The Iron Age 1888-11-08: Vol 42

2 G Phe | A . THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1888. { — ee aan = ee a a ear ane neesnessiasaniaeaS eens a aa eo a oo - 4 New Power Presses think, by reference to the engraving. By |a very powerful machine, in compact form, ; / means of a special device, the plunger may | occupying, as it does, a comparatively j Among new presses recently put on the | be lengthened or shortened very quickly, } small floor space. A feature of interest to . market by the E. W. Bliss Company, of | while the outer slide or mandrel 1s pro-| users 1s the adjustable table, to which the ' Brooklyn, N. Y., are the two which we) vided with means of adjustment, as shown | die, or lower knife for shearing, is secured. : illustrate on this and the next page | by engraving. It has an adjustment of 9 inches in hight, f Fig. 1 represents a press, required for drawing up dish-pans, milk-pans, sauce- The press is driven by pulleys, 24 inches by 6 inches on the back shaft, on which is allowing a clear space between table and slide, varying from 4 to 13 inches, thus a al. Ge es oe ee ee , « ct pes Sr net ety = “ra 7 ee a Oe * a oc a , Bd ns + metiaah Meat 5 Sans & OY ae 2a ee Je. iors es ee 3 ee - eer sk j z ; ii | ai ‘ | i Mn _— : . ¢ ili : 4 ¥ 7 } ‘ Fig. 1. SHEET-METAL DRAWING PRESS, BUILT BY THE E. W. BLISS CO., BROOKLYN, N. Y. pans, trays, some articles of brass and cop- , mounted a fly-wheel 45 inches in diameter, | adapting it for a large variety of work not per, deep ironware, &c., &c. The main| and weighing 900 pounds, to give steadi- | usually accommodated in a press of this feature of this machine is the novel ar-|ness of motion. The large gear is 60|kind. Any size opening may be cored in rangement of links in connection with| inches in diameter, and the proportion | the table, not exceeding 6 x 10 inches, or rock-shaits and slide, by means of which through the intermediate gearing, between | 6 inches round. Two large holding bolts, the blank holder or outer slide is pressed | it and the pinion on first shaft, is 28 to 1. | one on each side of the table near the top, down, and remains stationary during a/ All other parts of the machine are cor-|secure it firmly in position ayainst the sufficient part of a revolution of crank to|respondingly strong, making it a very|front of the press frame, while a pro- permit the plunger to descend and draw | powerful press, suitable for making deep | jecting arm, or lug, cast on the under ‘ aot a the blank into shape before releasing its| stamped ware requiring a blank not ex- | side of the table, rests on a large adjust- . hold and rising. A crank pin in the disk} ceeding 26 inches in diameter the }ing screw, as shown in the cut, giving Ne on the outer end of the shaft carries the | finished work not exceeding 20 inches in|ample support for the heaviest kind of se i slide attached to it up and down at every | diameter, nor 6 inches in depth. Thej/cutting. For much of the work which a Ea . . ™ . . o . . . . a ‘ revolution of crank, thus operating the} weight, complete, is 21,000 pounds. this machine is adapted no gearing is re- j a R links and rock shafts above mentioned. Fig. 2 illustrates a punching and shear- | quired; a fly-wheel, 54 inches in diameter, ay This action will be clearly understood, we ing press. The design is such as to make | weighing 1300 peunds, mounted ona shaft ae se where the gear is shown, giving ample power. But for very heaving cutting or punching, a 5-foot spur-gear is used, with | pinion, making the proportion of gearing 74 to 1. This is driven by tight and loose pulleys, 24 x 5 inches, with a36-inch fly-wheel, weighing 700 pounds, to give steadiness of motion. The slide has a 2-inch stroke, working in adjustable bearings. The machine throughout 1s built of the best material and workman- ship, making it a desirable tool for manu- | facturers of iron and steel iron | railings, architectural ironwork, agricul- tural implements, &c., &c. = Deep Stampings.—The great superior- ity of stampings over built-up articles in metal well known to need to be or" ods, too is PUNCHING AND insisted upon. In cans for containing | preserved provisions there is the addi- tional advantage that when stamped there no need to use solder in the internal joints, and hence the chance of lead poison- ing is entirely removed, But deep stamp ings are very expensive to make, and a limit is soon reached beyond which the metal cannot be got to flow. To meet this difficulty Mr. Featherstone Grifln, of the Self-Opening Tin Box Company, has, according to Engine ri if, devised a method of building up stampings without solder. The bottom of a can or cask is stamped with a part of the cylindrical wall in the usual way; the remainder of the can formed of similar stampings with the bot- tom cut off, leaving them short cylinders. The end of one cylinder is placed within 1s Is SHEARING ~ 7 4 4s THE IRON AGE the can is closed with Griffin’s lever open- ing lid, which also makes an air-tight joint by mere contact. It is proposed to make cans of large size by this process and to line them with enamel for the storage of many articles of food. a Preserving Exposed Lronwork. A recent issue of Jndustry, of San Francisco, Cal., contains the following under the above head: John Heald, the proprietor of the ma- chine works at Crockett, Contra Costa County, has for some years past been ex- perimenting with a view to preserving exposed ironwork, and has demonstrated things respecting this important some —— yyy vw 2 > PRESS, BUILT BY THE E. W. matter that may be of great value. Mr. Heald some years had occasion to move a gas holder at Vallejo, and hap- pened to notice on the old plates, which were badly corroded, that the ‘shipping marks” on the sheets were perfectly pre- served, This led to the examination of other cases of the kind where marking had been done on ironwork, and also to ex- perimenting with turpentine and white lead as a first coating to prevent rust. It found that when surfaces are coated with finely ground lead thinned with spirits of turpentine, no corrosive action or scaling takes place, even when heavy coats of paint are afterward put on the outside, Mr. Heald says that common ago is | paint mixed with oil is too thick to pene- the end of the next, and the joint is then | passed between rolls, which corrugate it and make the union perfectly air andito begin beneath the paint. trate or close the imperfections of the sur- face and penetrate beneath the scale where it exists, thus leaving places for corrosion With tur- water tight without solder. The top of | BL November 8, 1888, pentine and white lead mixed thin, the very pores of the iron are closed. The interstices, to so call them, are too minute to receive the body which oil gives, but are closed by the thinner compound. This is the theory, but that is a matter of no consequence long as the fact is known, We recommend experiments with this method of protecting iron, an account of which we publish at Mr. Heald’s sugges- tion, and any further information will no doubt be furnished if application is made to him. The preservation of surfaces beneath the light coat of a shipping mark is something which most every one has observed but never thought of as differing from the effect of common paint mixed with oil. The process will be an impor- sO ISS CO., BROOKLYN, N. Y, tant one for iron vessels, above water a least. The wash can be quickly put on, and will dry in a short time. Tt The city’s rights in relation to wharf property having been more distinctly de- fined by the Court of Appeals, in the case of Wm. IH. Kingsland, Mayor Hewitt rec- ommends that measures be taken for com- pleting the Dock Department’s plan for the general improvement of the water front and the increase of wharfage facil- ities on both rivers. Denver, Col., will soon have one of the finest Masonic temples in the West, cost- ing not far from $250,000. It will be seven stories high with a frontage of 125 feet and a depth of 100 feet. Every girder and beam throughout the building will be of iron, not even a wooden step or stair- case being used. November =, 1888. THE IRON AGE. 697 —<—$—$_$_$_$$_$——————————————————— "= Improvement of the Steam Engine. In a paper entitled ‘‘ The Distribution of Internal Friction of Engines,’ at the recent meeting of the American Soci- ety of Mechanical Engineers, Prof. Robert H. Thurston gave at length the results of : series of inte resting tests made at different times with the view of correctly apportion- ing this friction. To the means employed for this purpose we have already briefly referred in our first report of the meeting. The plan, it will be remembered, consisted in first determining the whole friction of each engine t tested, and then dismantling the engines, part by part, driving the con- nected. parts by a pulley and belt trom a line of shafting through a carefully stand- ardized transmitting dy namometer. Without going into all the details of the paper, it is of interest to note the con- clusions at which Professor Thurston ar- rives. The improvement of the steam engine, he says, has to-day reached a point beyond which, in its thermodynamic relations, but little advance can be antici- pated. Under usual conditions of opera- tion of our very best engines, they are so near the efliciency of the ideal engine, working under precisely similar conditions, that the range of possible gain left to us is too small to permit us to look in that direction for rapid or important changes in further increase of efficiency and economy. Where the ideal engine would consume 10 pounds of steam per horse-power per hour, we have actually reached as little as 14, if the latest and best reports of the best of | modern engines may be accepted as sub- stantially correct; and even this 30 per cent. margin is reduced by practical con- ditions restricting expansion. If it were to be asserted that we may hope to bring the consumption of steam in good engines of the best type down to as low as 12 pounds per hour per horse-power, it is probable that the most experienced and best informed en- gineers would think it a somewhat rash statement; but that is what the tendency and rate of recent improvements would seem to promise for the immediate future, assuming that no very great increase in pressures and temperatures of steam may be expected. Practically, also, it 1s now known that the highest duty is not the most desirable, nor, on the whole, the most advantageous, condition of operation of the engine, and we are restricted to lower duties and reduced = efficiencies whenever we consider financial relations. It is, nevertheless, the fact that the con- ditions of improvement are those which also give higher ratios of expansion for the best point of cut-off and most advan- tageous ratios of expansion. The duty to seek further means of improvement and higher efficiency becomes all the more im- perative when we study the practical con- ditions under which our engines must be employed. Having, however, as just re- marked, so nearly reached the limit of possible gain on the thermodynamic side, It becomes advisable to seek the more care- fully for opportunities of improvement in other directions. We have, in the work outlined in this paper, both the directions | shown us and the specific method of proced- | ure suggested. The real, final efficiency of the steam engine, or of any heat engine, is composed of the resultant of several distinct effi- ciencies, as the thermodynamic efficiency, the efficiency of the engine as a heat pre- server and user, the efficiency as a machine, and the efficiency of a whole considered from a commercial standpoint. Of these several efficiencies we have the means of studying the efliciency of the machine asa division of the whole within which to seek the best means of securing a gain of total efficiency. The real and final efficiency is certain to be increased if we can effect an | ally, ” presente od | improvement at this point, whatever the extraneous conditions of operation. Find- ing little chance of gain thermodynamic- it becomes our duty to ascertain what are the probabilities of securing progress elsewhere. It is at once seen that the dif- ference here between the real and the ideal aj}engine is greater than in the domain of | thermodynamics, the best cases being in |both instances taken. Those engines |machine is studied. | | crank shaft. | half of the whole waste, and to from 5 to which are most nearly perfect thermody- namically are undoubtedly often least per- fect, or at least of the least perfect types, when the efficiency of the engine as a Few of them have less than a total of 20 per cent. friction, while they are sometimes probably nearer | the ultimate limit of improvement, practi- cally, as converters of heat into work. We are now, for the first time in the his- tory of the theory of the steam engine, in a position to say just where the losses of the machine are in detail, how we are to endeavor to reduce them, in what degree we may hope for such gain, and where it is to be found if effected at all. The first and most remarkable fact to be noted is the extraordinary amount, abso- lutely and relatively, of the friction of the This amounts to nearly one- 10 per cent. of the whole power of the engine, in the cases here examined. It is remarkable not only for its amount, but also because of the fact that we had begun to believe that, under similar conditions of pressure, speed of rubbing, and of lubrica- tion, it was perfectly practicable to bring down the coetticient to less than 1 per cent. and perhaps to «s little as one-tenth of 1 per cent. However, we find that this co- efficient rises, in the unloaded engine, to about 0.30 as a maximum, and, as a mini- mum, to at least 0.09; while it only falls 0.04 in the best case, with the increase of pressure on the bearings due to full -load and power. This is the more astonishing when it is considered that, on the axle of the car-wheel, it has been found often that the friction is a fraction of 1 per cent. and often as low as one-tenth per cent. Here is evidently the first place in which to seek further improvement. If this item can be brought down as low as in car- axle journals, the efficiency of the engine }as‘a machine will be increased by about 5 per cent. in the very best cases, and by 10 per cent. in ordinary engines. How this is to be done can be best ascertained when it is found just what are the causes of this extraordinary and previously un- suspected loss. The only conditions ap- parent tending to aggregate this waste are the continuous rotation in one direction and the unintermitted pressure of the journal in its bearing. It would appear probable that it is a case of commonly im- perfect lubrication. Could the oil-bath system in method and in results be se- cured here, it would seem probable that the friction might be enormously reduced, It would, even .n many cases, if not in all, pay well to have a thoroughly reliable system of lubrication by means of a fore- ing pump that should insure the support of the journal upon a cushion of lubricant, ‘thus making its action analogous to that of the ‘‘ palier glissant” of Giffard and the ‘‘water bearing” of Shaw and of others. The second and most obvious conclusion is that the valve should be balanced and so connected as to cause the least possible waste by friction through its motion or that of its moving connections. There is evidently no probable line of improvement so certain to yield a large and profitable result as this, The balancing of the valve has been accomplished, and frequently, during many years past, so successfully that there is no excuse for neglecting this point in even the cheapest classes of engines. No engine can be considered as belonging to the best class which is not either pro- vided with a balanced valve or which has not a system of valve gear, as with some of the ‘* drop cut-off * engines, in which the loss in this direction is rendered insig- nificant. Here lies an opportunity to raise the efficiency of mechanism of ordinary engines at least 5 per cent., and of the best of engines with unbalanced valves 2 or 3 per cent. It is evidently better, in many cases, to have a valve which is bal- anced, though slightly leaky at times, than to use an unbalanced valve, though absolutely tight at all times. The simple fact, here revealed, that nine-tenths of this friction may be avoided is very im- portant. The third item in order of importance is the friction of piston and its rod. This is as great as that just referred to, and is vastly more variable with the class of en- gine, and probabiy in the same engine with differences in handling, and especially in setting up packing and springs, where they exist. The writer has often known the power of an engine to be sensibly af- fected by the carelessness or inexperience of the attendant, who had screwed up his packing in the rod stufling-box too tightly, and has, on more than one occasion, hada similiar experience where the rings were set out too hard. The metallic packings and the unpacked pistons and rods now coming slowly into use will unquestionably do much to remedy this defect of the aver- age engine. Meantime, with the older de- sign, it is perfectly possible to keep piston and stuffing-box tight without wasting much power or by slowing down the en- gine by conversion of heat into work at points where the operation is likely to produce serious harm as well as waste. Rings are much oftener too tight than too loose, and a stuffing-box should only be set up when the engine is running, and then only with fresh packing and not more than is sufficient to check any visible leakage. New packing in a well-made box never needs much compression, and when it be- comes necessary to screw it down hard it is time to replace it by new. Any pack- ing that compels severe compression when new should be promptly condemned. The remaining items are of minor im- portance as bearing upon the efficiency of the machine, and they are all obviously easily taken care of by a good designer and a good engineer in charge. Here, if anywhere, it is the fact that freedom of lubrication is the essential consideration, and the more nearly most absolutely flooded the parts can be, and the more ab- solutely certain lubrication can be made, the better, and irrespective, also, toa great extent, of the cost of the lubricant. Any lubricant freely used can be filtered and cleansed in such manner and so effectively that its more or less free supply to the bearing is a matter of no consequence as a matter of first cost; while the cost of wasted power and fuel, and of repairs due to excessive friction and wear, will usually enormously exceed any apparent gain in that direction. ne Slipping of Locomotive Drivers.— Mr. M. U. Forney, in the Railroad and Engineering ‘Journal, says that the force required to make locomotive driving- wheels slip will vary very much with the condition of the rails. If they are quite dry and clean it will require a force equal to about one-fourth the weight on the wheels. That is, supposing we have a wheel attached toa frame which is fastened so that it cannot move, and that the wheel rests on a rail and is loaded with, say, 12,- 000 pounds, if a rope or chain could be attached exactly at the tread of the wheel, and carried over a pulley, then it would require a weight of about 3000 pounds attached to the end of the rope to make the wheel slip. If the rails were sanded, the adhesion would be somewhat greater, and if they were wet or muddy or ae eee wal 44. oe toms ~ » os 4 See es ae OL i a ll EE — : -; * : ee, =a oF wes A ae » 5h * rote ~ + ime cee ‘= tebe ~ weer ae . ees sl ents 2 Os aE Mica a.+.4 Ja ye aS z 2 z Ais } ay. ad 698 THE greasy, considerably less. The proportion of the adhesion to the weight in the driv- ing-wheels is about as follows: On dry- sanded rails it is equal to one-third. On perfectly dry rails, without sand, it is one- fourth. Under ordinary conditions, with- out sand, or on wet-sanded rails, one-fifth. On wet or frosty rails, one-sixth. With snow or ice on the rails, the adhesion is stiil Of course the total weight on all the driving-wheels must be taken in calculating the adhesion. Thus, if a loco- motive has four driving-wheels, and each | one of them bears a load of 12,000 pounds, then the total weight on the driving- wheels, or adhesive weight, as it is called, | less, 120 X 39 wy FURNACE 200M STORE ROOM 50 x 39 GRINDING ROOM IN OF ELEVAT RATTLE ROOM 2a x 35 ENGINE ROOM BOILER ROOM will be 12,000 x 4 = 48,000 pounds, and the adhesion will be 9600 pounds. ee The falling off in the business of the New York Stock Exchange is illustrated by the following figures: In the first 10 months of 1887 72,253,370 shares of stock were sold, having a par value of $6,313,- 396,325 and an actual value of $3,845,- 025,768. In the same period this year the sales were 53,459,759 shares, with a par value of $4,633,801,425 and an actual value of $2,870,081, 762. WOOD SHOP Kansas City manufacturers, favored by shorter railroad connections, have formed a syndicate to engage in direct trade with Mexico NEW WORKS OF THE IRON AGE. November 8, 1888 New Works of the Stover Mfe (Co, The interest which is so generally ex- , pressed in the plans of new manufacturiny establishments, designed for a special class of work, will sufficiently explain our | reasons for giving space to the accom- panying engravings relating to the works of the Stover Mfg. Company, of Freeport, Ill., manufacturers of special machinery -and agricultural implements. ' The buildings have just been completed, and embrace what is probably cne of. the most complete foundries for small articles west of Buffalo, The main building js 458 feet long, 40 feet wide and two stories high, with an ‘‘L” 106 feet long, 40 feet wide, two stories high. The foundry at- tached thereto runs parallel with the main building, and measures 148 x 58 feet. The large foundry for making light gray iron castings measures 250 x 60 feet, and is used entirely on contract work, mostly hardware specialties. The company make | Several hundred tons of light gray iron , castings apnually on outside orders besides ELEVATION OF © FOUNDRY FOUNDRY 250 xX 60 & OVENS Fig. L—General Ground Plan. STOVER MFG, COMPANY, FREEPORI, ILI. November 8, 1888. THE IRON AGE. 699 doing their own work. The main build- ing is divided up into offices, shipping de- partments, machine shops, store rooms, finishing rooms, boiler and engine rooms, | wood-working departments, paint rooms, | hardware departments, pattern rooms, &c. | In addition to these buildings there is a japanning room, 36 feet wide and 40 feet long, having two large ovens for japanning | all kinds of castings. The manufactures | of the company embrace a line of special | machinery, such as wire staple cutters, | barb wire machinery, wire nail machinery | and other wire-working machinery; also | windmills, feed mills, feed cutters, corn | and cob crushers, horse-powers, wood | saws, corn shellers, &c. They make, be- | sides, spring hinges of different sizes and | PATTERN ROOM 104 xX 39 styles, sash pulleys and other hardware novelties. Dry Steam. In a paper on ‘‘ The Identification of Dry Steam,” presented at the last meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and already referred to by us at some length, Mr. James E. Denton re- ferred to dry steam as follows: Dry steam js understood to be saturated steam corresponding to a given pressure, and the latter is understood to be identi- tied by the relation between pressure and temperature and latent heat, determined by Regnault’s experiments, the reults of which are presented in tabular form ip all publications upon the properties of steam. For example, saturated steam for 90 pounds pressure per square inch should be at 320° temperature F., and should possess latent heat equal to 808 British thermal units. We also know, through the labors of Messrs. Fairbaifn and Tate, that such steam weighs 0.207 pounds per cubic foot, or that this figure is its density in pounds. If a boiler is steadily generating and de- livering to an engine steam possessing exactly these qualities and the water under the steam be violently disturbed, its liquid particles may mingle with the gaseous par- ticles of the steam, and a pound of the mixture formed will no longer possess the same latent heat or density, yet the press- ure and temperature will still be the same as that of the exactly saturated steam. Such steam is practically known as *‘ wet ” steam, and in contradistinction the term ‘*dry steam ”’ has arisen, the latter meaning simply exactly saturated steam. The term ‘‘saturated” as applied to steam appears to be sometimes understood as referring to a condition of wetness, whereas it implies the most perfectly gase- ous condition of steam possible without the existence of superheating. The term ‘* saturated ” originates in the presentation of the laws of vapors in treatises on physics, where the vapors of water, ether, &c., are supposed to be confined in a space above a surface of some liquid, such as mercury, other than that belonging to the vapors. If water is introduced, drop by drop, into a space at the top of a closed mercury column, at say 60° F., where less than the pressure of the atmosphere pre- vails, such water will flash into vapor | until the space is under a tension equal to the pressure of steam corresponding to 60° temperature. Then if more water be introduced into the space, it refuses to PATTERN SHOP sax STORE ROOM FOR OFFICE SUPPLIES EXPERI- MENTAL ROOM 38 x 20 36 X 22 PAINT SHOP ELEVATOR STORE ROOM WORK SHOP SETTING ROOM PATTERN SHOP 16x 39° Fig. 2.—Second-Floor Plan. | vaporize, but accumulates as liquid water on the surface of the mercury, and conse- | quently the space, and hence the vapor in that space, is said to be ‘‘ saturated.” Before the space or vapor is thus saturated the vapor of water present is ‘* non-satu- rated’ steam, and, if compressed, its pressure increases without causing any liquefaction, the vapor following the laws |of fixed gases, like air, &c. When the space or vapor becomes saturated any com- pression of the vapor does not result in increased pressure (the temperature being assumed constant), but instead some vapor liquefies. Similarly the steam in a prac- tical boiler (where there is always liquid | water beneath the steam) is saturated, be- cause any effort to make a given weight of steam occupy less space, either by raising the water level or by other compression of the steam, causes a portion of this weight of steam to liquefy without changing the vapor tension, assuming the temperature of the contents of the boiler to remain constant. The only practical at all condi- tion corresponding to ‘‘ non-saturation ” as described in physics is when steam is superheated. If a sufficient portion of the heating surface of the boiler above the water line be exposed to the action of the tire, the pressure of the steam may remain the same, and yet its temperature may be greater, the latent heat greater, and the density less than corresponds to saturated steam. Such steam is practically known as superheated steam. In measuring the performance of a boiler the essential determination is the quantity of heat utilized by the generation of steam, If the steam generated at say 90 pounds pressure is dry steam, then for each pound of feed water the boiler is to be credited with utilizing 120 heat units, due to the temperature of the steam if the feed water is at 200° F., and 808 heat units due to its latent heat, or a total of 928 heat units. If, however, 10 per cent. of the steam is liquid water mechanically mixed with 90 per cent. of dry steam, then for each pound of feed water the boiler is to be | credited with 1.10 x 120 heat units, due | to temperature, and 0.90 x 808 heat units, due to latent heat, or a total of 859 heat units, which is 92 per cent. of the dry steam total. Unless, therefore, allowance for the presence of moisture is made, the efficiency of a boiler is made too great for ordinary steam pressures, at the rate of 3, per cent. for each 1 per cent. of water in the steam, Again, if steam at 90 pounds pressure is superheated 10° F., so that its temperature is 330° F., then for each pound of feed water at 200° F. we must credit the boiler with the heat due to dry steam plus 0.48 x 10° = 4.8 heat units, so that failure to allow for superheating makes the efficiency of a boiler, at ordinary pressures, | too low by about 0.05 per cent. for each degree F. of superheating. It is customary among experts to make these allowance in reporting the perform- ances of boilers, and hence arises the ne- cessity of determining to what extent the steam generated by a given boiler differs from exactly dry steam. If the steam is | superheated, the simple observance of its |temperature by a proper thermometer | affords the desired data. If, however, the steam is shown by a thermometer to be at exactly the temperature due to saturation, |it may contain any amount of water in sus- pension, and the determination of the | amount of the latter can in general only be |accurately known by a measurement of |either the latent heat or density of a | known weight of the mixture. The de- | termination of the density is an operation 'too delicate to have been yet attempted with portable apparatus. The determina- tion of latent heat involves simply the con- densation or mixture of a known weight of steam in or with a known weight of some other substance of known specific D wh Sneee = « > tee te — a = 2 Z : a © 6 Ale a. see ae es P Pn lO ee Te ne ee - a ~—d - <= ae sats a re = — vols 6 Fees wee bel wee ee eek! SE ee oot 2 : y ee me PY 4. °° + i, ed me Can 700 THE IRON AGE. November 8, 1888. heat, and the operations to be performed | In equity it Was a conversion of partner- | The Lebel Rifle. are such as can be carried out with appar-| ship property into individual property as atus of a convenient portable nature. of the date of the covtract.” . ‘ In a recent issue we referred briefly to al RESTRAINT OF TRADE—CONTRACT TO — the fact that the extreme curiosity which Recent Legal Decisions. CONTROL THE MARKET. has been manifested for some time past as to the construction of the Lebel rifle, of which 350,000 are now being issued to the French army, had, in a measure, been satisfied by the publication, though the French Minister of War, of illustrations and a description of the weapon in Jn- struction sur Carmement de Vinfantrie. We take pleasure in reproducing the engrav- ings in this issue, being indebted for the particulars to the London Hagineer. The weapon is really a modification of the Gras rifle of 1885, which, in its turn, was a modified Kropatachek, in use in the French Navy since 1878. The _ principal modification is in the caliber, which has been reduced from 0.472 inch to 0.315 inch. The diminished weight of the wea- pon and its ammunition is a matter of very great importance, while the new powder employed renders, it is claimed, the small bore bullet as efficient as the large bore was with ordinary powder. A_ further improvement has been effected in the block which takes the force of recoil, which now works on two tenons, instead of as hitherto being supported only on one side, The magazine is parallel with the barrel. In it the cartridges are placed end to end, A spring with a button on the end forces the cartridges toward the rear into a species of spoon, A, by which the car- | A lumber corporation made an agree- |}ment with two persons who were manu- facturers of lumber in Santa Cruz County, ‘ a ae | Cal., by which they were to supply them implements organized itself into a COrpor-| 4 QoQ 600 feet of lumber during the year, ation to conduct a like business, and the a SI a hounded. and these persons stipu- members of the firm each were to get the | hated that they would not make any lum- value of their interest in stock. C.'s POT! ber to be sold during the year, in the Son wae: Seyere ofthe capital stock, | counties of Monterey, San Benito, Santa $17,500 of which he sold or exchanged Cruz and Santa Clara except under this for a house and lot. ; Before the change snainteh: sail a a penalty mo $20 a thou- was fully carried oust ©. died, and on the) cand for any lumber made and sold in these distribution of the stock $17,506 were de-| counties to other persons. The contract livered to the grantor of the house and lot was not carried a and the cor oration and $2500 to the executors of C. When neal for Seen In this sdebadinaes the corporation was created the members Chere Welien Mill and Lumber Com any of the firm considered it entirely solvent, | Hayes—the court found that the oo | but it turned out that it was, “ that Hime, | tract sued upon was made for the purpose unable to pays its debts, and 8., N. & Co., | oF limiting the supply of lumber made in Limited, a creditor of the firm, sued the | these counties, and to therense the axles of Caecunors compel the application to the it in the State under a onthiuateal among payment of its demand of the $2500 of | 41) the lumber dealers in or near Felton, in | orm. and of the property conveyed for| santa Cruz County, to control the lumber the 1 4,900 of the stock. Individual 'market for the year, and that the contract a o , on eee pastees to this was void, as against public policy, it being wows coe d oe * : rane Zs in restraint of trade. The defendants had PEE Se SHAY CAPER! Pe FO) tReet see plaintiff carried the case to partnership creditors were not entitled to| the Supreme Court of California, where & preference on the stock distributed to C. | th¢ plaintiff Was again defeated The The _ trial | om decided against the Chief Justice (Searles), in the opinion 8., N. & Co., and the intermediate court ssid: ‘*Whan there is fraud @ seleteke affirmed the judgment, but a further ap- ™ o contvact Whe. onetins re it aaa tae tridge is raised into such a position that peal was made to the Supreme Court of | relief for the ane Satuor tt in it it is readily thrust forward into the Illinois, where the 8., N. & Co. were again Ln am tilnel pms ee, talemed ‘chamber by the action of the sliding defeated. Judge Scholtield, inthe opinion, | }.cause the asbeiiiall onenmchdian a a iz breech block C P. A detent, G, prevents said: ‘*The law does not recognize that! 5. reaching. This ille rality may be in| the. next cartridge from finding its way the creditor of a firm has a superior equity | 4) a , oe yy | under the spoon. By means of the thumb to that of the individual creditor of | the consideration, or in the prapetecs and |, tt L tk ting hani ‘ . al creditor of amem- | .,: . , » repeating chanis ‘ SER | stipulations ¢f the agreemené, Among |e ee epee e ee ae = \ be locked, and the rifle can then be fired ber of the firm for paymen , . wet oe geome f oo 7 — the | the contracts illegal under the common ii Sete al ‘ Ts assets. 2c Zes y- . : as ¢ ary -ech-loade a Se Ag eae = Leen shi law, because opposed to public policy, > Fi a mee? ee ae - ae _—e ve ‘ > members . De . , ; : » ' oi showins . ere ; : 1e partnership | were contracts in general restraint of trade|_.+18-,* 18 an elevation showing the rime have a superior lien on the partnership : ere os «tes ‘ with the breech closed, ready for firmg. - : " —contracts between individuals to pre- | 7. : : oN property for the payment of the firm debts, |. .. t34e 1k a Fig. 2 is a top view. Fig. 3 shows the E . - vent competition, anc keep up the price of |"... ° : : and allows the creditors to avail them- ticles of utility. Ina New York cas rifle in section with the breech block open ; selves of this lien, to the exclusion of in-| 7J0® OF WMEY. on & New dork case— | an empty cartridge is still in the jaws of livi aie eagee cor aree | Arnot vs, Coal Company—it was found pt oon ae dividual creditors, where it has not been | 4), etek ML Sak the extractor ready to be thrown out at the : ; that the contract involved therein limited — : : surrendered to the partners. The other the mining of coal at a certain colliery at | ©°P: In Fig. 4 the cartridge has been . * : } 4 ‘ i < « é : . . partners here having joined with the de- Pittston, Pa.. for the purpose of eoutrol- ejected and the spoon contains a cartridge ceased partner in the contract to form the |); eee : : * ready to be pushed into the chamber by eeteetelion. sod aidbite ‘thn tek ling the supply of coal for the market at ee eit dt ter the ieee Sie eek « 9 & : 5 2 i » . . . y s ach. a ei ‘mallee alan af ed Elmira, N. Y. The defendant was the |. 2 . i . coal — fa 7 Sdenti » > . ° ° * Ss cnt 8 are ’ » oer proportic of thelr! head of a combination to effect this end, | 82¢ percussion mechanism are identi respective interests are, of course, *+ not : * ‘ cal with those of the Gras rifle. The new a ey sy? | and it refused to pay the Pittston Com- coo concluded by it if he was bound. While | 7 “te . weapon measures all over, with its sword that contract did not vest : sent title, | P®"? ior con arenes Se Sea see bayonet, 4 feet 3} inches, and weighs 9} it sista ahd tH ere fo sen ie ®;| contract, upon the ground that it had | eo ae ‘wish = ht aa , ¥ | ae . As i sted a right in the corporation to have} .414 eoal to other parties, in violation pounds with eight cartri- ges in the maga- it performed, and, by reason of the pecul- of ‘tes cemeuinand Kemet Geonten ttn | S- Be netics : iat tae ees . 4 x ,' mm ad Sa cede ad or a ag — | assignee, and sued for the coal delivered. ral ¢ ‘ 7 personal—anc > person: ee ae ° aa thy h mf, . ac eae - cas The New York Court of Appeals, in de- 1 Prt fad » y av « S a r¢ 2 , . ° ° ° | 3 2 > - - el at ie nalts ee lar value by| claring the contract invalid, said; ‘A | 2@4ons in 1889, for the purpose of ac pte meh s adapts seine > gee rm syste ye a ane Se ee combination to effect such a purpose as | ng a unifo oo of weights om seit in the aaa a eae ? ha ee this is inimical to the interest of the pub- Gevanaan * a raenger ae Ce, ie a » > “¢ : ave * 5 | > > = , ‘ sarticular property Y i o . Soa nat | lic: all contracts designed to effect such | we - ka a * —— re ana : é arty, ‘ an- | . . | trade- cs. &.. : > ‘ r ois cial - sk . 1 : a2 ” li 1an-| an end are contrary to public policy, and | . aoe ae oa’ — er able methoc ; erefore have decreed a spe- ; ae : se , ‘ s s a. dil ‘aciiliaainieia ; f aaa ; ‘ a - * SPe- | therefore illegal, as is well settled by ad- | ° nate . ee ae aie isputes, is re > ance o » co act : > 1n- | :,, 3: ; > - ? > ; WwW AS Chi ore. a oe ih pro , ine M- | judicated cases. Every producer or ven- | S°?Ge¢ saa a : Ww oe . ming an 3 ste .e > *s ( > = “ > ‘ A ve ‘ , > rere: eee te rid : pat i no wn M) dor of coal or other commodity has the os that iin: —_ i . Se aaa ; stalin: thnicediiien te N aie o - "lai that right to use all legitimate efforts to obtain 1 it ot eae ~ ae eae a res corre f > > 2S... N. + = 2 clk: e ° ‘ e Ft “nes ‘ > f "7 Oe , r be = ies ietiienieiiaades tat taate ‘a ; a fo Saat the best price for the articles in which he ad ben OF track Veal a a Bet ot ‘ rhe » 18 ( 2 > "a . a a . > . > ‘ - se P - = at ey ae 2 rom sub-| deals, but when he endeavors to artificially | @@¢ton, 1 he ald — ' © that wo si a, > Ss aS > stock > ’ - . . e * | fag are 2 ave > co that. of it fj a os : . mera ae /enhance prices by suppressing or keeping pe Gee Be th. oo omen, ‘ at, se ss Ne >» . . . ‘ > : ’ ‘te r 2 s atc Sandee z= me n Z deny Its out of the market the product of the labor . a to settee ae t ial ae 7 g : es »L- "AS ‘ oP. " = > , ‘ » f Ss , ¢ ‘ -f f sli einiaiaiitiy. alah nt — - “4 P oe '- | of others, and to accomplish that purpose | *™ a hict a shi 7 a mee > . anc s ceeds ¢: » | > ° ° { arke y FeEODTi 2 - If ~ ml ae I sae * innot be.) by the means of contracts binding such | ® oe 4 e . sald ae ao vif tim > partners operty re ; . * 3 ” yes aSLY C the a oration se : : not vest IN| other persons to withhold their supply, fe on ee aa : oi a 3 ony ver Tt ‘ ; se ' b fo 7 tl - ein ¥ such restraints are even more mischievous | °Y*T ae 2 o hI ee oe me ae Ss S as ras > > mf » » . . . >» > ‘ ‘ é aes é tellin aes nin ittempted | than combinations not to sell under an oa e oupuern 4 fighiv cane - anster, : , ‘re S av re- . ; . ns 2 S ¢ rhiw . re. 0 * sort to it: and if th in P Pa ve a agreed price. Combinations of that char- oe aa = iit ~~ “ian br @ ( on *§ . > ‘ ~ rce 3 2) , 30 t , ee aah are : a hed acter have been held to be against public oa ; ; aoa speedily 4 al - as = s e ’ ‘ , . ‘ ° . 49 : sn 2 f » > > y ry . l for which it had) policy, and illegal. shameful and meager tenth, with which not been paid, and to which the indi- ; we seem at present contented, and our PARTNERSHIP. A firm engaged in making agricultural | The proposed Congress of American vidual was not entitled, the loss is mani- —— merchandise should be carried, too, in festly upon the corporation, and not upon It is a remarkable roll of muniticent be- American ships. the creditors of the firm of which the in- quests that John Guy Vassar, of Pough- ——_— a dividual was a member, But if the keepsie, has left. He has bequeathed At Columbus, Ohio, November 1, the partnership property did vest in the cor- $250,000 to a hospital, $100,000 to an | works of the Columbus Bridge Company poration, the interest of the partners in it orphan asylum, $65,000 to an aged men’s were destroyed by fire. Loss ‘is estimated was thereby terminated, and with theirin- home and $145,900 to educational institu- | at $20,000, “of which $15,000 is on ma- terest terminated that of the firm creditors: , tions, besides large sums to other objects, | chinery. ~~ OL Oe eee es ee ee”, Cc CU e”:—“titCS CC”: ¥ en > eee re ee rT Sea a a SS a ee ee a er Ty ER NT a a a, a ae are a ee ee papa lhphdagalige £2 othe thug! nar we ROOT) > -<0F SE TEY Y > RT Ea OW Pe PEER 8 lh . Ee Pe “= ie On ae ree ar a. & ti atime es —. many woh os se Ae-F B. ¥ ar, / 1. " , . —_ ~~ ar res Gee >to we “2s ~-oSSs ww Sars” aes ‘ = ee wr ceo ~~ . we eee eee ~ P ? = mar we= ss + oe er SR eR eee o> ef eee te RET TREO Oe TET TOTS SEATS wy hae we = ee ‘ 7 ~~ “ 4 as per Pr et ott as SPrRP LT “r— ee OE ao -—<r ee ST r a a LO Pee se Steers — : © a am = aS 2 bore re F ; i A 5S OPsee wee ; wa ._ : ° = = 2 -_ SP “A we? eS a ee eee eS = _ es «eer om” * ‘ a OR a wr = ee row. ao ‘ATA ANIZVOVN THEA'T AHI AWUVY HONDUA AHL YOu ATHY MAN AHL | “MaQuipy,) ojyuy peysng aq 0} lipvey abpisjang Buimoyy worjpoog—'> “hig a Li © a4 PN LLM LEE ERLE iets eC \ aie : MAN 1] i] | || ] - | oO | , 2 | ‘Suri sof fippay efth— =~ | November 8 Incandescent Gas Lighting. | Of the new fields of companies which have since the introduction light first threatened to seriously affect | their business, that of incandescent | lighting has been watched with no little interest, and now seems to offer every promise of commercial success. Incan- descent gas lights, so-called, from the start appeared to be of a character which would enable them to successfully com- pete with electric lamps of the incandes- cent type, and, while some of the early attempts at putting them into use were not in all respects successful, the results indicated pretty clearly what might be ex- usefulness for been developed of the electric vas gas | | the THE IRON AGE, November 8, 1888, SD ble and could be raised or lowered accord- ing to the size of the water-gas flame and the degree to which they became worn by intense heat. As to the cost of the light—an important consideration—it was stated that the magnesia combs would bear about 80 hours of active service and cost only from 24 to 3 cents apiece, while the water gas could be supplied at 50 cents per 1000 cubic feet, leaving, at this figure, considerable margin for profit. The gas consumption was Stated to be no greater than with coal gas. A Chicago company was sheen: formed to develop the system, though up to the present the light has not been extensively introduced. Greater success appears to have attended what known as the Welsbach burner, which is in the hands of the Welsbach In- candescent Gas Light Company, of Phila- is | delphia, and of which we give several en- | gravings. ito which we | may Fig. 1.—Complete Welsbach In- candescent Gas Burner, Fig. 2. as —Bunsen Burner, Used with the Wels- Before describing this burner, already had occasion to refer it was first brought out abroad, it be interesting to note that incan- when descent gas lights in general have been found to fail because the material to be /acted upon by the heat of the gas usually iwas present in considerable mass and re-| an insignificant degree. | Cotton is Burned Out. bach Burner. Fig. 3.—The Welsbach Mantle Before the ing at the incandescent electric light. The convenient shape of the mantle adapts it to use with any kind of gas with eftici- ency. Its steadiness renders it the per- fection of light for reading or fine work at night. It should be noted that ordinary illuminating gas is used, though the burner can also be ‘employ ed to great advantage with both fuel and natural gas, The mant les can be made so as to give a white light ora vellow light of any degree, and a white light could therefore be furnished where it was required for special manufacturing or other purposes, and a brilliant, so called 1 per cent. yellow light for the usual do- mestic purposes. We understand that the results obtained with this burner applied to natural gas and to manufactured fuel] gas have been most flattering, an efficiency of from 10 to 12 candles per foot of g: burned being readily attained, In the matter of economy it should be observed that the only part of the lamp that will require renewal is the mantle, and as the mantles, under ordinary care, will last for periods of from 800 to 2000 hours, and can be renewed at a small cost this item affects the economy of the system only in In practice the Fig. 4.—The Mantle Ready for Use. THE WELSBACH INCANDESCENT GAS LIGHT BURNER. pected of them with the improvements | quired a very suggested by even a brief experience. Probably one of the first hghts of this class shown in practical work in this country was that devised by Mr. Fahneh- jelm. It was exhibited, as we remember it, somewhat over three years ago, at a New York meeting of the American Inst1- tute of Mining Engineers, and apparently demonstrated that the problem of utiliz- ing the great intensity of combustion of water-gas could be solved in a very simple manner. Mr. Fahnehjelm’s apparatus con- sisted essentially of an iron frame placed over an ordinary gas burner. In the top of this frame, so arranged that the flame from the burner impinged upon them, were two parallel rows of needles, a short dis- tance apart and looking like two very coarse combs placed side by side. The needles consisted of magnesia very highly compressed under hydraulic pressure and then baked at a high temperature. The heat of the burning water-gas caused the needles to become incandescent, and the resulting light, in every way equal, and in respects superior, to that from an electric incandescent lamp, was naturally much more satisfactory than that supplied by ordinary illuminating gas. The magnesia needles were adjusta- soni high temperature to be brought to the required state of incan- ‘descence. In the Welsbach burner this point has been very carefully considered, as its method of preparation will show, which is briefly this: Cotton thread is knitted by machinery into long lengths of stockinet. This is cut to suitable lengths for the lamp mantles, very carefully cleaned from all foreign matter, and is then dip- ped into a solution of salts of the metals lanthanum, zirconium, yttrium and several others. When dry, a platinum wire is run through the hem of the mantle, and it is hung on a wire arbor. The cotton 1s then ignited and carefully shaped while burning. After an hour or more of burn- ing in a Bunsen flame the mantle is com- pletely oxidized. The cotton has gone off as carbon dioxide, and the oxides of the metals remain in the same reticulated form | and fibrous structure that the original cot- | ton had. The mantle is mounted on a light gallery to take an ordinary argand chimney, and placed over a Bunsen bur- ner. Immediately the gas is lighted, the mantle glows with a soft, steady, yet brill- iant light, which emanates from its entire surface, and does not produce that painful | effect of branding its image on the retina mantles would require renewal about every 500 or 1000 hours. The Welsbach Company factory at Gloucester, N. J., and is in- troducing machinery and organizing ja force to make from 25,000 to 30,000 burners per day. It has erected its own fuel- — works, and, besides the machin- ery and apparatus for reducing minerals, has a complete chemical laboratory, ma- chine shop, elaborate photometrical rooms, '&c. The working force is so organized | that each step in the manufacture is car- ried on in a separate rocm, First comes the knitting of the mantle by machinery, and then a corps of girls attend to what is called the reinforcing or folding the mantle over at the top, so as to have a larger amount of material through which to thread the platinum wire from which the mantle is suspended. The mantle dipped in the solution and goes through a drying room, and then to the forming room, where it is given its shape, and then to the burning-out room, where the cotton is entirely consumed, leaving the refractory skeleton of the fabric be- hind, preserving intact the shape and appearance of the knitted cotton man- tle. It then mounted on the brass- has a large is is of the eye that is experienced when look-| work or gallery, and we have the com- November 1888. THE IRON AGE. plete burner. For purposes of ae nt the mantle, after having been burned : tirely prevents any damage in transit. At present the light is bei