The Iron Age 1888-11-29: Vol 42

‘THE The Hart Disk-Clutch Hoisting Machinery. We present on this and the following two pages engravings showing different applica- tions of an entirely new form of machine for | ving motion to ropes, chains, &e. It | was designed by Walter Hart, 2 and | ; Stone street, New York, and constitutes | one of several interesting exhibits at the | \merican Institute fair now held at New | York. The object of the design was to | provide an efficient machine for hoisting, lowering, pulling, hauling, easing, and | transmitting power, manipulating ropes, IRON AGE THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 1888. for the general purposes of a hoist; a spe- ) in Fig. 3. The device, as will be cific application of the principle in a device readily seen, is a complete departure for attachment to the hand-rope hoist, so; from the hitherto usual mechanical as to change it at will to a power-hoist;| method by which ropes or chains are another specific application for the safe | drawn in or paid out. The apparatus now lowering of boats. The aim of the pro-| in use, whether simple or complex, invarig- duction of this last was principally respon-| bly contains, as the principal part, a sible for the invention. | drum to which the rope or chain is made Fig. 2 represents the sectional view of the | fast, and on which the one or the other is clutchizg mechanism, and clearly explains | rolled for drawing in or hoisting, or un- the nature of this detail. In this a plane- | rolled for paying out or lowering. This faced disk, B, is shown keyed to a shaft, | method is not applicable when it is nee- A. The drum C, which also is keyed to} essary for the rope or chain to be freed this shaft, has a number of longitudinal | instantly and in its entirety. To accom- grooves; D is a loose bevel-faced disk | plish this, a capstan-head is generally used, with lugs fitting in the grooves in C, and /it being affixed to shaft ends, two or three eg an Fig. 1.—Hatchway Clutch Power Hoist. NEW HOISTING MACHINERY, DESIGNED BY WALTER HART, NEW YORK. hains, wire cable, belts and some classes | of rigid objects, such as rods, bars and rails, The essential feature of the machine is | found in the arrangement of two disks so | as to rotate in different planes, and, while | rotating, to gradually grasp, tightly hold | and gradually release any suitable object | held between them, carrying it along with | them in their motion of rotation. A lat- eral movement is given to one of the disks, by which it is caused to approach to or re- cede from the other, which permits not only of the placing of objects of different | diameters or thickness between the disks, but allows of an exact adjustment of press- ure, in accordance with the demand of | the strain, whether for hoisting, lowering, drawing in or paying out This lateral | movement acts in conjunction with, or in- | dependently of, the rotary, and can be ap- plied whether the machine is in motion or at rest. The engravings represent a sec- tional view of a double-acting machine | | | having a channeled projecting sleeve E. | turns or more of: the rope being made on The threaded sleeve F, working on A, has | such capstan-head. This demands that the several projecting arms, each of which | loose end of the rope or chain should be carries an anti-friction roller. The arms| held taut, so as to prevent surging, which are of different lengths, and with the roll-| requires the services of a separate person ers hold the disk D at such an angle with | or persons. As long as there is any pull respect to the shaft A that the inner faces of | or strain on such rope or chain, 1t must be the two disks B and D are brought paral-|so held, or else must be made fast. The lel along one line of the radii above the | clutch-winch performs its work very dif- shaft, and from that line diverge on/|ferently. It grips the rope at any part of both sides, a maximum being reached its length, be the size large or small. It | at the directly opposite line. The nut G| holds the rope against any pull. It pays encircles F, and is held in place by the| the rope out slowly, quickly, or instantly standards H and I. Rotation of the nut| releases it. It can be constructed in obviously produces lateral motion in F. | duplicate, when it will at one and the The collar K, keyed on the shaft A, is fur- }Same time act on two ropes, haul in nished with anti-friction rollers, and re-;and pay out, hoist and lower, hold fast sists the thrust of the screw-sleeve F,| both, pay out both, hold fast and pay which is in effect the strain of the load. | out, hold fast and haul in. The variety of It will be seen accordingly that the prin- | work it will perform is claimed to be far cipal working parts are few in number, | beyond the capacity of any other hoisting and substantial in construction. machine, while its action is more con- One form of this hoisting machine |trollable. The machine can fill the func- Mr. Hart terms a clutch-winch is shown! tions of a number of different hauling de- dent. ia ane ac a fon Vitae | be ners — R af ‘anil ee. eee ar. Sen Y Gh ROARS 4 14. 6 8 —— = ew wen. Ae en a a 7 es ee be ove had * Pet eats aha die teen apes a een. he rll aoe taney ote a ae ee ee ne Se ee ao .* ez Asem, A pi OE a 4 me tlle ae a * yer, ere 2 a s = ne ~ M4 GAA 2 LBS a S ae < ails meee ee. “st we Ye SCM eat tot WA me %, ré. ve Ae WirGina. t ae or AGES 6 Ree ieee eh 2 sae 7a ++ = asd Pe , 2) 2 eae od . 5A . = ba ; os id aRF 810 as a means of continuous motion. As an attachment to cranes, it allows of any length of rope or chain, as it does not wind on a drum but lays loosely. Furthermore, as the rope or chain is always the same distance from the center of the clutch- shaft, the power and speed are invariably uniform in regard to the rope and the load, As an auxiliary to change the hatchway hand-over-hand hoist to a power-hoist, the clutch can be fixed to the ceiling, as shown in Fig. 1.° The clutch shaft is furnished with both atigat pulley and a loose pulley, but it can be kept in continuous rotation, as lowering is effected by separating the | disks ( by counter-motion of cord and nut) | which opens the clutch, The guide then takes the position shown by the dotted | lines 4nd the hand rope falls in a perpen- | dicul®r direction, as also shown by the dotted lines, the load descending by gravity being controlled by the check rope. If it | is required to lower by power, then an ad- ditional fast-pulley with cross belt or other reversing device must be added and the grip kept closed. We have already indicated that the use for which the machine was first designed was the lowering of boats safely and rap- idly. Fig. 4 shows the method of appli- cation, It will be seen that, placing each of the falls in a separate clutch, on one shaft, both falls will be paid out simul- taneously and equally, lowering the boat with an even keel. Only one man will thus be required to attend in a thorough manner to a duty which now takes several to carry out in an inefficient and uncertain way, especially when disaster calls for im- mediate action. and variety of form to which the device may be successfully applied is clearly ap- parent, and considerably enhances the in- terest, which, even with a more hmited capacity, would be attached to it. - rT = Large Furnaces on Alabama Material. At the Birmingham American Institute of Mining Engineers, Fred. W. Gordon, of Philadelphia, read a paper on large furnaces on Alabama ma- terial, as illustrated in practice by one of the Ensley furnaces of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Company. A number of well-known furnace managers took part in the discussion, a revised edjtion of their remarks being subsequently printed. We may quote the remarks of George Jamme, of the Dayton Coal and Iron Company, Dayton, Tenn: It is now about one month since the Birmingham meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers took place, and the reported success of the Ensley fur- naces continues. I see nothing, however, to materially change the opinion expressed by me at the meeting on Mr. Gordon's paper, which appeared to me at that time to be rather a *‘ headquarters-in-the-sad- dle” sort of bulletin than a convincing and established proof that high and large HOISTING furnaces are best for Alabama materials. The wide range of work | meeting of the! THE IRON AGE. vices, and can replace the sprocket-wheel | notion that the ores used in the furnaces! cause the coke to | of the Birmingham district and the Chat- | tanooga district of the South, are one and the same in composition, and that the | fuels used in these districts are also the same. I do not know that Mr. Gordon holds this opinion, but I do know that it is entertained by our cousins abroad and by many of our Northern friends. Coke.—Judging from what we have seen in the way of coke at the Ensley and Pio- Fig. 2.—Section of MACHINERY, DESIGNED I have too much respect for Mr. Gordon’s | evident and remarkable abilities, and cour- | age in expressing his conviction, to cap- tiously criticise his expressed opinions, even had any reverse attended the! operations of the two Ensley — fur- naces now in blast. Any furnace is | subject to accident, and in such matters | conclusions should not be hasty; there- fore, 1 propose to give my views without reference to the events of the past month's career of the Ensley furnaces, simply on general principles, as I gave them at Bir- mingham. Mr. Gordon, in introducing eur English cousins, and deprecating their action in decapitating their high furnaces, permits a wider range of criticism, and | gives an opportunity to correct a prevalent! parting in the neer furnaces, the coke used in Alabama is ‘not a soft coke, or, if it is, it need not necessarily be so, There are many places on this continent where coke much softer and much more poorly put together is used, and still money is made in the man- ufacture of pig iron. If the coke at the above-mentioned furnaces is structurally soft, it is due to bad treatment of the coal, either in mining or immediately after- ward, It is due to the presence of slate particles, or rather pieces, more or less large, that place themselves across the columnar structure, arrest the action of the incandescent gases in_ their their resistance to columnar direction work, and by November 29, 188s | cat break across w) | being pulled and before the coke leave the oven. The result is a general frix})j | ity caused by the presence of these slats | particles or pieces, This, however. , | be remedied, so that Pratt coke need | necessarily be called a ** soft” coke, an | there is no reasan why it cannot be mad eqnal to fair competition with Connel|s | ville coke. It is as low in ash, about high in carbon, it has the proper ring, Clutch Meckanisin. HAUL ANIM Fig. 3.—Double-Action Clutch Winch. BY WALTER HART, NEW YORK. equal to Connellsville in cell capacity, and I believe as able to resist crushing test as any Connellsville coke. Washing cannot be used to make it any better, for water is not abundant enough in the South near the Pratt mines to permit that process, and if there is anything in the claim that the Connellsville ash ‘‘ makes’ the Con- nellsville coke, it may as well be applied to Pratt coke. In the Chattanooga district the condi- tion of coke is very different. Ash is more abundant. It often rises to 23 per cent. when the miners are careless, and 19 per cent. may be called normal. In this district high and large furnaces have been advocated, but have November 29, 1888. ‘t been as successful as was expected, not | itogether because of the condition of the ke, but for reasons relating to the ores f the district. The use in them of ores f the Alabama district has not, however, Jtered the case. Coke made under the «ime conditions of manufacture as those f the present practice in Alabama nd Tennessee would work exactly the ame if made of coal from other dis- rricts, and with such coke, the dust- catchers, absolutely necessary in Alabama is well as Tennessee, would be required in | listricts where they are not yet known, to| relieve the gorged stomachs of furnaces. With this evil furnace-managers in South- ern practice are well acquainted. Without the convenient dust-catchers, the coke would fill the flues with a dust which, THE IRON AGE. are, by the way, not now ostentatiously | exhibited by our good friends in that city. It is quite certain that the large furnaces that have been in operation in Birmingham for several years have not been as success- ful as the smaller ones, either in free- dom from disaster, regular running, or a good quality of metal With smaller furnaces, and more of them, the risks would be lessened; depressions would be tided over more easily by a more elastic control of production, and the first cost of erection would not be enhanced in the same degree as the risk and loss of time in recovering from ‘‘ trouble,” which are disproportionately large with furnaces of excessive widthsof bosh or great hight. For instance: Was the Ferryhill furnace, ‘in England, with 103 feet hight and 27 fv tga ! un stgcaniotainii ONT Fig. 4.—Clute HOISTING MACHINERY, DESIGNED moreover, is not found in the South to be as good a tertilizer as the dust found in the flues of Northern or Eastern furnaces. Plant.—No impartial visitor could find fault with the plant at Ensley, or, in fact, with any of the recently built furnaces in the Birmingham district. When the Ens- ley plant is complete it will be, without doubt, the finest in the world. Nothing has been spared to endow it with full power in every requisite. The plant is simply ‘‘ monumental.” Is this, however, a criterion of economy? Is it a commer- cial perfection? I think not. I take it for granted that furnaces are not built, like monuments, to be gazed at and admired. They must have a_ success- ful industriil life apart from natural ad- vantages of location; in other words, they must be built to make money, ih j ie 4 , \ ‘ ‘ N \ ) ‘ sy ‘ N i A — ’ | ‘h Boat Hoist. BY WALTER HART, NEW YORK. feet of bosh a success, as compared with the 80 feet hight, and 18 and 20 feet bosh of Middlesboro’, both sizes work- ing on similar materials? Hight in a furnace, as I think Mr. Gordon will agree, is correlative to the ease of reducibility of the ore in use. Will the large Ensley be as successful in the use of the red fossil ores as the Belgian furnaces are, which use the Minette, and make re- the most enthusiastic real estate agent in Birmingham or Sheffield has not yet dared utter? The Belgian furnaces are not | high furnaces; their hight reaches only a few feet above the top of the boshes of the Ensley; their stove capacity is very | modest; but their low consumption of fuel is remarkable, and may yet be envied by our Ensley friends when they look behind | and as much of it as possible — not in aspasmodic manner, or in a steeple- chase style, resulting in such wrecks as are | that is the kind of stuff the Ensley furnaces | 55,000 tons. to be seen in and around Birmingham, in furnaces that are hardly a decade old, and | the returns. In tLe manufacture of foundry pig (and | spectable quantities at a price that even | 811 good foundry iron, Anything that retards the pace gives time for saturation of the metallic iron with silicon, and is the cause of production of pig-metal with high silicon. Mr. Gordon couples large diam- eter with hight; these assist each other in preparing disasters; rapid driving is ac- companied with abundant blast, the sec- tion of plastic material is carried higher, and more readily within the reach of in- creased burden and cooling influences, and less under control than in the smaller fur- naces, Mr. Gordon does not seem to believe in the irregularity of composition of the Southern ores. With more extended actual practice he would have found that they do vary greatly (especially the hard ores) in the amount of lime; and, unfortunately, the difference does not carry with it a corresponding change in the proportion of silica. It is in this respect that I fear the practice of carrying a high percentage of silica in his calculated burden for slag will bring him to grief, or at least those who | under his inspiration are in pursuit of large production. I have not had |opportunity to obtain an analysis of |the pig iron we saw at Ensley, nor has the verdict of the captious customer had time to become known. Even at this time | of writing I cannot see yet that the success so far obtained at Ensley is due to the pro- portions of the furnaces. The South Chi- | cago furnaces, which have been proposed to us as examples of successful running, are not high furnaces in the proportions of the Ensley; and I would ask Mr. Gordon whether the brilliant success at the Chi- | cago furnaces is not due to a proper mode of distribution of stock at the top, rather | than to the low percentage of lime, and the special conditions and relations of iron and | cinder produced. This mention of the South Chicago furnaces may seem digressive in | discussing furnaces working on Alabama materials; yet it is a fair parallel argu- ment. Before ranging myself to Mr. Gordon's opinion that high and large fur- /naces are best for Alabama materials, I | shall require further evidence produced by experience. But I feel quite sure that no one will yield with more grace than I, if any good way can be established to relieve the Southern furnace managers of some of the ills which, in the words of our former president, Mr. Bayles, make their hair turn | prematurely gray. | — I Visitors to the Scandinavian Exhibition, at Copenhagen, Denmark, have been struck with the remarkable electric light- | house and its machinery, destined for the | Hanstholm, on the west coast of Jutland. This light is about 2,000,000 candle-power, | the greatest in the whole of Europe, its range being about 26 miles. With the light is combined a station for powerful | fog-horns, or roarers, worked by com- | pressed air. The light is in the exhibition | placed on an improved low tower, built of soft limestone, but the tower on the Hanst- holm is over 200 feet above the sea level. At the foot of the tower there is the build- ing containing the electric and pneumatic machinery for the light and for the fog- horn. The light has been kept burning every evening since the latter part of August, and the powerful flashes or rays revolving in the sky afford a remarkable sight. The foghern war not sounded for fear of the tremendous roar annoying the inhabitants of Copenhagen in general, and | | | } | | the visitors to the exhibition more espe- cially. The Minnesota Iron Company will ship this year by rail and lake fully 450,000 tons of iron ore. The Chandler mine in Minne- sota will also ship between 50,000 and The total production of the will have to make) rapid driving becomes| Vermillion range will thus be over half a an absolute necessity—a sine qua non ofi million tons. 2 se ithe tc ee eA s nA Ss ee . eo = & ~-” Zee ren ~tr@ Milt SCR Ra ted Mme) Xe, at > eG ae ~~ ao Ame aaa ee sn iz awa te, 7. Purucy a taut Op AG * a | : ist ‘ : a r > ” aa & we Aw MP Gam 6 me mek eee hs Ce eee 41 812 The Armington & Sims Engine Works. In referring to the works at Providence, R. 1, of the Armington & Sims Engine Company, which we recently had an op- portunity of visiting, we need not specially introduce to our readers the Armington & Sims engine, which, within the past few years, has established for itself so wide and flattering a reputation. This, in fact, was strikingly evidenced by the amount of work with which the shops at present are crowded, full capacity without apparently much re- lieving the pressure of business, The company have been in the build- ings which they now occupy, on Eagle street, only for the last six months, the engines havmg previously been turned out at the works of the Builders’ Iron Foun- dry. There accordingly, newness in some of the shop arrangements, strengthened by the additions which were being made to the facilities for handling and turning out work, The capacity of the works for putting engines on the market is now rated at one engine of 100 horse-power per day, and work is being done constantly on some 200 engines of various sizes and in different stages of completion. Power for the shops is sup- plied by a 90 horse-power Armington & Sims engine. In the line of heavy tools, our attention was specially attracted by a 10-foot Niles boring mill. and two others is, of 6 and 7 foot capacity, built by the Pond | Machine Tool Company. <A large number of interesting special tools, among them milling machines, rotary planers, and a planer of novel design, with stationary table and traveling tool block, built by the Newton Machine Tool Works, of Philadelphia, are used, the character of the work to be done affording a good op- portunity for their employment. All the smaller plane surfaces of various parts of the engines are ground, a Brown & Sharpe grinder, and one built by the Springfield Glue and Emery W heel Com- pany, of Springfield, Mass., being used for the purpose. The work ac- complished by them quickly and cheaply done and eminently satisfac- tory. In the upper of the several stories of the main building only comparatively light machinery is placed, one of the floors being given up to a nickel-plating plant for plating lubricators and other special fittings for the engines. All these floors receive light from all sides, the building standing alone, and are therefore remark- ably cheerful and in striking contrast to the average machine shop. For the eco- nomic handling of the heavier parts of work a system of overhead trolleys has been adopted, the conveniences of which are too generally appreciated to require special remark, These trolleys have a lift- ing capacity of 10 tons, amply sufficient for all requirements. In addition the ground floors are fitted up with tracks and cars, the tracks running through the yard from one building to another in different directions, a number of turn-tables being provided. Heavy pieces of work can thus be readily carried from shop to shop. A 10-ton traveling crane erected in the yard further facilitates this work, and is spe- cially useful in loading the finished engines on trucks for shipment. The crane has been designed by Mr. Pardon Armington and runs with remarkably little friction, ¢ light wind being sufficient to carry it along its track. Every engine before being sent out is tested under steam, a special room being fitted up with testing blocks and other necessary appliances. The drafting rooms and pattern-making department are in a separate building. No heavy foundry work is done, there being only a small brass foundry for turning out composition castings and Babbitt metal. This latter is compounded with great care, so as to suc- is everything being worked to its | evidence of | THE IRON AGE, cessfully meet the requirements of high- speed engine running. A small forge is fitted up for light work. The heavy engine castings are turned out under spe- cial arrangement outside of the works. Considerable interest is attached to some of the engines which have more re- cently been turned out at the works and a number which are now approaching com- pletion. Departing for special purposes from the well-known form of single cylin- der automatic which in the past has done such good work, a double cylinder engine was built, the aim being to secure if pos- sible smoother running and great power with compactness, The first engine of this design, we believe, was put into the werks of the Pond Machine Tool Com- pany, at Plainfield, N. J., for driving their electric light plant. The engine is of 100 horse-power, and its performance has been highly satisfactory in every re- spect. The design has been adopted for the electric lighting installations aboard the new cruisers of the navy, and several of the engines have already been turned out. They are rated at 30 horse-power, have 5 x 7 inch cylinders, and run at a speed of 400 revolutions per minute. The cranks are set 180° apart, so that a prac- tically perfect balance of the moving parts isobtained. Both valves are worked by one valve stem, but in all other respects the details are similar to those of the single engine. The engines are coupled to the dynamos either by flexible coup- lings or by gearing. A striking ‘novelty is found in the compound condensing en- gines which the works are now building on special order from the Government They are intended for the ordnance shops at Washington, and are arranged for rope driving, each engine having two sheaves, The cylinders are placed side by side, and have diameters of 104 and 164 inches, with 12-inch stroke. The engines will run with 220 penne boiler pressure, and at a speed of 275 revolutions, at which they will average 100 horse-power each. The cranks here also are set 180° apart with the same advantage of perfectly balanced parts. Five engines of this design will be built for the Government. A set of engines, 12 in number, which are in course of construction for the Philadelphia Edison Company also deserve notice. They are to develop 440 horse-power each, or over 5000 horse-power altogether, and will run at 2380 revolutions. The remark- ably high speed for engines of this size is specially noteworthy, and their perform- ance when completed may well be watched with interest. Eclipsing all previous en- gines, however, so far as speed is con- cerned, will be the engines designed for working the electric search lights which are to be fitted up in the bows of the new cruisers of the navy. Great compactness, coupled with the requisite power, is there an element of considerable importance, and will, we think, be secured in a very marked degree in these engines for which patterns are now being made. They will embody the main features of the regular Armington & Sims engine, but will have two double-acting vertical 3 x 5-inch cyl- inders, and are to run at a speed of 800 revolutions per minute, at which they will develop 20 horse-power. Mr. Armington has in contemplation, also, a 200 horse- power double compound tandem engine, which, in the event of being designed, would probably be put on the market as a regular engjne for general manufacturing purposes. The activity in all departments at the works will perhaps be better real- ized when it 1s stated that the company are at present 87 engines behind their orders. —_— Prof. Edward Orton, State Geologist, has made a measurement of the monster gas well drilled at Findlay lately and computes the yield at 31,600,000 cubic feet per November 29, 1888 diem. This is more than two and a half times as large as the famous Karg, which was computed at 12,000,000 daily. The well is thus proven ‘the largest in that section, if not in the world. “It j is owned by the Syndicate Oil and Fuel Compan, of Findlay, Ohio, a rival of the Standard ‘The well is 1200 feet deep and 60 feet in the Trenton rock. It gave scarcely any gas when driled in, but on being tor pedoed it responded with a vast flow. The well is now being tubed and packed and the gas will be shut in for use, I Labor-Saving Machinery. From the current number of the Fy;- nightly Review William Morris, poet and artist, sends out over the roofs of th: world a quiet and exceedingly bitter ery against the deteriorating effects upon society of labor-saving machinery. The Philadelphia Ledger summarizes his views and comments on them, The artisan, Mor ris holds, no longer has in his work th pleasure which he once enjoyed of indi vidual creation, of making it the expres- sion of his own individual taste and skill; having lost that, he has lost the inciting cause of happiness which his daily labor should give him, and he finds his vocation dull and cheerless. The man has become a mere part of the machine; he is not greater, but less than it; he is not elevated, but cast down by it. To the skilled, ambitious handicraftsman, losing his creative skill, the labor-saving machine has become the great invading Moloch, the destroyer of his originality and his taste. But the maker of things is not the only sufferer from labor-saving machinery; the buyer of them also suffers. He is no longer permitted to purchase a thing of use or show which is in itself unique; he must buy one of many all alike, made by the hundreds or thousands, or millions from the same pattern, wrought out upon the same lines by the same machine. The man who wishes to wear a hat of last year’s fashion cannot do so; he must wear the one of this year’s fashion, as the machines are no longer making the former. His furniture must be like that of his neighbors; the machine decrees the design, the execution of it. But, bad as this begins, still worse re- mains behind. The worst of it all is, says Mr. Morris, that the machine in forge, factory and shop has come between the employer and employed, destroying the old close and friendly relations between them there, separating them by a wide, deep, impassable gulf of divergent inter- ests. The employersare a class of ‘‘ slave- holders,” the employed, ‘‘ slaves,” The machine breeds discontent among the workingmen; it makes Socialists, Com- munists, dangerous classes of them. In all this lament of the poet, artist and Socialist, for Mr. Morris late years has become a noted teacher of the creed of Socialism and a great leader in its ranks, there is that one grain of regretful truth which gives excuse for its being made. But from even the poet’s, artist’s, and especially from the Socialist’s point of view, if the latter is, as he maintains, a well-wisher and helper of humanity, there is a good deal to be said in favor of the labor-saving machine. It is not, as Mr. Morris now contends, and as thousands before him have erroneously contended, an unmixed evil. Admitting that it has interfered with individual invention and skill, and made artisans fewer and workmen more numer- ous; thatit has multiphed bad or indiffer- ent designs of things, and so dwarfed original creations and crushed out the myriad forms of beauty which would have grown from under the hands of hosts of skilled workers, must it not also be ad- November 29, 1888. mitted that it has given of such taste | as it produces to millions | beauty where handicraft gave vyored few, the wealthy? And if reduced the number of artisans and in- creased the number of poor work- men, has it not given to both those classes a prosperity undreamed of by the old handicraftsman? Compare the state of the workman of these days of the labor-saving machine with that of his predecessors ; look into his home filled with many com- forts which formerly would have been con- sidered luxuries by all but the very rich; look at his well-housed, well-fed, well- clothed family; look at his wage rate, at his savings in bank and building associa- tion, and compare his condition with that of those who before him wrought 12, often 14 hours per diem with their hand tools. The homes of the workmen of to-day are infinitely more tastefully furnished than were those of the fairly well-to-do before the machine was brought into factory and shop. And as for the rich, are their homes less beautiful or artistic and only to the fa- a‘ ed | NEW BELT POWER PUNCH, of their elders? Never before in the life of the world was art so common in the de- signing and making of all things as now, and never before was the artistic feeling so great or so generally shared. Art in even the surrot indings of life belongs now to the multitude, whe ‘re once it belonged to the few. As a Socialist Mr. the great masses of those who labor their daily bread lifted up out of vice, ig- norance and dire poverty. He would make them all prosperous, contented, happy. In 1800 wheat was a dollar a bushel, and the average wage rate $1 a day. Put the two facts together and it will be seen that it then took a whole week’s wages—yes, more—to buy a barrel of flour. Until the recent increase of the price of flour, caused by the partial wheat failure of this year, a barrel of excellent flour could be bought for $5, the very highest fancy grade for $6, or for, at the most, the wage for three days’ work. One ot the best authorities on economi- cal questions in this country is Mr. Ed- ward Atkinson, of Massachusetts. In the elaborate paper read by him in 1884, at Montreal, before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, he ex- hibited the great increase of wages which had occurred in this country since 1830. Taking two cotton mills as ex amples, he it has | than those’ BUILT JANESVILLE, | clothing and fuel to the entire body of consumers, but it has made of the great farming class a richer class. It} |has taken thousands or hundreds of thou- | forges and made farmers of them. Farm- | |ing pays chiefly because of the labor- saving machine, of that which makes Morris would have | for | THE IRON showed that the mute of them earned an average of $126, gold, more in| 1884 than in 1830. In this last mentioned year the hours of labor were 14, in the former mentioned year they were 10, 80 | that the wages of 1884 per hour, as com- | pared with those of 1830, were double. AGE. Further, said Mr. Atkinson, ‘Skillful female weavers earn more now than male overseers and second hands 1830." In {817 the average skilled artisans in New York C ity, they were as high as anywhere, per week, and a working day hours long. It is not only in this country that the | wages of the workman have increased and | his hours of labor decreased since labor- | saving machinery came into common use; | the same conditions have prevailed every- | where, though not to so great a degree. The machine has undoubtedly dwarfed or killed some of the genius or talent of indi- vidual craftsmen; but, considered in re- spect of all its influences, it has not left the world worse, but better, for its coming. The earned in pages of where were $9 | was | Me ahi i M i 2 a TE BY THE DOTY MFG. CO., WIS. NEW machine has not only cheapened homes, food, sands of men from the mines, shops and | the implements of the farm and of that which transports the products of the farm to market. The labor-saving ma- chine has added to the hosts of consum- ‘rs, has created a demand from millions for such things as were once bought only by the rich, and, though it has wrought ‘vil in some ways, it has wrought infinite | good in others. If it has hurt labor jn some ways, it has helped it in others, and, by making the lives of men and women more prosperous, it has made them hap- pier. EE | We find the following in the Philadel- phia Press: From the talk among influ- ential Republicans in the iron trade it would appear that James M. Swank, man- | ager of the American Iron and Steel Asso- ciation, stands a much better chance of securing substantial recognition from the | incoming Federal Admistration than many of those being boomed for office by the political leaders. The influence back of D | Sinews of war which | | the opportunity to put his plans into suc- | adjusted to the | by a | year of which, as 818 Mr. Swank will be wabennhel with the powers at Washington. In providing the gave Chairman Quay cessful operation, the iron trade of Penn- sylvania was most liberal, and this was brought about largely through Mr. Swank’s efforts. The importance and efficiency of his services in distributing the tariff tracts broadcast through the States are recognized by the interests represented, and the feeling is that too much cannot be done in acknowledgment. In addition to recommending his appoint- ment to a suitable position under the Government, there is talk of the manu- facturers making a personal testimonial | of their appreciation in the presenti ition to Mr. Swank of a $10,000 house. a New Belt Power Punch. We show on this page an engraving of a new belt power punch made by the New Doty Mfg. Company, of Janesville, Wis., for the use of boiler-makers and sheet-iron workers generally. The punches are built from new patterns in the different sizes, ranging in weight from 150 to 8000 pounds. The smallest one will punch a t-inch hole in }-inch iron or its equivalent to the center of 4 inches, and the largest will punch a 1-inch hole in }-inch iron or its equivalent to the center of 74 inches. These machines are strong and well pro- portioned. All shafts, bolts and plungers are of steel, and every machine is fitted with an improved stripper, which can be reoy partof aninch. The deeper jawed machines are provided with links, and when these are adjusted the machines will do still heavier work. The machines all have tight and loose pulleys and start and stop with a clutch worked lever. They can be started and | stopped instantly, ‘thus holding the punch }at any desired point. The distance from the center of punch to the front of ma- chines is but inch, thus enabling the | operator to punch flanges. EE — famous Cockerill Company, of made a gross profit in the last 927,740 francs, against 2,395,- 420 franc: s the previous year. Fora divi- dend of 50 francs per The Bel gium, share and for writing off for depreciation 828,729 were needed, and 464,443 frances were paid for loss in building two unserviceable steam- ers on the Ostend-Dover line. The com- pany employ 8800 men, to whom 8,863,- 997 francs in wages were paid. Prof. Hanford Henderson, of the De- partment of Chemistry and Physics at the Philadelphia Manual Training School, has just issued in pamphlet form his lecture on ‘*Aluminium,” which was delivered early this year before the Franklin Insti- tute. The importance which has always been attached to the production of cheap aluminium makes the subject one of spe- cial interest at the present time, and the lecture will be found very profitable read- ing. Professor Henderson briefly reviews the investigations of some of the,earlier Sir Hum- and then such as Lavoisier, Oersted and others, scientists, phrey Davy, | describes the methed of preparing metallic originated by Deville, and may not be unknown, is the method in practice at the great French establishment at Salindres. It is now the sole source of the metal in France and England, and has more recently been so greatly improved that unless some exceed- ingly advantageous method of reduction is proposed it promises to remain the ruling yrocess. The improvements brought out by Mr. H. Y. Castner, of New York, are also dwelt upon, as well as the Cowles process. aluminium ere SS dates ih a =. a te > ween see Gib Sumee « , ws hci ae ta ceete af? SeSE. Shee a vg i remarry ee Se oe = mn enn ee. Ane ee abe Ge Se la Cae Fh a Ss aie aoe sabre ee i ae aoe ae one V4 nll PD. 24 ence ih die tt taal Salat a « — o/ / et tile lille diet wai ft : Sa He 6 e Se ee ee ~ lll hc - ie ee eer eee + va be RAIS be | re’ Mee a 4S EE i” a ee 7 ila MN A : —— oer ee a ae * y pee bis gai RON AGE. 814 THE If gether, we may snip the ne of one or two of the thicknesses, but the piece can- 'not then be torn across. With steel the cose 1s different. It is true that in the present day we hear very little indeed of Registering Seale-Beam Attachment. | The fact that where large amounts of any kind of material are being weighed | mistakes in recording the weights are very apt to be made, has prompted Messrs. Borden, Selleck & Co., 48—50 Lake street, | be forgotten that immunity has been pur- ae : | chased by the sacrifice of much initial | Chicago, Ill., to bring out the scale-beam| jronoth. * attachment which we show on this page.| > ities the nature of the arrangement, we think, will be readily understood. The shelf A receives an electrotype of raised figures, which correspond exactly in location with the divisions and gradua- The Benardos Electric Welding Process. The process of welding invented by Mr. tion on the beam—in other words,|N. V. Benardos, of Petersburg, consists in if the poise C rested in the notch repre-| laying the pieces of metals to be united on senting 40,000 pounds in weight a strik-| one another with the welding seam spread ing bar, B, attached to it will come im-! with chips of the same metal, to form the mediately over 40,000 in raised figures on! negative electrode of a voltaic arc. The the support A A. Hence, if the striker | cire ‘uit occurs through an iron table upon B receives a sharp blow at D it will bring | which they lie, and which is connected the striker B D in contact with the raised! with one pole of the source of electricity, figures 40,000, and this will be printed on} A carbon, depending in size on the strength a card that is placed between the striker | of the current as well as upon the hard- and the figures. The long beam is gradu- | ness of the metals to be welded, is placed in } | mysterious steel failures, but it must not | November 29, 1888, Regenerative Gas Engines. | The next step in the direction of jp creased economy of fuel in gas engines | will, according to the London £ Engine j most probably be the utilization of the | waste heat of the exhausted gases, TT), | other important sources of loss—viz., radi ation and absorption of heat by the wate: jacket—may be regarded as unavoidab|; with motors of the present prevailing types. Engines have no doubt been pro- posed which dispense with the water. jacket altogether, but there seems to be little probability of such machines coming into extended practical use. It is also siv- nificant that the most successful gas-engine builders appear to regard the method of external refrigeration as a necessary evil, and make no serious attempt to do aw: Ly with it. Putting aside, then, the losses due to radiation and conduction, amount- ing in all to about 66 per cent., we have about 17 per cent. of the total heat of com- | bustion converted into available power, UU S2S SHOE Ta AAA TTT el bait OUT EOVETT TET NTTTTT ITT ry SCALE BEAM ATTACHMENT, Co., MADE BY CHICAGO, ILL. A NA REGISTERING ey SELLECK & ated to 500 pounds, that can therefore be weighed on that beam is 500 pounds, while the small beam E is graduated with 500 pounds, 20 pounds at a time, it, of course, becomes necessary to add the weights at the two different points | by a dark glass screen fastened to the car- to get the exact weight. The engraving|bon holder. As soon as the workman represents a railroad track scale-beam, and they are never graduated finer than we have stated above. The same principle can be applied to any style of scales where the graduations may run to pounds or half-pounds, but on the railroad track scales 20 pounds is as close as it is cared to go. The raised type on the shelf A A has a type-writer ribbon stretched length- ways. It is evident that weights taken in this w ay will prevent the many mistakes that occur from careless reading of the weight indicated on the beam, from an incorrect record in the weigh book, &c. A The reason why a comparatively large crack in an iron-plate is by no means so injurious as avery small one in a steel plate, lies in the fact that the iron is not homogeneous. It consists, so to speak, of | The a number of separate layers pasted to- gether with cinder. Unless the crack ex- tends through all the layers to the same depth, rending cannot well be initiated. If, for example, we take half a dozen thicknesses of calico and cement them to- the other pole and forms the positive elec- trode. This is passed to and fro over the | seam by a workman who protects his hand | from the seam the electric current leaps from pole to pole with a strong hissing, and melts very rapidly the chips and edges | of the metal bars, which are united when ‘cooled. This process should be called rather soldering than welding, for in weld- ing the heated metals are united by mech- anical working, while in soldering a third /metal is used to cement the other two to- gether. One thing is to be noted—the /metal in the weld has had its condition changed from a fibrous to a crystalline structure, which is evidently complete fusing of a metal afterward rapidly cooled, The tensile strength at the weld is considerably decreased, as records of a few tests seem to indicate. ————EEO mill of the new rail start up, so it is stated, in January. While not as large as the Edgar Thomson Works, it will be. one of the most com- all the latest improvements and appliances. | and the least amount = insulated holder connected by a cable to | from sparks by a leather glove and his eyes | brings the carbon to the proper distance | due to the! Allegheny | Bessemer Steel Company will be ready to plete mills in the country, and will have | i. SSS iS B Wss& os ee PTTTIPITTITII TL) MESSRS. BORDEN while an almost equal quantity of heat | passes away in the exhaust gases without performing any duty. In the Atkinson cycle engine the quantity of heat carried off by the jacket is only about 19 per cent., the heat converted into work is nearly 20 per cent., and the heat carried off by ex- haust is over 50 per cent. In gas engines of good construction the escaping gases have a temperature of about 500° C., and, if we assume the maximum temperature to be 1500° C., the theoretical efficiency would be 0.56. Now, if we suppose the temperature of the exhaust gases to be nse- fully lowered to, say, 140° C. with the same initial temperature, the theoretical efficiency would rise to 0.76, with a corres- ponding gain in actual efficiency. It is not practicable to reduce the final temper- ature by further expansion of the gases in the cylinder, so that some form of regen- eration affords the only means of a closer approximation to the conditions of maxi- | mum efficiency. The employment of regenerators with en- 'gines using town’s gas is, for obvious rea- sons, out of the question; but for the rap- idly increasing number of motors burning producer gas, the application of the regen- | erative system must lead to a large saving of fuel. Atkinson and Otto engines working with Dowson gas are at present using less ' than 1.5 pounds of coal per indicated horse- November 29, 1888. THE IRON AGE. power per hour, as certified by their users, who can have no reason for understating their fuel consumption. In some cases it js said to be as low as 1.1 pound; and it may be safely assumed that gas motors using generator gas can be worked with an hourly consumption of 1.25 pounds of coal per horse-power—particularly if the engines are specially designed for burning venerator gas—as ordinary engines have features which, though advantageous when tion, as the temperature of the exhaust gases is low enough to permit the use of continuous conducting regenerators. Gas generators working with cold air use about 5 per cent. by weight of steam with the air blast; and the percentage of combusti- ble in the gas averages 40 per cent., with over 50 per cent. of nitrogen. A hot-air supply drawn from a regenerator would insure the decomposition of a larger pro- ' pertion of steam, thus enriching the gas Fig. 1—Clamping Mechanism. $15 Resolve to stop mining under existing cir- cumstances on the first day of December, 1888, for an indefinite period; provided that any coal required in the flat trade for this city or be- tween here and Parkersburg shall not be af- fected by this resolution. After the meeting, a number of the opera- tors stated that the production and ship- ment of coal has been so great this season that the markets have become completely gutted and prices too low to afford any profit. This is the first time that the iron operators have been compelled to suspend mining on account of overproduction. a The Davis Bench Dog and Clamp. We show on this page engravings of a new form of bench dog and clamp brought out by F. N. Gove, 16 Exchange Place, N. Y. It is of simple and sub- stantial construction, and will be found useful in a variety of ways. Fig. 2 rep- resents the device in position on a bench, holding a board, while Fig. 1 shows rear views of the clamping mechanism. It will, no doubt, be readily understood that the two grooved projections on each dog, which resemble screws, one of them being movable laterally, are slipped into two ad- joining holes in the side of the bench at approximately the desired distance apart. Pushing down the end levers then brings into operation a cam on each of their ends, which acts on the movable projection, causing the dog to firmly grip the bench. The clamp adjustment is easily and quickly made, the clamp, as shown in the upper of the two cuts, marked Fig. 1, having a lateral travel of several inches. It also is firmly clamped by pressing down a iever. This, by means of a toggle action, causes the Fig. 2.—General View of Device in Working Position. THE DAVIS BENCH DOG AND CLAMP, MADE BY F. gas of high calorific power is used, lead to| and reducing the volume of useless nitro- | | considerable loss when fuel gas is substi- tuted. Rankine estimated that 90 per cent. of the heat in the exhaust of air engines might be retained for use by means of a regenerator. If we suppose, in the case of a gas engine working in near proximity to the producer or generator, that 75 per cent. of the exhaust heat could be returned to the producer by means of a suitable re- generator, the fuel consumption would be reduced to less than 1 pound per indicated horse-power per hour—a result certainly worth striving for. The regenerative ap- paratus required is simple ana inexpensive, and would require practically no atten- gen. A Monongahela Coal Mines.—At a meeting of the Monongahela Valley Coal Shippers, held in Pittsburgh on Monday, the 19th inst., the following resolution was adopted: Whereas, The unprecedented continuation of water for shipping coal has so overstocked the market that it is impossible for us to make sales at any prices; and, Whereas, The landings at Cincinnati and Louisville are filled up to their utmost capacity, and in the event of severe freezing weather or extreme high water, there would certainly be immense loss. We, therefore, N. GOVE, N. Y. ser