being transmitted to the same through a rocker arm in a simple manner, It will be seen that asingle casting carries the cross head guides and both shaft bearings. This insures rigidity and the perfect aligment of the parts and over- silks, fancy wall decorations, handsome picture frames with gold embroidery, table covers, rugs, tea cozies, cushion covers, center pieces for tables, trimming for evening dresses, altar cloths, &c. The New York Sun of Monday, Sep- tember 12, publishes the following interest- ing item: ‘*The ‘Obdam,’ now at Upper Quarantine, has on board perhaps the largest exhibit which will be sent from abroad to the World’s Fair. The ship- ment in question consists of a German village. The village will cover a space of 17,500 feet, and will represent farm buildings, markets, shops, inns, meeting halls, and a church, all in the style of the sixteenth century. Besides these, there will be a castle containing antiquities, embracing celebrated pieces from the Royal German Museum at Mayence. The village will be called ‘Chicago,’ and the belief is that it will be adopted as a per- manent institution in the Western city. The original idea is that of Dr. Ulrich Zabn, the German ethnologist, and has .tet with the approval of the Pool Com- THE LEFFEL STEAM ENGINE. 8-inch wrought-iron pipe and 3500 feet | of 6-inch wrought-iron pipe for use in the Manufactures, Transportation, Mines, Hor- ticulture, Woman’s, Machinery and Agri- culture buildings. The pipe is needed for water service, and will cost approximately $4000. The council also approved the award of a contract to James A. Miller & Bro. to recover the clere-story of the Mines and Mining Building with a heavy duck material, this to be coated with paint, all to cost $2000. Late advices from Sydney, New South Wales, sustain the view that, notwith- standing the commercial and financial depression existent in some parts of Aus- tralia, the Australian exhibit will be a great and representative display. The owners of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky propose to reproduce the ‘* starry chamber ” in the Mining Building. ——_—_—_— aa The Chinese Six Companies of San Fran- | cisco have employed counsel to test the | validity of the Chinese Exclusion act. comes the difficulties attending the proper adjustment of an outstanding bearing which is detached from the main frame. The Bethlehem Iron Company have just shipped the smoke stack armor for the ‘‘Pu- ritan ’ and‘‘ Terror,” in building at Cramp’s shipyards, Philadelphia. The ‘ Amati. trite’s”” smoke-stack armor was shipped several weeks ago. The armor for the pro- tection of the smoke stacks resembles the barbettes for the ‘‘ Monterey” on a small scale. The plates are 6 inches thick, and 5 feet high. The ‘‘ Terror’ smoke-stack armor is composed of two curved plates which, | when joined, form a perfect circle about 12 feetin diameter. The ‘‘ Puritan’s” circle is composed of four plates. These plates are set on the deck immediately to encircle the smoke stack of the cruiser. The stack \is protected below by the hull armor, Above the deck more than 5 feet is un- necessary, as no vital damage would result even were the smoke stack shot off. S-ptember 22 1892 San Francisco News. September 5, 1892. The Custom House returns of the trade of the port for the first six months of 1892 have just been compiled, and as far as iron and steel and manufactures of are con- cerned, they show a decided falling off from the figures for the same time in 1891. The following table gives the values of the articles imported, under their respect ive heads : 1891. 1892. Pe rere oud iu aaa s tes $78,320 68,728 DU einen( cdacxicenuwne’ 115,780 63,796 | S aamen sean a tay 30,407 21,160 Ingots, &c., steel........ 59,807 35,145 Sheet, Plate, &c. PN Vevcactnies wee tude, Sas $85,090 $40,419 (pb eer errs 996 067 818,262 WR WOU vant sccsaceuiens 82,734 55,607 Wire and wire rope...... 24,422 6,935 pO | EP eee oe 3,329 2,712 Sawa Wacbiexcnee.«es 1,979 606 SUG civesceccceenancca 6,393 5,220 0 UE er re 288 39 Vy ie ee ee 3,951 4,946 PENIS ho cier nes Gennes 6,519 865 All other manufactures.. 4,957 3,860 These are all dutiable articles and there 18 a falling off of 25 per cent. nearly, the totals being respectively for the first six months, $1.127,728; for the same time in 1891, $1,497,263. As to quantities, they bear about the same proportion to values as in 1891, save principally in tin plate, the imports of which are larger while the values are smaller; the figures for the first six months of 1891 being 27,418,603 pounds ; for the same time during the present year, 28,092,652. The falling off In scrap, steel ingots, &c., has been very considerable; for the first six months of 1891 the quantity of scrap imported was 9565 tons ; for the first six months of the present year, 5015 tons, There was a great falling off in the imports of pig tin for the past half year as compared with that for the corresponding time in the year pre- ceding, the figures being 1,306,336 pounds, valued at $267.714, for the first half of 1891, and 755,840 pounds, valued at $146,943, for the same time in 1892. The reduction in imports except in the one article referred to is a sign of the times. In the case of pig iron the impor- tation of foreign is bound to come to a full stop ; in fact, it has already. There, of course, no account is taken of the importa- tions of Eastern goods, but they have been less than for the corresponding time of 1891. Business is, however, improving and August has not responded badly to the expectations of the merchants of the State. There has been quite a revival in the demand for hardware and iron of all sorts, but there is no change to speak of in prices of any description. There is only one thing that is unsatisfactory in the present condition of things, and that is the low price of wheat. Wheat is lower in Great Britain than it has been in a century and it has followed suit here, hence re- ceipts at tidewater have been much less than for the same time in 1891. The farm- ers are holding back their wheat, and this for the time being makes quite a differ- ence in the receipts of the country store- keeper To offset this we have the big fruit crop, with high prices. After a while, though, the farmers will let go their grain and an accession of activity in all markets, especially in hardware, iron, &c., will re- sult. Collections have improved some, but very little, and the hardest possible thing in San Francisco is to collect bills. More are put off till collection day than I have ever before seen, while all sorts of devices are used to gain time. There is, no doubt, a general depress- ion all over the world, and San Fran- cisco, suffers to some extent from sym- pathy, but the local causes are traced to THE IRON AGE, lack of enterprise and to freight dis- criminations ; and here the clipper lines in competition with the railroad are wor- rying the latter considerably. It is an- nounced that the Southern Pacific is about to make a cut, and we have little doubt but that it will. Still, there is the Transcontinental Association in the way. The house of Huntington, Hopkins & Co. have withdrawn from the firms that were to have signed a year’s guarantee to Messrs. J. W. Grace & Co., but it is not thought that any others wil! do so. Imports by sea continue to be pretty liberal, and a good deal of hardware and 521 Universal Catter and Reamer Grinder. The Universal Cutter and Reamer Grind- er made by the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Com- pany of Providence, R. I., is intended for manufacturers of tovls and for machine makers generally. It is capable of grind- ing quickly and accurately all kinds of cutters and reamers. The accompanying cuts show how the machine is arranged for grinding different shapes. Fig. 1 illustrates how to arrange the machine to grind straight milling cutters and straight shell reamers up to 6 inches Fig. 2.—The Compound Swivel Head. UNIVERSAL CUTTER A iron, steel, &c., has lately begun to find its way to our merchants by the sea route. The ‘‘Progreso” recently brought some very heavy consignments this way. Rail imports have of late been light, partly on account of the season, partly, no doubt, on account of the heavy ship- ments by sea. For the past two weeks we have had to hand 2 cars agricultural im- plements, 7 ditto iron, 13 ditto machinery, 1 ditto stoves, 1 ditto steel shoes, 1 ditto spikes, 1 ditto wire, 1 ditto steel, 1 ditto chain, 1 ditto pipe, 1-ditto wagons, 1 ditto tinware ; total, 31 cars, and 10,675 pounds tin, 11,020 pounds copper, 4478 pounds spelter. ND REAMER GRINDER. diameter and 7 inches long, with holes } inch or more and with teeth either straight or spiral. In this operation the head C does not slide, but firmly holds the cutter rod or bar K upon which the work slides. One of the teeth is brought against the tooth rest Z, while the mill is moved axially until the whole length of the tooth is presented to the grinding wheel and the tooth passes off the tooth rest. Another tooth is then brought against the tooth rest, and the foregoing operation is re- peated until all the teeth are ground. The tooth rest should be somewhat wider than the wheel, so that the cutter will pass off the wheel before the tooth ee LE ae ae pe — joe : eee ae 1 aA TS yah WE 2 & a ee et > ee WY et eee * es wv ‘i ~ a. 7 Rea ae we one 522 THE IRON AGE. September 22. 1892 passes off the tooth rest. It will be seen , grind a left-hand angular mill, and Fi.. 5 space the tceth evenly, whatever may have that if the rest was narrower than the|to grind a side milling cutter. been the inaccuracy of the original milling wheel the teeth might not be correctly 1r previous grinding. ground, as during a portion of the time | In using the adjustment, it is first neces- the teeth would not be supported while| This attachment, shown in Fig. 6, can say to see that the side of the wheel the wheel was acting upon them. be readily attached to the machine .» piace!. <5 true. The operator adjusts the cen- A catalogue just issued also explains the arrangement for grinding the radial teeth or sides of straddle mills or face mills, the peripheral or outer teeth of end mills, angular cutters and other forms of cutters. Formed Cutter Grinding Attachment, The Compound Swivel Head. This attachment is useful for recutting and sharpening end and hollow mills, and for sharpening fine tooth mills, angular and side milling cutters. Its moving parts being lighter than the main guide bar of the machine, the head is also economical for use in some of the grinding operations previously described. Its adaptability for grinding angular cutters arises from its angular adjustments in relation to the main guide bar. As shown in Figs. 2 and 3 it has three swivel adjustments so that work can be moved in different directions past the wheel. By means of a clamp the head is held upon the main guide bar A, which forms one of the swivels. By means of the swivel j the slide sis held to the clamp. The swivel head g is carried by theslide s. The reamer centers, the taper shank mill bushing, the { inch and the 4-inch cutter bars and the swivel head arbor a, can each be held in the swivel head gy. The tooth rest is seen at z, Fig. 2. Adjustable slide stops are on the rod under the slide. The slide is moved by the handle A. The notched connecting rod n allows the handle to be placed in any convenient position. Fig. 2 shows the head adjusted to recut a left-hand end mill. The sliding head C can be used for a stop to the main guide bar A, both in end movement and in keep- ing the head at the right hight. The head is set to bring the mill considerably above the center of the wheel; the depth of the cut can be varied by changing the hight of the mill. The tooth rest z is adjusted so that the tooth that rests against it will be parallel to the slide s ; then the slide is adjusted, by means of the swivel, so that the zero will coincide with the figure on the dial corresponding to the number of teeth in the mill or cutter, which brings the tooth face /, Fig. 2, parallel to the flat side of the emery wheel. The top of the boss g is central with the hole in the swivel head and can be used as a gauge to set the tooth rest. The wheel cuts in the space between z and /, Fig 2, as the slide is moved by the handle h. The slide is shown in position for changing the mill to recut the next tooth. To sharpen the teeth, the head is lowered so that the tooth which bears against the tooth rest will be ground to ive a clearance of about 2° It is well to ave the end teeth a little hollowing, let- ting them be 0.001 inch or 0.002 inch lower near the center than at the outside; this can be done by setting the swivel about }° away from 90°. To grind a right-hand end mill, Fig. 3, the emery wheel is put on with its flat side toward the spindle, the head is swung in the opposite direction and is moved nearer the machine in order that the mill may move toward the wheel from the other side. In Figs. 2 and 3 it will be noticed that the wheel does not sharpen the teeth by rinding square across their edges, but be- ing slanting with the edge of the tooth that is being ground, it passes somewhat between the teeth rather than over them. This feature of the compound swivel head “em it an adaptability for sharpening ner toothed mills or cutters than can be sharpened with the wheel moving square across the edge of the teeth. Fig. 4 shows the head in position to Fig. 4—Grinding a Left-Hand Angular Mill. UNIVERSAL CUTTER AND REAMER GRINDER. of the rest for the outer wheel. It will | ter of the cutter bar A, the edgefofjthe rind a cutter 6 inches in diameter and 8 | tooth rest B and the side of wheel injthe inches long, and by means of an index, | same plane. The zero plate C is set at the tooth rest can be set for any number | zero on the graduated plate D, and then of teeth from 5 to 24, and adjusted to| the tooth rest moved until the zero plate September 22, 1892 stands at the number which corresponds | to the number of teeth in the cutter to be| ground. The cutter is placed against the | tooth rest and the tooth rest moved away | from the graduation until the face of tooth is brought against the wheel, then as the) face is ground the rest is gradually moved | The ground | back to the graduation. THE IRON AGE. of the Joint Committee the relation be tween the employers and workmen has been one of perfect harmony. Various questions upon which the two differed have arisen from time to time, and have at once been referred to the Joint Com. mittee for settlement. The action of the committee has been attended by the utmost Fig. 5.—Grinding a ¢ f A, - u (i eo Fig. 6.—Formed Cutte UNIVERSAL CUTTER tooth is placed against the rest and the re- maining teeth ground. eg The relationship between the employing masons and the bricklayers and journey- men stone masons in Boston,” says Secre- tary Sayward of the National Association of Builders, ‘‘ affords one of the best ex- amples in ex'stence of the value of arbitra- tion as advocated by the National Associ- ation of Builders, Since the establishment fa Side Milling Cutter. 9 r Grinding Attachment. AND REAMER GRINDER. deference and courtesy on both sides, and its decisions have been accepted by both sides without question. The importance of joint action at a time when both sides are desirous of securing only justice, and before the two sides have become em- bittered by struggle, cannot be overesti- mated. Questions of difference can, under such circumstances, be considered dispas- sionately and without that feeling of ani- mosity which is bound to exist where the difference is allowed to create a strike or lockcut.” 523 The Burton Electrical Converter. The introducticn and more or less ex- tended employment of the electric current for the heating of metals for forging, welding, soldering &c., have brought into prominence the electrical converter, an ap- paratus intended to transform the cur- rent from one potential to another. The converter here illustrated is the design of George D. Burton and has been success- fully used by the Electrical Forging Com- pany of Boston, Mass. Within the outer casing A is placed a compound converter, consisting of two single converters combined together. The upper single converter is composed of the outer conducting rings B' B*, to the former of which are attached the positive terminals 1 1 of the secondary coils 2 2, while the negative terminals 33 of the same coils are attached to the ring B*. It will be observed that each secondary coil consists in this case of three complete turns of the copper strip or plate around the core C. The intervening pieces 4 4, which are placed between the turns of the secondary coil to separate them from each other, are of insulating material. The core C consists of lengths of soft iron telegraph wire laid upon each other in the form of a circle, with breaks between their ends and without the lengths of wire being insulated from each other. The in- sulation 4 4 is so arranged as to prevent the core from touching the secondary coils, which are attached in parallel to the con- ducting rings. Between the secondary coils the primary coils 5 5 are placed upon the core, being wound upon wooden or vul- canite spools through the hole in the center of which the core passes. These spools insu- late the turns of the primary coils from the conducting rings, from the secondary coils and from the converter. Each pair of these spools is connected in series and its positive and negative terminals are also connected to the positive and negative terminal points J' J’, which re- ceive the corresponding terminals of the electric circuit 6, which is in turn connected to the source of the primary current. The terminals of the primary circuit are supported upon the wooden base W in the center of the converter. The primary coils 5 5 in the converter consist of comparatively fine wire and a large number of turns upon the spools, while the secondary coils consist of large copper sheets or plates bent edgewise, with com- paratively few turns around the core. The other single converter, which goes to make up the compound one, is formed of a pair of conveying rings, X' X’, cor- responding to B' B’, and each of its sec- ondary coils has its terminals attached in paralle] to these rings, the only difference in construction being that each secondary coil makes but two turns around the core C, instead of three complete turns, as in the first converter. The primary coils 5 5 are also made of fine wire, with more turns on their spools than the primary coils of the first converter, as is clearly shown in Fig 3. The effect of this construction is that the single converter last described converts the primary current into a sec- ondary current of lower potential than the firet converter above described. The ob- ject of this is to use these two currents in a compound converter in varying propor- tions, or alternately or successively in the heating of metals. It is well known that in the heating of metals by the electric current—such as iron, steel or brass—the resistance of the bar increases quite rapidly as it becomes heated up to about 400°. It therefcre re- quires a higher potential in the heating current to force it through the bar after it becomes thus heated than when it begins to be heated by the current. When a single converter is used, the degree of re- i P ae, | | } . ee. ee a = 2 ee # MD') 22 Si. WHE \ a - e- —- + WiSe Ge he 2 Ee Ve we ¥ Se v es , §24 THE IRON AGE. September 22, 1892 duction of the potential of the heating cur- | the proper point it can be made to rest in, of the bar requires a current of higher po- rent has to be arranged with relation to| the spaces between the arms 2' 6, for ex-| tential to force it through the bar econom- this property of the bar to increase its re-| ample, without touching them; but the| ically, the shafts s' are turned by means of sistance as the heating progresses. The | copper block ¢, which comes between the | the handles s’ and the lower converter is reduction of the potential is, therefore, | arms 2' 2*, is set at a different angle on/ thrown out of action instantaneously and with the single converter not so low as to| the shaft s' from the one which comes be- | the current of the upper converter thrown provide for the most economical heating of | tween the arms ?' )’, so that the shaft s'|on to the bar, which, being of a higher the bar in the outset and is somewhat | may be turned to the position which will | electrical tension, completes the heating lower than is desirable for the most eco-| throw the arms }' J’ partly or entirely out | in the most economical manner. By turn- nomical heating of the bar after it has of connection with each other, while the} ing the shafts s' slowly to the proper point reached the temperature of 400°. In other ' arms 2° 2* remain in connection with each! a portion of one current and a portion of 5 42 a {TMI mild bit. Ir) 101 ai = TD img r SLAP ZA Fig. 1.—Front Elevation. words, to meet the requirements of the ay heating the current is a wasteful one and BS, in the case of some metals much more so Wee than with others. To avoid these difficulties the compound converter is employed, consisting of two single converters, which reduce the primary 4 currents to secondary currents of different potential, and so arrange and connect these two converters that their secondary a currents may be applied to the heating or # maintaining the head of the same bar at I pik different stages in the heating process. “ The following describes how this is i fi \ done: Depending from the positive and a ee negative conducting rings B! B® of the ‘ a upper converter are the arms /' /?, and de- ' : pending from the conducting rings X' X* of the lower converter are the arms 2’ 2°. ise These arms are composed of copper or other suitable highly-conductive material and are attached to the rings by means of bolts, or in any other suitable manner, so Meany, > as to form a good contact, and hence they ge constitute detachable electric conductors. f The lower ends of these arms are in line with each other and are turned out cyl- indrically, so as to form the upper half of a bearing, in which a shaft may be turned. Brackets D' D® are bolted to the under side of the casing of the converter, being properly insulated therefrom by the in- sulating strips d. These brackets carry on their lower ends the stands d! d’, and on these stands are mounted the clamps ™% C' C*, which are bolted to the stands by ' the bolts and nuts c¢, Fig. 2, and in these the bar Q to be heated is held. It must be understood that these clamps and stands are of copper or other suitable ma- terial, which will conduct the electricity with sufficient ease to prevent heating. From the stand d' extend upward the arms /* 2*, which have their upper ends in Fig. 3.—Pian View of Two Parts with Casing Removed. Fig. 4.—Detail Views of Switch. 4 oe: « > Ss & ELECTRICAL CONVERTER. ee 2 at aa + LLL ALLE LP ee i ESSE Fr einige . . — : —— ~ : » F line with the downwardly projecting arms z' b', and their upper ends are rounded out to form the other part of the bearing, other, or vice versa. Another pair of arms, 7* 24, rise from the stand ad’, so as to correspond with the arms /’ and the other current from the two converters may be used conjointly, whjch is of con- siderable advantage in some cases. = in which the shaft s' is made toturn. The|}2? in the manner just described for - 3 jay | outer end of this shaft is provided with|the stand d', and a shaft, s', with bosses ii San) the handle s* for revolving it, and the/¢e, bearing s* and handle #, is provided| There is a famous abestos mine near ee ‘ inner end is journaled in the box s°. to connect and disconnect the arms z* and | Danville-in the Province of'Quebec, one of Between the cupped-out ends of the/ 2‘ and the arms 2’ and the largest in the world. For five or ten r arms on the shaft the bosses or cylinders} In operating the compound converter | years it has been in course of development, - €erevolve. These bosses are almost in contact with the arms and have extending through them the copper blocks &, which are made of such dimensions that when the shaft s' is turned in one direction to the current from the lower rings X' X? is first turned on to the bar Q ant bate to heat it with a current of very small poten- tial and very heavy. When the heating process has continued until the resistance and now consists of five pits, some of which are 300 feet long and 150 feet wide, exposing a large amount of mineral. Last year’s shipments of the highest grade were nearly 1000 tons. September 22, 1892 THE IRON AGE. 525 oOo oo Fllllala=SSomeees_<Q“CYY|QOwOwOOwOwhO TT 0" METAL-CUTTING TOOLS.—IIl. The tools thus far referred to comprise about all which may be considered as adapted to general use on ordinary outside work. Of course there are many exceptional operations requiring special forms of tools, but these are merely modi- fications of the forms as ordinarily used, and their peculiar characteristics are read- ily and logically suggested to a competent workman by careful consideration of the operation to be performed. It is only nec- essary to bear in mind that no contin- gency can arise in which the correct gen- eral principles of metal cutting may not be applied, and that their violation must result in the work being performed in a clumsy and unworkmanlike manner, even if the qua'ity of result be as desired. Inside Work on the Lathe. For inside work on the lathe there are several points in which the general prin- ciples of form and use of the tools are radically different from those for outside work. The tangency of setting for in- stance, is impossible, as a tangent to the inside periphery of a hollow cylinder must necessarily fall within the body of metal forming the walls. Consequently the clearance and setting must be considered with reference to the periphery itself. The amount of clearance, of course, cannot properly be expressed as an angle of so many degrees, but as the tocl should form a circular arc, eccentric with relation to that of the cylinder, the degree of eccen- tricity may readily be considered as an angle of the required number of degrees by imagining the diverging arcs to be straight instead of curved lines. This nec. essarily involves a uniform degree of di- vergence ; but if the two arcs be truly circular, the point of uniformity takes care of itself. For instance, we will as. sume that the proper hight for the point of the tool is on the horizontal line of axis of the cylinder, and that the amount of clearance necessary is the same as would be required on outside work, say 2° from the vertical tangent. In order to obtain an exact equiva'ent clearance for the inside surfaces the following method of con- structing a diagram will illustrate more clearly than would be possible by a mere description : Lay out with the dividers a circle of the diameter of the inside surface of the cylinder at the bottom of the cut. From the center toward the left hand side of the periphery (representing the side on which the tool would be set) draw a horizontal radius, and a second one as far below the former as will approximate the position of the heel of the tool. Now, 2° below the second radius draw a third one, and, by setting the dividers by the chord of the arc contained between the first and second radii, transfer the measurement from the center of the circle to scribe an arc be- tween the second and third radii. The chord of this 2° arc should then be trans- ferred by the dividers to the second radius, measuring in toward the center from periph- ery. Lastly, erect a radius perpendicu- lar to horizontal one upward, reset the dividers to full radius of circle, place one point at intersection of small arc, repre- senting the degree of clearance with second radius, and scribe across the last or vertical one. This intersection will be the center from which to describe the eccentric arc, representing the shape of tool from point to heel, to give the 2° clearance required. If the assumed 2° clearance be correct, then the tool should work at its best, both theoretically and practically. , It will be seen that with the inside as with the outside tool, the hight of the tool with reference to that of the lathe center is entirely immaterial as regards its correct cutting properties, but for the same reason as given in describing the latter, the best position for point will be very little, ifany, below the hight of center. Of course it will not be necessary to lay out the dia- yram described except in the one instance, in order to obtain an idea of the correct principles involved in so important an operation. It is safeto say, however, that the geometrical demonstration of this, as of any other subject capable of such ex- pression, will give a clearer and more cor- rect .understanding of the requirements than can be possible in any other way, no matter how carefully considered. Having determined this clearance, it is only necessary tosay with reference to side clearance that there being no difference in the operation of this tool from that of the outside one, therules given for the latter are equally applicable to the former. The an- gie of top face with relation to point and side edge should also be made similar ; likewise the width of straight portion of point to insure smooth turning and avoid deep tail marks. Much better work, as well as quicker time, can be made by using a quick feed and rotative speed to suit, than by the very common practice of quick speed and slow feed. This, of course, will be understood as referring to roughing cuts only; for finishing cuts the quic