The Iron Age 1889-06-27: Vol 43

‘THE Pipe-Cutting and Threading Machine. THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1889. |In operating the machine the pipe is placed through the self-centering vise |attached to the back of the shell, with A new pipe-cutting and threading ma- the end against the back of the dies, and chine, of which we present an engraving, has just been placed on the market by | Curtis & Curtis, of Bridgeport, Conn. It | is arranged to cut off and thread all sizes | of wrought-iron pipe, from 24 to 12 inches | inclusive—a very unusual range. On ac- | clamped securely by turning the hand- wheel shown on the top of the machine. The dies are all opening and adjustable to any variation of the fitting by means of cams behind the dies on an annular ring, and they are set for the size of pipe to be IRON AGE cheaper than any other 12-inch power pipe machine in the market. The floor- space is 47 x 65 inches and the shipping weight 5800 pounds. Z atin bs The example of the Cumberland Valley Railroad in using a car fitted with a dy- namo and the necessary apparatus for elec- tric lighting seems likely to be followed NEW PIPE-CUTTING AND THREADING MACHINE, BUILT BY CURTIS & CURTIS. count of the small amount of floor-space | cut by simply revolving the ring to the | in the near future by other roads through- required long length of pipe can be handled in a wath smaller room than is usually required. The general principle is the same as in the smaller sizes of pipe- machines for hand or power made by this firm. The die-carrying gear is supported in a casing with the pinion imbedded in its side. On the back of the gear 1s placed a lead-screw of the same number of threads to the inch as the pipe to be cut, which engages with the brass lead blocks | shown on the side of the shell, and which work out or in by excentrics. Thus as the gear revolves in the shell it is drawn into the shell by the lead-screw graduation. The difficulties attending so great a range are overcome by using two die gearing rings which fit into the large gear. The larger one is shown in the machine and contains six dies for thread- ing all sizes, from 7 to 12 inch inclusive. The smaller fixture is shown by the side of the machine and contains four dies for threading all sizes, from 2} to 6 inches inclusive. A change from 24 to 12 inch ipe is made in a few moments by chang- ing the fixture and the jaw steels. The advantages claimed for this machine are that it has the largest range, requires-less floor-room, takes less power to run it, is out the country. The car in question dem- onstrated its great usefulness recently in the work of repairing tracks and bridges. | It was used by the Pennsylvania Railroad in building the temporary bridge at Mont- gomery and at other points along the line. It is 33 feet long, 9 feet wide and 13} feet from the rails to the top of the roof. The | boiler and engine are at one end and the dynamos at the other. The lamps and tools for erecting the line are carried un- der the car. The boiler is 40 horse-power and the engine is a 35 horse-power vertical automatic. The dynamos are of 25 and 15 arc-light capacity respectively, each and the dies are brought on to the pipe. ' more simple in construction and is far ' lamp being of 2000 candle-power. . EN ee O° 9 98 2) Mie >) em Sp, ee (Me tah (Ae 952 THE IRON AGE. | June 27, 1889 Use of Softeners in Foundry Practice. (Concluded from page 916, June 20.) SILICON, Silicon is a softener of cast-iron. It pro- motes the production of graphitic carbon by replacing the carbon combined with the iron. By the the proper use of silicon any proportion of combined carbon can be ob- tained that is required by the founder. It increases the fluidity of cast-iron. It pre- vents shrinkage by lessening the amount of combined carbor. Silicon prevents the formation of chilled castings in the same manner, it being difficult to get iron to) rt chill deeply with silicon as high as 1.25) per cent. Mr. A. E. Hammer ‘as stated that ‘‘ the carbon in iron containing less than 1.25 per cent. of silicon is surprisingly sensitive to the least increase or diminution of the silicon, even 0.02 per cent. making, under favorable conditions, an appreciable differ- ence.” In certain cases, he says, ‘‘ the cast-iron may not have contained quite enoug:’ silicon to coax or force the com- bined carbon into the graphitic or semi- graphitic state, and the addition, under these circumstances, of 0.077 per cent. or even less of silicon would be expected to have altered very decidedly all the me- chanical and many of the chemical con- ditions of the iron.” Professor Turner finds that the percentage of silicon should be, for the greatest tensile strength, 1.80 per cent.; for softness and working quali- ties, 2.50 per cent., when the percentage of lowest combined carbon is under 5 per cent. SULPHUR. Sulphur hardens the metal. It is very powerful in ite action and acts in almost the contrary direction to silicon, as it pro- motes the formation of combined carbon, 1 part of sulphur neutralizing probably the effect of from 5 to 10 parts of silicon. Riley thinks that the ‘‘slight differences in the amount of sulphur would explain the differences in the number and quality of the iron, as the percentage of sulphur in- creases as the number of the pig passes from 1 to 6. No. 1 contains silicon, 2.619 per cent.; sulphur, 0.54 per cent.; No 4 contains silicon, 2.234 per cent. ; sulphur, 0.115 per cent. ; white contains silicon, 0.27 per cent. ; sulphur, 0.54 per cent. It is observed that as silicon increases in pig-iron the sulphur decreases. In foundry irons the percentage of sulphur should not exceed for soft foundry irons 0.13 per cent., nor for hard and mottled irons 0.20 per cent., nor for white irons 0.25 per cent. PHOSPHORUS. Phosphorus causes hardness and brittle- ness and increases fluidity. Professor Turner finds that 0.8 per cent. of phos- phorus is a good figure for strong castings. MANGANESE, Manganese tends to the formation of combined carbon in cast-iron and reduces the tensile strength. Manganiferous irons are brittle. As the manganese is increased the hardening properties are increased, since it acts in a contrary direction to silicon, and more powerfully in keeping the carbon in the combined state. M. Al. Pourcel, Terrenoire, states that silicon is neutralized by manganese when for each chemical equivalent of silicon there is a little more than an equivalent of mangan- ese present. Silicon when neutralized by irons, and to make clean castings. It pro- tects the silicon during remelting from oxidation, and should therefore always be present to some extent, so that the iron | by retaining its silicon may continue to | be graphitic, Professor Turner finds 0.58 per cent. manganese to be the best figure for strong castings. Dr. Dudley stated to me that as manganese hardens both foundry and car-wheel metal it increases the cost of boring and machining the castings ; he therefore recommends that manganese be kept below 0.50 per cent. in foundry pig- iron. . MIXTURES OF IRONS. In the cupola practice of the Bessemer steel process for a given grade of steel, the proportions of phosphorus, sulphur ‘ /and manganese being prescribed and con- | |stant in the materials used, the mixtures |of irons are based almost entirely upon calculations made from analyses of the percentages of silicon contained in the _pig-irons and scrap employed. To main- tain the required temperature in the con- verter silicon is necessary, it being the principal heat-producer, as will be seen |from the following table, taken from cal- j}culations by Professors Ledebur, Favre and Silbermann: From the combustion of 1 per cent. of manganese a temperature of 69° C. is produced ; carbon, 6° C.; silicon, 300°C. From calculations made from analyses the proportion of silicon required to give the temperature necessary for the success of the operation is very exactly maintained. In the foundry the problem is not to attain a certain amount of heat in the molten metal, but to have the right pro- ena: of combined and graphitic car- n in the resulting casting; this is done, as we have seen, by getting the proper roportion of silicon. The variations in the proportions of silicon afford a reliable and inexpensive means of pro- ducing a cast-iron of any required me- chanical character which is possible with the material employed. In this way, by mixing suitable irons in the right pro- portions, a required grade of casting can be made more cheaply than by using irons in which the necessary proportions are already tound. If a strong machine casting were re- quired, it would be necessary to keep the phosphorus, sulphur and manganese within certain limits. Professor Turner found from a most elaborate and careful series of experiments that cast-iron which possessed the maximum of the desired qualities contained of graphite, 2.59 per cent. ; silicon, 1.42 per cent. ; phosphorus, 0.39 per cent.; sulphur, 0.06 per cent. ; manganese, 0.58 per cent. Irons containing different percentages of the last three elements could not be used without changing the proportions of the other two and complicating the calcula- tions necessary for making a mixture that | would produce a strong casting. A strong casting could not be made if there was much increase in the amount of phos- | phorus, sulphur or manganese. Irons of | the above percentages of phosphorus, sul- | phur and manganese would be most suit- | able for this purpose, but they could be of | different grades, having different percent- ‘ages of silicon, combined and graphitic ‘carbon. Thus hard irons, mottled and | white irons, and even steel scrap, all con- |taining low percentages of silicon and |high percentages of combined carbon, manganese does not diminish the hardev- | could be employed if an iron having a ing properties of the metal. found that the presence of manganese pre- M. Gautier | large amount of silicon were mixed with |them in sufficient amount. This would vented mottled iron from becoming gray | bring the silicon to the proper proportion when scrap, burnt iron, ferro-silicon and | and would cause the combined carbon to No. 1 Scotch irons were melted together | be forced into the graphitic state, and the in a mixture. Manganese is considered to make iron fluid, to take out the shrinkage of certain resulting casting would be soft. Higb-sili- jeom irons which are used in this way are called ‘‘ softeners.” HIGH-SILICON IRONS. Mr. Keep gives the following analyses of high-silicon irons: Ferro-Silicon. ! | + 56 | se Sus Sas ee | sg |ee| gs | os Bel Es| Ss | gs | fete | Fee | Beste Ee oe Silicon... ... .| 10.55| 10.62) 9.80 12.08 | 10.34 Combined car- | Aintree | 0.69) 0.06 | 0.07 Graphitic car- | a 0.52 | 1.12) 1.82 1.92 Manganese....; 3.86) 2.32! 1 65 0.76 | 0.52 Phosphorus..... 0.04) ... | 0.21) 0.48 | 0.45 Sulphur.... ... 0.03; ... | 0.04 Trace | Trace Total carbon..' 2.361. ....| 1.81) 1.58 | 1.99 Average total carbon, 1.98 per cent. Softeners—A merican. ]Welle-, Wells-| Giobo.| Globe. ton. ton. Per Per on at cent. | cent. I iindis50s ne 6.67 5.06 5.89 | 6.64 Combinedcarbon! .... aa Cae | vst Graphitic carbon] 2.57 kites 2.85 Manganese ...... eee I) ae, Boe wes Phosphorus...... 0.50 0.75 1.10 0.99 Sulphur... ...... Trace! 0.0 | 0.02 | Trace Mr. Meissner gives the following anal- yses of Scotch irons: | ls ig! x lo | : ®@ | : ale |E|2 || 2s isi |$1/8/a| 54 ‘2/2 /2/2/&| 4 | e = 2 oS oO Summerlee No. 1..|2.70 0.545 1 800.01 |3.000.25 Summerlee No. 1.. |2.47,0.760 2.51 0.015)....).... Summerlee No. 1..|/3.44'1.00 |1.700.015|....|.... Summerlee No. 2..'2.70.0.81 |2.90 0.02u|2.00 0.80 Eglinton No. 1.....|2.15.0.618 2.80 0.025/3.76 0.21 Coltness No. 1......!2.59.0.845 1.70 0.010)... . '3.75(?) Glengarnock No. 1/3.08,1.20 2.85) ....!.... Rae Glengarnock No, 2/4.00.0.90 3.40.0 01 |1.78.0.90 Iadd the analysis of the Bellefonte soft irons as follows: Silicon, 3 to 6 per cent. ; phosphorus, 0.345 per cent.; manganese, 0.53 per cent.; sulphur, 0.03 per cent. ; graphite, 3 per cent.; combined carbon, 0.25 per cent.; total carbon, 3.25 per cent, It will be seen that ferro-silicons con- tain a low percentage of total carbon and a high percentage of combined carbon. It has been stated that carbon is the most im- portant constituent of cast-iron, and that there should be about 3.4 per cent. total carbon present. By adding ferro-silicon which contains only 2 per cent. of carbon the amount of carbon in the resulting mixture is lessened. Mr. Keep found that more silicon is lost during the remelting of pig of over 10 per cent. silicon than in remelting pig-iron of lower percentages of silicon. He also points out the possible disadvantage of using ferro-silicons containing as high a percentage of combined carbon as 0.70 per cent. to overcome the bad effects of com- bined carbon in other irons. Professor Turner finds that the lowest percentages of combined carbon are met within iron con- taining from 4 to 7 per cent. of silicon, being from a trace to 2 per cent. The Scotch irons generally contain much more phosphorus than is desired in irons to be emploved in making the strongest castings. It is a mistake to mix with strong low-phosphorus irons an iron that would increase the amount of phos- phorus for the sake of adding softenin qualities, when softness can be produce by mixing irons of the same low phos- phorus. Bauermann states that the highly-graph- itic Scotch pig-irons, while useless in themselves for producing castings, have a great use in bringing up lower qualities of metal to the proper degree of grayness in the cupola. M. Gautier says that the high percentage of manganese in Scotch softeners makes them inferior to ferro-silicons; therefore, June 27, 1889 THE IRON AGE. 958 he says, Scotch irons might be improved by keeping down the manganese to 0.50 per cent. and raising the silicon to 3 per cent. Tensile strength is important in the best castings; manganese reduces the tensile strength and increases the capacity of iron for combining carbon with itself; there- fore a reduction of manganese in Scotch irons will increase the strength of the metal and enable it to carry more scrap. He found that the presence of manganese prevented mottled iron from becoming gray when a mixture was made of scrap, burnt iron, ferro-silicon and No. 1 Scotch; hence, he says, if ferro-silicon had not been discovered a new variety of Scotch pig, with less manganese and more silicon, could easily be provided for, and would afford a new field to that renowned prod- uct; but he was afraid that ferro-silicon, which was the essence of the good quali- ties of Scotch pig without any of the bad ones, must come to the front in the future. From the analyses of the Bellefonte softener it is seen that it contains all the Portable Coal Elevators. The accompanying illustration is that of a portable coal elevator constructed accord- ing to the methods employed by the Clark- Howard Excavator and Conveyor Company in coal-handling machinery, and is now in daily use at the coal wharves of the Phila- delphia and Reading Railroad Company at Port Richmond, Philadelphia. The ma- chine has a lift of 30 feet, an adjustment of 16 feet and a capacity of 300 tons per hour. It is built on an ordinary flat gondola car, with a simple hoisting engine and boiler of about 15 horse-power attached, and con- sists of an arrangement of 30 buckets at- tached to an endless chain at stated inter- vals, which passes around a system of wheels. Each bucket holds about 250 pounds of coal. The entering edge of the bucket, where it passes into the coal pile, is fitted with prongs which project ahead, so that instead of crushing into the coal and breaking its way, it gently loosens the coal and scoops it up. The manner in ce PORTABLE COAL ELEVATOR. good qualities of both ferro-silicon and|which the machine performs its work is Scotch pig, without any of the bad ones of | this: It is placed upon trestles over coal either. Silicious ores from the Barrens group of Centre County (the section from which the Bellefonte Furnace Company’s ores come), containing as high as 40 per cent. of silica, have been shipped in large quantities to furnaces in Ohio making a specialty of softeners. Desiring what many furnace men have expressed themselves in favor of, that iron should be bought and sold on analyses, I have undertaken to furnish the analysis of all shipments of iron made when asked for, and to furnish iron of the above pro- portions of phosphorus, sulphur and manganese, and of any percentage of sili- con asked for below 6 per cent. I have even met the foundry men more than half way, undertaking to analyze their irons and scrap on hand, and to furnish an iron that would carry the amount of scrap and hard iron that they desire to use. WALTER GRAHAM, Chemist of the Bellefonte Furnace Com- pany and Member of the American In- stitute of Mining Engineers and of the Verein Deutscher Eisenhiittenleute. BELLEFONTE, Pa., May 31, 1889. piled beneath, an engineer and two at- tendants being all the manual labor neces- sary to operate the machine. The boot with the chain of buckets is lowered into the hatch between the trestles. The end- less chain begins to move, when the bucket nearest the coal enters gently and slowly into the mass, preceded by the prongs, which loosen and scoop it up. The chain revolving draws bucket after bucket through the coal at the slow speed of 75 feet per minute. The chain passes the buckets up the perpendicular to the top wheel, at which point a trip-wheel is also located, which strikes a latch in the back of the bucket, the door opens and the coal slides gently into a shute situated a little below the course taken by the buckets and thence on into cars drawn up on either side on the adjacent tracks. The bucket continues now empty until it reaches another wheel, where it is similarly closed and proceeds downward, to be refilled and emptied as before. The advantages derived from handling coal in this manner are all primary and important. It does away with that large D force of manual labor which is unreliable and expensive. The breakage is reduced to a minimum and is less than that caused by handling by hand. The theory em- ployed in this machine is to handle a large amount of coal at a slow rate of speed, thereby gathericg and depositing the coal so slowly and carefully that it be- comes impossible to break it; and instead of flinging the coal out at a great hight upon a pile beneath, the door of each bucket opens from the back and the coal slides gently out, the motion being that of drawing the bucket away from the coal. This machine has proved to the satisfaction of those in charge of the Philadelphia and Reading coal-yards that it handles coal cheaper, quicker and more securely than ever before. This machine is made by the Clark-Howard Excavator and Con- veyor Company, of 135 Broadway, New York, and Third and Walnut streets, Philadelphia, Pa. EE The Cooper Union. The thirteenth annual report of the trustees of the Cooper Union for the Ad- vancement of Science and Art, New York, has just been issued. It comprises a pamphlet of 63 pages. We extract the following interesting statement: The trustee@ have heretofore made known to the public the necessities of the institution, and they can now only repeat that additions to the endowment fund will be most acceptable, and, indeed, are abso- lutely necessary, in order to meet the con- stantly increasing pressure for admission to the various privileges of the institution. The applications to the art school are more than a year in advance of the possibilities of admission. Ifthe school were double in size it would promptly be filled by the applicants for admission. The other de- partments of the institution, especially the night classes, are crowded to their full capacity and require enlargement. The space exists in the building, but the funds are deficient for the necessary expenses. To bring the institution up to the full measure of its capacity an endowment of $1.000,000 will not be too much. In the meantime the trustees will henceforth be compelled to keep the expenditures within the income which can be got from the rented ,ortions of the- institution and the annual interest of the endowment of $300,000 provided by the heirs of Mr. Cooper. Dur- ing the past year the number of pupils has been: Students. In the woman’s art school...............+-+ 310 In the phonography and type-writing class. 50 In the telegraphy class..............-++-++. 34 Total female day scholars.... ........- 394 In the night school of science...........-. 980 In the night school of art.............-.+- 2,147 Total male night scholars............3,127 The average daily attendance at the read- ing-room amounts to 1500 readers. The free lectures on Saturday evening have attracted very large audiences, often ex- ceeding the capacity of the great hall. These figures serve to give an idea of the magnitude of the educational work carried on by the Cooper Union. RR mm We have received a copy of the pro- ceedings of the first session of the Nation- al Convention of the Representatives of Commercial Bodies to formulate an equit- able uniform bankrupt law, held pursuant to call of the Associated Wholesale Grocers of St. Louis, February 28 and March 1, 1889, at St. Louis. The proceedings are published in a broad-paged pamphlet of 100 pages. The last page of the cover contains afull list of the officers of the convention, headed by Jay L. Torrey, of St. Louis, president. pa eae a poe Fe) ee “ ae ee fe F : _ % P ih iF, ” ee) 4) , PEPE AF ee * ~ LOLA OE A EE AT aint lta a tite dint pete ~ < =A PIDs ye 4d ae ‘<a “A os yey = SP Pie me ge Og a ae : rw » ay art: » * - ~ eter os art SITET apg ween wa a LS hse *) are« Mey ee ne + = ti" ’= > ie June 27, 1889 954 THE IRON AGE. The Porites, fastened to the bed by a clamp-screw, and }can be easily shifted or taken from the | bed; its spindle moves in a steel bushing and is operated by a hand-lever which has its fulcrum on an adjustable stud back of the spindle. This spindle may be clamped The Puritan, which is without doubt the grandest river steamboat in the world, has taken her place in the fleet of the Fall River Line and will, in the future, ply be- tween New York and Fall River. Her most important dimensions are: Length over all, 420 feet; length on water- line, 404 feet; width, 52 feet; depth, 214 feet; gross tonnage, 4650 tons. The steel hull is double and is divided into 59 water-tight compartments; the decks are also of steel, covered with wood. The masts are hollow and will serve as ventilators. The engine is of the compound vertical beam surface condensing type, and develops 7500 horse- power. The high-pressure cylinder is 75 inches in diameter and 9 feet stroke, and the low pressure is 110 inches diameter and 14 feet stroke. The shaft is 27 inches in diameter in the main bearing and 30 inches in the gunwale bearings. There are eight return tubular steel boilers, car- rying a pressure of 110 pounds. The boilers have 850 square feet of grate sur- face and 26,000 square feet of heating sur- face. The fire-room is 78 x 124 feet. The vessel is steered by steam, a two-cylinder engine being provided for this purpose. The extreme upper deck has a promenade entirely around it; this walk is over 600 | feet long and 42 feet above the water. On| the saloon deck is a second promenade | entirely around the boat. The cabins are | all extremely large and mchly decorated and furnished. The main saloon is 128 x 28 feet and the dining-room 108} x 30 feet. The steamer is lighted by electricity and every known precaution has been taken to guard against fire. —— Universal Hand-Lathe. The Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Company, of Providence, R. I., have just issued a pamphlet on the construction and use of the universal hand-lathe made by them. The pamphlet describes and_ illustrates hi to } inch in diameter. The tapering por- tion of the hole is ground. A thread to receive a face-plate or lathe-chuck is cut on the front end of the spindle, and when not in use is protected by « guard-nut. The spindle-boxes are fitted into taper UNIVERSAL HAND-LATHE. wv Yj a UY Fig. 3.—Method of Centering Bars and Shafts. many new attachments designed for work | in any position and has a movable stop, notfusually done on the hand-lathe. As here shown, the lathe rests upon a table, but it is frequentiy used as a bench- lathe. The top of the bed is flat and is scraped to surface-plate, as are also the|by grinding. bearing surfaces of the foot-stock and the slide or other rests. The foot-stock is r, Fig. 1, which serves to limit the forward motion when brought against the adjust- able stop-screw s. The head-stock, spindle and boxes are steel, hardened and fitted 2 The hole through the spindle is 4 inch in diameter the greater part of its length and tapers at the front holes in the head-stock and held in place by nuts. On one side they are cut open and, when adjusted, are drawn forward by nuts and practically closed from all side s. The alignment of the spindle is thus pr e- served. The spindle bearings are thor- oughly protected from grit and dust an are lubricated from beneath. Shell-chuckd 8 June 27, 1889 THE IRON AGE. 955 are provided for holding small work. |cap, C, which is slipped over the end of These chucks are made in a great variety | the tool-holder. The pin D, in the drill- of forms, as required by the shape of the | holder B, serves as a stop in connection work. The tool-holder guides 7 j on the | with the end of the shaft, and determines head and foot stock, Fig. 1, may be set in | the depth of the hole. or out and enable the lathe to be used for! In finishing a pin, I, Fig;. 4 and 5, a turning small shafts, studs, screws, &c.,! special chuck is used, which grips the Figs. 4 and 5.—Finishing a*Pin. Me Fig. 7.—Rounding Ends. either straight or taper. The lathe swings | 9 inches over bed and receives 14 inches between centers. The bed is 36 inches long. The table or stand on which the p bed rests is 12 x 40 inches, measured over i) all. Hight of table from floor, 344 inches; ! C | hight of centers from floor, 444 inches; floor-space, measured over extreme points of movement of lever on foot-stock, 25 x 53 inches. The weight of the lathe com- plete ready for shipment is about 500 pounds, The tool-rest shown in plan in Fig. 2 can be clamped to the bed at any angle and can also be adjusted vertically. | pin just enough to steady and hold it in Fig. 3 shows a method of centering} line. The pin could not be held by the needle-bars, foot-bars, shafts, &c. The|thread alone without damage, and the drill A is fastened in the drill-holder B,| body is too short to admit of its bemg which is secured in the tool-holder &.| held by that alone. To use an ordinary Fig. 8.—Rounding Ends. body and closes about the thread of the is removed by the tool T, and the edge S is rounded with a bead tool, J. The pin U is a stop to regulate the depth of the cap by coming in contact with the inside surface V. The tools and pin are held in the tool-holder shown in Fig. 3, the tools being at right angles to each other. These caps are also bitted and countersunk in the hand-lathe, and when riveted to a stem the burr is turned off with a hand-tool. The ends of a great many odd-shaped pins are rounded as at M, Fig. 7. This cannot be done with the arrangement of tools before described on account of the projecting part; accordingly the tool is held in a collet, which is inserted in the foot-stock spindle. The work is held on Fig. 2.—Tool-Rest. a face-plate, and the end located cen trally by a clamp and stop-pins. The length is regulated by adjusting the stop and stop-screw, which limit the for- ward movement of the foot-stock spindle. The four screws are used to adjust the tool when it is worn or ground. Some- times it is more convenient that the tool should be held in the live spindle and the work secured to the dead spindle, as in turning the shoulders R and 8, Fig. 8. The piece is held by the clamp W in a groove on a special fixture, U, and is moved to a hollow mill by the hand-lever. ee C. P. Huntington, of American railway celebrity, has become interested in the Congo railway, 230 miles in length, to be built around the falls of the Congo River, | believing that the enterprise offers a profit- |able investment. Remarking upon the possible advantages of the road as con- cerns American trade, H. 8. Sanford, ex- Minister to Belgium, says: ‘‘ The estab- lishment of the road would not necessarily | stimulate American exporters beyond giv- ing them a way of transporting their goods. They would possess this in com- }mon with all other merchants. Any in- |crease of trade between America and | Africa must be the result of individual | effort and enterprise on the part of the | merchants themselves. Indirectly the fact | that American capital was interested, were | this the case, might direct the attention of | Americans to the field and in this way in- | crease the commerce of this country. It is quice within the range of probability | that if the road were finisaed some of our |manufacturers would endeavor to take | advantage of it and try to find a market |for their goods along the Upper Congo The tool-holder slides on the guides j j,| chuck for such work would be com-| and its tributaries. Apart from this, how- and the outer end of the drill-holder| paratively slow and costly. ever, I do not see why the road should not slides upon the tool-rest p. The shaft} A method of finishing small caps is| pay on the freights it would secure. The X, to be centered, is held in a shell-|shown by Fig. 6. These caps come to | articles we get from Africa now are suffi- chuck, m, while the drill is pressed against | the hand-lathe from the punch press in the| ciently valuable to stand heavy freight it by hand, the palm bearing on a wooden’ form shown at R. The superfluous stock | charges.” ee SO lt ATT hata : J ij ¢ , bt os i oe pes aca ‘ . SP She gs ahs mine en LO i * Mf PEI . an oe ela> 956 THE [RON AGE. June 27, 1889 Automatic Testing-Machine. The illustrations represent the latest form of automatic testing-machines built by Tinius Olsen & Co., of Philadelphia, Pa. One end of the sample of material of which it is desired to ascertain the tensile strength is secured by proper tools to the extreme upper plate of the machine, while the other ena is secured to the plate below, portant on cast-iron and plate specimens of wrought-iron or steel, The weighing apparatus consists of the | saving much time. after his calculations or measuring while the specimen is being pulled apart, thus he wheel at the end main levers upon which the platform rests, | of the screw besides operating the screw three in number, and so constructed as to act asa single lever, and supporting the platform upon which rest the columns | which carry the upper plate or cross-head. | As one end of the specimen is secured in | the upper cross-head any stress imparted | also serves as a dial vernier for reading the smaller fraction of the stresses. The machine 1s also provided with means by which it graphically records the result of the test. In order to do this the distortion of the specimen under test must thereby exposing that part of the speci-|to the specimen by the lower straining-| not only be observed but transferred to a men between the plates on which the strain is exerted. The lower plate or cross-head is secured to four straining-screws which pass through holes at the carriers of the weighing platform of the machine, through openings in the levers and bed-plate, and enter the driving-nuts situated below the | WAL head will be communicated through the columns and platform to the levers. The stress on the main lever is through an intermediate lever connected to the beam, where the amount is balanced and thus registered. The stresses are in this ma-| chine automatically balanced on the, = at —— ——— ee 7 iece of paper which is mounted on a rum on the beam, in front of which is seen the pencil for marking the diagram. The pencil is moved axially along the drum by the same screw that moves the poise on the beam, and thus this motion indicates the stress on the specimen. The AUTOMATIC TESTING-MACHINE, MADE BY TINIUS OLSEN & CO. latter. Feathers fitting into longitudinal slots cut through the threads of the screws prevent them from turning, and they there- fore either rise or fall and carry the lower plate with them as the nuts are rotated. These nuts are operated through bevel gearing by outside spur gearing and counter-shaft, which is shown in the lower right of the cut. The counter-shaft is provided with double cone and friction pulleys, admitting. of six downward or pulling speeds and two upward speeds. For tensile tests the ends of the speci- men are secured to the plates by steel wedges which enter rectangular openings cut through the centers of the plates. Interposed in the space between the wedges proper and the plate are spherical surface bearings by which the wedges are adjusted to the specimen, and the specimen is ad- justed centrally and on a parallel line to the line of greatest stress, and a straight pull secured. This item is especially im- beam, this being accomplished by a coarse- thread serew placed on the top of the beam, the sliding weight being moved by this screw. At the end of the screw and also extreme end of beam nearest machine is secured a wheel by which the screw is operated. A small friction-pinion is fitted into a groove in this wheel. The pinion is continually driven by a belt from the counter-shaft. In order to make connection between the pinion and the wheel the pinion-shaft bearing is mounted on one end of a lever whose other end is controlled by an electro- magnet. The circuit is broken and con- nected by the vibration of the beam. Thus the raising of the beam completes the circuit, when the magnet attracts the lever and throws the friction-pinion in contact with the wheel and the screw re- volves. When the beam drops the reverse takes place. This arrangement simplifies the testing, as the attendant may look rotary motion of the drum is reserved to show the distortion of the specimen. On the specimen are secured small heads a certain distance apart, say 6, 8 or 10 inches, the distance in which the distor- tion, or, in case of tensile tests, the elon- gation, is to be observed. Between the heads are placed small cylinders eo filled with water, a similar cylinder being laced on the beam in front of the drum. hese cylinders are then connected through a collector and reservoir shown at the top of the illustration, and by the help of which the arrangement is controlled and operated. The drum carrying the paper can be connected directly with the cylin- der in front of it, and when all is properly adjusted any expansion of the cylinders and their pistons on the specimen caused by its elongation will cause corresponding contraction of cylinder and piston in front of the drum, and this motion is transferred to the drum on which the line is drawn. June 27, 1889 THE IRON AGE. 957 This line is drawn on properly-lined paper, so that the results of the test, tensile strength, limit of elasticity and elongation may be observed at a glance. I Verbatim Copy of Texas Trust Law. We have received a copy of the act of the Texas Legislature which was adopted for the purpose of crushing out all trusts and combinations seeking to do business in that State. The act was approved by the Governor on March 30. It reads as fol- lows: (S. H. Bs. Nos. 9, 117, 136, 192 and 313.) An Act to define trusts, and to provide for pen- alties and punishment of corporations, per- sons, firms and associations of persons con- nected with them, and to promote free com- petition in the State of Texas. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legis- lature of the State of Texas: That a trust 1 tA AZZAM) VGx =) mam neapetioes = VES or transportation at a fixed or graduated figure, or by which they shall in any man- ner establish or settle the price of any arti- cle or commodity or transportation be- tween them or themselves and others to preclude a free and unrestricted competition among themselves or others in the sale or transportation of any such article or com- modity, or by which they shall agree to pool, combine, or unite any interest they may have in connection with the sale or transportation of any such article or commodity that its price might in any manner be affected. Sec. 2. That any corporation holding a charter under the laws of the State of Texas which shall violate any of the pro- visions of this act shall thereby forfeit its charter and franchise, and its corporate existence shall cease and determine. Sec. 3. For a violation of any of the provisions of this act by any corporation mentioned herein it shall be the duty of =a: —s DL OA Ne ) Gi U5 hotter 2 S y Ss ? “Ji PT 2 A ODOUR HL AL VERTICAL SECTION THROUGH AUTOMATIC TESTING-MACHINE. is a combination of capital, skill, or acts | by two or more persons, firms, corpora- tions, or association of persons, or of either two or more of them for either, any, or all of the following purposes: First—To create or carry out restrictions in trade. Second—To limit or reduce the produc- tion, or increase or reduce the price of merchandise or commodities. Third—To prevent competition in manufacture, mak- ing, transportation, sale, or purchase of merchandise, produce, or commodities. Fourth—To fix at any standard or figure, whereby its price to the public shall be in any manner controlled or established, an article or commodity of merchandise, prod- uce, or commerce intended for sale, use, or consumption in this State. Fifth—To make or enter into, or execute or carry out any contract, obligation, or agreement of any kind or description by which they shall bind or have bound themselves not to sell, dispose of, or transport any article or commoaity, or article of trade, use, merchandise, commerce, or consumption below a common standard figure, or by which they shall agree in any manner to keep the price of such article, commodity, the Attorney-General or District or Ceunty Attorney, or either of them, upon his own motion, and without leave or order of any court or judge, to institute suit or quo warranto proceedings in Travis County, at Austin, or at the county seat of any county in the State, where such corporation ex- ists, does business, or may have a domicile, for the forfeiture of its charter rights and franchise, and the dissolution of its cor- porate existence. Sec. 4. Every foreign corporation vio- lating any of the provisions of this act is hereby denied the right and prohibited from doing any business within this State, and it shall be the duty of the Attorney- General to enforce this provision by in- juction or other proper proceedings in the District Court of Travis County, in the name of the State of Texas. Sec. 5. That the provision of Chapter 48, General Laws of this State, approved July 9, 1879, to prescribe the remedy and regulate the proceedings quo warranto, &c., shall, except in so far as they may con- flict herewith, govern and control the pro- ceedings when instituted to forfeit any charter under this act. Sec. 6. Any violation of either or all the provisions of this act shall be and is hereby declared a conspiracy against trade, and any person who may be or may become en- gaged in any such conspiracy or take part therein, or aid or advise in its commission, or who shall, as principal, manager, di- rector, agent, servant, or employee, or in any other capacity, knowingly carry out any of the stipulations, purposes, prices, rates, or orders thereunder or in pursuance thereof, shall be punished by fine not less than $50 nor more than $5000, and by im- prisonment in the penitentiary not less than one nor more than ten years, or by either such fine or imprisonment. Each day during a violation of this provision shall constitute a separate offense. Sec. 7. In any indictment for an offense pamed in this act it is sufficient to state the purposes or effects of the trust or combina- tion, and that the accused was a member of, acted with or in pursuance of it, with- out giving its name or description, or how, when, or where it was created. Sec. 8. In prosecutions under this act it shall be sufficient to prove that a trust or combination as defined herein exists, and that the defendant belonged to it or acted for or in connection with it, without proving all the members belonging to it, or proving or producing any article of agreement or any written instrument on which‘it may have been based, or that it was evidenced by any written instrument at all. The character of the trust or combination alleged may be established by proof of its general reputation as such. Sec. 9. Persons out of the State may commit and be liable to indictment and conviction for committing any of the of- fenses enumerated in this act which do not in their commission necessarily require a personal presence in this State, the object being to reach and to punish all persons offending against its provisions whether within or without the State. Sec. 10. Each and every person, corpo- ration, or association of persons who shall in any manner violate any of the provisions of this act shall for each and every day that such violation shall be committed or continued forfeit and pay the sum of $50, which may be recovered in the name of State in any county where the offense is committed or where either of the offenders reside, or in Travis County, and it shall be the duty of the Attorney-General or the District or County Attorney to prosecute for and recover the same. Sec. 11, That any contract or agreement in violation of the provisions of this act shall be absolutely void and not enforce- able either in law or equity. Sec. 12. That the provisions hereof shall be held cumulative of each other and ofall other laws in any way affecting them now in force in this State. Sec. 13. The provisions of this act shall not apply to agricultural products or live- stock while in the hands of the producer or raiser. Sec. 14, Whereas the people of this State are without a remedy against trusts, there- fore an emergency and imperative public necessity exists requiring that the consti- tutional rule which requires that all bills shall be read on three several days be sus- pended, and that this act take effect from and after its passage, and it is so enacted. EEE The new buildings for the New York Central Railroad, to replace those recently destroyed in the $1,000,000 fire at the foot of Sixtieth street, in this city, will have many valuable improvements. An elevator of 1,500,000 bushels capacity that will cost $400,000 will be built upon the old timber foundations. Piers B and D will be rebuilt, each with a two-story iron shed. A large storage warehouse, 200 feet square, will also be erected. The improve- ments will cost nearly $1,000,000. Es [= aches is LDP ODF ~ ee (8? ie Bee 68 Se ae p - ae ca eg ELT a> we ? o >> enn. {reg wena CAE MEI OTE oe i he ‘ 4s Ss & rm = Lr PP i wy Mae pte = 958 THE IRON AGE. June 27, 1889 and how many would accept invitations to any one point of interest. That this con- TH AMERICAN ENGINEERS fusion should have failed to lead to any IN ENGLAND , | discomfort to the visiting engineers is en- tirely due to the Herculean efforts of the Liverpool local committee, whose chair- (Editorial Correspondence.) man was Alfred Holt, the treasurer being y George Heaton Daglish, and the secretary After a delightful run from Queenstown Henry R. West. Their efforts were sec- to the Mersey the good ship City of Rich- | onded by C. H. Darbishire, president, and mond reached Liverpool. With the ten-| J. J. Potts, vice-president of the Liver- der came the Reception Committee of the pool Engineeriv g Society. It is the pleas- Liverpool Engineering Society and repre- | ant privilege of a journalist to express in sentatives of the Council of the City. | behalf of his associates, in a manner less Their first graceful act of hospitality, | formal than can be done in resolutions, a after a brief address of welcome had been thorough appreciation of the overwhelm- pronounced and responded to, was to pre- | ing hospitality shown under circumstances sent magnificent bouquets to the two lead-| peculiarly calculated to increase its bur- ing ladies of the party. Embarking on) dens. It is often said that a characteris- the tender, three vigorous cheers: were | tic of Americans is their constant habit of given to Capt. E. Barff, of the City of comparing their own aims and their own Richmond, a proceeding which Liverpool | work with that of others, with the ulti- people pronounced unprecedented, but | mate object of excelling. If such an idea which it was subsequently learned was lingered in the minds of many, with ref- highly appreciated as a spontaneous and | erence to the reception of the Iron and cordial acknowledgment of the efforts | Steel Institute, a it is hoped, other made to render the trip across the Atlan-| kindred societies in America in the fall tic comfortable. After the customary | of 1890, its realization must now appear search for spirits and cigars at the cus- | far remote. toms, a glaringly perfunctory proceeding} On Thursday, June 6, two alternate ex- so far as the ladies’ ‘‘ luggage” was con- | cursions were offered to the visitors, the cerned, the rest of the day was spent in | first being over wondering why the floor was so solid, while the night was, according to the con- fession of the majority, largely employed in watching the antics of the four bed- posts and enjoying the luxurv of freedom of movement. On the whole, the process of getting off one’s sea-legs was less dis- tressing than getting on them. The engineers had arrived a day earlier than expected. English hospitality was, however, equal to the occasion, so that for Wednesday afternoon (the 5th) two impromptu excursions were planned. The morning was filled by your correspondent by a call on the Mayor, in company with Henry R. Towne. Special permission was granted to inspect the magnificent Town Hall and to attend a meeting of the Town Council. It happened that bills of the Finance Committee were up for debate. One young Radical made it a point to at- tack those of his fellow-councilors who had gone on little junketing trips to Lon- don, especially during Derby Day, and had pocketed allowances of 5 guineas a day each for the services thus rendered. Human nature appears to be very much the same in swaying the hayseed legislator or the English town councilor. Your correspondent was particularly interested in listening to the famous ‘‘ hear, hear” (pronounced he-ah, he-ah) with which English parliamentary speeches are so liberally sprinkled as evidences of ap-| gained to the docks by way of the modern proval. deep-water docks to the southward, locks In the afternoon the majority of the} being previded in the Union Dock. party split up into two bodies, one being | Thence the party proceeded to the Water- carried off to see the Liverpool end of the | loo Dock grain warehouses, built about 20 Manchester ship canal works, while the| years since after the ordinary system of other, in which were included most of the | *‘ floor” warehouses, as it was necessary ladies, proceeded to Knowsley, the seat of | that they should be available either for the Ear! of Derby. grain or for ordinary goods. The aggre- _ During the course of the day invita-| gate area of the floors is about 12 acres, tions to visit points in the vicinity of Liv-| and they have an aggregate storage capac- erpool began to pour in upon the com-|ity of about 57,000 tons of grain. Five mittee. They were pressed with such | buckets, each capable of elevating 60 tons hospitable persistency that their accept-| per hour, are situated in towers disposed ance became a duty. The embarrassments | around the dock. They elevate the grain of those who represented the organization | to the top of the warehouse from receiving of the guests were increased very seriously | hoppers placed below the quay level. The through the fact that the City of New.| grain is passed through hoppers to the York, among whose passengers were about | weighing-machines, whence it falls into 100 engineers and their ladies, had not yet | distributing hoppers. From there it is been telegraphed. It was impossible | received on endless traveling belts which under the circumstances to supply our | convey it to any part of the upper floor. hosts with any definite information con-| From this floor the grain is delivered cerning the number for whom they were | throug!: shutes to any part of the build- to make preparations. Rival attractions, |ing. Screening machinery and hydraulic too, appeared to have an unsettling effect | lifts are also provided. All this machinery upon the minds of the engineers them-| is worked by hydraulic power with an ac- selves, so that it was apparently impos-|cumulator pressure of 700 pounds per sible to state at any given moment who! square inch. The party then proceeded to the Sandon Graving Docks, where pumps have been at work for some years for increasing the depth of water within the dock and over the graving dock sills on low neap-tides, so as to render the latter available at such times for vessels of deeper draft than would otherwise be possible. The pumping plant consists of five Gwynne Invincible centrifugal pumps. Four of them have fans 60 inches in diameter and 36-inch suction-pipes. They are driven direct by four independent high-pressure engines. On trial it was found that the maximum combine’ discharge of the pumps was 513 tons per minute. The Alexandra Dock and Langton Grav- ing Docks, next visited, were completed in recent years specially for the accommoda- tion of the large steamers employed in the Atlantic trade, The arrangem