The Iron Age 1891-12-10: Vol 48

‘THE THURSDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1891. The Buffalo Four-Fire Stationary | Duluth rate the modern steel steamer, |costing $175,000 to $200,000, can clear Forge. | $5000 to $7500 every trip of ten days, - f while the Fort William rate nets about The modern technical and training | $10,000 for a few days longer. No wonder school can ha:dlv consider its smith shop | there is a blockade at the Buffalo elevators fully equipped without a forge outfit, which | and arush for more new boats.” A whale- does not consist of a lot of brick forges | back that cost $100,000 recently earned occupying considerable space, but of im- | $10,000 freight money in a single trip. proved designs of iron forges especially | adapted to the situation. The Buffalo | forges are made by the Buffalo Forge | EE The Mail Subsidies bill is discussed at Company, of Buffalo, N. Y., who/| length in the annual report of the Post- have from time to time gotten out | master-General, and the bids recently numerous special forms to best suit | made under its provisions are given in de- the equipping of various blacksmith | tail. While the proposals offered are, with shops. These have been designed for | two exceptions, upon old routes of travel, large manufacturing Concerns where extra |each is for a practically new service, in heavy work is handled, and also for ex- | that they give ‘peremptory, prompt and perimental shops requiring lighter ma- | regular” and a ‘‘ quickened service.” To chines. The accompanying engravings | accomplish the schedule outlined by the show a forge espe- cially designed for the Texas State Col- lege; it will be ob- served that four stu- dents can operate conveniently upon the forge at the same time. Our readers are well aware of the trouble and delay caused by the old style forge when it becomes necessary to clean the fire. The live coals must be removed before the ash and clinkers can be reached. Time is then lost waiting for the fire to come up. Oneof the latest improvements of the stationary forge con- sists of a patented tuyere intended to obviate this diffi- culty. This was adapted to the Tex- as College forge, though first designed for all the larger sta- tionary forges for heavy work. As will readily be seen by the outline cuts of the device here presented, the construc- | Pacific Mail Steamship Company, that tion of the tuyere is such that all clinkers, | company will have to spend from $6,000, - ashes, &c., can be dropped out at the | 000 to $7,000,000 for new ships, the re- bottom, while the fire is still held in posi- | port says, and the line to the Argentine tion undisturbed; it is impossible for it | Republic, if accepted, will require nearly to clog up. Before adopting this device | $3,000,000 for new ships. The fortnightly to any great extent it was thoroughly | service to China displaces an English line, tested in various shops for a wide range of which has already arranged to withdraw. work and its efficiency thus insured. | If contracts are completed with all com- | panies whose bids seem to be in proper form, the service will probably begin from March 1, and the sum necessary to be ap- propriated for the remainder of the fiscal year will not be more than $247,354, in addition to the appropriation for sea and inland postage already put into the esti- mates for this year. For the next fiscal year, from June 30, 1892, to June 30, 1893, there will probably be needed $561,- 518, for which an appropriation will be necessary, as the estimates for that year only include the amount of sea and inland postage. The exact amount cannot be as- certained until the contracts are executed. It is estimated that under this act there will be ships of a total tonnage of 109,000 tons carrying the American flag, in addi- tion to the tonnage under the flag but not under the act. The service on all the routes will be greatly improved by this bill. THE BUFFALO FOUR-FIRE STATIONARY AEE ae Builders of iron ships on the lakes will be full of work the coming winter, profit- able freights and a promising outlook for the coming spring operating as a stimulus to bring out more tonnage. At least 15 large steamers have been put under con- tract to be finished by the opening of navigation. Nearly half of the new ton- nage will be whalebacks for iron ore firms. A Cleveland letter says: ‘* When the profits of some of these barges as well as of the larger steel steamers of modern type at the freight rates which have been ruling the last few weeks is considered, it it not surprising that more money js being put into boats. Wheat from Duluth has ran at 74 to 94 cents a bushel for several weeks, and 13} cents is offered for wheat from Fort William to Buffalo. At the IRON AGE Construction of Modern Lancashire Boilers. A paper recently presented before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers by H. H. West of Liverpool drew attention to some of the imperfections yet remaining in Lancashire boilers, and indicated how they might be wholly or partially remedied, with due regard to economy. With reference to riveting, the author suggested that there was no reason why rivets should not be heated to a bright red heat, brought singly out of the furnace, and passed through a fine spray of water; this would have the effect of chilling any oxide or slag and causing it to shell off, without affecting the rivet itself. As to calking, he believed that in the future calking with hand tools would be replaced, either by the use of paint or cement, or by the abrasion pro- duced, for instance, by the edge of a re- volving disk pressed hard against the edge of the plate. The use of longitud- inal bolt stays in Lancashire _ boilers was generally unne- cessary and should always be avoided, if possible The use of the drift, when properly handled, the author defended, and said that with the material of which the best boilers are now made nothing was to be feared from it. If a 2-inch strip would stand a $-inch hole drifted to 1} inches diame- ter without apparent distress, as was 80 often shown, surely, he said, the drift might be trusted for drawing the work together. For test- ing a boiler, the au- thor recommended that in the first instance steam of 3 pounds to 4 pounds pressure per squareinch should be admitted for the purpose of finding out places where leakage from defective calk- ing or loose rivets occurred. These places should be chalked and the steam then blown off. Being warm, the boiler soon dried, and when dry the leaking parts were made good with about half tne trou- ble entailed in calking a wet seam; it was, in fact, often impossible to calk a joint tight with a wet seam. Subsequently the hydraulic test should be applied, the pressure being slowly increased up to the working pressure, any leakages marked, and, after releasing the pressure, stopped. Finally, the boiler should be tried by hy- draulic means up to the test pressure, and all parts carefully gauged both before and after the application of pressure. When the gaugings were complete the pressure ought to be released and the measure- ments repeated in order to ascertain if any permanent set had occurred. FORGE. SI It is officially stated that the naval forces of the Czar consist of 36 vessels of the first rate, 48 of the second rate, 88 of the third rate and 20 of the fourth rate, a total of 192 vessels of all kinds. ; 1014 The Joliet Steel Works Club. The Steel Works Club of Joliet, com- posed exclusively of employees of the IIli- nois Steel Company, held its second an- niversary at its club house on the after- noon of the 5th inst. The club house has been described in these columns, and it is unnecessary to again enter into details, except to say that the idea is unique, and, so far as we know, has been put in execu- tion at these works alone. The club house, erected by the company, embraces a gym- nasium, bowling alley, hand-ball court, billiard rooms, game room for chess, &c., bathrooms, library, art rooms, reception room for social gatherings and an assem bly hall for lectures and classes. The cost to employees is but $2 per vear for running expenses, and no initiation fee. The club has now 1300 members, all men or boys in the employ of the company. Classes of members’ children have been taught the past year in arithmetic, shorthand, draw- ing, gymnastics, bookkeeping, reading, German, mechanical drawing, penman ship, sewing, &c. The teachers are spe- cially engaged for their ability to teach the several branches. The institution has been a success in every way since its es- tablishment, and affords a model to own- ers of other establishments contemplating the introduction of a similar system in connection with their works. A special train from Chicago, on the Chicago and Alton Railroad, took a large number of invited guests to Joliet to be present at the exercises of the second an- niversary. Among the guests were J. McGregor Adams, Morris Seilers, H. W. Fowler, G. A. Griscom, and a number of other large employers of labor in and about the city of Chicago. An interesting programme had been prepared for their entertainment. The Steel Works Club Band greeted the visitors with the blare of trumpets and sounding drums. After the guests had spent a few minutes in in- specting the various attractions of the club house, they assembled in the lecture hall, where they found a large number of the employees of the company with their families. The opening exercises consisted of an excellent performance by the club orchestra, followed by an address by Chairman 8. Fewtrell of the club. The superintendent of the club, W. Crane, then read his report, in which he presented a large array of statistics which he invested with a great deal of interest, and often en- tertainment. The report showed steady growth in the object aimed at by the club. He dwelt particularly on the results ac- complished in the special classes opened for the instruction of the children of members. W. R. Stirling, vice-president of the Illinois Steel Company, had been expected to deliver an address on behalf of the trustees of the club, but was unfortu- nately prevented by sickness from bein able to attend. The address which he ha prepared was read by Mr. Crane. Mr. Stirling’s remarks were intended to draw the attention of the members of the club to aspirations higher than the mere grati fication of a desire to be amused or enter- tained. He alluded to the very pleasing relations existing between the company and its Joliet employees and expressed the belief that capital and° labor would be found as time progressed to be in har- mony and not at war with each other. ‘*Capital and labor are as intimately re- lated as are the hand and brain of a man.” Mr. Stirling’s sentiments were received with marked expressions of approval by the members of the club. An eloquent address was then made by P. C. Haley, Mayor of Joliet, who complimented the members of the club very highly upon the interest shown in them by their employers, and expressed the appreciation by the THE IRON AGE, citizens generally of the establishment of such an.institution in their midst. Super- intendent Charles Pettigrew of the Joliet Works next gave an interesting account of early efforts made in Scotland for the amelioration of the condition of working- men, and showed how the Illinois Steel Company had proceeded in very much the same lines in what they were doing for their Joliet workmen. An address in be- half of the club members was then made by T. N. Williamson, who acquitted him- self very creditably. The audience was agreeably entertained by exercises in which the children of the club kindergarten showed the manner in which they had been trained. In behalf of the visitors some remarks were then made by Col. Augustus Jacob- December 10, 1891 R B. Brown, Geo. Trautman, L. M. Mor- ris, C. H. Zug, James Hemphill, F. B. Robinson and A. T. Keating, all of that city. The directors, it is alleged, have managed the gas company for their own benefit, and to the detriment of the com- pany and the other stockholders. They have supplied gas to the manufacturing establishments of the defendant consumers, in which the members of the board are largely interested, at less than its market price and actual value. R. B. Brown, it was alleged, as president of the company, though but a small stockholder, got a sal- ary, and it was thereby loyalty to his per- sonal interest not to appeal, but act in harmony with the other directors. The defendants treated the gas company merely as an auxiliary to the defenda nt Section of Forge, Showing Tuyere Pipe Open. ars vy iVhatty! Wy \yny tty sv ‘\\ SW ' aay eV VET yy N44 14% \ as*ay \‘\\ ww A vw nt wa) ‘ hk anh eid = ene A Vertical Section through Forge. THE BUFFALO FOUR-FIRE STATIONARY FORGE. son of Chicago, who is deeply interested in | consumers’ interests to get a supply of gas the introduction of manual trainirg into |for an inadequate sum. The defendants the general system of scholastic training. The exercises closed with the singing of the national anthem by the entire audience. a A Natural Gas Suit. In the courts of Pittsburgh last week a bill in cquity was filed by a number of shareholders of the Equitable Gas Com- pany against the Equitable Gas Company, R. B. Brown, Geo. Trautman, Reuben Miller, Jr., J. 8. Brown, L. M. Morris, C. H. Zug, T. B. Robinson, Jas. Hemphill, A. F. Keating, Crescent Steel Company, Mackintosh, Hemphill & Co., Zug & Co., Limited, Pennsylvania Drop Forge Com- pany, Carbon Iron Company and Brown & Co. The plaintiffs state that the Equita- ble Gas Company, in which they are share- holders, were incorporated in October, 1888. The directors of the company are were given a pees in supplying gas, the supply of others was stopped when there was a shortage, and they paid less than one-third of its market price. To keep up the high pressure they desired at their works, an extraordinary and unne- cessary expense of $100,000 was gone to in boring new wells, &c. Gas was also refused to customers offering better prices than were paid by the defendants. I The Western car famine is more severe. At Chicago, the Lake Shore gave notice that grain by transfer could not be re- ceived from Western connections without previous arrangement. The Erie gave a similar notice. Business for once is too heavy. Rock Island served a notice that, until further orders, no grain will be ac- cepted for Chicago. The Burlington was blockaded for almost a week. December 10, 1891 THE [RON AGE, 1015 THE ARMOR TESTS. Official Opinions. The official verdict of the Board of Armor Tests is given in its report. From advance sheets we take the following sum- mary, the body of the report being a minute and technical record of the effect of the different rounds, data which bave been published in The Iron Age: Verdict of the Armor Board, After careful consideration of the results of the firing upon the six plates, it is the unanimous decision of the board that they be placed in the following order of merit, VIZ. : 1. The high-carbon nickel steel Harvey plate furmshed by the Bethlehem Iron Company. 2. The high-carbon nickel steel plate furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Com- pany. 3. The high-carbon nickel steel plate furnished by Carnegie, Phipps & Co. 4. The low-carbon nickel steel Harvey plate furnished by Carnegie, Phipps & Co. 5. The low-carbon nickel steel plate fur- nished by Carnegie, Phipps & Co. 6. The low-carbon steel Harvey plate furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Com- pany. The right side of plate No. 1 showed very remarkable qualities. The two pro- jectiles which struck that side penetrated not more than 7 inches, the head remain- ing in the plate completely filling the hole, and with the appearance of having been welded to the surrounding metal, while the body was shattered into many frag- ments. a cracks were made on that side of the ate, The back of the plate on that side showed no disturbance except a hardly noticeable swelling on the surface. It is to be noted that the upper part of plate No. 6 (Harveyed) showed qualities resembling those of the right side of No. 1, while, on the other hand, Plate No. 4 (likewise Harveyed) was totally lacking in such characteristics. * Plate No. 2 showed a great degree of uniformity as well as resistance to pene- tration. The small penetration of the 8 inch shot in plate No. 3is, in the opinion of the board, due to the excessive upsetting of the projectile. All of the armor plates were more or less cracked through, but only two, Nos. 3 and 6, badly, and these two plates alone showed cracking before the fifth shot. Plates Nos. 1, 2 and 8 kept out all the projectiles; No. 4 was perforated by one, and Nos. 5 and 6 by two projectiles each. It will be noticed that the ‘high car- bon ” plates show better results than those of ‘‘low carbon,” but it is believed that the chemical analyses of the plates now in progress will show that the words “‘ high ” and *‘low,” employed by the manufact urers, have been used arbitrarily and have but little value for purposes of compari- son, The Holtzer and Firminy projectiles were part of the lot used at the Annapo- lis armor trials of last year. Compering the plates of this trial with the Creusot steel and the Creusot nickel steel plates of the Annapolis trials of September, 1890, the board is of the unan- imous opinion that— No. 1, the high carbon nickel steel Harvey plate furnished by the Bethlehem *The method of tomporing at Bethlehem differed from that at Pittsburgh.—Note by De- partmental authority. Iron Company, and No. 2, the high-carbon | plates were placed normal to the line of nickel steel plate furnished by the Beth-| fire. lehem Iron Company, are superior to the Creusot steel and nickel steel plates of last year. In this connection it should be consid- ered that the firing at this year’s trial was more rapid than at last year’s, and that the interval between the fourth and fifth shots at each plate was about two hours instead of four days as then. At this trial the plates were still ‘‘ singing ” from the blows of the 6-inch when they were struck by the 8-inch projectiles. The board will, in obedience to the De partment’s order, make a supplemental re- port upon a ‘high carbon nickel steel Harvey” plate and a ‘‘low-carbon steel Harvey” plate, to be furnished by Car- negie, Phipps & Co., which will be tried as soon as ready under the same conditions as the six plates whose trial has been com- pleted. Opinion of the Secretary of the Navy is summarized as follows: ‘* By far the most momentous question which the Department has had to consider in connection with the construction of the new navy is that of armor: 1, to secure a supply of American manufacture, and, 2, to determine what kind of armor should be adopted, having reference both to its composition and mode of treatment. ‘*The experiments made last year at Annapolis, described in the annual report for 1890, consisted of a test of the two principal foreign types of armor, the En- glish compound plate and the French all-steel plate, and an entirely new plate, also made in France, upon the special order of the Department, of nickel steel. The result of the trial showed that the compound plate was decidedly inferior, and that as between nickel steel and all steel the former had distinct and positive ad vantages, the all-steel plate being broken into four pieces while the nickel plate re- mained absolutely uncracked. ‘* A series of tests made during the fol- lowing spring and summer confirmed the conclusions formed at the Annapolis trial as to the superiority of nickel steel and the Department accordingly decided to adopt it and made arrangements with the contractors looking to that end. ‘- It remained, however, to give a thor- ough trial to the first armor of domestic manufacture before beginning to place it upon the vessels, and for this purpose it was decided to order typical plates, which should be made the subject of an experi- mental test. This trial was to ascertain two points: 1, whether our domestic manufacturers could produce an armor that would stand competition with the material manufactured abroad, and, 2, which of the various modes of treatment suggested would give the best results. In reference to the latter point the questions to be considered were the relative merits of rolling and forging in the manufacture, and the effect of a new method of treat- ment, named, from its inventor, the Har- vey process, designed to harden the sur- face of the plate while retaining the tough- ness of its body. *« Of the six plates tried, three were fur- nished by the Bethlehem Iron Company and three by Carnegie, Phipps & Co. ‘*In these trials, which took place at Indian Head on October 31 and November 14, the plates were subjected to tests more severe than had ever been applied to any foreign Government trials. Four shots were fired at each plate from a 6-inch gun with an impact velocity of 2075 feet per second, and an energy of 2988 foot-tons, using the Holtzer projectile of 100 pounds. One shot was then fired at the cen‘er of each plate from an 8-inch gun, with an impact energy of 4988 foot-tons, using Firminy and Carpenter projectiles of 210 ‘*The results of the trial were in the highest degree satisfactory. Each of the six plates manufactured in this country was superior to the English compound plate, while the .ickel Harveyed plate and the high-carbon nickel plate were superior to all the foreign plates of the Annapolis trial. They may, therefore, be pronounced in advance of the best armor hitherto manufactured in Europe. ‘* Further light was thrown upon the question of the relative merits of all-steel and nickel-steel armor, and any doubt which m#y bave remained upon that sub- ject was finally set at rest. Of the three plates made by Bethlehem two were of nickel steel, one treated by the Harvey process, the other not, and the third was of all steel, Harveyed. Both the nickel plates proved to be far superior to the all- steel Harveyed plate, notwithstanding the advantages which it may have derived from the special treatment, and both proved superior to the French all-steel plate tried at Annapolis. ‘*A third nickel plate, manufactured by Carnegie, under the rolling process, also showed a marked superiority over the all- steel plate of this year, and both it and the corresponding Bethlehem plate manu- factured under the hammer showed a capacity of resistance to perforation fully 10 per cent. greater than that of the French ali-steel plate. In this respect the results furnished by the two American plates manufactured by the different processes (forg‘ng and rolling) proved to be remarkably uniform, the 6 inch shots that were fired at them ditferiag in pene- tration but an inappreciable amount. ‘¢ The trial thus definitely establishes the fact that armor of excellent quality may be produced by the rolling process, and that forging by means of the hammer, the greatest source hitherto of expense in manufacture, is no longer to be regarded as an absolute necessity. The importance of this fact can hardly be overestimated, for it raises a probability that within a year or two the armor-producing capacity of the United States may be quadrupled in case of necessity, and that if we had 10,000 tons to let and could give 18 months from date of contract to commence delivery, the cost of manufacture would be reduced from 25 to 33 per cent., while the work hitherto confined to two firms would be thrown open to a large number of com- petitors. ‘* Finally, the trial shows that the high- carbon nickel Harveyed plate is un- doubtedly the best armor plate ever sub- jected to ballistic test. ‘*Tt may be assumed that the principle of supercarburizing steel to a considerabie depth has passed beyond the experimental stage. The question of tempering or chill- ing the carburized armor plate needs, how- ever, further experimental development, and the lack of uniformity in‘results, indi- cated in the Indian Head armor trials, may probably be ascribed to this want of ex- perience. The assurance of success, how- ever, is so great as to warrant the Depart- ment in making further experiment in this direction with every reason for anticipating a completely satisfactory result.” Although influences during the past year have operated to depress prices abroad—lower prices for merchandise naturally following financial pressure— European manufacturers and shipowners complain bitterly of the falling off in freights for America. Steamers for the western pa:sage obtain cargoes with dif- ficulty. Soda ash, which formerly com- manded $1.85 a ton and upward, is now being carried for 75 cents; while tin plate, which prior to the McKinley bill was car- ried at from $1.85 to $2 a ton, is now go- and 250 pounds weight, respectively. The '!ing for $1. _— a lt le 1016 Wright's Report.— IV. The Earnings, Efficiency of Labor | and Cost of Living. | ! Thus far we have dealt with only the first part of Carrol) D. Wright’s report - the cost of production of iron, steel, coal, &c. The second part deals with the time employed, the earnings gained and the} efliciency of the workmen engaged in the production of the articles in question. Mr. Wright had the pay rolls copied of 99! works, and practically reproduces them in the volume before us. He has found a| good many difficulties, wide variations, and finally has apparently found it impossible | to draw any geveral corclusioas from the! data he presents. Mr. Wright’s tables give first the occupation, then the number of working days, the actual daily earnings, . the number of different employees,. the daily and the average days of work done and the daily and the average earnings, for the period. In other words, whenever a name has been carried on the pay roll, be it for one day or for the entire year, Mr. Wright has entered the name in his tables. The result, of course, is that the | number of employees carried on the rolls and their average number of days’ work done and average earnings do not repre- sent the condition of the workman who had continuous employment. He there- | fore adds averages to represent what he Table I.—Pig Iron.—Northern THE IRON AGE. December 10, 1691 is that at first glance the earnings in some establishments appear unduly low. We present in Table [ the summaries of a num- ber of establishments given in the re- port. A glance at the figures shows that the variations in the amount of labor required THE EFFICIENCY OF THE LABOR, which he arrived at by dividing the wages of the entire force for a single week by the number of hours of work done and then dividing by the labor cost per ton, as previously worked out for the tables on the Table II.—Summary of Contrasted Family Income and Expenditure. Fam- Expenditure per family | Income per | Balance ilies. | for family from per family. - o £ P | Surplus. | Deficit. a & n States. & 5 2 z to | ~ 5 & co | 838i, di & |S a; §| €| 3/8) & ig § aiff a aa = a 2| ¢ |e ¢ =| g 3/2 /|8 & 5 s ee Tt eS | B| 3s {8 8 elaf}e]}/=2/]8/] 4] ge] 4]é] & fe < | | | 2 | | | ae Saal ie |_| eee Terr | 143) 4.3) 7)/ $68.26) $192.93 $256.73 $514.10 $503.19) $549.74) 81 $117.29'62 $71 05 oo as aes raiead | 15) 5.6...) 40.56) 165.38) 288.10) 440 04 404.69| 499 5) 19 78.38) 6 18.96 Hlinois............... sees} 40) 4.3) 9) 87.94) 337.35 387.91, 743.41) 666 87; 723.69) 21) +85.85/18)143.98 New York............ .....| 56) 5.5) 5) 56.30) 251.71) 231.40, 533.38 483.56) 556.99) 35) 91.17|2) 88.98 ee rer: 98| 5.262) 70.33) 283.64) 260.80) 520 28) 427.64) 586.39) 69) 115.30/29, 51.13 Pennsylvania ........ ..... 313) 5.3)92! 63.85) 255.23 272.82) 572.93) 520.65) 625.59) 229) 90.93/83) 52 30 J | ‘ | ~ € : - 0 RS | A}! 4.6) 2) 61.50, 207.38) 219.74! 485.00) 500.57) 546.61) 39) 95.02) 12| 46.95 Virginia... ... eas wale | 27| 5.910 71.78) 182.25) 222 94) 447.738) 357.81) 450.29) 10) 69.99/17) 37.10 Weat Virginia... ...... ..- 9| 5.3) 2. 68.86) 220.08! 267 04 540.67) 623 67) 696.67; 8) 191.35 1/126 .81 Relgium..... .............| 11} 5.8!..| 81.72] 167.79) 171.00 872.51) 208.41) 374.53) 6] 22.24) 5) 22 24 Great Britain. ........00s-:. 65, 4.9... 39.47, 222.24) 173.60 435.31) 374.94) 456.86) 3° 47.08 2| 4.97 are very great. average earnings are considable. rise above $500 per man in the Northern district of the United States, while they vary between $420 and $490 in the South- ern district. By way of contrast the figures District of the United States. \Condition if : uM - of | * ns 2 Actual condition for period. | eee = ho employment. -_ Dn ls ete | - Ses | Days of : S oa Establishment. ae gf = |work done.) Earnings. 8 Jae e g [258 \e | 33s a> 2] > go So “Es ISB) Ig 3 | oe |S Bs =| eae ee) \¢ | & | €& |ee.8 eo| Sas |S} Total. 5 | Total.| © $s % 2 ws St) toa Sa |b | | > | 6 |ESke Se i = < | < Zz oO } . | Sie aes MIU Re Gscss<c une trnisshabunvh nek 365| $2.03 | 310) 25.735 | 88 $52,238) $169 | 71.18 | $734 MOTI Liv vnpten audited scieidedasg dune weet 365! 1.6746) 507) 45,089 89) 75,519! 149 | 127 65 | 592 Ces cul pe -auiabel . <5 16rika simak sep Sok 265| 1.5844) 221) 26,700 121, 42,371, 192 | 73.76 | 574 ME sank 365; 1.70 821] 28,983 | 90) 49.206) 154 | 8373 | 589 GMI icc cwhiwns Cckokuun eeee cence 167; 1.4544! 108) 11,782 | 114) 17,161) 167 | 74.21 | 231 No. 42.... .| 365! 1.5349) 192| 38,013 | 198) 58,272) 304 | 109.28 | 583 EET k -Edaicg asc baces de) bose hactadel 365) 147 | 114) 21,464) 188) 31,593 277 | 60.78 520 No. 55.. 181) 1 7544 183) 17,522) 96! 30,746 168 | 99.90 | 308 __ SEE ee eee 985)... Pky ok SOR. cs | feeds. i skbaney LIL! AER RES SERIE EE HP 365) 1.62 | 139 24,685 178, 40,020 288 70.33) 5 MUON conte 2 NE are cM aad 92) 1.52144 48 3,106) 65) 4.729) 99 35.44| 133 SOOT Fe eukctiva SVE waveeies bea 122] 1.18%¢| 85) 6.370'. 75) 7,584) 86; 52.88) 144 i i Pig Iron.—Southern District of the United States, x eae i ee res Fe ee! ee ele ae ROI scxncsinns. Sb oda rien Lae eae OG sia. BOB css svs stars BAM MB ecsabs chen. on! » NO. 108.2... 10. ccc ecceccceceescoccecsseee| OOD] 1.84 | 586 BRO87| 56) 44.827) 76) 00.44 | 400 Gs TORS. sino snee nee ee er ae 305] 1.28 460 36,622 20 44,956) 98 105.59 | 426 US ics hanks sd bgttemsibessGe a 365} 1.22 116) 12,436 107) 15,178) 131 35.92 | 422 Pig Iron.—Continent of Europe. OTD cic cass se casas ccun. savsesbanes yess hie A 1 eer Fe See et eee 63 i ae". cxsccte eben wn, Seneweckenntont 91 O64 110 8565! 78 5478 50) 95.11 58 No. BB....<.. SEG dbas oe se" Cask oes 9: 0.67 148 1.618) 79) F.761) 52 | 180. 5 ET. Sim auth x tenkibanielia Moeidal #1, 0.62 262 206) 7 12,795, 49 | 231.58 55 MO. He wus sexdonnsssersevesvazaccccs seve, Raa, - CORN SET EEE | Eee) ee | ee calls the ‘‘ theoretical time and earnings,” figuring up how many men if constantly employed would have been necessary to do the amount of work accomplished and what the consequenced average earnings per employee would have been under such circumstances. Some of his tables cover only a fraction of the year, and then he carries out his averages so that they cover only the period reported on. The result for the four first establishments enumer- ated in the tcble under the Continent of Europe show an average of $235, so that the geveral impression is thoroughly borne out that wages in the pig-iron industry of the United States are more than double in the majority of cases of those on the Con- tinent of Europe. Mr. Wright has endeavored to give a numerical ¢xpression to The fluctuations in the | cost of production. They | his figures in the following tables: He has condensed Range of Efficiency.—Pig Iron. Tons per man per hour. ‘Northern dis-|Southern dis- Work of trict of the! trict of the United States.| United States. } —~ From | To | From | To Blacksmiths.| 4.88 | 10.204 3.087 | 5.317 Carpenters... 3.097 | 1) 292 | 9.881 | 10.098 Engineers...| 1.186 2.583 | 1.380 8.842 Fillers. ..... 0.248 | 0.389 | 0.260 | 0.318 Keepers.... | 0.392 | 2.070! 1.171 | 4.084 Machinists...| 2.834 | 3.137 | 8.995 | 10.089 Molders...... | 1.018 | 6.108 | 1.929 | 10.287 Other Jabor.| 0.088 | 0.210) 0.108 | 0 181 ! Muck Bar Iron in the United States. Tons per man per our. Work of i eect From | To | | Blacksmiths...... 2.145 | 9 2.371 PS “slots ces cdecucnt 1.668 | 2.261 ee Se eee eee 1.498 ; 1.717 I i 4: dues dwar ‘ 1.005 3.760 OS re: 1.717 3.331 NOE F580. ben Ode e aS 4.846 | 25.139 PR. ook bh © cvchde nner bedbs 1.688 | 1.702 is 5 Ca ketek meses 0.035 0.135 ID cos was aebche bathe tts 0.572 | 3.381 No ais. 53'S cil ls bk 1.264 | 3.3381 Pe POR iia c snnceaceands on 0.051 | 0.167 Iron Ore in the United States. Biacksmiths................. | 2.368 | 23.921 CORT 0s 05-690 ere} caqtane 1.169 61.405 Es vccncme ann Sean’ one 0.691 15.075 DM EOS okt eabbiadstcace 0.945 | 34.720 I iid inn da: aR RE obo 8 0.051 0.662 PSone eee 2.602 | 139.775 6 cca Wiener 0.108 2.345 By reference to the average earnings it is seen that, so far as individual occupa tions are concerned, this wide range of efficiency cannot in any apparent degree be attributed to high or low wages. To whatever extent alow wage carries with it an accentuated low efficiency, it is mani- fest that it is here interfered with by some more potent factor. Without doubt that factor is the small amount of labor of one particular kind with which one establish- ment is run as compared with arother. December 10, 1891 THE IRON AGE. This may be especially the case in occu- pations in which the labor is of a general nature rather than special to the industry. THE COST OF LIVING. The third part, a volume of nearly 800 pages, deals with the cost of living of the labor employed in the iron works, mines and coke manufacturing establishments. Accounts of 3260 families, representing 16,581 individuals, are given, full details being entered into. This is followed by a summary of cost of living by States and na- tionalities for each industry. As an ex- ample of the character of this work and of the results obtained we reproduce in Table II the general figures for those who are en- | gaged in the pig-iron industry. A glance at this series of figures shows | that the surplus is generally far greater in the United States than it is in Europe. In Alabama the 143 families engaged in pig-iron production average in size 4.3, and they have an average income of $549.74, or an average individual income for the whole, $65.02, the widest varia | tion being in Illinois, where the average jrent per family is $87.94. In Belgium | the rent is $31.72; in Great Britain, $39.- | 47, or an average for the two countries of | $38.35, as against $65.02 for the families in the United States. | The fuel expense in Alabama is $16.79 ' per family; in Georgia, $8.72; in Tennes- | see, $19.08; while in the States reaching further North the sum is considerably in- | creased, as, for instance, in Illinois it is $41.30; in New York, $35.85; in Ohio, $31.33; in Pennsylvania, $2.94, and for all the States, for the number of families considered, 762 in all, the average expense for fuel is $27.26; while in Belgium, for the families involved, the expendi- ture for fuel per annum is $16.74, | and in Great Britain, $20.76. We find the average expenditure of 762 families for taxes to be $5.59, the highest ‘amount paid being $12.28 in Ohio, and |the lowest amount in Georgia, $1.46, | while in Belgium the taxes are 56 cents on Table IIl].—Recapitulation of Contrasted Family Income and Expenditure. Fam- Expenditure per family | Income per Balance per family. ilies. for ‘family from a aoe | i - | 4 | Surplus. | Deficit. 3 } wy al “y s } @ | : Industry. |S] ¢ 5. Z| Ig o| 2 = si 9 eB | gi sial¢ ol 2 oh ae ‘ = 5] 6 5 |= sis] 3 Sisi¢iei 3818) =i gg! Slei sia é o| =] -& ® 5 e = | = = a} 7 > Bi<]Oo)| & = = < | = <4 | & < || 4 ——_—___—__——_ — ra | ” | United States: el cel ol Pig iron.............| 762} 5. 189| $65.02| $235.66 $262.10 $546.23 $513.52 $591.61; 511) $99.28) 249) $64.75 Bar Re 623, 4. 112) 107 . 33} 281.21) 302.43) 671.50 698.49 784.11) 405 205.49! 207 63 13 SES 8 me 183; 4.7) 28) 86.44) 254.18) 236.58 563.50 578.52) 663.56; 117 199.83 66) 76.81 Bituminous coal...| 508) 5.8) 134! 61.19) 237.44) 242.71) 524.71) 426.78) 550.30) 273) 92.29) 207) 58.9] CN cco sn oks oss 5 005 ee 38| 58.19) 218.66) 194.72, 462.69 516.46) 572.57 191) 157.88) 58) 48.18 Tron ore........... | 165) 5. 44) 33.11) 183.83) 184.83, 390.93 322.82 401.65) 83) 62.28) 82! 41.48 anima e8 Goes B ite. ee 2,490, 5.0! 540 $74.58 $243.65) $254.50 $555.81 $534.53 $622.14' 1,580 $137.87 869/ $60.59 Europe : i | | | PROM, nis scieukl 0 5.0).... 88.35] 214.65 173.22) 426.22, 350.11) 444.94 36) 42.89| 7} 17.30 Bariron... ....... 251) 5.2) 6) 41.36 196.13) 176.93 413.09, 337.41; 442.35) 145) 70.10) 75) 37.62 Steel........... 2... 201) 5.2) 10) 41.23 249.13) 193.99) 482.30) 442.89) 530 10) 110) 92.77; 29) 20.57 Bituminous coal...| 194 5.6) 2) 45.47; 240.01) 159.96) 444.73) 361.26] 482.08) 130) 61.23) 31) Be. eee ee 29) 5.3) 1) 35.85) 201.50) 140.15) 375.78) 288.25) 382.57, 12) 44.40) 14° 24.00 Iron ore ...... 19 6.6) 12) 31.38) 174.60) 178.85) 365 01) 254.07! 348.71 8 31.89) 11] 51.35 ca baie tit latina | oa — | sass BOON itia.e 2.) Oe: S&S een $175 40) $437.83 $368.30' $470.26) 441 $69.52) 167/$30.85 gis aoa ce ; saa ae S | | | | Grand twtal.... ..... 8,260, 5.1) 571 $65.50 $238.66 $235 82 $527.94 $495.27] $586.43 2,021 $122.95 1 ,086/$55.7' of $127.41; in Georgia the families aver- age 5.6, with an average income of $499.05, or an average for each individual in each family of $88 48; in Illinois the income rises to $723.69 per family, or $168.30 per individual; in New York it is $556.99 per family, or $101.27 per individual ; in Ohio the income per family is $586.39; in Pennsylvania, $625.59; in Tennessee, $546.61; in Virginia, $450.29, and in West Virginia, $696.67; while for the total of 762 families in the States just named, the average income of the hus- bands alone is $513.52, but of the family, on the average, $591 61, or per individual in each family, $117.48. For Belgium the income per family is, on the average, $374.53, while in Great Britain it is $456.86. Out of 762 families employed in the production of pig iron in the United States, the average size of family is 5.0, and 189 families out of the whole number own their houses; 533 families report the number of rooms they- occupy, and this shows for the number given 3.9 rooms, nearly four rooms for each family. The average rent paid by the whole is $65.02 per annum, or an average of $13.34 for each individual in the families. There is not a great range in difference of rent of the pig-iron producing families in the dif- ferent States considered ; that is, in no one case does it vary greatly from the average the average for the 11 families given and $1.77 in Great Britain. Life insurance seems to form a considerable portion of the expenses of families, it being, for the 762 families engaged in the apotention of pig iron for the United States, $18.13 on the average. In Great Britain it is $12.21. The average expense for labor organiza- tions in the United States is $7.26; in Bel- gium, $3.67, and in Great Britain, $3.72, while for religion the annual average ex- pense in the United States is $7.76; in Belgium, $1.24, and in Great Britain, $5. The literary habits of these families are well testified to by the expense for books and newspapers, it being for the United States, $5.70, the largest sum being for Illinois, $8.37, and the smallest for Geor- gia, $1.93. Io Belgium it is $2.51, and in Great Britain $5.10. For amusements and vacation the average United States family employed in the production of pig iron expends $11.28; in Belgium, $38.54, and in Great Britain, $19.05. There are some unhappy revelations of the amount of money that goes forintoxicating liquors. The Alabama families expend for drink on the average per annum, $17.15; Georgia, $8.05; Illinois, $61.73; New York, $35.14; Ohio, $14.13; Pennsylvania, $13.90; Tennessee, $9.18, and Virginia, $8.08, while for Belgium the annual aver- age expense for intoxicating liquors or 11 families given is $9.66, and 98 | the whole. 1017 for Great Britain, $21.86. For to- bacco the annual averaye expense ranges from $5.44 in New York to $15.46 in Georgia, the average for all the States considered being $11 46; while for Bel- gium it is $5.54, and for Great Britain, $16.38. Out of the 762 families engaged in the pig iron industry in the United States, 511 had an average surplus of $99.23 for their year’s work, and 249 had a deficit of $64.75 on the average. In Belgium.6 out of the 11 families engaged in the produc- tion of pig iron had asurplus of. $22.24 on the average, while 5 hada deficit of $22.24, and in Great Britain 30 families out of 65 in the pig-iron industry had an average surplus of $47.02, while 2 experienced a deficit of $4.97. The Cananians seem to lead as to the av- erage income of the family, it being $384.15, while the lowest average income per family is for the Austrians, being $379. These are for Canadians and Austriaps employed in this country. The range in the individual income is from $162.66 for the Welsh families down to $63.38 for the Hungarian. The range for different na- tionalities employed in Europe is as fol- lows, the highest being for the Scotch, $517.01 per family, and the lowest for the Belgian, $374.53, while the highest aver- age individual income is in English fami lies, being $102.69, and the lowest in Bel- gian families, $64.37. In the United States, under the expen- diture for intoxicating liquors we find the highest to be for the Polish families, the average expenditure being $60 per annum, while the lowest is for the Scotch families, being $8 per annum. In Europe for the Belgian families employed in Belgium the average expense is $9.66, the bighest ex- pense being for the Scotch families, $31 02. For the different industries in the United States and Europe Table III is presented. Here again the surplus is nearly double in the United States. Mr. Wright gives tables for the expenditure for food of different kinds. One single line illustrates Taking the United States, we find that the pig iron families for which the facts are given consume an average of $24.81 worth of beef; bar iron, $42.35; steel, $39.83; bituminous coal, $27.93; coke, $21.90, and iron ore, $27.87; the average for the United States for all indus- tries being $30.57, while for Europe it is $29.47, being very nearly the same for the consumption of beef in the two countries. In the United States the bar iron families still lead in this respect. The average cost per family for all kinds of food is $243.65 in the United States, and $222.52 in Europe. The bar iron families for the United States have the highest average, it being $281.21., the iron ore families averaging $183.83. The average cost of fuel for the various industries in the United States is $25.55, and Europe, $16.98, the bar iron families having tbe highest average, $32 30, so far as the United States is concerned. This is also true of lighting, for which the aver- age expense of bar iron families is $6.57, the average for all indurtries being $4.57, while the average for all in Europe is $5.45, our own production of lighting material giving the advantage to acertain extent to the American worker. The American workman, so far as these tables are concerned, pays a higher average amount of money for taxes than his Eu- ropean competitor. The highest average taxes are paid by the bar iron families, $13.29 per annum, the average for United States being $6.44; while in Europe the steel workers pay the highest average amount for taxes, it being $6.66 ,and the average for all $4.97. Looking at amusements and vacation, we find that in the United States the aver- age expenditure is $14.15 per annum, the Baie wee im peR? 1018 bar iron families standing at the top with | and around the projectile until it attains the level of the overflow pipe c. In temper- bottom of the list with $10 25; in Europe | ing or hardening with this apparatus, the the average for ail is $20.53, the average | projectile, after having been heated to $22 37, and the iron ore miners at the for the steel workers being $25.83, while the iron ore miners spend for their families on an average but $3 per annum for amuse- ments and vacation. The average expenditure for intoxica- ting liquors for all the families giving in- formation in the United States was $19.60, and in Europe, $23.17. For tobacco the expenditure was $10.98 in the United States and $9.47 in Europe. The aver ages by industries for liquors in the United States are as follows: For pig iron families, $17.61; bar iron families, $25.10; steel workers, $26.55; bituminous coal, $18.09; coke, $20,25; iron ore, $8.58; while in Europe the averages are, for pg iron, $20; bar iron, $25.26 ; steel, $26.19; bituminous coal, $21.76; coke, $20.85; iron ore, $7.58. It will be seen tyat iron ore miners, both for the United States and for Europe, show the low- est average expenditure for intoxicating liquors. For the 2490 American families, 540 own houses, and the average rental for others is $15.23 per individual; for food, $48.60 per individual; for all purposes, $110.88, with an averege individual in come of $124.11; while for Europe, 31 families out of 779 own their houses, and the average expenditure for rent is $7.91 per individual, about half what it is in the United States. The average expenditure for food in Europe 1s $41.80 per individ- ual, as against $48.60 in the United Statcs. The total expenditure for all purposes per individual in Europe is $82.25, as against $110.88 in the United States, while the average income per individual for the European families is $88.47 on the aver- | age, as against $124.11 in the United States. a Apparatus for Hardening and Temper- ing Projectiles. The accompanying drawing shows a simple method of hardening and temper- ing projectiles recently patented by Alex- ander Anderson of Woolwich, England. The projectile A is placed in the vessel a, which is provided with a ceutral inlet, }, at the bottom and with an outlet pipe, c, near the top. The interior of the vessel is made of approximately the same shape as the exterior of the projectile, but of some THE IRON AGE. |a suitable temperature, is suspended in | the vessel, as shown. The cocks in the inlet and outlet pipes are then opened so that the liquid from the tenk may flow into the vessel. The liquid first comes in Sectional View. SAFETY LOW AND HIGH contact with the pointed end of the pro- jectile, then flows upward around the pro- jectile and finally passes through the over- flow pipe. If the cock in the overflow pipe be partially closed or entirely closed, at intervals the liquid will rise above the level of the overflow pipe and consequently the cylindrical portion of the projectile will be brought in contact with liquid December 10, 1891 lower edge of the ring, and consequently there will be a well defined line separating the hardened and soft parts. This is avoided in this apparatus, as the body of heated water above the overflow pipe does not produce a well defined line of demark- ation, the hot and cold liquid when in contact mixing more or less, so that the temperature gradually increases from the point upward to the base of the shell. It is obvious that the ingress and egress of the liquid can be regulated by properly manipulating the inlet and overflow valves, and the temperature can be maintained uniform or oe so. A ther- mometer may be connected with the over- flow pipe so that the temperature may be readily ascertained at any time. cc Safety Low and High Water Column Alarm, The accompanying engravings show in section and perspective the Williams Safety Low and High Water Column Alarm, for which A. Fulton’s Son & Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., are sole agents. When the water drops and allows the float to Perspective. WATER COLUMN ALARM. fall to the lower guage cock the knocker on the float rod strikes the lever, shown plainly in the sectional view, and opens the valve which sounds the alarm for low water. When the water raises the float to the top guage cock the knocker on the float rod strikes the lever and opens the valve, the guage then sounding the high- water alarm. It will be noticed that the shell of the device carries the water cvlump glass and that the float on its rise and fall corresponds with the level indi- cated by the water in this glass. The -apparatus is very simple in construction, and having so few parts is not liable to become disarranged. ———— Electricity describes a ‘* penny in the slot’ electric light which is being intro- duced into the railroad carriages on En- glish roads. The lamps are placed in acon- venient position to throw a good light on the book or paper. To the side of the car is attached a box containing the accumu- lator and mechanism for switching the current on and off. By dropping a penny into the slot the light is set going for 15 minutes, at the end of which time the cir- cuit is automatically opened and the light extinguished. While the privilege of what larger diameter, so that while the | having no circulation at a point above the | Paying 8 cents an hour for a good light liquid can flow freely upward in the space | overflow pipe. This liquid then becomes |™ay be a boon to the English traveling around the projectile, contact of the| heated to a comparatively high tempera. | public, we have no use for such an inven- liquid with the surface of the head of the | ture and remains above the cooler flowing | 40D 10 this country, where the modern projectile is effectually insured. In order | liquid by means of its lower specific railroad coaches are lighted equally as to support the projectile in proper posi | gravity. In previous methods of temper- well, in the majority of cases, as the li- tion in the vessel a collar is secured near) ing the butt end of a die is covered by a| brary at home or the readin