The Iron Age 1889-10-24: Vol 44

HE IRON AGE THURSDAY, OCTOBER 24, 1889. The Kennedy Beam-End Shear. necessary to bevel the lateral edges of the | pairs at the sides of the plunger, web of the cut portion of the beam. | which occupies the central position in Fig. For some time there has been at work at Hitherto no machinery has been devised | 2, there being on each side a web-knife the Homestead Steel Works of Carnegie, which has been suitable for cutting the | and a flange-knife. The position of the Phipps & Co., Limited, a machine for cut- ends of I-beams of different sizes without | flange-knife is clearly shown as it appears ting the ends of I-beams, designed by change of the dies, and it was to supply | on the beam in place on the left-hand side Julian Kennedy, who is now chief engineer this want that Mr. Kennedy designed the | of the engraving, while one of the web- of the Latrobe Steel Works. The shear machine which we illustrate. | knives is cut deeply into the web of a beam was built by the Morgan Engineering Com-; Attached to the end of the main shaft, | lying in position in the right-hand side of pany, of Alliance, Ohio. The special ob- shown in Fig. 3, is an eccentric provided|the machine. The bed-knives are L- i Atay , — a Nl | WT = ‘ \ N Ph - " im i st MH mT TT INTL Hi va) == Life THE KENNEDY BEAM-END SHEAR ject of the machine is to cut the ends of! with an incasing box, which is arranged | shaped, each having three cutting-edges. I-beams so that they may be fitted against | in a plunger set in upward guide-ways, |The operation of the machine in cutting the sides of other I-beams when used in the| shown in dotted lines in Fig. 2. The) I-beams is as follows: The beam is fed in formation of structural work. Figs. 4and/ plunger is counterweighted in the usual edgewise from the front of the machine, as 5 represent the plan and an elevation of a| manner by a counterweight-lever, which | shown at the left side of F:z. 2, so that the beam sheared in this manner, Fig. 5 show-| has its fulcrum between standards at the | flange to be cut shall rest on the knife- ing how one beam fits into a second, which | top of the machine and is provided at its| holder with that portion of it intended is shown in section. It is necessary, there-| front end with links, which are connected | to be cut away directly over the cutting- fore, to cut away the flanges of the beam | with the plunger. These are clearly shown | edges. Stock-bolts, the position of which at a short distance from the end so as to| in Figs. 2 and 3 and are indicated in the|is shown at about one-half the hight of leave a projecting portion of the web which | general perspective view. At the lower| the beam, determine the proper distance shall fit against the side of the web of the|end of this plunger are the knives. Of|of feed of it into the machine. As soon second beam. In order to accommodate/these there are four, two for cutting | as it isin its proper position the beam 1s for the slight inclination of the inner sides | the flanges of the beam and two for/| clamped against the side of the flange by of the beam against which it abuts, it is! cutting the web. They are arranged in means of a screw shown in the engraving - = 634 and operated by hand-lever. The main shaft of the machine for rotating depresses the plunger and causes the knives to act. The beam is reversed and the next descent of the plunger cuts out the second flange | in the same way. The beam is then other side of the machine, and after having been placed on the feed-knife holder is held in place over the blades of the knife by a screw. Then the beam is turned over on its side and placed with a web resting on either side of the holders, the beam being held in position by means of a set-screw placed below the other screw, which forces the inner flange transferred to the against the side of the upward block or | stop at the middle of the machine, thus clamping the beam tightly in_ place. When the beam has thus beer adjusted, the descent of the knife cuts the project- ing end of the web with an inclined or beveled cut. Mounted on the same frame is the engine which furnishes the power, being 12 x 12 inches, driving through the medium of gearing 1 to 10 the 10-inch cam-shaft. The stroke of the shear is 24 inches. eterna The Department of State is officially in- formed that a law has been enacted by Chili, to take effect four months from Au- gust 30, 1889, abolishing import duties on machines and tools for the use of agri- culture, mining, trades and industries; pipes or tubes composed of copper, bronze or iron, galvanized or ungalvanized knees, joints, Ts and other such necessary ar- ticles; iron or steel wire, galvanized or ungalvanized, up to the No. 14 inclusive, and copper wire or insulating composition for transmission of electric currents; tele phonic and telegraphic instruments, insu- lators, iron or steel posts and other special necessaries for telegraphs and telephones; the material of iron or steel for the per- manent way of steam or horse railways and for portable railways; wheels, axles and felloes of iron or steel for railways and the cars for portable railways; iron in plates. The Electrical World has published a carefully-compiled table, based upon original information supplied by the local companies themselves, of the extent and capacity of the electrical railways of the country. The table shows that there are now running or under contract no fewer than 179 roads and extensions of roads in 127 towns and cities, operating 1884 cars over 1260.3 miles of track at the close of 1889, whereas at the close of 1885 there was practically but one electric road in America, The trackage to-day is enough to reach from New York to St. Louis, or to constitute a double-tracked road from one end of Great Britain to the other, and the rolling-stock would carry as many passengers as that of any first-class trunk line. The importance of these figures can- not be gainsaid or decried. The Adams & Adams Mfg. Company, whose offices and salesrooms are at 278 and 280 East Madison street, Chicago, have recently started a factory at 103 and 105 South Canal street for the manu- facture of paints and colors, bronzes, stains, &c. Having their own appliances, they are thus able to control the mixtures of their paints and are prepared to furnish precisely what thair customers desire. When an order is given, the composition of the batch is at once placed on record and carefully preserved, so that if desired it can be duplicated years afterward. Every factory order-blank gives the num- ber of the batch, the page on which it is entered and the name and address of the person ordering it, preserving the record throughout. Painters’ supplies of all kinds are carried in stock, together with paints and colors. ! | i THE IRON AGE, Welding by Electricity. At a recent meeting of the British [ron and Steel Institute W. C. Fish, of Boston, Mass., read a paper on the ‘‘ Thomson Electric Welding Process,” from which we take the followi ing: The requisites of an electric welding plant, generally speaking, are: i. Apparatus for the production of a |suitable current, with means for quickly /and exactly regulating the current. The current for welding may be either con- tinuous or alternating in direction. The employment of the alternating. current offers certain electrical advantages in the production of a sufficient current strength oy th October 24, 1889 chiefly to simple mechanical details and are easily cbtained. With our present knowledge relating to the transfer of heat energy into electric energy, a welding cur- rent—that is, one of great volume—is best produced by the three following methods: The employment of secondary or storage batteries. This method is scarcely comparable with the two which follow, though it might be used to advantage in certain special cases and particularly where the existing steam plant is of suf- ficient power. In this case energy could be stored in the batteries and drawn upon when sufficient is accumulated. A dynamo of extremely low armature resistance furnishes current directly to the | EE Lic i iy wacannod if eee ae ae gees eeenager ee aang Fig. 2.—Front Elevation. THE and in the transmission of energy to a distance from the source of supply and is that usually employed. 2. Clamps which shall hold the pieces to be welded in correct relative position and which shall be relatively movable in such a manner that the pieces may be forced together when heated. 3. A method for permitting the weld- ing current to enter the pieces without loss of energy. This is usually accom- plished by causing the movable clamps | which hold the pieces to become a portion | of the circuit, and from their ample con- tact, both with the pieces and the re- mainder of the circuit, to offer no appre- ciable resistance to the current flow. 4. A manner of obtaining a suitable pressure which shall force the pieces to- gether during the operation of welding. The ,last three considerations KENNEDY relate BEAM-SHEAR. |weld. The weld, however, must be near to the dynamo, else, unless cumbersome and expensive leads be employed, the loss of energy in the conduction of the current ; would be excessive. In practice, the clamps carrying the pieces to be welded | are placed directly above the dynamo on a suitable table. This system is simple and | economical, but necessitates the carrying |of the ‘‘ work ” to the dynamo. 3. The employment of an alternating current dynamo and a transformer. The function of the transformer is to transform, _ through the medium of a magnetic circuit, \the comparatively high electric pressure and small current produced by the dynamo into a current of comparatively great vol- ume but of low pressure, which current shall be applied to the weld. Since, by this system, we can carry the small current | produced by the dynamo to any desired October 24, 1889 spot with little loss of energy and through conductors of small cross-sectional area, and there obtain a current of the desired magnitude, this method is the most flexible | and useful of the three. Placing our dynamo near any suitable | source of mechanical energy, the welding may be done at a distance of a mile or more, if need be. The circuit of the transformer in which the heavy welding | current is produced usually consists of a single turn of heavy copper bar, termi- nating in the movable clamps which carry the pieces to be welded. As we have already seen, the electric weld is generally made by the passage of a suitable current through the pieces to be welded and the consequent production of heat at their point THE IRON AGE. —— a well-known grade of steel, for example, ; welding temperature of certain classes of one might make the weld with eyes closed, relying entirely for the determination of the welding heat upon the ‘‘ feeling” of the metal when under pressure. aor 0590 steel can be slightly reduced below that ascribec to the given metal in the smithy by the substitution of pressure for tem- perature. The following figures, taken at The pressure applied generally produces | at the weld an enlarged cross-sectional area. Through different combinations of | heat and pressure this enlargement is somewhat under the control of the oper- ator, and those metals—such as iron and steel—which are not ‘‘ hot-short” can be | reduced by hammering while the pieces are hot. Judicious hammering at the weld, particularly with the harder grades of cast-steel, is often advantageous on ac- count of its refining tendency. The fiber of wrought-iron can also be restored by \S SN ESS SSS Ys Or A Fig. 3.—Side Elevation. THE KENNEDY BEAM-SHEAR. of abutment, combined with the appli- cation of pressure, forcing the pieces together. The different fluxes employed in the electric process are similar to those used in the ordinary methods of welding and brazing. The pieces in some cases are slightly rounded at the ends before weld- ing, both to increase the localization of heat, and to insure the thorough fluxing of the metal and the expulsion from the weld, upon the application of pressure, of whatever combinations of the flux and metal and other impurities that may be present. In addition to the ordinary method of determining the welding heat--namely, resistance to compression which the pieces exert when subjected to pressure. With | hammering, though as a rule the continu- \ity of the fiber is but little impaired through welding. | Some metals, such as copper and brass, weld at a temperature nearly equal to that ‘of fusion, and have also a very limited jrange of temperature within which the | weld can be made. In welding metals of | this nature the tension of a spring may be nicely adjusted to produce the necessary | pressure to give the desired approach of | the pieces at exactly the proper tempera- | ture, and this done to automatically shut off the current from the weld. Another advantageous result of the simultaneous application of pressure and the color ot the metal—the operator of | heat is the slightly greater permissible | the welding process is also guided by the | range of temperature within which the weld | _can be made and the consequent decrease of danger of burning the metal. Thus the Fig. 4.—Plan of Sheared Beam. random, give a few results of tests made on the tensile strength of welds : Breaking Material strength Position of . ia per fracture. sq. in. —_—e — Pounds. | Wrought-iron...| 53,110 1.7 in. from weld. Cast-steel........ 81,000 | At weld. | Bessemer steel...| 59,584 |At weld. |Copper (hard- drawn) ....... 31,8380 |At weld. Copper (hard drawn)........ 32,480 8% inch from weld. Peissaicdvien, 40,820 |At weld. a 47,730 |84 inch from weld. Steel and German Ce 40,410 At weld. | Cast - steel and ensin |! 8 inches from wrought-iron. . |) weldin the iron. | Brass and wr ght- WOM si 0s scans 33,550 |At weld. Basi — a . _—<—$3_3S—$$ $ Generally speaking, in the welding of the ordinary commercial metals, after the characteristics of the metal and the knowl- edge of the requirements for its welding have been gained by experimenting, a ten- LLY Z NNN HHRAARARANANAAAAAAN SS MLE Fig. 5.—Elevation of Sheared Beam. sile strength at the weld of 90 per cent. of the strength of the unwelded metal is obtainable. The time of welding varies with the conditions under which the weld is made. Thus, but only within limits, a compara- tively large expenditure of electric energy for a short time is equivalent, for welding, to a smaller expenditure of energy during a longer time. The quicker a weld is made, however, the more economical it is, since there is less time for the loss of energy through the conduction and radiation of heat. Determinations of the power and time required for welding give somewhat empirical results, owing to the indetermi- nable effects of conduction and radiation of heat, and other factors more or less change- able with different sizes and metals. For the same reasons no general statement can be given of the required current density | per square inch. | From many tests upon the time and cur- | rent required for welding iron of varying | sizes, mention may be made of the fol- lowing approximate figures, which are also closely applicable to steel: Ampéres per square inch Time of weld. roan. Seconds. Product. 9,500 40 380,000 12,000 30 360,000 15,000 20 300,000 | { i : a ee c ed, BE TREES 636 THE IRON AGE. October 24, 1889 The power required per square inch of material in the last case, for example, the material being round iron of 4 inch in di- ameter, is the product of 15,000 and 1.16 (the number of units of electrical pressure or volts in the welding circuit), giving 17,400 volt-ampéres, the equivalent of 23.2 horse-power. Assuming the efficiency of the electrical apparatus to be 85 per cent., we obtain 27.3 horse-power as that to be applied to the belt of the dynamo, The actual power required for the 4-inch bar itse'f is, if we keep our same imagined efficiency of electrical apparatus, 5.36 horse-power. It may be of interest to mention the pos- sibility of electric riveting, which has al- ready been accomplished on a small scale and is found to be a perfectly practical process. The cold rivet is placed in the rivet-hole and electrically heated to the proper temperature. The heating of a 4-inch rivet of 2 or 3 inches in length would occupy probably about 20 or 30 seconds. As" the plate itself becomes somewhat heated in the immediate vicinity of the rivet-hole there 1s a partial weld made between the rivet-head and the plate. A The Lead-Ore Decision. The Secretary of the Treasury has ren- dered the following decision regarding the proper classification of lead and silver ores : TREASURY DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, > WASHINGTON, October 18, 1589. | To the Collectors and other officers of the Customs : I have given due consideration to the arguments, both written and oral, sub- mitted at and subsequent to the hearing at this Department in May last upon the question of proper classification of ores containing both lead and silver, associated with other substances in variable quanti- ties and generally known as lead-silver ores or as the argentiferous ores imported from Mexico. Upon examination I tind that the decisions and practice of this De- partment have been uniform for a number of years. It was held by the Department, under the decision dated January 14, 1880 (S. 8. 4891), with regard to the classifica- tion of certain ore imported at Eagle Pass from the Sierra Majada mines in Mexico, and which was claimed to be entitled to free duty as silver ore, that ‘‘ the value of the silver contained in the ore being largely in excess of the value of the iron, the Department is of opinion that the ore is entitled to entry free of duty as silver ore.” This decision was reaffirmed in Jan- uary, 1886 (S. S. 7327), where it was held that ‘‘ when silver in any ore predominates in value it 1s considered to be silver ore, and as such is exempt from duty under the special provision of the free list for ores of gold and silver. Where, however, lead predominates in value the ore is considered as lead ore, and is subject to a duty of 14 cents per pound under the special provis ion in the tariff act for lead ore and lead dross. The question of classification, therefore, is one of fact which can only be determined upon examination of the im- portation for the purpose of ascertaining whether it consists of silver ore or of lead ore as aforesaid.” In a subsequent decision in May, 1886 (S. 8S. 7543), reaffirming the principle pre- viously laid down, it was stated that ‘‘ ores composed of silver and lead and iron, or silver and lead, or silver and other base metals of which silver is the component meterial of chief value would, under the ruling of January 25, 1886, be exempt from duty under the provisions of the free list for ‘ores of silver.’ It is im- material in the entry and classification of such ores whether the ores are imported for use as fiuxes in the fusion of other metals or on account of the metals them- selves.” The dutiable or non-dutiable character of these ores was the subject of an investigation by the Judiciary Com- mittee of the Senate who reported on July 5, 1888, in effect that ores of the character mentioned—namely, ores con- taining more lead in weight than either gold or silver, but more gold or silver than lead in value—are not, in the opinion of the committee, subject to duty under existing law. If the question presented were a new one and had not been the subject of ad- ministrative construction, fortified by the opinion of the Judiciary Committee of the Senate, I would feel at liberty to give greater consideration to the weighty ar- guments which have been adduced tend- ing to establish the dutiable character of all ores of this description containing lead in appreciable or considerable quantity, the more so if it had been satisfactorily demonstrated that these ores are not known or entitled to be known commer- cially as ores of silver. It not having been so demonstrated, and it being the fact that since the original decision of 1889 on this subject Congress has re- enacted the pre-existing provisions of the tariff in regard to lead ores and silver ores, respectively, I do not feel at liberty to set aside the existing classification. It must be assumed that the rulings and practice of the Department were known to Congress when it passed the tariff act of 1883. It must be held that the desig- nation of lead ore and silver ore in the tariff, in the absence of legislative defini- tion, was that of existing decisions; that Congress intended the classification should turn on the question of value and Tests of Bower-Barffed Iron.—Sheet-Iron (No, 23 Gauge, Black). duty, and had the same form of expres- sion been used in reference to the lead that metal would have been dutiable at the rate prescribed whenever found in ore. Ac- cording to well-settled rules of statutory construction this difference in the form of expression must be deemed to indicate a different legislative intent and to limit the authority of the Department to impose duty in all such cases to the ore itself un- der existing rules of classification. I con- sider, therefore, that the present classifica- tion has attained the force of Congres- sional enactment, and that a change, if desired, must be sought in Congressional intervention. However, if ores of this de- scription are imported which are distinct- ively known as lead ores, in the legal and commercial sense they would as such be dutiable. It is deemed advisable in this connection to enjoin upon ihe customs officers a strict enforcement of the regula tions of this Department intended to cor- rect abuses which formerly existed in the methods of entry sampling and classifica- tion of ores of the character mentioned. Respectfully yours, Wittiam Wrnpom, Secretary. rr Tests of Bower-Barffed Iron. In a letter toG. W. Maynard, president of the Bower-Barff Rustless Iron Company, Henry M. Howe incloses the following table of results summarizing his experi- ments in the matter of protective coat- ings for iron, The table records the loss of weight of wrought-iron and cast-iron with different protective coatings ard under different conditions, in pounds per square foot of surface per annum: 7 }} | Exposed to the weather inland. | Immersed in Protective coatings. ea ee 7 | ° | Canada. New York State. || Fresh water. Sewage. || Bower-Barffed.. ......0s.ccs000 0 Gain .000.8 006.7 003.6 EE coals Kos hein'venia 5) ae Gain .002.0 -000.1 .019.4 .007.1 PIMEE-WROOE oi. cc ccc cvccccses .0 -000.5 .050.4 -003.1 SIND 5 cin, dix slb'eue conan ein Gain .000.4; © ....... .045.9 -080.5 IN esac usttct nd cosh 001.0 | 008.1 |) 088.9 117.0 Black—i. e., unprotected...... -001.3 | .002.6 . 137.0 - 169.0 OROIORE . 5 assess 0.55 000.2 | .005,0 | .179.0 .182.0 Cast-Iron. || Exposed to the weather inland. | Immersed in Protective coatings. | l ] Canada, | New York State. || Fresh water. Sewage | eit ie ee ‘|| Gain .004.0 Gain .003.1 Gain .005.5 .001.4 Bower-Barffed and paraffined 000.6 001.9 -000.2 008.4 IE o-.6sa cates SeeeNs .0 | mou .049.1 061.0 PN ocpackseiusenandenedteen ho aon Aiewes Gain .003.1 .065.5 .061.0 Nickel-plated.... ........... | Gain .0038.4 002.5 | .136.7 .083.3 CODDOT DARING... o.05.5 ssccrceses Gain .004.0 005.0 150.8 119.2 Black—1. e., unprotected..... || Gain .006.3 042.0 || .148.3 272.4 1] not of quantity. It is, therefore, con- sidered that this Department is without authority to change the departmental | and Congressional definition of these ores | and in faith of which large business in- | terests have been established. That Congress did not intend to impose duty upon the lead which might be found | in the different ores, but only upon ores as were then recognized under the decisions of the Department as lead ores, is gathered from other parts of the tariff act, for in paragraph 186 ‘‘ copper’ is made dutiable whenever found in ore, and in paragraph 191 ‘‘ nickel” is also made dutiable when- ever found in ore or in other crude form. In those cases it is clearly the metal con- tained in the ore which is made subject to ditions were rigidly identical. Mr. Howe writes: ‘*The galvanizing was done by the Rhode Island Tool Com- pany, whose work I understand is of the very highest, and they were informed that the work was for a test trial. The con- It isa fair victory. Immersed in Chestnut Hill Reser- voir, Boston, for a year, the Bower-Barffed wrought-iron plate was hardly discolored, except where held by the crate. Another immersed in the Boston main-sewer sew- age for a year retained its skin and was only slightly pitted, while most of the tin was removed from a tinned-iron sheet be- side it ” LL Nova Scotia last year produced nearly 2,000,000 tons of coal. October 24, 1889 THE : es IRON AGE. OO OOOOuo53OFTuFT An Example of Rope-Transmission. The accompanying engraving is an illus- tration of a rope-transmission erected July, 1888, for J. K. Russell, designed by John Gregg, M.G., of the Link Belt Machinery Company, Chicago. The engine is of the well-known Corliss type and is rated nominally at 250 horse-power. The fly-wheel a is 14 feet ia diameter and is grooved for 12 1-inch ropes. The line-shafts m and n are driven independently. The rope-sheave } is 27 inches in diameter and is grooved for five ropes. At the side of the 72-inch sheave is a single-grooved idler, i, loose on the shaft. This loose sheave has the effect of making the trans- a a 4 ROPE-TRANSMISSION AT THE mission extremely sensitive to variations of loads, so that when heavy machines are thrown on and off the ropes are not set in vibration, but the tension-carriage sheave k swings back and forth on the track taking up the shock. The rope runs con- tinuously around the sheave and fly-wheel from groove to groove. As it leaves the fly-wheel at the left hand, it passes over the idler i to the tension-carriage sheave h, which is suspended on adjustable hangers from a single pipe-track. This sheave is tilted so that the top isin line with the center of the groove of the idler-sheave i and the bottom is in line with the center of the groove of the deflecting-sheave j. The latter serves to carry the rope back to the right-hand groove of the fly- wheel. A constant tension is main- tained on the transmission by means of the weights and rope acting on the tight- ener as shown. This permits the taking ] tH up automatically of any variation in the length of the rope. The sheave C is 48 inches in diameter and is grooved for four 1-inch ropes; sat its side there is also a | single-groove idler, loose on the shaft, for the same purpose as in the above. The slack is taken up automatically by the vertical tension-carriage 4. The quarter- twist transmission runs the shafts o and p at right angles to the main drive. These shafts run in opposite directions, as in- dicated by the arrows, the object being to avoid twisting some of the belts on the} machines. The driving-sheave d is 72 inches in diameter and is grooved for five ropes. The driven sheaves i and / are 60 inches diameter and are grooved for four a in ay WORKS OF J. K. RUSSELL. ropes. G is a series of single-groove sheaves, one tight and three loose on the shaft, the object being to more readily act on the ropes by means of the vertical tension-carriage h. The ropes used are specially prepared for transmission purposes, being made fronr the best quality of Russian hemp, laid in tallow. These ropes, after more than a year of constant service, show no signs of wear, and are practically in as good condition as when put in place. Ropes generally go to pieces on the in- side, this being occasioned by running over sheaves of small diameter. The fibers seem to chafe on each other, and when the rope is rubbed between the fingers it breaks in short pieces. Again, if a trans- mission is designed too light for the work and an excessive weight be put on the tension-carriage the rope soon pulls apart at the splice, but if it is allowed to slip it 637 | burns: the outside fibers and the rope breaks. The Link Belt Machinery Com- pany use large quantities of rawhide rope, the advantage being that it is more flexible and it can be run over much smaller sheaves, so that it is guaranteed for ‘three years. The cost, however, is about twice that of hemp and it is but one-half as strong. It is believed that with large sheaves hemp rope will wear just as long. With regard to the life of a hemp rope over large sheaves and strong enough for the work, it is estimated that it would be from three to five years, though no ropes have run so long. I | The Pullman Palace Car Company. The manufacturing operations of the Pullman Palace Car Company, at Pullman, | Ill., are so extensive that the following extracts from the president’s report, just | published, will be of interest: There have been built and placed in service during the year 141 sleeping, par- lor, dining and special cars, costing $17,812.73 each, or an aggregate of $2,511,596.17. There are now under construction at the |company’s works 64 cars, the estimated cost of which is $985,000. These cars, | when completed, will, with the 57 Mann, 1127 Woodruff, 51 Union Palace and 3 | miscellaneous cars purchased, make a total | of 443 standard cars, besides which there |are now being operated 239 tourist cars. There has been expended during the fiscal year for additions to the company’s shops and plant the sum of $63,098.20. The value of manufactured product of all the car-works of the company for the year was $8,652,746.89, and of other in- dustries at Pullman, including rentals, $1,735,417.64, making a total of $10,388, - 164.53, against $10,823,225.18 for the previous year. The reduction is due to a temporary lull in the demand for freight- cars in the spring of the present year. The average number of names on the pay-rolls at Pullman for the year was 4541; the wages paid, $2,629,531.78, mak- ing an average for each person employed of $579.06, against $604 the previous year; but still a high rate per capita com- pared with the average of other manu- facturing establishments of a similar character. The total number of persons in the em- ploy of the company in their manufactur- ing and operating departments is 11,063. Wages paid during the year, $5,770,- 345.26. The number of employees for the previous year was 10,530 and the wages paid $5,516, 201.55. The number of cars employed in the service is 1760 standard and 239 tourist, or second-class. The number of persons carried during the year was 4,242,542. The number of miles run by cars was 144,842,618. The total mileage of railways covered by contracts for the operation of the cars of this company is now 117,854, an increase of 11,723 miles over the previous year. The population of Pullman, as shown by the census of July 31, 1889, was 10,610 persons—a again of 529 compared with the previous year. The population im- mediately surrounding Pullman has con- siderably increased during the year. The Pullman Loan and Savings Bank shows savings deposits at the end of the fiscal year of $282,994—a gain of $20,837 over the previous year. The number of depositors has increased during the year from 1150 to 1200 and the average for each depositor Las also increased from $227.96 to $235.82. The entire enrollment of pupils in the public schools for the school year was 1262—627 boys and 635 girls—with a regular staff of 23 teachers. Evening schools have also been established for the iis & > ees ar gd A : 1% L E one npegieern—oten: wT essib . *% . ‘ ~ ns > ene > SLL TT NT ee - by abe S12) Se SF ae FE SS ES i; 2 eS ooo QQ mn a = seth oo ~ Ar ar es wpe Be td € > 7 P . . Pes : ie) Bien > = 4 i hh -_— ee > ae oF was a AY s 638 benefit of those employed during the day, | where English studies, including mathe- | matical drawing and geometry, are being taught. The character of books drawn from the public library indicates an increasing de- | mand for substantial literature, the works | of fiction, including juveniles, being only 27 per cent. of the whole, as against 31 per | cent, last year. This fact is suggestive in view of the returns made in ten English cities for the year 1888, which places the number of books of fiction and juveniles at 80 per cent., while 22 large English | cities report an issue of 62 per cent. of works of fiction from their public libraries, | exclusive of juveniles, for the same year. _ A — Tests of Aluminium Alloys. The well-known authority, Professor Tetmayer, of the Polytechnic School at Ziirich, Switzerland, has made a series of tests for the Aluminium-Industrie Act. Gesell. at Neuhaus, on the influence upon the mechanical properties of aluminium on copper alloys. The following are the re- sults obtained - | | » ise | o & ieee a 5 26 3 oi 2s Fe S82 FE 22 | 85|\ 590 e° |e a= g° © |25F & = Do A < e= | < Aluminium bronze........... 1l,,, 80 05 Aluminium bronze........... ll 68 1 Aluminium bronze... ...... 10 | 6 | 1 Aluminium bronze........... 9,,; 62 | 19 Aluminium bronze.......... Y 57,,| 32 Aluminium bronze....... .. 8,,| 50 52... Aluminium bronze..... .... 5,5| 44 64 Aluminium brass ........... 4 69 6,5 Aluminium brass......... ... 3 | 60 Ts5 Aluminium brass. ...... ... . 2.,| 52 20 Aluminium brass...... ...... 2 45 30 Alu.iinium brass.............. 1; 45 | 39 Aluminium brass ............. 1 | 40 | & Professor Tetmayer has plotted his re- sults, the curve obtained showing that with increasing aluminium contents the tensile strength increases slowly at first, but then grows rapidly as the alloy is made richer in the light metal. mm The Vesuvius.—The test of the dyna- mite cruiser Vesuvius was successful even beyond anticipations in respect of speed, and the guns were fired 15 times in 17 minutes, instead of 30 minutes, the limit of requirements. On a 24-knot course she obtained an average speed of 21.646 knots an hour, and at one time she was going at the rate of 22.947 knots. Her three gun-tubes of 104-inch diameter will carry shells containing each 200 pounds of ex- plosive gelatine and dynamite to the dis- tance of more than a mile. The com- pressed-air reservoirs are only required by contract to maintain a pressure without repumping sufficient to discharge 15 shots, five from each gun, to the distance and with the accuracy contemplated; but in Thursday’s trial it would have been prac- ticable to discharge additional shells, as | the air-pressure, which started at 2000 pounds per square inch, had only been re- duced to a little over 1200. —_—=EE The Pencoyd Iron Works are using their new 20-ton hammer for making axles from 16-inch ingots, which certainly implies that much work is being put into the steel. At the same time double heat- ing is avoided. The firm have just issued a pamphlet giving in detail the results of tests made for the acceptance of axles by | customers. Among them we notice tests showing that the steel axles resisted before breaking as much as 50 blows trom a 1660- | method. THE IRON AGE. pound ram falling 25 feet, when the re- | quirements cailed for 5 blows only. The pamphlet contains four very handsome |antotypes of the axle forge and 20-ton hammer. EEE The Stark Multiple Boring-Machine. It frequently becomes necessary to bore many holes so near together that the usual method of operating the drill-spindles by belts or gears will not answer. The draw- ings here presented show a simple method, by means of which any number of holes can be bored at any desired distance apart, the drills all being operated by the same The drawings illustrate an in- vention recently patented by Charles A. Stark, of Corry, Pa., and show the simple method adopted by him for operating the October 24, 1889 the holder at each reciprocation, which in a short time renders the machine inop- erative. The journal-boards are held in the holder G and can be adjusted at will The block to be bored is placed in the holder I, Fig. 1, which is caused to move toward or from the drill by means of the treadle, the connection of which is shown, The boring-rods extend through the jour- nal-boards at any desired angle, and may be arranged to bore holes whose axes are parallel with each other or at an angle. It is evident that the distance apart of the holes is governed solely by the amount of metal necessary to form the bearings for the drills and crank-ends. - a - A Mammoth Gun.—A cast-steel gun eighing 235 tons has just been shipped Krupp from Hamburg for Cronstadt. w b Fig. 1.—Side Elevation. Fig. 3.—Bit-Driver. THE spindles. The maio driving-pulley D of the machine is mounted upon the outer end of a shaft, to’ which the operating gear is secured. Engaging with this gear are four others, L, of the same size, se- cured to shafts carrying at their inner ends disks, B, which have concentric re- cesses formed in them, as shown in Fig. 2. Between these disks and the journal- board holder G is placed the bit-driver C, Fig. 3, which is formed in a single piece and is provided with a journal at each of its corners, these journals fitting in the recesses formed in the four disks. The | bit-driver is formed with flanges around three of its edges and with lugs at 1ts top, through which set-screws are passed. The crank-carrier 1s placed between the flanges and lugs and is held rigidly in position /by means of the set-screws. The four journals impart to the bit-driver and the crank-holder an even, steady movement, which cannot be obtained by means of the two cranks which are generally used for this purpose, tor the reason that when the latter are employed a jerk is given to Fig. 2.—Section. STARK MULTIPLE BORING-MACHINE, The caliber of the gun is 13} inches and the barrel is 40 feet in length, its greatest diameter being 64 feet. The range of the gun is over 11 miles and it will fire two shots per minute. At the trials of the gun, held at Meppen in the presence of Russian officers, the projectile, 4 feet long and weighing 1800 pounds and propell by a charge of 700 pounds of powder, penetrated 194 inches and went 1312 yards beyond the target. The gun, which is the largest in existence and the heaviest yet exported by Krupp, had to be carried from Essen to Hamburg on a car specially con- structed for the purpose. ————— The proposed removal of Rathbone, Sard & Co.’s stove foundry from Albany, N. Y., to Aurora, Ill., is already bearing fruit in inducing other Eastern manufact- urers in that line to follow their example. Last week capitalists from Bridgeport, Conn., visited Aurora to arrange for the removal of a factory for making stove ornaments, October 24, 1889 The Atlas Hydraulie-Screw Elevator. The Springfield Foundry Company, of Springfield, Mass., manufacture the Atlas Hydraulic-Screw Elevator, which is gener- ally located in the basement near the foot of the elevator shaft, but may be placed elsewhere if more convenient. The power is obtained from the pressure of water upon the piston, and in case suflicient supply and pressure from a street main are not obtainable a steam or other pump may be used to force the discharged water either into a direct-pressure tank near the engine or a gravity tank at the top of the building, whence it is again supplied to the cylinder. The cylinder is made of cast-iron and tested to withstand a press- ure of 200 pounds per square inch. It is open at the forward end. The piston packing can easily be renewed by any mechanic. The operation of the engine is as fol- lows: The wire hand-rope (passing through the elevator car), being pulled downward, opens a balanced valve of special con- struction (shown at right of cut), ad- mitting water to the cylinder back of the piston. There are two piston-rods, to the torward ends of which is attached a cross- head or nut through which passes a 6-inch cast-steel screw-shaft. A grooved wind- ing-drum is keyed to the end of this screw- THE IRON AGE. Fig. 2 shows the manner in which the | screw-shaft passes between two heavy steel rolls in the interior of the cross-head or nut, thus doing away with friction and wear between nut and screw. The cross- head runs on rolls upon the flat top of the frame. Roller bearings of hardened steel overcome end-thrust friction of the screw- shaft and others surround the journals. The piston-travel is usually one-tenth the travel of the elevator car; in some cases it is one-eighth. The diameter of the cylinder varies with the water-pressure available and the load to be raised, and the length of the cylinder depends upon the hight to which the car travels. The Fig. 1.—The Atlas Hydraulic-Screw Elevator. car is stopped automatically at the upper /and lower landings and automatic safety devices prevent the accidental descent of the car in case of breakage of all the hoist- ing-cables at once, which, it would seem, is beyond possibility where two or more good cables are used. If required, an in- dicator can be attached to the elevator which will record the amount of water) used, eee The Strength of Alloys at Different, Temperatures. Prof. U. C. Union has brought be- fore the Bristol Association for the Ad- vancement of Science the results of an| Fig. 2.—The shaft and both are made to revolve by the movement of the nut upon the thread of the screw, the nut, with rods and piston, being forced forward by the pressure of water in the cylinder. The revolving drum winds up the hoisting cables and raises the elevator car. A slight upward movement of the hand-rope closes the valve and stops the car. A still further movement of the rope opens the discharge- port of the valve, allowing the water to escape from the cylinder. The car then descends by its own weight, causing a reverse motion of the drum, screw- shaft, cross-head and piston. The de- scending speed is regulated by the width to which the valve is opened. 639 results were more anomalous. The gun- metals tried were all alloys of copper, tin and zinc. Inthe bars tried the tenacity diminished tole:ably regularly up to a temperature of 300° or 350°, but beyond that temperature there was a sudden de- crease of tenacity, generally of more than 50 per cent., and at a temperature of 500° in several cases the tenacity had become nil, Now, at the high pressures and cor- respondingly high temperature at which steam-engines are often worked gun-metal is exposed in many cases to temperatures of 350° or 400°. It is practically impor- tant to know if at such temperatures its strength is seriously impaired. At any rate the author found that there were but few experiments on the strength of alloys at different temperatures, and of some of these the trustworthiness was doubtful; hence it appeared that it might be useful to make some new experiments. Testing of Metals at Different Temperat;.zes. 2 |8.|"s/¢ s om 5 Sa Mm oe | Sele 33) E=|" 5/98 SO| 2) ot| Se | Metals. S4| .¢\6o |2e Eo bo Sa\5 | 2" 52 €2\ 2g § | s?\éa a3 | s jé@ a |S | | | Yellow brass. oe} * |24 09 41.0) 61.0 | Yellow brass. ceeeeeees | 208°! 22.44 30.5) 28.0 Yellow brass aaah ... |400° 21.2 19 0.100 S| VWQROW DOMGB. 66. occ ccccecces 500° 18.33 5.0 + | Yellow brass. . |602° 15.86, 2.5) | Yellow brass ss eeeees-« |G4O?| 14.49) 1.0] ¢ | Deita-metal (rolled)..........{ * 31 16 20.0 55 0 | Delta-metal (rolled)... .. ... 260°) 28.30 22.0 47 oO Delta-metal (rolled).......... 400° | 26.58 25.0 | 53.0 | Delta-metal (rolled).......... 500° 23.83 27.9| 59.0 | Delta-metal (rolled)..........| 570° 19.32 38.5) 60.0 | Delta-metal (rolled)........ 650° 16 04 33 0) 48.0 | Muntz-metal.. ; * (24.68 35.0) 59.6 "| 300° 27.83 28.5 41.2 Vuntz-metal ‘3 28.5) 41 | Muntz-metal. 3 we ceeee «|400° 20.84 87.5 55.1 | Muntz-metal. ocvercaace ave, a lee 28.5 38.4 | Muntz-metal.... . ... GOO° 16.69 17.0 19.2 | Muntz-metal........ w+» ++, 650° 17.15 16.0 ta | Gun-metal.............. .. |210° 11 66 10.0) 15.8 | Gur-metal ............ .....-|380°| 12.26 a a . ’ 7 | Gun-metal... : ....... | 406° 11.06 12.5 Ce 06 12-5|12 prep | Gun-metal. .. « cccee « [440% 12.30 16.5 7.6 Gun-metal ccsee eo [SOO 7.54 13.0 14 8 | Gun-metal wane 2 (O00? 5 22 1.5 =" interesting investigation. The strength of | GUD-MeHAD verre a = ie the commonly-used alloys, such as gun-| Cast-brass | |12 45 24.0 16.4 > i ; ‘os “ag ar, 6 =| 23. metal and brass, at moderately high tem- a ve — a 53°0| 22.5 ° ° . ° st-brass : —! 6 6 ly s ~~. fete ot peratures Is a question of some practical 1m- Cast-brass eee. | 500°} 7.69 11.5) 16.2 portance. Itis well known that iron and | cmap bene vee a 1 13.5 17.8 . > Crease j nacitv as ~~ sie, CA NUNND cce a nawee ee. eencnens 145°| 3.2 : copper dec rease in tenacity as the tempera-| phosphor-bronze (cast). _...| * | 16.06 13.5) 10.0 ture is raised, the latter in a very marked | Phosphor-bronze (cast) ..... | 270° 14.16 12.5 Bs Loree r re are 1.) exNnerime : ,. | Phosphor-bronze (cast). .... | 350°) 12.26 7.5 10. degree. There are also experiments show- | Snesshamheunes quae... 430°| 12.41 10.6| 8.7 ing a still more considerable decrease of | Phosphor-bronze (cast) ...... 500° 1110 6.0] 6.3 tenacity in gun-metal. The author’s at-| Phosphor-bronze (cast) ...... 600°) 8.17, 3.5).4-9 tention was directed to the matter in study- ing some experiments made for the Ad- miralty in 1877. In these experiments, | copper, Muntz-metal and phosphor-bronze showed a tolerably regular decrease of tenacity as the temperature was raised to 500° F., but in the case of gun-metal the D + Very little. In the present experiments the bars to be tested were fixed in an oil-bath heated by a gas-jet. The middle part of the bar for a length of 2 inches was turned down to a diameter of } inch or 3, inch. The * Atmospheric. ii. 4&1 RAS 640 temperatures were taken by a mercurial | mines, wholly controlled by Americans, thermometer. It is believed that the tem- and last year the shipments of ore to the peratures are quite accurate except those United States comprised 230,000 tons. above 600°. Above 600° the thermometer behaved irregularly. The bars were broken in a small special testing-machine of the | manometer type, the pressure on the dia-| For upward of two years experiments phragm being balanced by a mercury col-| have been conducted at B:ewsters by umn. Rolled bars of yellow brass, Muntz-| Ramel and Conley with a new system aim- metal and Delta-metal were tried, and the|ing to overcome the difficulties of the results on these are quite regular. Some) direct process. Modifications in the de- bars of cast-brass also gave very fairly | tail of the plavt have been found neces- regular results. The bars of gun-metal | sary from time toe time, resulting finally in gave results of less regularity. This is|the adoption of the apparatus which we due, in part at all events, to the fact that | illustrate and which is now running at some of the bars cast first proved unsound | Brewsters, N. Y., in close proximity to the and new bars had to be cast to replace} famous Theall Mine, of the Cheevers, them. At some future time the author; where, by the way, a new large magnetic hopes to try a series of gun-metal bars all| concentrating plant is approaching com- cast at the same time. The results were) pletion. The Ramel-Conley apparatus plotted in a diagram and show that in all | consists, as is shown in Fig. 1, of a cir ular cases the decrease of strength follows a| cast-iron retort 6 feet 9 inches long, taking regular law, without any such sudden loss /a charge of 1500 to 1800 pounds, in which of strength as was shown in the Admi-| revolves, at a speed of five revolutions a ralty experiments. Even at temperatures | minute, an iron shaft carrying a number of 600° to 650° all the bars had a still not ' of scrapers to agitate the ore. As is clearly THE IRON AGE. I The Ramel-Conley Direct Process. elevator to storage-bins. From the latter October 24, 1889 a charge is drawn irto a closed car which stands on a track running along the whole length of the four benches of retorts. By opening a valve in the bottom of the car the ore is allowed to fall through the charging-tube into the retort. The deoxidizing of the charge is carried through at a low heat, the temperature being at a dull red at the time of our visit. We are informed that the time required for a charge is four hours, that the con- sumption of fuel for heating the benches is 14 tons per 24 hours, that the power required for the 12 retorts is 15 horse- yower and that the force required per shift isas follows: One man for weighing, mix- ing and loading, one man for drawing and a fireman for the retorts and boilers. The charge is drawn through the opening shown at the back of the retort in Fig. 1. It drops directly into sheet-iron storage- bins located at the back of the retorts, but not shown in our drawings. It is claimed that 95 per cent. of the oxygen in the ore is eliminated during the treatment. The da 7 - 43 HHH eIs # ay «33 — Paes aw TZ 4 TC EMAL LL Fi . 1.—Section. THE inconsiderable tenacity. The ultimate elon- gation of the bars in the 2-inch test length was measured and is given in the table. There is a peculiarity in the influence of temperature on the ductility of the bars. In most cases the ultimate elongation diminishes with increase of temperature. | With Muntz-metal the decrease is regular, and there is still considerable elongation before fracture at a temperature of 650°. With yellow brass—rolled—the decrease is more rapid, and there is very little elonga- | tion before fractures at temperatures above 500°. Cast-brass behaves in the same way. The elongations of the gun-metal bars were very irregular and at temperatures of 600° and upward the elongation was extremely small. On the other hand, in the case of the Delta-metal bars the elon- gation increased regularly with increase of temperature. The contraction of area was also measured. This follows generally the same law as the elongation at tracture, but the contractions of area are more ir- regular