The Iron Age 1890-09-18: Vol 46

IRON AGE THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1290. ‘THE —_—— __ The MacKinnon Key-Way Cutter. 117,851, or 251.35 per cent. The recount Testing the Largest Crane. in St. Paul shows a population of 133,301, D. T. H. MacKinnon, of Menasha, Wis., | °” ora since 1880 of 91,473, or 223.83 | The largest traveling crane yet con- has recently brought out a key-way cutter, | per cent. | struected—which we described and very which is highly commended by those who | fully illustrated in The Iron Age of June have used it. An illustration of the ma- A movement in the Southern States for| 12, 1890—has been completed and was chine is herewith presented. It weighs 650 | the establishment of direct steam commu-| tested a few days since. It will be re- junds and 1s made compact, durable and of | nication with Europe gives promise of | membered that the crane was built by the sufficient strength tocut slots for keys inany | practical results. At Atlanta, 10th inst.,| Morgan Engineering Company, of Alli- size bore, 1,4; inch or over in diameter up to | a convention of delegates’ to consider the | ance, Ohio, after designs by John R. Mor- inches in length, thus meeting the require- | subject passed resolutions recommending! gan, the chief engineer of that company, ments of general ma- chine work. The alignment of the slot to the bore is secured without adjustment, and as the alignment js secured by the bore it is not necessary that the work be surfaced or leveled. The fas- tening to hold down the work is at the cen- tral point, hence there is no unequal pressure to throw the work out of line. The same cut- ter can be readily ad- justed for any depth or taper of slot, and has anuutomatic relief when out of cut or passing in a direction opposite tocut. The work of the machine does not depend on the skill of the atten- dant for its accuracy. Four cutters, or saws, are furnished with each machine, also fivestuds. These ma- chines are for sale by the Lodge & Davis Machine Tool Co., Eggleston avenue and Sixth street, Cincin- nati; 68 and 70 South Canal street, Chicago, and 64 Cortlandt street, New York. rn The Blue Book re- lating to traffic on the Canadian canals last season shows it to have been the largest in the history of the system, as respects both Amer- ican and Canadian trade. But the results are far from satisfac- tory from the Cana- dian point of view, taking the last few years together, from the fact that the in- creased traffic of the canals between United | the creation of two corporations, each with ; hoist. States ports far outstrips that which follows the course of the St. Lawrence River from Montreal. The principal obstacle encount- ered in the effort to develop the St. Lawrence trade is the lack of return cargo, the west- ward shipments being insignificant when compared with that of the American compe- titors. How to overcome the difficulty caused by the lack of return freights the Canadians confess is a problem difficult to solve. They find satisfaction in one re- spect—that the St. Lawrence held its own last year in the competition for grain destined to the seaboard. The recount of Minneapolis shows a population of 164,780. This, as compared with the census of 1880, is an increase of q: THE MacKINNON KEY-WAY | $1,000,000 capital and power to increase ' to $10,000,000, to promote trade at some Gulf port and another on the South Atlan- tic Coast. Another convention, of which 'each Governor of a State will be a mem- | ber, will convene in January to perfect the scheme. | The Iowa Railroad Commissioners are | preparing for another tussle with the rail- — of the State in the courts. This is | caused by a firm determination on the part |of the commissioners to give the people of | the State joint rates, and the equally firm | determination on the part of a number of the leading railroads not to submit to further dictation at the hands of the com- missioners. CUTTER. and was for the gun shop of the Washing- ton Navy Yard. It will be employed in handling the heavy guns, 15 and possibly 16-inch bore, to be built by the Govern- ment. While differ- ing in many material points from the smaller traveling cranes which have been in use in the ordnance shop, it is constructed on the same general princi- ple. It has a lifting capacity of 110 gross tons, or 246,400 pounds, and the test made a few days ago in the presence of the Secretaries of War and Navy and other Government officials was very satisfactory. For the purpose of testing the ponderous machine to the full capacity agreed upon in the contract for its construction, 110 tons of pig iron were piled up on a plat- form of immense logs, securely fastened to- gether with the largest chains in use at the ordnance shops. This tremendous weight was picked up and carried about the shop in all directions as though it were a toy, being raised or low- ered or the direction changed by a simple system of levers, re- quiring but little skill in their manipulation. The girders which span the shop are 62 feet in length and high enough from the ‘ floor to give a 40-foot By the system of levers referred to the speed of the hoisting machine can be adjusted to suit the load which is to be carried. It will lift its greatest weight, 110 tons gross, 1 foot per minute; 75°tons, 2 feet per minute; 37} tons, 4 feet per minute; 18} tons, 8 feet per minute; 10 tons, 15 feet per minute, and 5 tons or less, 30 feet per minute. The hoisting machin- ery, a mass of ponderous gear wheels and chain drums, travels back and forth on tracks on the steel girders very gracefully and with but little noise. The crane will lift easily 150 net tons The New York Central Railroad lost during August $557,000, and other roads not in the Vanderbilt system report less favorably. 440 BASIC BESSEMER STEEL Il. Its Manufacture and its Cost. BY J. B. NAU, E. M., NEW YORK. (Concluded from page 366, September 4.) The Manufacture of Basie Steel.—Since the basic process admits of a greater va- riation in the composition of the pig metal than does the acid, the iron can be easily taken directly as it runs from the blast furnace co be worked in the converter. This method is followed very generally in Europe whenever the furnaces are close to the steelwork. It has beside the advant- age of greater economy by dispensing with a second fusion in the cupola. The economy thus realized may vary from $1.50 to $2 per ton of metal, according to price of labor, coke, &c. This practice, however, to give satisfactory results sup- poses a furnace working very regularly, consequently a judicious and constant at- tention to the charge on the part of the furnace manager. The pig iron used can also be remelted in the cupola, but it happens frequently that the quantity of sulphur contained therein is thereby increased. This danger can, to some extent, be guarded against and even sulphur be partially eliminated by a proper treatment in the cupola. It would be well also to state that especially in the basic process sulphur can be re- duced to a certain extent in the converter in presence of the basic slag. That the percentage of sulphur can be increased in the cupola when no special care is taken will be shown by the following analyses made in our works: Sulphur in Sulphur of pig metal same pig before melting after melting Operations in cupola. in cupola. Bxbtctaex ee 0.085 0.166 isin sbnes 0.092 0.159 Biincacswn’ 0.110 0.180 Ci sienstnes 0.110 0.182 Dikvcenevue 0.076 0.172 Dinca enense 0.076 0.171 Taking into consideration the amount of coke used in the cupola and its sulphur contents, the above figures showed that about two-thirds of the sulphur of the coke had passed into the pig iron. The more silicous the pig metal the greater is the quantity vf sulphur which it takes from the coke in the second melting. Chemi- cally speaking, the reason of this must be attributed to the fact that the slag obtained with siliceous iron is more acid, conse- quently unfavorable to the removal of sulphur. Whenever the pig metal is used di- rectly, as it flows from the blast furnace, the operator bas no other guide to judge of the quantity of silicoa in the metal than the appearance of the grain. In this case a test is taken from the metal, to be used in the vessel. This test bar is cast in sand and cooled at once in water. Afterwards it is broken, and its fracture enables the steel maker to determine pretty closely the character of the iron. This inspection is of capital importance, since it is the only means of judging of the amount of lime to be added in the converter. The lime is charged in the converter before the pig metal and as soon as the product of a pre- ceding heat has been run out, so as not to lose any time and to allow the lime to get somewhat heated. An excess of lime will invariably give a sluggish, limy slag, which will clog to the mouth of the converter. An experienced operator will soon judge of the real amount of lime required. The ques- tion of the addition of the proper amount of lime to be added is the turning point of the fabrication of basic steel. Not enough of it will leave silica and phosphoric acid, partially combined with oxide of iron, THE IRON AGE. September 18, 1899 furnishing a product easily decomposed. A) upper strata, which are in immediate con. partial return of the phosphorus to the steel is sure to follow. When the lime has been charged, the heat is conducted just as in the acid Bes- semer process. Silicon and carbon are eliminated first. Towards the end a spectroscope should be used, to determine exactly the point at which decarburation, finishes and dephosphorization or over- blowing must begin. With pig metal nearly constant in composition, the time of blowing does not vary much. Experi- ence will teach how to judge by the color of the smoke when the end of the operation is near. The vessel is then lowered, a sam- ple of the metal is taken and flattened under a tilt hammer to the shape of a disk about $ inch thick. This disk is doubled up and examined at the bend, where in Table I.—Manufacture of Bas tact with the slag. The following analyses, which I have had made purposely to elucidate this ques. tioh, speak for themselves : Phosporus in Metal. Before addition After Operation of spiegel. recarburation, Dskdartsnenwants 0.047 per cent. 0,062 per cent iuscavewaeeus 0.033 a 0.057 eco Bis sahencewss 0.061 = 0.085 Qiccnecseewess 0.024 i 0.041 ith sicekwcee 0.059 7 0.094 Ris chancrsaews 0.037 ” 0.077 De icasdeesauck 0.039 “ 0.068 Divintenuneenes 0.060 =" 0,093 Risetcserveens 0.042 * 0.064 These analyses also show how far the dephosphorization can be carried on, the original pig used containing on an aver- ic Steel at the Creuzot (France). A.—ANALYSES OF PIG IRONS TREATED,* Basic steel. Rail steel, (a de | a | 4. | 6. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9] 10 {a | az | 13. | Me ib poe nm re — | nen smn oe Silicon... ..| 1.17 {1.09 | 1.06, 0 50 2.05 | 1.04 |2 29 | 1.75 | 0.48) 0.70 | 1.87 | 1.89, 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.66 Salphes.. | 0:08 10:08 0.06 0.15 U.11 | 0.126.0.048, 0.061) 0.28, 0.17 0.13 | 0.17 0.16 | 0.098) 0 076 Manganese. | 2.42 |2.42 | 2.52 0.98 2.08 | 2.08 '2.90 | 2.98 | 0.71) 1.58 | 2.74 | 2.00 2.36 | 2.86 | 2 96 Phosphorus} V aryin/g from 2./20 to | 2.38 percent. | B.—ANALYSES OF CORRESPONDING STEELS OBTAINED. Carbon. .... 0.51 042 0.43 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.60 0.50 0.44 0.41 | 0.49 0.50 0.51 | 0.51 0.48 0.49 Sulphur.... 0.023.0.020 0.028 0.070) 0.030 0 030.0.019 0 019 0.078 0.050 0.013.0.027 0.023) 0 082 0.030 Phosphorus 0 065 0.037, 0 049 0.049) 0.052 0.026 0.036 0.049 0.033, 0 052 0.063 0.086 0.049) 0.041 0.057 Manganese. 0.84 0.71 | 0.54 0.96 | © 80 | 1.14 0.80 | 0.78 0.73 | 0.88 1.10 (0.75 | 0.97 | 0.82 0.81 Silicon.. .. | Not tr acest o 0.02 fou nd w hen looked for. alw ays \deter mine 4, C.—STRENGTH OF STEELS MANUFACTURED.—POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH. = | | | | Tensile { strength] 98317 $6062 8193195013) 95702)118284 96655 /111261/88002 91570) 108645 94876111261 98043) 99144 Elongation | | | | per cent. 17.5 | 21) 21/| 15%) 17] 9% | 1m 6 | 21% 19 | 15 | 18| 12 | 18 | 18 | } i | A.—ANALYSES OF PIG IRON TREATED.* ‘alalalalelal alee | 16. | 17. | 18. | 19) 20. | 21. | 2.) 2. | Ah. | 25.) 26, 27. | 28. | 29. ‘age. mee NOTES “ecu Seats LAER Bees AeeeT ag nee analy an RS ens Psteneset aeioety Sili wees +} 1.801.70 | 1.80) 1.301.02 | 1.481.264 [1.80 [2.48 | 1.74 | 1.35 1,412.12 [0.10 (1.44 Salpour... 0.17/0.135 0.17 0.220.305 | 0.15,0.19 0.115 [0.085 0.13 | 0.135, 0.23.0 082 0.155 0.130 Manganese.| 2.36/2.18 | 2.36 1.681.28 | 1. 22.88 |2.42 (2.96 | 1.06 | 1.86 | 1.562 84 (1.88 2.16 Phosphorus | | Varying from 2./2) to | 2.38 perc ent. 2.30 | ' B.—ANALYSES OF CORRESPONDIG STEELS OBTAINED. ' ’ ’ ...- | 0.52 0.52 | 0.52 0.51 | 0.54 0.50 0.43 | 0.50 0.49 | 0 49 | 0.44 0.53 | 9.51 0.51 0.491 ie 0.022 0.018) 0.922 :0.0°0 0.030 0.038 0.080; 0.024 0.022 ° 4 0.038,0.083 0 028 0.037 0.081 Phosphorus, (.033 0.049 0.033 0.025 0.049, 0.049 0.066 0.057 0.049, 0.049) 0.041 0.041) 0.052 0.028 0.045 Manganese.| 0.88 0.79 0.88 0.73 | 1.12 | 0.82 0.76 | 0 82 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.50 0.72 | 0.56 | 0.80 0.82 Silicon...... Not always deter mine d, tracesto 0.02 found w hen | lookied for. C.—STRENGTH OF STEELS MANUFACTURED.—POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH. Tensile | | | | | strength 101485)?3917 101485 92259 112368) 99832 92806 97491 95830'101759) 84633 97767, 87407 | 108275, 97767 E) tion | | | | < per cent.| 13 18 | 13 | 20%; 11% 18 | 2 18, 2 18 20 18 | 23 2 | li 6 | ae Sa * The pig metal was taken directly at the blast furnace and run into the converter. most cases the sample shows signs of|age 1.8 per cent. of phosphorus. The in- breaking or breaks completely. When phosphorus is still present in too great quantities the appearance of the fracture is characteristic, and a second blowing is resorted to if found necessary. Its dura- tion, with or without addition of lime as | the case may be, depends entirely on the examination of this fracture, and can be judged only by the practiced eye of the operator. Practice in this direction is readily acquired, and once obtained there is no mistake possible. When the opera- tion is completed the supernatant slag must be run off at once- and with great care to avoid all possible subsequent re- phosphorization of the metal, which is un- avoidable after recarbonizing if any part of the slag remains in contact with the iron. Even with the small amount of slag that it will be impossible to remove com- pletely without losing some of the metal, this rephosphorization takes place in the crease of phosphorus in the stee] after the addition of the recarburating agent is de- pendent upon the contents of oxide of iron, combined with phosphorus, in the slag which is above the metal. This is gener- ally the case when the amount of lime used has been insufficient. The dephos- phorization of the metal sometimes may be due to another cause than lack of lime. Manganese also must be considered as hav- ing a great influence. It is obvious that even with an insufficient amount of lime, dephosphorization can be avoided if the pig metal contains a quantity of manganese sufficient to take the place of iron in its combination with phosphorus or phos- phoric acid. I have made a few observations ou this point which may be of some interest. In certain steel works of the same district as ours, and in which pig metal containing only 0.8 per cent. of manganese was treated September 18, 1890 THE IRON AGE, 441 Ss s:2”060OuwW ——onnw— ww SSS SS — len — uality of ‘extra soft steel was ed, it had — — _ the same cast of extra soit stee a om found some billets ofextra hard steel, so hard, indeed, that it could be worked into cold chisels. Such steel was invariably obtained from the upper strata of the molten mass In the ladle—that one directly in contact with the slag. The ex- ylanation of this occurrence can be easily and a 4 manufactur those made, when the basic process was first put to a practical test in the different steel works of Europe, have shown that phosphorus, sulphur and carbon are not equally distributed through the mass of the bath. On account of their lesser density, or of that of the combination they are engaged in, these substances are found in greater quantities in the upper strata, as well as in those which remain fluid the nese, rich in manganese is used. The ferro- manganese is sometimes put into the ves- sel, sometimes into the ladle. It is pre- ferable to put the ferromanganese into the vessel to avoid unnecessary boiling of the metal in the ladle—boiling that is often continued in the molds when the steel is poured into them from the ladle, and may be the cause of bad ingots. Having thus given a general description given. The production of extra soft steel 'longest. In the case quoted above, the! of the manufacture of basic steel, bringing —— — — ———_ - — —— —— on —— —————— Table {1.—Manufacture of Basic Steel at Hayange (M. DeWendel, Lorraine) and Joeuf (France). ANALYSES OF PIG IRON TREATED.* 8 EE . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll | 2) 1) 4) BD} 16 | Ay 1 2 3 4 5 lav. — — a ee ie ene ee nh — ee ee ieee Silic B 1.089; 1.083/0.824,0.513 0.523 0.523/0.500'0.458 0.295) 0.435'0.855, 1.438 1.438'0.505 1.18 1.00 | 0.790 | 0.567 0.597)1.68 (1.49 '1.477/ ake... s weil svageles jag lOc IN3|0-208 0.2068 0.358] (0.244) 0.221/0.148(0.060[ °... (0. 119/0 07510,100| 0.173/10.188 .....|.2.0-[..... sis Phosphorus. 2.751} 2 695)2.690/2. 400) 2.590)2.590)2.537/2.754,1.767| 1.730/1.700/1.720)1.720 1.7501.760'1.720) 2.18 ||1.727 2.24 |1.714]1.7890]1.776) 1.853 Manganese 1.947) 1.808|1.406) 1460/1. 260 1.260,0.721/0.901 0.987) 1.11 |1 5 8/1.62 [1.62 1.59 1.52 1.98 | 1.42 ||0.781 1.220) 1.8430. 721|2.777/1.27 J ANALYSES OF CORRESPONDING STEELS. i ; -Steel rails. — = — Ordinary soft steels — CarDOD. .. .-sscccccscees 0.42 0.47 0.47 0.43 0.42 0.48 |0.67 [0.37 10.35 | 0.42 0.41 lo.44 0.51 10.43 lo.38 0 44 (0.438 ||0.11 o.1s o.1s 0.17 /0.16 ox I nag at coke has 0.028, 0.025) Tr’s'... |. ...|...../Tres/Tresj0.021)...... “eee! Radelitencis dvagbineade sose bade bo castscedsalecunckvcesaladscabeases Sulphur .....s.-......-..| 0.081... . (0.087 0.084 0.030)0.039'0.167|.... .\C.UB2) 0.054)0.024) ooo | foe, |... 0.085" 0.064 ala agnl ie Phosphorus. .. | 0 058 0.043 0.084 0.066 0.062'0.064 0.072 0.068,0 055] 0.051)0.042 10.55 |0.04, | ).044 0.043 /0.047 0.054 || 9-048 0.079/0.057 0.086 0.067\0.067 Manganese. . 1.15... ./0.798)1.118 0.973)0.720).....)..-. 0.540) 0 480/0.504).....). 2.2)... ele eee. ace 792 | 0.483 0.721 |0.830)\0.952/0.910/0.780 STRENGTH OF STEEL MANUFACTURED—POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH. ' ' ' t j ‘ Tensile strength. ....... 102173) 100244'85506 86745).....).....)..cee eee. 85321 100382|90744 91157|97079 94462 93912'95159| 93548 | 68850 65132 63342 65820 66005 Elongation, per cent....| 13 | 15 | 11.5) 2 21.25) 12.60|19.00 10.00/14.00 15.00 19.00/14.50| 14 74|; 28) 28) 29 | 29) 28 \28.4 N. B.—At Hayange the tenure in phosphorus for all steels was not to reach over 0.080 per cent. Whenever the blower would keep the steel below 0.080 per cent. he was to receive 2 cents per ton as extra, and whenever the tenure reached over 0.08 he was to pay 6 cents per ton. With these restrictions it was found necessary to fix a maximum of extras, not reaching over $30 per month, which were sure to be drawn monthly as regularly as a salary. * Excepting 0.167 as normal. TLe pig iron was taken directly at the blast furnace. TABLE III.—Manufacture of Basic Steel at the Steel Works of Longwy, at Mt. St. Martin, France. ANALYSIS OF PIG IRON TREATED. ata. inciedncdsekdanWuke.: bWGnineeexeie.. ee eadans te wees 0.612 } ee 6 ccacwnesekbnuecti des nakesed Jase ddadtatedes ex. e 1.2 to 2.00 - Average composition. PO co aaaacdcciu iced Ranakne ewkin debvensean weurceosuus 1.803 \ STEELS FOR BED SPRINGS MADE WITH PRECEDING PIG IRON WITH VARIABLE AMOUNTS OF PHOSPHORUS, MANGANESE | AND CARBON, FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENTING ON THE ELASTICITY OF THE PRODUCT. EXTRA SOFT STEELS. t}2 3!/4{/5|6)|7]8 9) 10! 2] 12} 13| 14) 5 | 16] 17 | 18 |av.] 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | av. =e a - _ _—_. ——_—_— extents | cnueptl cunmmstg | cmanincel-comteneel enntgmen! copmtenslcenitaesea diene annie —_ | SO Carbon......--.......+-. | 0.249.15 0.16 0.18 |0.25 (0.12 0.26 (0.23 \0.23 0.18 0.25 [0.18 0.13 '0.24 0.20 0.17 |0.18 0.21 |0.197/|0.09 10.09 {0.10 0.09 (0.09 Phosphorus ............ 0.083 0.027 0.0385 0.026/0.025'0.U82 0 058 '0.0:2,0.073 0.075 0.078 0.045 0.028/0.096 0.027 0.028 0.051 0.075)0.046) |0.028/0.0 6/0.028/0.030)0.028 Manganese............. 0.350 0.4500, 400 0.45 |0.450,0.250 1 OU (0 550.0.350 0.350 0.350 0 450 0.350/0.350 0.250 0.400'0. 450 0.750'0. 440) |0. 450/0.350/0.550/0. 450! 0.450 RESISTANCE OF STEEL MANUFACTURED. 1 ! ' ' } ' } { Tensile strength, lbs... 65682 60863 67197 66509 66776 59624'81656 63204'69713 64168|73944 65497|.... 69496 65682 70089|66639 66820 67263 70 53295 56870 59624 56415 Elongation, per cent... 26.4 (27.8 29.0 25.4 |23.7 13.8 19.3 21.0 _ 23.5 (17.7 26.5 |... (22.7 |24.5 \t.0 21.5 (28.1 (23.0 |/25 5 (300 (29.0 27.0 (27.9 N B.—The average analysis of all the extra soft steels at And the maximum of these elements as allowed by the cus- these works for that period was: tomers was: SIHOOM. .......+++++000. bERCES Manganese........ ... 0.45 WG sc kicneccca sues traces Manqanese.... ....... 0.55 CNR wap tenacnd ens 0.09 PE ea cixac ecances 0.085 | CR cc cenvcaiccees ae SEIGMET...<.00:. v.08 to 0.09 Phosphorus... ..... 0.04 Phosphorus .......... 0.05 Table V.—Analyses of Rail Steel Manufactured in the United States. (Under Supervision.) 1f2}s{«e|s|él7{se|o |» 1 |} 12/13 | 4 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | @ | 21 22 | 2% | Av. | | —$—$__— a —— a =i - — } — —- ——— | — —} «ss — ——- — a —— _— = — —_ eS Carbon........ _ 0.32 |0.40 0.21 10.22 [0.21 |0.27 0.25 0.31 (0.26 '0.81 [0.38 {0.30 (0.38 0.32 0.32 0.26 |0.30 |0.34 |0.38 10.30 0.28 (0.32 |0.31 |0.30 Manganese ....... ... 0.84 |1 00 |0.59 |0.59 |0.97 |1.03 |1.09 0 98 (0 69 0.75 0.75 [1.05 |1.25 1.20 1.20 |0.90 [1.15 |1.50 1.80_/0.85 |0.95 |1.20 [1.25 |1.03 Py s..4 -seee0%a ... 0.15 [0.06 0.04 [0.09 (0.10 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.028 0.065 0.075 0.056 0.117 0.079 0.033/0.065 0.104 0.114/0.057/0 069 0.104'0.076'0.078 Phosphorus....... . 0.10 10.09 |0.113/0.094 0.067/0.047'0.045 0.051 0.089 0.092 0.099/0.092 0.095 0.110 0.095 0.092/0.117 0.110:0.¢ 5,0.089 0.085 0.084/0. 087 0.089 Sulphur........... 0.020)0.06 0.048) ace sta Rex Rinacdiencsauhnees 0.045 .....) . ../0.083 0.027 0.027 0.091 '0.099)0. 049 0.058 0.074/0.054 0.051 |0..052/0.056) 0.053 | Sir Lowthian Bell, page 414 (Principles of the Manufacture of Iron and Steel, 1884), gives as the average analyses of 20 steel rails made in England for the North Eastern Kailway : Bessemer Rails. CI, guckeccag. «xéwae ues 0.452 MN. ys cucdewacoane de ve 0.105 SURI Kc ektveneeaes cratcaes 0.121 Basic Process Rails. 0.450 0.065 Manganese. ... 0.095 MN achuccuduesveeiuaasewnes | PO as. cen catanzeus Bessemer Rails. Basic Process Rails. 0.054 0.052 i 1.178 1.201 98 .092 98.145 makes it necessary to carry the operation of refining to the extreme, and, conse- quently, to burn a certain quantity of iron, If the addition of lime in the con- verter has been a little short, the oxide of iron, in the absence of manganese, com- bines with phosphorus, forming a com- pound readily decomposed by the carbon of the recarburating agent. Liberated phosphorus re-enters the bath. The experiments of Mr. Snelus, and in fact all phosphorus and phosphoric acid remaining in the bath after the decomposition of the phosphate of iron of the slag did not reach very low, but remained in the upper strata ot the molten metal, furnishing these sam- ples of an extra hard steel; hardness being given in this special cise by phosphorus. The carbonating agents used are either spiegel or ferromanganese, according to the quality and hardness of steel required. For extra soft steel, generally ferromanga- | out the principal characteristic difference of composition of the materials required in the acid and basic process, I will com- plete the above by some considerations on the composition, quality and conditions of production of the two steels. Composition and Quality.—The analyses presented in Tables I, II, III, IV and V show the composition of basic steel manu- factured in Europe for different purposes, including hard, soft or extra soft steel, and 442 THE IRON AGE, September 18, isyo that of Bessemer steel from England and the Uxited States. BASIC STEEL. Table IV.—Manufacture of Basic Steel at Hollrich (Luxemburg). Pig Iron Desili- cized in One Vessel and Dephosphorized in Another. PIG IRON TREATED. Experiments made w ith all grades of pig iron from No.1 foundry gray to cold white cavern- ous pig: 1 2 3 Sa Carbon .. .. 3 905.3 504 3. disoon Se pateacels Silicon... ....- 3 .198)] .563.0.915'0.244 & S|... .... Sulphur....... 0. 054 0.083 0.099 0.314 aso Phosphorus. .../1.882)1.514 1.994)1.518 3 > Manganese..... 0.161 0.366 0.354) (0. 248 5 § ANALYSES OF STEEL OBTAINED. | | | | 0.149'0.158 0 218 0.154 0.1391 0.163 Carbon ....... silicon.. ; - [0.100 0.065 0.059'0.065'0.103} 0.078 Sulphur. ....../0.055,0.058 0 063/0.112 0.336) 0,097 Phesphorus... . 0.021'0.007 0.014/0 084 0.042) 0 036 Manganese. 0.153 0.264 0.248)0.102 +» »| 0.198 | No. 6 not counted in the averages as being | an exceptional amount of sulphur in pig not to! be used to make steel. Table VI.—Resumé. STEEL RAILS. : 1| Bessemer cic ass, it Basic process process, nid ion a af ° e SS - cs 2 + |8e2| 2 & Sica! & ° os a Vo S essai 3s £ ais ¢ = a=k =_ = _ -—s ~ > | mom 2 §& = | fe > Sa > es 0 CO |jmee 8, 4) ei < e Carbon a 0.488 0.450 0.459 lo.as2'0.900'0.875 race Silicon.'2 to 0.005 0.0 0.105 0.073000 10 025.0025 } —* 0 O81 0.035 0.006 0.059 0.1210.059 0.087 OS- —— 0.045 , 0.054 0,054 0.061000, 0.0n an- ae | 0.792 1.201.600 1.178108 1.09 u Taking only into consideration the sul- phur, phosphorus and silicon elements, of which the amount in the pig metal used to manufacture the steel constitute the char- acteristic difference in the two processes, and of which the more or less complete elimination bears directly on the quality of a given grade of steel, hard or soft, we find: Basic steel. Bessemer. Silicon ... 0.089 0.091 Sulphur... 0.0538 0.087 Phosphorus.. 0.051 0.070 or higher, ac- ——— _— cording to 0.143 0.248 pig iron. It may be stated, therefore, that other things being equal, these three elements are found in considerably less quantities in the basic than in the Bessemer steel. The least which can be claimed, at any rate, as resulting from an inspection of the above table, is that on the score of composition, as well as of resistance and quality, the basic steel can in every respect compare very favorably with the acid steel. These tables show what variety of com- position in pig iron is admissible, though not always to be recommended for the manufacture of basic steel. The silicon contents varies from hardly 0.3 per cent. to 2.48 per cent. ; that of manganese from 0.89 to 2.98, being as low in one case (table IV) as 0.161 percent. ; that of phos- phorus from 1.50 per cent. to 2.75 per cent. I have even used pig metal con- taining over 3 per cent. of phosphorus with equally good results; unfortunately, I have not in my possession a record of the avalyses of the steel obtained. All the above steels (Creuzot and English steel ex- cepted) have been manufactured either _— ee ttt CL OC the metal to be obtained. Some of the operations date as far back as 1881, the time of the first introduction of the basic process in the works with which I was connected in Europe, and were made more specially with the view to experiment on the best composition of the pig metal, or on certain qualities of steel to be obtained. In fact, all pig metal from No. 1 gray to ee for forged mottled iron, which latter rice may be even considered high {cr asic pig. It would indeed be easy to show that basic pig iron could be many. factured at a cheaper price than $14.50 from many ores to be found in New Jersey and many other States—ores that at present are considered valueless, as unadaptable to most purposes outside of basic i iron, Table VII.—A Comparison of Cost, COsT OF RAIL STEEL, Acid Process. 1.04 tons of Bessemer pig at $19 per ton, $19.76 | 8 per cent. spiegel 1.12 Acid lining of converter per ton. ND ins dice dccxdanoien: sacccsuccdal $20.06 | Difference in favor of basic process......... | 1,07 tons of basic pig at $14.50. Basic Process. . 315 51 8 per cent. spiegel. “a 1.15 Basic lining, 100 pounds per ton of steel ut |_| "Men i eat igiemic ee Lime added, 20 per cent. of steel or 4.50 pounds per ton at $10 a ton. Total eee eee eee eee ee ow 2.00 S801 2.05 $20.06 COST OF SOFT STEEL. Acid Process. 1.10 tons of Bessemer pig at $19 per ton. ...$20.90 2 per cent, of ferro. 1,12 Acid lining of vessel per ton ............... 30 Ms. Ed Rap etnkircher Kacgseacsentoncea’ $21.20 Difference in the cost in favor of basic steel }cold cavernous white pigs, has been treated. The analyses of steel show how completely the phosphorus can be re- moved. We find in Table IV steels con- taining only 0.007 to 0.014 per cent. of phosphorus made with pig containing from 1.50 to 2 per cent. of phozphorus. As may be noticed, sulphur is also considerably diminished, owing to the presence of a basic slag. As far as silicon is concerned, it is reduced to ‘‘traces” or to less than 0.03 per cent.; to so low a figure, in fact, that its determination has been generally omitted. Cost.—The acid Bessemer process re- quires pig metal containing a large amount of silicon, involving, as a consequence, a blast furnace working hot, hence an iron rich in carbon—conditions tending to an increase of cost in the smelting of the ores. Avery low limit is demanded for phosphorus in the pig metal, since none or practically none is removed either in the blast furnace or the converter, it implies, therefore, the smelting of special ores more expensive than others and not to be found in every locality. In the basic process pig metal contain- ing a moderate amount of silicon, from 0.6 to 1 percent., as we have seen, and a large amount of phosphorus is required. That is, a pig metal of the lowest grade of gray and even mottled and white, which can be pro- duced more cheaply in the blast furnace and from ores rich in phosphorus, not even adapted to making strong foundry irons. The question of comparison of cost price of the two steels must therefore deal with the relative economy in the price of the pig metal used in both cases as coim- pared to the greater outlay for the lining of the converter and especially the lime added in the basic process. Admitting, in both cases, that the pig iron is bought at market price to be treated in the converter, and not taking into consideration those expenses which, being common to both processes, have no bearing whatever on the relative economy of one over the other, the difference of the relative cost price must be based on: 1. The pig iron used; 2. The materials of the lining; 3 The iosses involved in each process; 4. The addition of lime in the basic process. As quoted at Pittsburgh, June 19, 1890, under my own supervision or according to | we fiad that the prices were $19 per ton, my instructions as to the composition of | at furnace, for Bessemer pig, an $14.50 Basic Process. 1.13 tons of basic pig at $14 50.. 2 per cent. of ferro. 1.15 Basic lining, 100 pounds por ton of steel at $l0aton Lime added, 20 per ce nt. Total... $16.38 In the preceding tables I have put down the loss on pig iron per ton of stee! to be 12 per cent. in the acid process and 15 per cent. in the basic, which gives 1.12 and 1.15 tons of pig respectively used per ton of steel. This loss of 15 per cent. in the basic process may be considered the maximum. Our own experience has also shown us that 100 pounds of basic mua- terial per ton of steel tor the lining is rather a high figure. The price of cal- cined dolomite and limestone has been taken at $10 per ton, which is certainly rather an unfavorable one, as the follow- ing table will show: Cost of Calcined Dolomite Per Ton. Raw dolomite at furnace.... . Loss, 50 per cent. by fire on raw material, Labor, three men for 12 hours, at $2 = - $2.35 Ll for a production of 4 tons of neue. - 1.50 Coke, 20 per cent. of raw material = 40 _ cent. of calcined dolomite, at $4.50.. . 1.80 $6.67 10 per cent. repairs...........ccscceces- .. 66 $7.33 10 per cent. tar per ton of calcined do!o- SN Ae PN vsveadetesvs cicceneoned, 2.60 Total cost price per ton of calcined CES SGS. . iauhp. Sth. eae naowOTe smd $9.33 This table has been made up from fig- ures obtained by personal experience. The price of raw dolomite has been taken at $2.25 a ton, which certainly will be considered high by every furnaceman who knows that limestone, not more ex- pensive than dolomite, can be optained at a much lower price, $1 paid per ton of limestone used in blast furnaces being a high price in certain localities. We have paid in the United States as low as 75 cents per ton laid down at the furnace. In the works, less is paid for it. Hence the as- sumption of a difference of $4.50 per ton in the price of the pig metal, required in each case, would give a difference of over $2 per ton of steel obtained in both cases Perhaps it would be interesting to say that the difference in the cost of the two pig metals reaches as much as 10 shillings to 15 shillings ($2.50 to $3.75) in certain parts of England, and in Westphalia and Eastern France almost to double that amount ($5 to $7.50). Lowthian Bell, p. 407, Iron and Steel. Therefore, in assuming a difference of $4.50, as above, we feel sure of being below _ the real figure. In establishing the above comparative cost prices per ton of steel I have not September 18, 1890 into consideration an important = the reduced output of the basic rocess. As this might give rise to legiti mate objections, I shall enter into some de- tails on this point. Let it be supposed that, owing to the time devoted to the taking of samples and running of cinders, the daily output in a basic plant would be reduced 25 per cent. as compared with the output of a similar plant working with acid process. Thereby such expenses as labor, repairs and tools, incidentals, coal burns for boilers and general expenses, would be increased by 25 per cent. Based on a limited production of 300 tons daily, these items in a certain establishment in the United States amounted to about $4 per ton, and without labor would amount to 29 95, These figures would be materially reduced in proportion as the plant were larger. An increase of 25 per cent. for the basic plant would consequently raise the cost price per ton of basic steel by $1. This would leave a difference of $1 in favor of the basic process. It should be observed, however, that I have purposely taken the most unfavorable figures for prices of do- lomite, lime and pig iron in the calculation of the above table for basic steel, and that certainly the coal consumed for boilers as well as the items of repairs and tools are not materially increased in the proportion of 25 per cent. per ton, especially, as already remarked, when the proportion is greater. It might be also said that Sir Low- thian Bell(‘‘Manufacture of Iron and Steel,” p. 705) states that the ‘‘ pretended extra waste and additional labor for basic steel is 10 shillings per ton or $2.50. I have taken above $4.50 as the difference of cost per ton of pig metal used in both cases. According to Sir Lowthian Bell’s figures of $2.50 per ton, the difference in favor of the basic process would still remain $2 per ton. Besides, in Eastern France, as well as in Western Germany and Belgium, phosphorus ores, containing only from 33 per cent. to 40 per cent. of iron, are smelted to-day very extensively and economically. In Belgium and Western Germany the ores used for that purpose are Luxemberg ores shipped sometimes at a great distance, and still, in spite of the fact that the price of pig iron is increased by a high freight, the basic steel works work economically and are enabled to compete advantage- ously with Bessemer steel works. Conelusion.—The composition, quality and estimated cost of production of the two steels, acid and basic, have furnished results entirely in favor of the basic steel, and this process is particularly adapted to give a product of an extra softness un- known in the Bessemer acid, and of a composition much more regular and more certainly obtained from a given pig. In every case in the basic process the pig metal can be run directly from the furnace, a practice not always admissible in the acti Bessemer, A second fusion in the cupola supposes an extra cost, which has not been taken into considera- tion in the above estimate. MR Combinations of manufacturers and cor- porations to resist the alleged extortions and tyranny of labor organizations are becoming more frequent. A Pittsburgh telegram says: ‘‘A numberof the richest corporations in the country have formed an alhance against strikes. Among the corporations which are members of the combination are the Westinghouse system, both in that city and elsewhere, the Yale Lock Company, the Colt Arms Company and four or five other big factories in Con- necticut, and presumably the Pullman interests. The compact agreed to is that in case a strike occurs to enforce unreason- able demands—whether the strike be against one or all of the associated fac- tories—all work is to cease. The strikers are to be allowed to remain idle until they THE IRON AGE, see fit to return to work, and no factory is to employ any worker who may have left another factory on a strike ; neither is any associated factory to seek workers during a strike from any other federated works. The institutions named employ between 50,000 and 60,000 workers, and directiy support some 250,000 to 300,000 people, exclusive of other interests depending upon the earnings of these people. It is claimed by these manufacturers that the action of their workers has forced the alliance.” i —— Triplex Electric Pump. The tbree cylinder suction and force pump made by the Goulds Mfg. Company, of Seneca Falls, N. Y., 1s well known. This pump is now brought forward so ar- ranged as to be driven by an electric 443 In the above tests the water was lifted 524 inches in addition to the pressure of discharge given. The test on friction without moving the water at all was: 20 strokes per minute........ 0.96 horse-power. 30 strokes per minute........ 1.57 horse-power. 40 strokes per minute........ 2.20 horse power. 49 strokes per minute........ 2.98 horse-power. Throughout the tests the pump ran very smoothly; there was no heating and the gearing (the pinions are of raw hide) was practically noiseless. ————— Ee The War Department has approved of the plans adopted by the Board of Ord- nance and Fortifications for the defense of New York harbor, this being a part of the general scheme for coast defense advocated by several successive administrations. The details contemplate the occupation of parts of Sandy Hook, Coney Island, Staten TRIPLEX ELECIRIC PUMP. motor. three cylinders, the plungers of which are actuated by a three-throw crank; there is | consequently no dead center or point of | varying load, and the pump offers abso- | lutely even and unvarying resistance to) the motor under all conditions. The pump can be adapted for any make of | motor. The drawing shows the manner of | transmitting the power from the motor to | the pumps. On the armature shaft is a} pinion meshing with a large gear on an | intermediate shaft carrying at its opposite end a second pinion engaging with a gear on the crank shaft. Tests made by the Thomson-Houston | Motor Company of one of these pumps | driven by one of their electric motors | showed the efficiency at different press- | ures to be as follows: Per cent. | efficiency. | 0 pounds per square inch........ 7 to 10} 20 pounds per square inch........ 47 to 50 50 pounds per square inch........ 60.2 to 61,5 75 pounds per square inch........ 64.3 to 67 100 pounds per square inch........ 67 to 68.2 150 pounds per square inch The pump proper consists of | Island Hollows, Fort Schuyler and Willett’s Point. The total appropriation for this scheme this year is $726,000. This com- pleted project includes the establishment of torpedo systems, rapid firing gun bat- teries, submarine mines and heavy armor protected batteries, with 12-inch breech loading rifles, altogether involving an expenditure of $14,500,000. The Scottdale (Pa.) Iron and Steel Com- _pany, after two years’ unprofitable experi- menting with gas, will return to the use of coal. The company sustained consider- able loss through being unable to operate he mill at various periods during the winter on account of the deficiency in the gas supply. A small pamphlet has been issued, de- scriptive of the J. K. Griffith stopper and nozzle for open hearth and Bessemer steel ladles manufactured by R. B. Seidel, of Philadelphia. It has been used by the Latrobe, Midvale and the Bethlehem Com- 444 The Westinghouse Chicago Scheme. A sensational dispatch was sent out from Pittsburgh on the 11th inst., stating that the great interests of Pullman’s Palace Car Company on the one hand and the Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Company on the other were to be consolidated. This would have been very important if true. The Pullman interests are so vast and the Westinghouse plant at Pittsburgh is so large that the reported consolidation would have made one of the very largest manufacturing corporations in the world. It now transpires that arrangements have been made between George Westing- house, Jr., of Pittsburgh, and George M. Pullman, of Chicago, by which the West- inghouse Electric Mfg. Company will erect works conveniently close to the Pullman Palace Car Works, at Pullman, Ill., and the agreement reached, it is un- derstood, is that the Pullman company will purchase all of their electric railway motors from the Westinghouse concern. The works to be erected are to cost be- tween $400,000 and $500,000, and Mr. Westinghouge says 2000 men will be em- ployed at the new shops. Work on the structures will probably begin next spring. That the immense works of Pullman’s Palace Car Company and the big plant of the Westinghouse Company, at Pittsburgh, are to be consolidated both Messrs. Pull- man and Westinghouse deny. Mr. West- inghouse further says that the erection of works at Pullman does not mean that the Pittsburgh business of the company is to be removed to Chicago. It will be merely an extension of their business. The works at Newark, N. J., will also be continued as before. The Westinghouse motor is comparatively a new invention. Several roads, however, have been equipped with it and are now in successful operation. Among other places the street car com- panies at Pullman and at Lansing, Mich., use the Westinghouse motor. The cars run noiselessly and the cost of operating the road is said to be remarkably low. Negotiations are now pending with one or two of the proposed Pittsburgh roads, and it is quite probable that they will be equipped with Westinghouse motors and Pullman cars. Mr. Westinghouse already has orders, it is said, for the equipment of 36 roads at a cost of $750,000. mm — Packing Goods for Export. A correspondent of one of the Chicago dailiés writes a practical letter on the sub- ject of American exports to South Ameri- can countries, in which he urges our manu- facturers to study the conditions govern- ing South American trade and conform to them: strictly. We extract from it the following important paragraph: ‘‘ An- other illustration which was _ brought to my attention was that of a shipment of mining machinery sent from New York to Para, and intended to use at a distant point up the Amazon River several hun- dreds of miles distant from a railroad. Transportation had to be effected by de- taching the machinery into as small pieces as possible and packing them on the backs of mules. The machinery was packed in New York as if it merely had to be trans- ported to some near point in New York State easy of access. The wooden frame- work placed around it was slight and easily broken. Important small pieces of the machinery, such as screws, nuts, &c., without which it could not be put to- gether, were simply strung on a piece of string and tied to one of the large pieces. When the machinery was unloaded from the ship into the lighter at Para the string broke and the nuts, screws and cther neces- sary pieces fell into the bottom of the lighter. On being unloaded at the wharf the THE IRON AGE, careless stevedores did not trouble them- selves to pick up the missing articles and the machinery was ship inland with- out them. On arriving at its destination the machinery was found to be useless, and a trip of hundreds of miles had to be made to a machine shop where the missing parts could be duplicated. The con- signee naturally was much disgusted with the way in which North American mer- chants did business and transferred his custom to an English house.” —e The New Uniform Classification. Freight C. E. Gill, chairman of the Official Classification Committee, has issued an important statement showing comparisons in rates on about 500 articles between official classification as now in effect by Eastern roads and the proposed new uni- form classification, on basis New York and Chicago. -He directs special attention to the summary appended to his statement, embodying the change in rates in the more important articles of traffic. Rate basis of present official classifica- tion is as follows: First class, 75 cents; second, 65; third, 50; fourth, 35; fifth, 30, and sixth, 25. Rate basis of proposed uniform classifi- cation is as follows: First class, 75 cents; second, 65; third, 55; fourth, 45; fifth, 35; sixth, 324; seventh, 30; eighth, 274; ninth, 25; tenth, 224, and eleventh, 20. Special attention is called to the changes in rates on the following articles of traffic: Official Classification. | Uniform Claasification. Lc.L. C.L. L.C.L. C.L. Cents per | Cents per 100 pounds. 100 pounds. Agricultural im- plements..... ... BP BRMRO si cice sicnes ces RG Cartridges and | SB. occ008 35) Same... = cee -_ SD nn: 0s Cina BO) BAM... 2 -200cee. 30 Dry goods—cot Scsnash sauce af atacdnas ees 65 Farina, in barrels | Farina,in boxes 55 or boxes. ...... 36 25) Farina, in bris..35 . <:..00. Miva. ccsesbeeee 2 NE A ons 30 ..| Same...... 35 Furniture, 16,000 OMNIS. 05600000005 50'} Same, 15,00C ee 55 ee ae cs TRiicnasss 2 oo Grits, in bags or , Grits, in boxes..35 30 barrels..........30 25) In bags or bris..35 25 EE SESS lll EO Hardware....... ae se Mnesé snd, coe as Liquors, &c.. ....65 35| Same..... .....75 55 | Liquors, valua- tion not toex- ceed $20 per barrel..... .. 65 3 Locomotives and tenders, loaded OD CBIB.... 2.000 Be Ds ic 0s nevus 8244 Locomotives, on own wheels. ... 30) Same.............. Ry Hogs, dressed, ION... csannese 7 5O0|Same.. ........ 65 55 Meats, dried, smoked or 8 ees. ag ny in — >m BOB... % Oatmeal........-.é 30 25 + Oatmeal. in barrels.... .35 25 ee BT Rsk ke <cscncavc 22 Paints, various...50 ..| Same............. 45 Paper, wrapping.t5 Pe iexacckcnivews 55 Paper stock, posesed ve Sales.38 ‘ Same............55 224 Pulp, wood, dry..! it on Puip, wood, wet..35 25| f Pulp, wood.. .35 226 Rags, pressed in eee ae eee 55 oi sina: ae ineaeh 2) ee 22 Sugar, grape........ 25) Same............0 30 Surar, F. O. B....0 eer rs 30 TIBWALS ..0060500 Me: ‘i Sle: <a. manana 5o Tobacco, plug ...80 ..| Same.............. 65 i if are 90 > > on | in yxes. ..35 ¢ Wheat, cracked. .30 25 + wWheat.cracked, | in barrels...35 25 Wool, in sacks or SS ear ee I i cvivaccncee 65 Wool, machine compressed. . 45 Commenting upon this showing, the Chicago Tribune, evidently voicing the sentiments of large Western shippers, says: Me It will be noticed that on nearly all the important articles of freight the rates under the new uniform classification are advanced from 10 to 25 per cent., while only on a few unimportant articles the September 18, 1890 === rates are reduced slightly. As thee a in the matter of a uniform bill of ladin the railroads have taken advantage of the general demand for uniformity in Classifi. cution and arranged it so as to benefit themselves only and put the shippers in a hole. When Congress authorized the In. terstate Commission to fix a uniform Classi. fication it was not contemplated that such uniformity should be secured at the ex. pense of the public. It was the intention to have a uniform classification that would not advance the’ rates, but if anything make them lower. Had the Interstate Commission believed the railroads would arrange such a classification as shown above it never would have allowed the railroads to squander two years in bring. ing about such an absurdity. There is no possible chance that the commission ever will approve of this classification, and the result will be that the commission wij] take the matter in hand and arrange q uniform classification satisfactory to the shippers as well as to the railroads. The shippers will no more submit to such an extortion as is contemplated by the new classification than they did to the attempt of the railroads to place all responsibility open the shippers in fixing up a new bill of lading.” ———— ESE A full review of the trade and business of New Orleans during the last 12 months shows that the port has lost none of its commercial and maritime importance. In nearly every line of business there is growth, mainly due to increase in most of the staple crops. In the receipts of domestic produce the city was well ahead of the previous season. Of cotton, gross, it received 2,149,370 bales, as against 1,835,115 last year; of cotton seed, 2,800, - 794 sacks, as against 1,913,580. There was an increase in the receipts of bacon and hams, corn, coal, flour, hides, lard, cotton seed vil, p