The Iron Age 1890-11-27: Vol 46

Generating and Cutting the Teeth of| Gears. The paper presented at the Richmond | meeting of the American Society of, Me- chanical Engineers by Ambrose Swasey of Cleveland, on a ‘‘ Gear Process for Generat- ing and Cutting the Teeth of Spur) Wheels,” was received with much interest, | and was considered as making a decided | advance. Mr. Swasey explained that the machine | was built to practically demonstrate a_| principle. Its commercial value had not | been considered. It had been used in his | shop and had cut hundreds of gears. Since it is a mill- ing process, the speed is the speed of usual milling tools. The theory of the inter- change system of gearing according to the solution first given by Professor Willis, in his treatise on the Principles of Mecha- nism is ‘‘that in a set of wheels of the same pitch, having a constant genera- ting circle for the flanks and faces of the teeth, any two wheels of the set will work correctly together; ” and as a rack is a gear so infinitely large that its per- iphery forms a straight line, it follows that, if the rack teeth are also de- scribed with the same circle as that used for the wheels, any one of the set will run correctly with the rack, In the new process which is the subject of this paper, instead of making all gears so that they will run into a rack, the rack is trans- formed into a cutting tool, and by it the teeth of wheels of any diameter are generated and cut at the same time. Fig. 1 illustrates a gear generating and cutting en- gine designed and con- structed by the writer for the purpose of reducing to practice the principles of this process, The cut- ters areshown in position as they appear in the ma- chine when the teeth are cut partly across the face of the wheel. The cutting spindles and the main spindle which carries the wheel are connected by means of change gears, the number of teeth to be cut in the wheel determining the proportion between the two on the same principle as the change gears of an engine lathe, which gives the cutting spindle as many revolutions to one of the main spindles as there are teeth in the wheel. The cutting tool is composed of a series of cutters rigidly connected, which revolve and at the same time move longitudinally or endwise at right angles to the axis of the wheel to be cut, and at the same speed it is continually revdlving at the pitch line, the motions being the same as in the case of a rack engaging with a re- volving gear. _As it would be impracticable to con- tinue moving the whole series of cutters endwise, they are bisected, and these seg- THE ‘THE ments ure connected in series forming two sections, which revolve upon a com- mon axis, and each section is given an independent endwise motion by means of acam. When one section is engaged in cutting, is is carried endwise in the same | direction and at the same velocity that the pitch line of the wheel is revolving, until disengaged from it, when the cut- ters, while continuing to revolve, are carried back by the cam to their original | position, ready for the next tooth. By means of both sections, as they continually revolve and alternately slide forward while cutting and back when disengaged, there is a continuous cutting and gener- Fig. 1. SWASEY GEAR GENERATING AND CUTTING ENGINE. ating process of the teeth in the revolving wheel. The head carrying the cutters is automatically fed across the face of the | wheel, and when the cutters have pro- ceeded once across the gear is completed. | Fig. 2 is a side elevation of a bisected cutter, and Fig. 3 shows a series of six | cutters, the end one being in elevation | and the others in cress section—these | having cutting portions, which in cross | section represent the teeth of a rack, with the addition to the diameter of a given | proportion of the pitch by which the | clearance and fillets at the bottom of the teeth are made. If their cutting portions are formed of cycloids, then the whole set of gear wheels cut with them will be of | the epicycloidal or double curve system. | If they are formed simply of straight sides, then a set of involute or single curve gears will be generated and cut, or their | cutting portions may be composed of both ' IRON AGE THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1890. straight lines and cycloids and produce Professor McCord’s recent system of gear- ing, which has composite teeth with the contours partly involute and partly epi- cycloidal. | All the cutters in a series are made ex- | actly alike and interchangeable, the thick- ness of each or the distance from the cen- | ter of one to the center of that adjoining being equal to the pitch of the gear to be cut. As indicated in Fig. 2, the \two segments of a cutter are first 'made whole, with four holes an equal distance from the center, through | which the rods pass that fasten them to- |gether. After the cutters are nearly com- pleted they are bisected with a narrow tool, leaving two holes in each segment. Fig. 4 is a cross section of the head, showirg the mechanism for revolving and reciprocating the cut- ters. The rods which ex, tend through the cutters serve not only to bold them firmly together, but revolve them, and at the same time act as slides for the recip- rocating motion. The spindles on either sides of the cutters, through which the rods extend, are revolved independently and at the same speed by means of a parallel shaft, having a pinion at each end, which engages with. a large gear on each spin- dle. By this means the four rods carrying the two cutter sections are re- volved from each end, thus avoiding the _ torsional strain which would result if driven from one end only. The pair of rods for each section, after passing through one of the spindles, terminate in semi-cy lindri- cal blocks. From _ these blocks studs extend, on which are journaled rolls, which engage with a cam which is held rigidly to the head. This cam is shown in Fig. 5, the work- ing portions being made in the form of a screw thread, which, if extended all the way around, would have a lead equal to the thick- ness or pitch of the cutter. As each section of the cutters engages with the wheel but three-fourths of a revolution, the thread portion of the cam which car- ries the cutters forward extends only three-fourths of its circumference, leaving the other one-fourth for the reverse curves of the cafn to bring the cutters back to their starting point. Provision is made for adjusting one section of cutters so as exactly to coincide with the other, making the spaces and teeth of the wheel equal; or, as is often necessary, the space can be made wider than the teeth by setting one section past the other. The variation in the spacing from one tooth to another is. reduced to a minimum, as the series of cutters act upon both sides of a number of teeth at the same time, and serve to aver- age and eliminate any local inaccuracies in the division of the index and driving gears; also to obviate any tendency to crowd the wheel from one side to the other. The forward motion of the cutters and “936 THE IRON AGE. November 27, 1890 ——————eeeeeeeeeeEeEeaeaeaoa EE —— the revolving of the wheel at the pitch line being exactly the same, the process of generating and cutting the teeth goes on continuously and uniformly around its en- tire periphery, so that one part is not heated more than another, but all the teeth are cut under exactly the same con- ditions, and when the revolving cutters have once passed across the face all the teeth in the gear are completed and given the correct form for each diameter of wheel; and as by the Willis theory all gears are cut to run into a rack, so by this process the Sang theory is put into practice and a rack is made to cut cor- rectly all gears. I The Carnegie Purchase. The recent purchase of the rail mill of the Allegheny Bessemer Steel Company, at Duquesne, Pa., by Carnegie Bros. & Co., Limited, of Pittsburgh, has put into cir- culation a number of rumors as to what disposition will be made of the purchase. Some of these rumors are to the effect that the plant will be altered forthe manufact- ure of structural material to be used by the Keystone Bridge Company, at Pitts- burgh, which is also a Carnegie concern. We can state that they are wholly unau- thorized. The purchase of the plant of the Allegheny Bessemer Steel Company was done for a specific purpose, which has | No changes | been entirely accomplished. are contemplated at present by the man- agement of the company, and the plant! will continue to manufacture rails in the future as it has done inthe past. The ex- tensive improvements and additions which are now being made at the plant will be | «completed as soon as possible, and in the adopt nickel steel armor should further trials conclusively prove its superiority. It may be conibdentis anticipated that nickel steel will enter into the composi- tion of projectiles, both common and armor piercing, of gun barrels for small arms, and later in the material used in the construction of artillery of large calibers.” It is also stated that the bureau has suc- cessfully experimented with a new process of treating low steel or iron invented by H. A. Harvey of Newark, N. J., and in- tends to develop an armor plate of su- perior quality. Nickel Plated Zinc. The Board of General Appraisers at New | York upon classification of imported _ goods have rendered an important decision on nickel plated zinc. The appeal was from an assessment of duty at 45 per cent. ‘ad valorem. The merchandise was zinc int at issue is whether nickel plated zinc in sheets can or cannot be defined as articles or wares. In our opinion, the affirmative proposition obtains. A proper interpre- tation of the words articles or wares would, unless restricted by commercial usage, seem to be broad enough to com. prehend any substance which has under- gone a sufficient process of manufacture to become a completed article. This process of manufacture certainly holds good with regard to sheets of zinc, constituting as they do distinct wares known to commerce and forming a separate branch of trade, Having then become manufactured articles, the sheets of zinc were subsequently sub- jected to an additional process of manu- facture by plating them with nickel. The obvious result is that they became plated zinc ware. There being no restrictions or limitations imposed upon the kinds of ‘no a0 wares or articles save such as would ring the term within a reasonable con- struction of the intent of the framers of - Fig. 2.—Side Elevation of Cutter. Fig. 4.—Cross Section of Head. DETAILS OF THE SWASEY GEAR GENERATING AND CUTTING Same manner that was contemplated before | the transfer of the works was made. In referring to the sale of this plant a trade paper published in Pittsburgh stated last week in its editorial columns that the capacity of the Edgar Thomson rail mill was to be greatly increased, and that the four 10 gross ton converters were to be replaced by four 15 gross ton converters, and that other extensive additions would be made. We are informed that the state- ment is wholly unauthorized, and that no such additions are contemplated for the present at least. oo 40n the subject of nickel steel armor, ‘Commodore Folger, chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, after detailing the Annapolis tests, says: ‘‘The results of this, the first public trial of nickel steel armor, have shown the wisdom of the Department in adopting steel rather than compound armor, and have indicated the probable superiority of nickel steel over simple steel. The appropriation having been ‘made, the Department stands ready to in sheets, plated with nickel. In this case the board says: The quantity of nickel is sufficiently great to remove the metal from classifica- tion under T. I.. 193, and to this extent the appeal of the importer is rejected. Unembarrassed by other considerations, the substance would be a manufactured metal subject to the rate of duty exacted, which includes all non-enumerated man- ufactured metals or manufactures of metal. An enumeration, however, of an especial kind of metal articles or class of metals in another paragraph would at once remove such articles or metals from the general clause to the more specific one. It is upon this principle—viz., that a special clause has precedence over a general one—that the appellants depend to make good their alternative claim and to dispute the cor- rectness of the assessment of duty at 45 per cent. ad valorem on the merchandise, and they refer to paragraph: ‘‘ Britannia ware, and plated and gilt articles, and wares of all kinds, 35 per centum ad valorem.” It will be seen that the only Fig. 3.—Series of Six Cutters. Fig. 5.—The Cam. ENGINE, the act, we find that the plated zinc sheets which are the subject of protest are, within the meaning of the act of March 8, 1883, plated wares or articles, and the claim of the importer that thé merchan- dise upon appeal is properly dutihble at 35 per cent. ad valorem is sustained. The plate glass works at Kokomo, [nd., cover 8 acres, and the company have invested $2,000,000. The number of men employed is from 600 to 1000. The daily consumption of natural gas, which is con- veyed from the wells to the furnaces by large mains and service pipes, is estimated at 6,000,000 cubic feet. The largest plate yet made measured 204 x 144 inches and weighed a ton. The Yale & Towne Mfg. Company have undertaken the manufacture and sale in the United States of the Boyer ——_ for the removal of pig iron from the beds, which was descri and illustrated in The Iron Age of June 12, 1890. November 27, 1890 DUD DUDLEY. His Claims as an Ironmaker. BY W. MATTIEU WILLIAMS.* The story of his struggles is recounted in a quaint and curious volume entitled ‘Dud Dudley’s Metallum Martis : or Iron made with Pit-coale, Sea-coale, &c. And with the same Fuel! to Melt and Fine Im- perfect Mettals and Refine Perfect Mettals. London: Printed by T. M. for the Author, , 5.” "— the following abstract I have followed the Metallum Martis pretty closely, elimi- nating its abundant repetitions: The patent for Dudley’s invention was quetel to his father, Edward, Lord Dud- ley, February 21, 1621, for ‘‘ The Misterie and arte of melting iron ewre, and of mak- ing the same into cast workes or barrs with sea-coles or pit-coles in furnaces with bel- lowes.” , This was preceded by other attempts in the same direction, which are thus de scribed by Dud Dudley himself: King James “did in the 9th year of his reign grant his letters pattents of privilege unto Simon Sturtevant, Esq., for 31 years, for the making of iron with pit cole and sea- cole for the preservation of wood and tim- ber of Great Brittain, so greatly then con- sumed in iron works. Thisinvention was by King Iames’s command to be put in print, which book did contain near a quire of paper in quarto, called Simon Sturte- vant, his Metallica, Anno 1612, May 22. Printed by George Eld, cum privilegio.” ‘* After Simon Sturtevant could not per- form his making of iron with pit-cole or sea cole, according to his engagement, King Iames and Prince Henry caused him to render up his pattent, and a new pat- tent was granted unto Iohn Rovenson, Esq., who was also enjoyned to write a book of his inventions, called Rovenson’s Metallica, printed for Thomas Thorp, cum pricilegio, May 15th, An. 1613.” ‘* After Iohn Rovenson, Esq., had often failed with his inventions and great un- dertakings, Gumbleton, Esq., a servant of Queen Ann’s, undertook (by pattent) to performthe invention of making iron with pit-cole and sea-cole; but he, being as con- fident as others, did erect his works at Lambeth, which the author viewed; and Gumbleton failing, the learned and in- genious Doctor Jorden, of Baths, the au- thor’s acquaintance, and sundry others, obtained pattents for making of iron and melting of mines with pit-cole and sea- cole, for the preservation of wood and timber, all which inventions and endeav- ours to effect and perfect the said works, have been by many hitherto well known to have worthily attempted the said inven- tion, though with fruitless success.” Dudley proceeds to state how he had seen and apparently studied these failures, and held it his duty ‘‘to endeavour, if it were possible, to effect and perfect so laudable and beneficial, and, also, so much- desired inventions;” and how, ‘‘having former knowledge and delight in the iron- works of my father’s when I was but a youth; afterward, at 20 years old, was I fetched from Oxford, then of Baliol Col- lege, Anno 1619, to look and managé 3 ironworks of my father’s, 1 furnace and 2 forges, in the Chase of Pensnet, in Worces- tershire; but wood and charcole growing then scant, and pit-coles, in great quanti- ties, abounding near the furnace, did in- duce me to alter my furnace, and to at- tempt, by new invention, the making of iron with pit-cole.” He then states that he was sufficiently *‘animated”” by the result of his first * From the introductory of the new work, “Tbe Chemistry of Iron and Steel Making,” by W. Mattieu Williams, recently published by Chatto & Windus, London, THE IRON AGE. trial to make ‘‘ a second blast and tryal,” and found the quality of iron to be good and profitable, but the quantity did not exceed 3 tons per week. After this, his father, Lord Dudley, ob- tained the patent above referred to, the de- tails of which are rather artfully concealed in the Metallum Martis. As the speci- fication, like others of the time, was not enrolled, we can obtain no other informa- tion concerning it than is suggested by occasional allusions in the course of Dud- ley’s rather rambling plaint and disserta- tion. About a year after the grant of the patent Dudley sent to the Tower ‘‘ much good merchantable iron,” which by King James’ command was “‘ tryed by all artists, and they did well approve of the iron.” His works were ‘‘a furnace of ironwork in the Chase of Pensnet in the County of Worcester, besides cast iron works of sundry sorts with pit-coles; and also, at two forges or iron mills, called Cradley Forges, fined the said iron into merchant- able good bar iron.” Just at this time came a great flood. known as the ‘‘ May-day Flood,” which ‘*not only ruinated the authour’s iron- works, but also other men’s ironworks.” Dudley repaired his works, and was about to recommence, when the ‘‘ironmasters whose works ’scaped the flood, and had often disparaged the authour’s inventions, because the authour sold good iron cheaper than they could afford it,” complained to King James that Dudley’s iron ‘‘ was not merchantable,” a complaint which was sufficiently refuted by their persevering animosity. Had it not been merchantable, it could not have affected them. The representations of the ironmasters ‘*so far prevailed with King James” that Dudley was commanded, ‘‘ with all speed possible, to send all sorts of bar iron up to the Tower of London, fit for making of musquets, carbines, and iron for great bolts, fit for shipping, which iron being tryed by artists and smiths, that the iron- masters and ironmongers were all silenced.” Only a few months after this the Parlia- ment abolished monopolies, ‘‘ and diverse of the ironmasters, endeavouring to bring the invention of making iron with pit- cole, sea-cole, peat and turff within the compasses of a monopoly; but the Lord Dudley and the authour did prevaile, yet the pattent was limited to continue but fourteen years.””» Then Dudley ‘‘ went on with his invention cheerfully, and made annually great store of iron, good and mer- chantable, and sold it unto diverse men yet living at twelve pounds pertun.” Also ‘*all sorts of cast-iron wares, as brewing- cysterns, pots, morters, and better and cheaper than any were yet in these nations with charcoles.” But this success and cheerful working was only of short duration, for Dudley was again ‘‘outed of his works and inven- tions” by the ironmasters and others wrongfully, and ‘‘over long to relate,” but being unwilling that his inventions should ‘‘fakk to the ground, and be buried in him,” he commenced again ‘‘at a furnace called Himley Furnace, in the County of Stafford, where he made much iron with pit-cole; but wanting a torge to make it into bars, was constrained for want of stock to sell the pig-iron unto the charcoJe ironmasters, who did him much prejudice, not onely in detaining his stock but also disparaging the iron; Himley Furnace being rented out unto charcole ironmasters.” This furnace was given up, and Dudley erected a ‘* new large furnace on purpose, 27 foot square, all of stone,” at Hasco Bridge, Sedgley, with bellows of great dimensions, in which he made ‘‘7 tuns of iron per week, the greatest quantity of pitecole iron that ever yet was made in Great Britain.” Near to this he discov- ered ‘‘many new cole-mines 10 yards 937 thick, and iron mines under it according to other cole-works; which cole-works being brought unto perfection, the author was by force thrown out of them, and the bellows of his new furnace and invention by riotous persons cut to pieces, to his no small prejudice and loss.” This ‘‘rattening ” persecution seems to have quite broken him down for the time, as he speaks of himself as ‘‘being with law-suites and riots wearied and disabled to prosecure his art and invention at pres- ent, even until the first pattent was ex- tinct.” During this period he was im- prisoned for debt ‘‘in the Counter in. London,” but afterward obtained a new patent, dated May 2, ‘‘ Anno 14, Caroli. Primi of ever Blessed Memory.” Dudley then made another effort, and, “‘ for the. better support and management of his in- vention, so much opposed formerly at the- Court, at the Parliament and at the law,” he took into partnership with him David Ramsey, resident at the Court; Sir George Horsey, a Member of Parliament; Roger- Foulke, ‘‘a counsellour of the Temple- and an ingenious man,” and also an iron- master, who had been a neighbor and “ one- who did well know my former sufferings, and what I had done in the invention in making iron with pit-cole, &c.” This firm was opposed ‘‘by powerful ironmasters with Sir Philibeard Vernat, a Dutchman, and Captain Whitmore, who pretended much unto his late Sacred Ma-. jesty, but performed not their undertak- ing.” Dudley and his partners, in reply to. this, petitioned the king, and at the Court of Greenwich, May 20, 1638, the petition. was referred to ‘‘ Master Attorney and Master Solicitor General to call the peti- tioners before them, and to compose the- differences between them; (if they can) or- otherwise to certifie His Majesty their opinions therein; but Sir Philibeard Ver- nat and Captain Whitmore never appeared apy more for their invention.” Then came the civil wars, which caused the partners of Dudley to desist, and Dud-. ley’s own estate, for his ‘‘ loyalty unto his late Sacred Majesty and Master (as by ad~ ditional Act of Parliament may appear) was totally sold.” Still he struggled on;. or, to use his own words, ‘‘I still endeavour not to bury my tallent, took in two part- ners into my inventions, Walter Stevens, of Bristow, linnen draper, and John Ston, of the same city, merchant.” He then erected a new furnace near ‘‘ Bristow,” but this time fell into trouble with his partners, who, according to his own ac-- count, ‘‘ not only cunningly drew me into bond, entered upon my stock and work, unto this day detained it, but also did un- justly enter Staple Actions in Bristow against me, because I was of the King’s. party ; unto the great prejudice of my inven- tions and proceedings, my patent being thus almost extinct; for which and my stock I am forced to sue them in Chancery.” While this suit was pending, Cromwell. and the Parliament “ Granted a pattent and an Act of Parliament” to Captain. Buck, of Hampton Road, giving him and his partners the exclusive right to make iron from pit-coal, thus overthrowing Dudley altogether. Dudley asserts, but without offering any evidence in proof, that ‘*‘ Cromwell, and many of his officers. were partners, as Major Wildman and others; many doctors of physick, and merchants, who set up diverse and sundry works, and furnaces at a vast charge, in the Forest of Dean.” All the efforts of these partners were failures. They used ‘‘spacious wind fur- naces and pots of glass house clay,” and having broken these, ‘‘ got unto them an. ingenious glass‘ maker, named Edward. Dagney, an Italian then living at Bristow,. who, after he had made many potts and a new furnace, and made there in many sun~ dry experiments and tryals,”” failed in like. 938 THE IRON AGE, November 27, 1899 me etd manner, ‘‘and, his potts being all broken, he did return to Bristow, frustrate of his expectation.” But, frustrate as he was, he promised further efforts, and obtained more capital from ‘‘ Master John Wil- liams” and the master of Dagney’s glass house, who deposited 3007; and, when that was nearly exhausted in further fail- ures, they, hearing from Captain Buck and the other partners of Dudley’s former success, ‘‘importuned” him, ‘‘at that time in great danger by the Parliament (being a colonel of the King’s party), to go along with them in the Forest of Dean, which at that time he durst not deny. Coming thither I observed their method of working, and found it impossible that the said Edward Dagney, by his inven- tion, should make any iron with pit-cole or sea-cole in pots to profit.” Dudley re- mained with them until their pots were broken, and their capital was exhausted, and he tells us that ‘‘at every dinner and supper” Captain Buck, Captain Robins, Doctor Ivie, Doctor Fowler and others would ask him ** why he was so confident that iron in quantity could not be made by their new inventions.” They were evidently ‘‘ pumping” poor Dudley, but he was more than a match for them, and apparently put them on the wrong scent, for, after these convivial conferences they made a further attempt, and, as he tells us, ‘‘they desired me to come again a second time into the Forrest and see it effected ; but at that time I saw their failings also.” But he did not set them right. Dudley gives no further par- ticulars of this second visit and confer- ence, but I suspect that he either acci- dentally or wilfully led them a little far- ther, for then they erected new works “at the City of Bristow, in which they did fail as much as their former inventions ; but Major Wildman, more barbarous to me than a wild man, although a minister,” bought Dudley’s estate (previously con- fiscated by the Parliament), ‘‘ intending to compel from the author (Dudley) his inventions of making of iron with pit- cole.” It appears that this further effort to ex- tort from Dudley his secret was also frus- trated, and they ufterward ‘‘ passed” the estate under two ‘* Barbarous Brothers of London,” that pulled down his two ‘**mantion houses ; sold 500 timber trees off his land, and to this day his houses are unrepared.” In 1655, Captain Buck and his partners, ‘‘wearied of their inventions,” finally gave them up, and in 1656 Captain John Copley obtained from Cromwell another patent. He and his partners ‘‘set up their works at the Cole Works, near Bris- tow, and endeavoured by engeneers as- sistance to get his bellows to be blown, at or near the pits of cole.” But Copley, evidently an amateur ironmaker, failed even in the preliminary matter of getting wind from his bellows, and sent for Dud- ley, who ‘‘told him plamly that if his bellows could have been blown by those engines” he could not make iron with pit coal by the means he proposed. But Copley was not satisfied, or, as Dudley tells us, ‘‘he seemed discontented ; whereupon, and without those engines, I made his bellows to be blown feisibly, as by the note under his hand appears fol- loweth - **1655, December 30. ** Memoradum.—The day and year above written, I, John Copley of London, gent., do acknowledge, that after the expense of diverse hundred pounds to engineers, for the making of my bellows to blow for the making of iron with pit-cole, and sea-cole, near Bristow, and near the Forest of King’s Wood; that Dud Dudley, Eqr., did perform the blowing of the said bellows at the works or pits abovesaid ; a very feisi- ble and plausible way, that one man may blow them with pleasure the space of an or to either of them.” Dudley, these gentlemen ‘‘ would do nothing upon the reference,” and he peti- tioned again; and finally, in 1665, when 66 years of age, made his last appeal in the shape of the work above quoted, which, besides the history of his struggles and troubles, contains much sound, practical information concerning the geology of the arcenical, salsuginous and sul stance whigh is in that cole; thenext meas hour or two; and this I do acknowledge to be performed with a very small charge, and without any money paid to him for the same invention.” Having made Captain Copley’s bellows to blow ‘‘ feisibly,”’ Dudley left him to do the rest himself, in which, like the others, he failed, and in 1657 gave up ironmaking altogether, and went to Ireland; ‘‘ and all men now desisting from the inventions of making iron with pit-cole and sea-cole, the author (Dudley), Anno 1660, being sixty- two years of age, and moved with pitty, and seeing no man able to perform the mastery of making of iron with pit-cole and sea-cole, immediately upon His Sacred Majesties happy Restauration, the same day he tte petitioned that he might be restored to his place, and his pattent obstructed, outeed for the making of iron with pit-cole, &c., which said laudible invention the author was and is unwilling should fall to the ground and dye with him, neither is the mistery or mastery of the invention effected and perfected by any man known unto the author, as yet either in England, Scotland and Wales; all of which three abound with pit-cole and sea-cole, and do overmuch furnish other kingdoms with pit-cole and sea- cole, when they might make far better use of it themselves, especially Scotland and Wales, both for the making of iron into cast works and bars, and also for the making of steel, and melting, extracting, and refining of lead, tin, iron, gold, copper, and silver, with pit-cole and sea-cole ” This petition was rejected, and he peti- tioned again in 1663, when the consider- ation of his petition was referred to ‘* Master Atturney, or Solicitor General, But, according to neighborhood of Dudley, so far as coal and ironstone are concerned. He describes the coal measures of this district as fol- lows: ‘‘The three upper-most measures are called the white measure, for his white urious sub- ure is the shoulder-cole, the toe-cole, the foot-cole, the yard-cole, the sliper- cole, the sawyer-cole, and the frisly-cole; these last three coles are che best for making of iron, yet other coles may be made use of.” What, then, was the secret of Dudley’s invention ? may be fairly asked. This is not defined in the book. Inventors in those days were not compelled to explain their inventions intelligibly. Although the nature of Dudley’s invention is not avowedly specified, I think I may base upon the general contents of the Metal- lum Martis, elucidated by what we know concerning the manufacture of iron with ‘* pit-cole,” a ‘‘ feisible” hypothesis con- cerning Dudley’s ‘‘misterie or masterie.” This is, simply, that he had no especial secret whatever beyond a sound, practical knowledge of the then established art of iron making with charcoal, and a certain degree of theoretical insight of the actions upon which the reduction of good iron depend, which enabled him to modify the furnace, the blast and the charge, to se- lect his ore and fuel, and to suit the vary- ing conditions which were introduced by the use of the new fuel and reducing agent, In the first place, he selected his iron- stone skilifully and suitably, avoiding ‘* The sulphurious, arcenical and veneriat- ing qualities which are oftentimes in ironstone, whose fiery quality is such that he will sooner self-calcine than sep- arate from any sulphurious veneriated uality.” Concerning the South Stafford. shire ore, he says: ‘‘ The first measure is called the Black-row graines, lying in very hard and black earth. The second measure is the Dun-row graines, lying in dun earth or clay. The third measure js called the White-row graines, lying in very white earth or clay; under these three measures are sundry other measures, and are called, first, the Rider Stone; secondly the Cloud Stone; thirdly, the Bottom Stone; fourthly, the Cannock, or Cannot- stone, which last may wel be so called (although the other measures be very good), yet this stone is so sulphurous and terrestrial, not fit to make iron; because the iron thereof made is very redshare, which is, that if a workman should draw or forge out a share mould fit for a plough in that red heat, it would crack.” He then describes ‘‘The nature of coldshare iron, which is so brittle if made of the grain oare.” In spite of his mystification of this part of this subject, it is evident that he un- derstood that red-shortness is produced by sulphur, or connected with “ sulphuri- ous veneriated” iron, and he rather vaguely connects cold-shortness with ‘¢ Arcenicall veneriated qualities.” This is curious when seen in the light of mod- ern chemistry. We must remember that phosphorus was unknown in Dudley’s time, and that chemical analysis can scarcely be said to have existed ; therefore, much very shrewd practical observation was necessary in order to connect the red- shortness with sulphur. But the associa- tion of cold-shortness, which we row know to be produced by phosphorus with arsenic, is still more remarkable—phos- phorus and arsenic having some curious resemblances, especially in the garlic-like odor of their commonest compounds, The ironstone that he describes as yielding cold-short iron is just that kind which exists in nodules with an organic nucleus, frequently containing phosphate of lime. It is evident from the above quotation concerning the coal-measures, that his ac- quaintance with the composition of the different seams enabled him to select those containing the smallest amount of ‘‘ arcen- ical, salsuginous and sulphurious sub- stance.” The nearest approach to any definite secret appears to be that of coking, which he scrupulously omits to mention, though from his results and his allusions to the economy of his invention in the utilization of the then wasten slack, he must have used coke in the furnaces. All the rest of Dudley’s invention evidently depended upon the skilful management and adaptation of every detail of furnace construction, of charge, of blast, and of final refining. In reference to this last element, he tells us that ‘* perfect tough malliable iron will not break feisibly in hot-heat or cold, as coldshare will, or red-hot as sul- phurious veneriated red-share iron will; but yet tough enough when cold: all which aforesaid qualities of iron the au- thor very well knoweth how to mend their natures, by finning or setting the finery, ‘lesse transhaw, more borrow,’ which are terms of art; and by altering and pitching the works and plates, the fore =. the tuiron, bottome, back and breast, or foreplate, by altering of which much ma be done, if the work be set transhaw an transiring from the blast. the iron is more coldshare, lesse fined, more to the master’s profit; lesse profitable to him that useth it; but the iron made in a burrow work becometh more tough and serviceable.”’ It is evident from this that careful refining of the pig, or an approximate puddling, by which the silicon and most of the carbon were separated from the pig, was an important element of Dudley’s work. November 27, 1890 THE IRON AGE. 939 —ooooooooe———————————ooooooOoOoOoooooeeeeeEOEeEeEeEeEeEOEOEOEeeeeeeeeeee™™ If Lam right in these inferences, the success of Dudley and the failure of his rivals is easily explained. He understood his business—they were amateurs. He solved the problem by skilfully adapting or modifying every stage or element of the process to the new conditions and require- ments. They endeavored to do it by the royal road of a special mystery or new device, such as using glass makers’ melting pots, complex blowing engines, &e. LT —— Efficiency of a Combined Engine and Dynamo. The direct union of engine and dynamo on a single base is rather growing in fre- quency. The exigencies of ship lighting have created ademand for such machines, and as the average speed of dynamos has greatly fallen, owing to improved construc- tion, the direct coupled machine is com- ing into more and more prominence. Some interesting tests have recently been made in England with & direct coupled machine of the Edison-Hopkinson type, driven by a compound double crank engine made by Willan & Robinson. The results of the test show an efficiency of engine and dynamo that is emphatically remarkable, and distinctly greater than any similar re- sult which has heretofore been reported. The particulars of the engine and dyna- mo are as follows: The engine is a double cylinder compound, with low pressure cylinder 14 inches in diameter and 16 inches stroke, working with 120 pounds of steam pressure. It is coupled to a dynamo constructed for an output of 475 amperes at 110 volts when driven at 430 revolutions per minute. The armature is of the bar construction, is plain shunt wound, and is fitted with a commutator of hard drawn copper with mica insulation. Four brushes are carried on each rocker arm. Some details of the machine and its performances are as follows: Resistance of magnets.......... 16. ohms. Resistance of armature......... 0.0055 ohms. MEE SeuaGele Rie uaheeaestueeee 83.3 ey i Marcinctenticncaxcusccces 72.2 TOUR CECI soos es ccvccccces 86.7 per cent. Consumption of water per Le Bie © se OO oces vencccinccs Suse pO a of water per By She Be MOM nec cacccncesces 25 pounds. As may be readily seen from these fig- ures, the engine and dynamo were worked above their full normal output, which fact would tend to slightly increase the effi- ciency. Another test made with a precisely sim- ilar combination, worling at its normal load, gave the following results: Resistance of armature......... 0.0058 ohms. Resistance of magnets.......... 15.6 obms. CUM e cians ida caeniasabaerke 85.3 We beanies avarcdacweaekecs 7 Giving a total efficiency of..... 83.3 per cent In the first experiment the electrical losses were as follows: Loss in magnet coils, 756 watts, equal to 1.4 per cent ; loss in armature coil, 1386 watts, equal to 2.6 per cent., so that the electrical effi- ciency of the machine due to ohmic resist- ance alone was 96 percent. The remainder of the losses, a little over 8 horse-power, is due to friction of engine and dynamo, hysteresis and the like. This is certainly an admirable showing, b>th for the engine and dynamo, for not. only must the latter be more than usually efficient, but the former must be singularly light running to give so small an amount of friction. Mather & Piatt, builders of the dynamo, have constructed a large number of similar combinations. Those referred to are part of a considerable order made for ordinary electric light service. ee A press telegram from Wabash, Ind., under the date of November 19, says: ‘The Indiana Steel Company will not build . | question. their extensive plant in Wabash this winter, notwithstanding the fact that the citi- zens here have given the company a bonus of $35,000, free land, and natural gas at low rates. The contract was signed sev- eral weeks ago, and it was thought the buildings would be under roof in Decem- ber, but the stockholders allege that the recent election gives little ussurance of the retention of high duties on steel, and they propose to pay all losses accruing to the Board of Trade and to the firms which have machinery contracts and abandon the scheme. It is though that $20,000 will be needed to meet all dam- age claims, and representatives of the company will be here to-morrow to set- tle.” From another source the informa- tion is received that the company had gone so far as to make contracts for five buildings, averaging 90 x 112 feet, which were to have been completed by February 1, 1891. —e— The American Marine. Some interesting statistics showing the growth of the American marine and the progress of shipbuilding in the United States will be presented in the forthcom- ing annual — of the Secretary of the Treasury. e documented tonnage of American vessels for the fiscal year 1890 is 4,424,497 tons for 23,467 vessels. Of this number 1527 vessels with a tonnage of 946,695 are registered, and 21,940 ves- sels with a tonnage of 3,477,801 are en- rolled and licensed. The registered ton- nage has decreased 74.899 tons in the last year, and the enrolled and licensed ton- nage has increased 191,951 tons, making a net gain of 117,022. The following table shows the number and tonnage of the vessels of different classes built in this country during the financial year 1890: No. Tons. Se gn ee 505 102,873 RON VORB ii os cei ccicvcces 410 159,045 ere ere 40 4,346 nck doencncdvessecesens 96 27,858 BU ddehs ctcaeeenkee 1,051 294,122 The increase in building in different sections of the country is shown in the fol- lowing comparison for the past three years: 1888, 1889, 1890. Atlantic and Gulf eas cious aves §3,168 93,912 156,755 Pacific Coast........ 21,956 17,939 12, Northern lakes..... 101,102 107,080 .108,525 Western rivers...... s 12,202 16,505 Wc ccrskcnes 218,086 231,134 294,122 The iron and steel vessels built in 1890 amounted to 80,378 tons. I Considerable discussion 1s going on in Pittsburgh just now over the free bridge Between Pittsburgh proper and Birmingham, or, a8 it is sometimes called, the South Side, and which was incor- porated into Pittsburgh some years ago, flows the Monongahela River. Over this river are erected a number of bridges, on all of which toll is charged, both for foot passengers and wagon traffic. For years the people have objected to this, claiming that it was unjust to charge toll to a per- son who wished to go from one part of the city to another. Several plans have been devised to do away with the practice, but up to this time nothing has been accom- plished, and the bridge companies con- tinue to exact toll from all persons who make use of their bridges. It has been suggested that the only way in which the bridges can be made free is for the city to purchase them and maintain them. Mayor Gourley has taken a decided stand in the matter, and is doing his utmost to brin about some arrangement that will throw the bridges open to the people and do away with all toll charges. He has declared himself in favor of the purchase of the bridges, and will bring the matter before the proper authorities in a short time. Whether the movement will be successful or not remains to be seen. $$$ Testing Armor at Low Temperature. The Ordnance Bureau of the Navy De- partment made a test at Annapolis to de- termine the question whether the resist- ance of nickel steel armor plate is affected by low temperatures. The plate, which had received five shots previously, was fired at twice—once be- fore freezing and once afterward. A 6- inch gun was used, with a powder charge of 444 pounds and a 100-pound Holtzer shell, giving a muzzle velocity of 2081 feet and striking velocity of 2055 feet per second. The gun was placed 263 feet from the plate. The point of impact of the first shot made before the temperature of the plate was reduced was 15 inches from the left edge. The ie mone netrated until the point entered the wood backing, reaching a distance of 13} inches from the face of the plate. It rebounded and was icked up 40 feet from the plate entire, ut +; inch shorter and with its diameter slightly enlarged. The plate showed a crack 14 inches long, extending down- ward to the left edge of the plate, and another 13 inches long horizontally, both apparently through cracks. There were other surface cracks. The plate was then put through the freezing process as follows: A box 1 foot deep was built in front of the plate ex- tending half way over the side plates. For the purpose of taking temperature a hole was drilled 10 inches deep in the top of the plate and 14 inches from the backing. The bottom was filled with mercury sufi. cient to cover the bulb of a thermometer, and a pipe well protected with non-con- ducting materials and long enough to pass through the freezing mixture was inserted. The shot remaining in the lower left half impact was used as the second point for taking temperature. The bore plug was removed, a thick wood plug was passed through the freezing mixture and a hole was drilled in the plug large enough to admit the thermometer. The freezing mixture was made of ice and salt. The temperature continued to fall slowly for three hours, when it reached 28° F. The second shot was then fired, all the elements being the same as in the prelim- inary round. The projectile this time broke up badly, about one-half remaining embedded in the plate and the other part breaking into numerous pieces. A trian- gular piece of plate 26 inches across the top broke off and was thrown 25 feet in front of the plate. A wide gaping crack connected the impact with shot No. 3 of the competitive test, and two small sur- face cracks 2 inches long appeared. A surface crack 17 inches long started from No. 3 impact toward the left edge. Nu- merous old cracks were opened and enlarged and other new ones made, the longest being 24 inches. The upper part of the right side plate was moved 2 inches to the right. It was noticed that with the exception of two cracks the injury of the plate was in the neighborhood of previous fractures. The perforation of the last round was very similar to the shot before the freezing, and in the opinion of the officer conduct- ing the trial did not indicate any extra hardness or brittleness of the plate due to its temperature. The only point that indicates such a change was in the break- ing of the projectile, though it is not cer- tain that the projectile was not a poor one. Another shot will probably be fired at the late after it has been cooled to a lower egree than at the last trial. Physical tests will then be made of specimens sub- jected to different degrees of cold. 940 THE .IRON AGE, November 27, 1890 ea Ee MECHANICAL — ENGINEERS. RICHMOND MEETING. (Concluded from Page 898.) Edward Graves of Camden, N. J., de- scribed Hydraulic Traveling Cranes, He mentioned the three independent motions of traveling cranes and the methods of operation by hand power, by steam power on the bridge of the cranes, by power transmitted to the crane by a rope or square shaft, and by electric motors placed on the crane. The writer states that he believes the application of hy- draulic pressure for this purpose which he describes to be new and to possess merit. Fig. 1 shows a bridge with ends mounted upon carriages, fashioned to move along tracks on wall. On one end of the bridge are secured two horizontal grooved wheels, C and G, and at the oppo- site end one horizontal wheel. The trolley T, which is free to move along the bridge, has, asshown, four vertically hung groove1 wheels. At some point, as in one corner of the building, is located a cylinder and plunger with sheaves, and rove with a wire rope as shown. This wire rope leads over the wheel B, thence horizontally along the wall and around the wheel C, thence around one of the wheels in the trolley, and down, and under the wheel in fall block, and up, and over the wheel in the trolley, and to the wheel E. After passing around this wheel, it is returned in same manner around the trolley and fall block wheels to the wheel G, from which point it leads to and is secured at H. It is clear that, with an object sus- pended from the fall block, the trolley is free to be moved along the bridge; also that the bridge is free to be moved along its track, and that such suspended load can be brought over any point within the rectan- gular space covered by these motions. No explanation is required to see that the pushing out of the ram results in lifting the fall block, and that with the rope passed twice about the cylinder and ram sheaves, 1 foot of motion in the ram produces an equal amount in the fall block. The next step will be to produce the motion to the bridge along its track. To illustrate the method of doing this, refer- ence will be made to Fig. 2. A and B are two cylinders with rams, and are du- plicates of each other, both being pro- vided with wire rope wheels as shown. The most convenient location for these is in the opposite ends of the building and near one corner. The ropes, after passing about wheels on cylinders and rams, lead to and are secured at opposite sides of the bridge at C; the lengths of these ropes are so adjusted that, with the bridge in the middle of its travel, the rams are at half- stroke. The length of rams and combi- nation of coils are such that one stroke hauls in alength of rope equal to the travel required of the bridge. With rams arranged as shown, and pressure water admitted in both cylinders, the maximum strain will be put upon the ropes; but as this pull 1s equal, and in opposite direc- tions, there is no effect in the way of moving the bridge. Suppose now that by means of a valve the pressure is cut off from the cylinder A, the pressure connec- tion with B still remaining open, this will produce no motion; but go a step further, and permit water to escape from cylinder A. Itis evident that the holding force acting on the bridge through the ropes about A is released, and the pulling fore from the cylinder B will produce a motion to the bridge in that direction; also that there will be a strain upon the ropes from A equal to that from B, less the pull con- sumed in moving the bridge. By revers- ing this operation, motion to the bridge in the opposite direction is produced. A form of valve for produ