The Iron Age 1888-06-07: Vol 42

H nN V u New Toggle Drawing Press. A new departure in the construction of | ever the mechanism it has invariably been double-action presses for drawing sheet | o metal has recently been made by the E. W. | n Bliss Company, of Brooklyn, N. Y., the c¢ engravings which we publish showing an | 0 example. The press belongs to a class of | r: F IRON THURSDAY, JUNE 7, 1888. wanner, and, in fact, a great variety of de- | tl ices have from time to time been , mad se of to overcome the difficulty, but what- | th while the traveling from the position shown in Fig. 2 to the end of then perated directly or indirectly by a cam 10tion. The principal feature of the ma hine illustrated is that the pause or dwell f the mandrel is obtained by a unique ar ingement of linkwork and without the! but a trifling motion AGE 1e mandre! is at the highest point of its stroke, and Fig. 2 when it comes to rest at lowest point It will be seen that pins E E in the crosshead are stroke at F and back gain the links GG lie nearly at right angles to the direction of motion, so that s imparted to tix NEW TOGGLE DRAWING tools in which it is necessary for the slide or mandrel to descend and remain at rest during about one-third of a revolution of the shaft. This action has for years been accomplished by means of one or more cams on the crank-shaft, but the pressure with which it is necessary to hold the man- drel down is so great that even when the cams are made of cast steel, working upon cast-steel rolls and the latter running on hardened steel pins, there is great wear and cause for frequent repair. Toggles oper- ated by cams, wedges worked in a similar Fia, 1.—ffeneral Vie “, PRESS, BUILT BY THE E, W | use of any cam whatever. This action may | be understood by referring to Figs. 2 and 3 on the next page. Onthe end of the shaft, | outside the frame of the machine, is placed BLISS CC BROOKLYN, N rock-shafts B Btduring this time, and as the links C C lie in line with the centers of the rock-shafts no motion is given to the | vokes. But to move the crosshead from a crank which operates a slide or cross- | jhead, A. Across the front and back of the machine are placed two rock-shafts B B, supplied with arms carrying links CC. | which operate the mandrel. On the oppo- site side of the rock-shafts are arms D D. These links are pivoted to yokes | | connected by short links G G to the cross- head A, Fig. 1 shows the position when | press are: the position shown to the end of its stroke and back again requires about one-third of a turn of the crank-shaft. As the cross- head passes this point the links G G are brought nfore and more in line with the direction of motion, thus rotating the rock-shafts B B, and thereby lifting the mandrel. The general dimensions of the Stroke of plunger, {0 inches; " 1 SEES ee as OO a am: = I $ er BS >. © aa a re i: eu ae ie aT ie - he 918 stroke of blank-holder, 5 inches; greatest diameter of blank the press will take, 20 inches; diameter of drawing punch, 14 inches. The spur-gear is 60 inches in diameter by 6 inches width of face, and the gearing is 74 to 1, the slide making about 26 strokes per minute. The weight complete is about 10,000 pounds. EEE Marine Boiler and Engine Weights | per Horse-Power. The steady decrease from year to year in the weight of marine engines and boilers, especially in war ships, is very strikingly shown in an article on ‘‘ The Development THE IRON AGE. | per indicated horse-power before. The lightest engines, not of the torpedo-boat type, now being constructed are of the | twin-screw vertical triple expansion type of 9000 indicated horse-power, running at 140 revolutions per minute, and the ma- chinery will weigh, engines 71 pounds, boilers 85 pounds, or a total weight of machinery of only 156 pounds per indi- | cated horse-power. Coming to machinery of a special type, we have that of the | torpedo boats of various classes in which, to save the weight, many methods of con- struction are adopted which are not admis- |sible for sea-going vessels intended for |ordinary sea-service. The lightest ma- | chinery of this kind weighs 23 pounds per June 7, 1888, |As a rule they are the ordinary engines, | built compactly and light, and do not differ in arrangement from compound |engines as built all over the world. The |simplest and most efficient details have been adopted. For the lumber schooners engines are made from 150 to 300 horse- power; the larger ones for colliers, &c. There are some eight or ten of these en- | vines being made at the Fulton Works now, and recently we saw several of them set up and receiving the finishing touches. There are four of the ordinary compound on hand, all of 150 horse-power, and three are those of 200 horse-power, Several triple-compound engines have been and are being made—those for the Noyo, : ee oo t . | indicated horse-power for engines and 38/|San Diego, Point Loma, and one other, of the Marine Engine in the British Navy,” | published recently in the London Engi- neer. | Beginning with the single engine in 1872 | find in a presumably representative case a weight of boilers of 186 pounds per | indicated horse-power and a weight of en- | gines of 179 pounds, or a total weight of | 365 pounds per indicated horse-power. The | steam pressure here was about 30 pounds | and the speed 77 revolutions per minute. A fair example of the compounds with | ordinary draft tried in 1884 shows a steam | pressure of 90 pounds; revolutions, 100.2 | per minute; weight of engines, 135 pounds | per horse-power; weight of boilers, 185 | pounds, or a total weight of 320 pounds per horse-power. The next class to be mentioned is that of compound engines with forced draft. The influence of this | method of increasing the generation of steam has been very powerful indeed in | reducing boiler weights, the weight of the fans and other fittings required for obtain- | ing the air pressure being very small com- pared with the gain derived by reduction | in the weight of the boilers themselves. | Taking several vessels tried in 1885 we | find that in the lightest of them the weight | of boilers had diminished to from 103 | pounds to 125 pounds per indicated horse- | power developed. The adoption of the | forced draft system, too, was simultaneous with a considerable increase in the number | of revolutions of the engines, from 120 to | 150 per minute being common for many | engines of considerable power, and also an | extended use of steel for framing and other parts which favored lightness, so that we | find the engine weights also of this series | to have been reduced very considerably, from 80 pounds to 100 pounds per indi- cated horse-power developed being the reduced weight of several of the engines. The average of the two lightest ships of the series is: Engines, 80 pounds; boilers, 110 pounds, or a total weight of 190 pounds per indicated horse-power devel- oped. we The change of type of engine to triple | expansion soon followed the adoption of forced draft, the working pressure being also immediately increased to 130 pounds, | to 135 pounds, and latterly to 150 pounds, | per square inch. The addition of another | cylinder caused an increase of weight of | engines, and the increase of pressure caused a smaller reduction, the net result being at first a slight increase of weight of engines compared with the preceding type. As regards the boiler weights, the increase of pressure tended to increase this part of the weight, but the economy of the triple expansion system and the use of a more powerful fan-blast more than counterbal- anced this tendency to increase of weight, and on the whole there was a slight reduc- tion of boiler weights in spite of the addi- tional boiler pressure. The total weight of machinery was at first a trifle greater than the lightest of the compound engines, but this slight excess of weight has been recovered in the most successful of recent vessels. These show about 96 pounds for engines and 96 pounds for boilers, or a total weight of machinery of 192 pounds pounds per indicated horse-power for boil- ‘are complete. The trial trip of the Point » Fig. 2.—Position of Links at Limit of Up Fig. 3.—Links at End of Down Stroke. Stroke. DETAILS OF TOGGLE PRESS, BUILT BY THE E. W. BROOKLYN, N. Y. BLISS COMPANY, ers, or a total weight of machinery of only | Loma was made lately, and was very 61 pounds per indicated horse-power. satisfactory. One quadruple engine 1s <ccieasaiaillliiiaaaiiiasi now being fitted up for a coaster. A large triple engine is being built for a steam collier. This engine will have a | high-pressure cylinder of 18 inches, inter- Under the above head the Mining and | mediate of 30 inches, and low-pressure Scientific Press, of San Francisco, writes: cylinder of 484 inches, with 36-inch Within the past three years the coasting stroke. This is about a 600 horse. power trade has largely increased in California, | engine. The steel plates for the boilers especially that connected with the lumber- | of triple engines are 1 inch thick, and ing interests. Formerly all the lumber was those for the quadruple are 14 inches transported on sailing schooners, but of | thick The triple engines are made for late steam schooners have been employed. | 150 pounds pressure, and the quadruples These vessels have masts and sails, and use 'to run with 175 pounds. the sails when the wind is fair, but they steam up the coast against the summer winds, which blow from the northwest. Altoona reports state that a syndicate of So while the schooners from the lumber | capitalists have closed the purchase of ports have a fair wind down when loaded, | 10,000 acres of coal land, located in the they steam up when light, and a great | Black Lick field, Cambria County, and deal of time is saved. The Fulton Iron will proceed to develop it at once. , The Works, of this city, have built most of! price paid was $12 an acre, and this is the the engines for those steam schooners, | heaviest real estate sale in years, Iron ore having made a specialty of this class of and fire clay abound on the land. It 1s work. They are made from 50 to 500-| stated that 1500 coke ovens will be estab- horse power in sizes, but of the same type. | lished within two miles of Ebensburg. California Marine Engines. i June 7, 1888. — the Chemistry of Foundry Irons. Standard Grades and Che mical Composition. BY CARL A. MEISSNER, STERLING FURNACE, STERLINGTON, N. Y. The following notes represent the re- sult of three years’ work on the chemistry of foundry irons by the writer while in the employ of a well-known furnace company, making a specialty of various grades of foundry irons. No particular "degree of originality is claimed for these investigations. The in- formation, it is true, on the subject was at the start in 1882 of a very meager descrip- tion. The great authorities on iron and steel had touched this part but lightly, de- voting more space to steel and Bessemer irons, as being at that time of greater im- portance. It was not until about a year ago that I got hold of Professor Ledebur’s works, which, had I had them in 1882, would have helped me out of many a perplexity. I can only say in regard to this author's works that,they give about the most suc- cinct and practical information on the sub- ject of iron particularly that I have yet read. a directly practical nature, and taken from such directly practical sources, that I can- not refrain from adding my mite of ad- miration for this author. Lrefer the reader especially to his ‘‘Handbuch der Eisen- huettenkunde ” and to his ‘‘ Das Roheisen mit Besonderer Beruecksichtigung seiner Verwendung in der Eisengiesserei.” In all these notes I shall not quote much from any author, as it is not the intention to write a treatise, but merely to present the result of my personal investigations. When the Brier Hill Iron and Coal Company began in 1882 we barely knew how much phosphorus ought to be in foundry irons; a start in the right direction was at length made by obtaining some sam- ples of Scotch iron, specially with a view to determine how little manganese was in the same, as this metal was considered a bugbear in those days, anything above 1 per cent. being sufficient to condemn the iron at once. It was therefore with surprise that the following results were obtained : Egling- Colt- Summerlee ton. ness. Grade 1. Gradel. Grade 1. RR, © aa cae 2.70 2.47 2.15 2.59 Phosphorus . 0.545 0.760 0,618 0.845 Manzganese..... 1.80 2.51 2.80 1.70 Sulphur.... ...... 0.01 0,015 0.025 0.010 Graphite... ..... 3.00 vo ore « iene Combined carbon 0 25 : 0.21 3.75 These figures naturally threw a new light on the subject, some more of the best known Scotch brands were obtained and carefully analyzed, grades noted, as also the purposes for which they were used, and on these tigures were based the—to the trade— well known brands of above company. The following are some more of the Scotch iron analyses, together with two copies gotten hold of at a later date: Glenarcen or Carnbroe. Glengarnock. Summerlee. -_-—_--— - rnar—r—*— —— 7+ No.1. No.1. No.2. No.1. No.2. Silicon.. . 1.70 3.08 4.00 3.44 2.70 Phosphorus, 1.100 1.200 0.900 1.00 0810 Manganese. 1.83 2.85 3.40 1.70 2.90 Sulphur ... 0.008 .... 0.01 0.015 0.02 Griphite.... 3.50 =e 1.78 isp ee Combined carbon.... 0.40 cas 0.90 cin wee (Copy) Was said (Copy) to carry % scrap. All these figures, then, were the basis of the various brands of the company that enabled them to successfully stand the hard years of 1883 to 1885 without put- ting any of their furnaces out of blast. A long series of analyses was then under- taken of the brands of competitors where successful and from these an iron made as nearly alike the one desired to compete with as practicable, and with almost invariably satisfactory results, proving the value of. The style of his remarks is of such | THE IRON AGE. the work in hand. These analyses are of samples from almost every part of the United States and include most of the prominent iron firms, proving of great value to the company, as it was merely necessary to look up the analysis book whenever our agents named a certain brand as being a strong competitor. I shall give a few of the more impor- tant analyses where the samples were accompanied by a clear description of the physical properties, omitting of course | the names of the firms from whose fur- naces they came, as I hardly feel at liberty | to promiscuously publish analyses of such a character without consent of the makers. Of course it was quickly found that the | partial analyses thus made were not in themselves sufficient, as the physical con- | ditions or grades had to receive their full | share of attention. We frequently found irons to have the same composition so far as silicon, manganese, phosphorus and | sulphur were concerned, but the ‘‘ grade” | or graphite formation was so different as to | make them work like two different irons. | Some hundred or more analyses could be | given of irons from various firms, but they would only be a repetition of some of those herein stated, which latter have been care- fully selected with a view to fully cover | the ground gone over at the time. More graphite and combined carbon determina- | tions were not made mainly for lack of time, | but also because it was obvious that the | ‘*orade” gave asufticient indication of the | amount of graphite present. An open iron was sure to have a high percentage of graphite and a close one a low percentage of graphite and vice versdé. I shall begin | with irons used for machine purposes : |ences the choice from analysis. 919 badly, castings being white and irregular. Analysis proves that some other iron too high in manganese had been used, and probably not well mixed. No. 10....A Pennsylvania iron, excellent machine iron, no shrinkage, soft and strong. No. 11....A very good quality northern charcoal iron. Next in order are the American Scotch irons, or irons made especially to compete with Scotch irons. There is here a wider |range of analysis, as different purposes | will take different percentages; also the amount of scrap desired to be used influ- a x é 2. =z z . 2 s = & *'3is eS oe ae S = a | s&s Ss © Z L Q, = 2D Zz 12 6.00 0.439 | 1.00 oe 1 Sh eas 13 1.67 1.920 | 1.90 walhvien casting 14 2.49 1.000 | 1.70 ea 2 ening rene 15 1.28 0.690 , 1.40 2 l6a 3.50 0.613 | 2.51 wena 1 tetas 16d 2.90 0.733 | 1.40 +éar casting 17a 3.44 1.000 1.70 0.015 1 - ‘ 17b 3.35 1.300 | 1.50 0.012 1 18 3.68 0.508 | 2 96 1 | No. 12....A well-known Ohio-Scotch iron is almost silvery, but will carry two-thirds scrap made in part from Blackband ore. A very successful brand, hard to compete with. The very high silicon gives it its large scrap-carrying capacity. No. 13....Brier Hill Scotch castings made for scale works, cast- ings demanding more fluid- ity than strength. Is very satisfactory. | No. 14.... Formerly a famous Ohio-Scotch | No. 15 | : g ¢ mt Zz, ha > = : ‘ee =) © 3 3 = - 3 $ 4 = = a ¢ = a o - ss 2 ~~ = a g |3 ai 2 4 Sie i248 Lh D a ~ RD o oO lo 1 2.80 06 492 0.61 | 0.015 o 2 1.30 0.262 0.70) 0.080 ..... 3 3a | 2.€6 0.770 1.20 | 0.020 2.51 2 36 | 3.63 0.411 1.25 | 0.014 8.05 1 4 2.10 0.415 0.60 | 0.050 Ce Esai ae 5 1.37 0.204 1.51 | 0.080 | 2.31 | 0.78 | 2 6 8.10 0.124 trace! 0.021 2 7 Bee) Oey OU Eidcs exile covelece 8 1.70 | 0.6382 | 1.60 |.... 9a 1.45 0.470 1.25 | 0.009 2 9b 1.40 0.316 | 1.37 | 0.008 |..... Jevenubenes 10 3.26 0.426 I eri o'r 5 oa 1 0.80 0.164 | 0.90 | 0.015 |.....°)... 1 Description of Samples. No. 1,....A famous Southern brand noted for fine machine castings. No. 2.....Also a Southern brand, a very | good machine iron. No. 3a.. ) Formerly one of the best known Ohio brands. Does not 7 | shrink; is very fluid and| : { strong. Foundries having ; used this have reported very No. 3b J) favorably on it. ee Iron from Brier Hill Co. made to imitate No. 3; was stronger | No. 18. than No. 3; did not pull cast- | ings; was fluid and soft. No. 5 Copy of a very strong English machine iron. No. 6.....A Pennsylvania iron, very tough and soft. This is partiall; Bessemer iron, which ac- counts for strength, while high silicon makes it soft. POM Rss es Castings made from Brier Hill machine brand for scale works, very satisfac- tory, strong, soft and fluid. ae Castings made from Brier Hill one - half machine brand, one-half Scotch brand, for scale works, castings de- sired to be of fair strength, but very fluid and soft. Brier Hill machine brand made to compete w ith No. 3. _Castings (clothes hooks) from same, said to have worked Co.'s Co.'s No. 9a... No. 9b... | | } | | | brand, not made any more now. Was almost the first American iron to successfully compete with Scotch iron. Made mainly from Black- band ore. .A good Ohio-Scotch, very soft and fluid, made in part from Blackband ore. Brier Hill Scotch iron and casting, made for stove pur- } No. 16a. | poses; 350 pounds ofiron used ane { to 150 pounds of scrap gave No. 16. | very soft fluid iron, worked well. Shows comparison between | Summerlee (Scotch) 17a and No. 17a. | Brier Hill Co.’s Sestch 170. Drillings were sent by a and 3 5 a Cleveland foundry, who No. 17+. | found both irons closely alike | in physical and working } quality. ..One of the most famous South- ern irons, very hard to com- pete with, owing to its gen- eral qualities and great regu- larity of grade and general working. We will now take up the silvery irons. a L a Z | £ $ S © af | «£4 a Z 4 _ 2 Z oh og 5 2 S = 2 3 = = | gs 3 = & | L RN Oy a S. | 5 ie | ; i 19 2.65 | 0.740 | 1.70 | 0.020) 38 ate 20a | 4.00 | 0.521] 1.40/...... Wie tease 20b 3.68 | 0.525 | 1.00 |...... os casting. 21 3.80 0 880 | 1.20 1 o ess 22a 5.00 1.260 | 1.50 2 22b 1.75 0.500 | 1.2)... a 2 2 6.30 1.000 | 1.€2 | 0.022 1 24a} 1.80 1.490 | 2.20 | 0.015 3 | 24b 0.20 0.090 | 0.92 | 0.020)......] 2a 6.00 0.923 | 2.34 0.02)) i 255 5.56 4 1.756 | 1.50 . 0.022 1 omens 26a 2.30 1.360 | 2.40 0.018 D Diatomavad 26b | 6.86 1.213 | 2.34 0.021 58s We | 1.30 | 0.262 | 0.70; 0.080) 3 |....... .. 26d | 2.65 | v.907 | 1.25 0.080)... | casting. 2e | 1.72 | 0.975 1.3) 0.027)......) casting. 27 8.92 | 0.658 | 1.12 We Bueadgnakan 28 6.42 | 1.50) | 1.65 i en eg 3" 5 Se iy mate et a> Ss. oy oA ra... Pn. . ss Sy Se Shes. fie ss a eee the cht af O49 copay, & wid F at 7 7 if sa , pags it jas rae! Z » Pel alone (8) € EE sw I “Om PE amy 7s anes = = 1 oe wae ' we = ers = > ae CI nd 920 No. 19 Pennsylvania iron used as a soft- ener, will carry one-half scrap. Made from native carbonate ores, No. 20 Pennsylvania iron. Very fluid and soft, will make very thin castings. No, 21 New York iron. Very cheap, fluid iron, will carry two- thirds scrap, although hard to say why it should. No. 22a Used as a softener with excel- = lent results in a mixture of one-half with one-half our No. 22h. company’s machine iron 22h. No. 23 Kentucky iron, very soft, com- petes directly with Scotch iron along the Eastern coast. No. 24a. j Silvery iron, which made some and excellent muck bar, of which No. 24). \ 24d is analysis. No, 25a. | A very well-known Jackson ~~ County iron, famed for soft- ness and scrap-carrying capa- No. 256. | city. No. 26... .Drillings and castings sent from large stove company ; castings were thin—were bad, brittle, weak and irregular, although soft where gray. One was nearly white; the other had white streak between two gray edges. General forma- tion and appearance of cast- ings would indicate that the various irons had not mixed well. I should also say that those castings, considering their thinness, contained too much manganese, which, to- gether with irregular mixing, caused bad work. No. 26a...Brier Hill silvery ) ~ No. 26b...Jackson County sil- | “7. very of pig —— ‘ ee ou fae No. 26¢...Southern machine | | used, iron No. 26d... White casting. No. 26¢...Gray casting with white streak in center. THE IRON AGE. No. 32....Very good machine casting, strong, soft, no shrinkage. No. 33 Drillings from an annealer box that stood the heat very well. No. 34a Drillings from door hinge, very strong and soft. No. 344...Drillings from clothes hooks, tough and soft, stood severe hammering. No. 34¢...Drillings from window blind hinge, broke off suddenly at light strain. Too high phos- phorus. No. 35a...Casting for heavy ladle support, very strong. No. 35?. ~ Broke after short usage. Phos- No ane. \ phorus too high. Car bumpers. No. 35d...Elbow for steam heater, very tough and strong. No. 36 .Cog-wheel, very good, shows absolutely no shrinkage. No, 37....Heater top network, requiring fluidity but no strength. .Gray part of above. ooee White, honeycombed part of above. Probably bad mixing and got chilled suddenly. No. 37a.. No. 37> I will not go into details as to the effect of the various constituents in varying pro- portions on the founding qualities of the iron. That has been done so thoroughly by Professor Ledebur and others, particu- larly by the former, that I will refer all readers to his books on this subject, as well as on all other practical subjects that come before a furnace manager, and on which I have found him to afford more direct information than perhaps many other authors on the subject. I will only give a general summary of the main effects of silicon, phosphorus and | manganese as shown to us at the time by above analyses and experiments. above data, it will be understood, were obtained directly from the foundries in their reports on the working of the various brands. Silicon. —Between 2,50 and 3.50 per cent. is best adapted for iron that is to carry a fair proportion of scrap and close iron, as ordinarily a casting should not run below | 1.50 per cent. silicon to be open and soft. No, 27....Ohio silvery, very good for floor plates and other similar work. Carries heavy amounts | of scrap. No. 28....Jackson County iron. Very soft and fluid. Of mill irons I shall only give two anal- yses, as they do not rightly belong in this paper: | It makes a fluid casting, fairly strong and No. 29. No. 30. Bias sie wo oa GR Stes teers ow ccc oh 0.87 Praia hes viens ce. i re 0.96 | SE 0.30 | Mn........... 2.00 | aes eae te 0.042) 58.... ... 0.05 | No. 29 was anthracite iron, all mag- netite ore; very satisfactory. No. 30 was coke iron, all soft ores; very good. I will now append a number of analyses of various castings which may prove of in- terest : c [ = Zz - ¢ oe fe Bw . = © e 2 = 5 = é a'&s&¢il&laid! ; - = a é s if S @ Q ~ = 7) 5 C 81 2. Be’ 8: 2a oe 32 0.85 0.851 | 0.92 | 0.080)......] .... 33 1.53 0.327 | 1.08 0.040 3.10 | 0.58 34a 1.84 0.577 SS Re eee eee 34b | 2.20 0.742 1.10 Bic | 2.50 1.208 | 1.16 3a | 2.80 | 0.418 | 0.54 35d | 3.10 1.280 | 1.14 35c 3.30 | 0.879 0.80 85a 2.88 0.408 | 1.10 35< 4.50 0.660 | 0.78 |.... 36 3.48 1.439 | 0.90 | 6.025,...... 37a 2.68 0.900 | 1.30 |......|.. 37b |} 1.90 | 0.980 Be. Betpoteteouna A aaes No. 31....Sewing machine casting said to be very fluid and good cast- ing. This is an odd analysis. I should say it would have been too hard and brittle, vet no complaint was made. | this case. | grained clean casting. sound, by its tendency to cause carbon to | crystallize when not too high (see Professor Ledebur and others). It makes the iron open, thereby giving a clean, well-filled casting, owing to the slight expansion caused by formation of graphite in cast- ing. From 3 to 5 per cent. silicon—i. ¢., silvery iron—will carry heavy amounts of scrap, but tends to make a rather brittle casting if not handled very carefully in casting, as it is liable to give very irregular |results if too much or too little scrap is | used. From 1.50 to 2 percent. silicon has been | 'found to be best adapted for machine work; very little scrap should be used in It will give a very strong, fine- Silicon below 1 per cent. seems suited for drills and castings that have to stand great variations in temperature. Manganese.—The exact advantage of manganese had long been a puzzle to us, | until we found the proper solution in Professor’s Ledebur’s ‘‘ Handbuch,” where he states that manganese, being oxidized more readily than silicon, enables the latter to remain present in greater propor- tion than if the former were not present, in which case the silicon would be oxi- dized, and unless very careful allowance had been made the casting would contain | too little silicon to cause the necessary separation of graphite. This, therefore, explains the necessity of having manganese | present in varying proportions according to the amount of scrap it is desired to carry. All the | June 7, 1888: Phosphorus.—Phosphorus, as is gene- rally known, makes the iron more fluid. it retains its heat longer, and is, therefore. good for castings demanding a hot. fluid iron, but its tendency to brittleness when present above 3 per cent. makes it unde sirable where strength is required Sulphur.—Sulphur I am inclined to pay very little attention to, as an open, fairly graphitic iron, particularly if it has about 1 per cent. or over of manganese, can hardly contain more than a very smal] amount, too small to influence the results materially. The conditions in the furnac« which make an open iron tend to keep it out, and if manganese is present its well known affinity for carrying sulphur into the slag makes it easily understood why it plays but a small part in foundry irons. In fact, in dealing with foundry irons we can only pay special attention to th open grained grades; the closer grades cannot demand attention except as an ad mixture, when they are treated- like scrap is, added according to the grade of th rest of the iron. It is for this reason that I have not taken up carbon at all, an open iron shows in its fracture just about how much graphite is present; henge analyses are unnecessary. ‘(iraphite is a necessity and an open grain shows that it is there; that is all that is needed by the founder as far as carbon is concerned. I now give a series of what we called our ‘‘standard grades,” graded according to analysis, and on which we based all th: | brands of the Brier Hill Iron and (oa company : | Brier Hill Scotch Iron Standard Grade Nos. 1 and 2. Analysis, PR eee 2.00 to 3.0) Phosphorus...... 0.50 to 0.75 Manganese ....... 2.00 to 2.50 Used successfully for scales, mowing ma- chines, agricultural implements, novelty hardware, sounding boards, stoves, pro- | peller wheels and similar~ heavy work, | chain pumps and similar work requiring no special strength, hardware, carworks, &c. When used for material requiring strength it should be used carefully, with a larg: ‘amount of scrap. When for material re- quiring more fluidity than strength it may 'be used in larger proportions, according to the quantity of scrap or close pig de- sired to be used with it. Higher manga- nese may be needed for special purposes, but as that can be added at will in the furnace it need not figure in the standard analysis. | The Brier Hill Iron and Coal Company, as the result of these investigations, has suc- ceeded in making a soft foundry iron hav- ing all the qualities of the best brands of ‘imported Scotch irons without the use of black band ore, depending entirely upon the ores controlled by the company in the Menominee Range, the Florence, Jron River and Youngstown. Brier Hill Silvery Iron—Standard Analysis, Grade No. 1. MN gs cdek tae ucssrseannea 3.50 to 5.50 al Pree -1.00 to 1.50 in uo inn tw hws ssn dens es .2.00 to 2.25 This has been used successfully for hol- low-ware, car-wheels, &c., stoves, car- |bumpers and similar work, machines, harvesters, scales, &c., of course with heavy amounts of scrap in all cases. Should mainly be used where fluidity and no great strength is required, espe- cially for heavy work of above descrip- tion. When used with scrap or close pig low in phosphorus, castings of considera- ‘ble strength and gredt fluidity can be made Fairly Heavy Machine Iron—Standard Analysis, Grade No, 1. EP ere re eooee eel. % to 2.50 rr .-. 0.50 to 0.60 IND... kaccxscysanes sédavaewelae Op aay The best iron for machinery, wagon-boxes, agricultural implements, pump-works, hardware specialties, lathes, stoves, &¢., June 7, 1888. vhere no large amounts of scrap are to be | carried and where strength, combined with | vreat fluidity and softness, are desired. Should not have much scrap with it, and hence gives more generally reliable results, Reqular Machine fron—Standard Analysis, Grade Nos. 1 and 2. Silicon. ....1.50 to 2.00 PRON ck.ca tien ieecexcaxaces 0.30 to 0.50 Manganes« . ...0.80 to 1,00 Used for hardware, lawn-mowers, mower ind reaper works, oil-well machinery, drills, fine machinery, stoves, &c. Excel- lent for all small tine castings requiring fair fluidity, softness, and mainly strength. Cannot be well used alone for large cast- ings, but gives good results on same when | used with above-mentioned heavy machine vrade, Also when used with the Scotch THE [RON AGE Large Pattern Makers’ Lathe Messrs. J. A. Fay @w Co., 267 to 285 Front street, Cincinnati, Ohio, are putting on the market a new large pattern makers’ | each side. face lathe, intended for turning large cir- cular work for use in car and railroad shops, and wherever patterns are required of large diameters, such as those for gear ing, water wheels, pulleys, &c. The lathe, of which we present an en graving on this page, has a very heavy and substantial frame with a broad base, cast in the cored form, and it will swing ma-] terial 7 feet in diameter. The spindle is | made of steel, large in diameter, and ear- | ries a cone having four steps, made of cherry. The bearings are long and se'f- | oiling, and arranged to take up wear. The | a Ce, NEW PATTERN MAKERS’ LATHE, BUILT BY J. A. FAY & in right proportion. Will carry but little scrap, and should be used alone for good strong castings. ; For axles and materials requiring very great strength we made an iron, Grade No. 2, with— ee aaneagee 1,50 REN rere 0.200 and less, IN oa a S's oahu an cunxbus 0.80 This gave excellent results. * A good neutral iron for guns, &c., will run about as follows: Ne yids eal hc Rantas tao Wee ee 1,00 ere eee 0.25 inne bo Tie vk bas. ck ieaKew as cuese 0.20 ee arene Webs cross ant sees nen none It should be open No, 1 iron. This gives a very tough, elastic metal. More sulphur would make tough, but de- crease elasticity. For fine castings demanding elegance of design but no strength, phosphorus to 3.00 per cent. is good. Can also stand 1.50 to 2.00 per cent. manganese. For work of a hard, abrasive character man- ganese can run 2.00 per cent. in casting. front box consists of a babbited split sleeve, | in which the spindle revolves, supported | in the frame. The rear box has a conical | step, adjustable to the tapering bearing of the spindle by means of a screw. This screw has a separate adjustment, held to| its place by a set nut, and comes in contact | with the end of the bearing in a self-lubri- cating chamber. This furnishes the step with a constant supply of oil, and relieves | the other bearing of friction. The countershaft carries a four-step cone | to match the cone on the machine, and has | two pair of tight and loose pulleys, secur- |ing eight changes of speed, to suit all sizes of work, ee Motor for Coal Hauling.—We are informed by the Corey Coal Company, of Pittsburgh and Braddock, Pa., that they | have in successful use the motor designed by Mr. J. B. Corey for hauling coal out of | mines. The truck on which the whole | machinery is mounted is 16 feet long; the | boiler is horizontal, 5 feet in diameter, and .6 feet long, and the working cylinders | tension. ittached to its side measure 8 x 12 inches The wheel around which the rope for haul ing passes, is 6 feet 4 inches in diameter, ind has a groove, with cogs arranged on These cogs mesh with a small ear-wheel on the engine shaft. The rope yasses twice around the large wheel, and s fastened at its ends, which are about a } I l }mile and a half apart, to levers which take up the slack of the rope and reculate the In this way the motor is relieved from the necessity of depending upon friction on the rails and much greater hauling power is available: One of the machines, we understand, has been in use at the Duquesne Mines for over three years, with very satisfactory results. A new one which is now being built is to be of greater power, with some additional im y Up 7 CO., CINCINNATI, OHIO. provements, such as coupling the wheels on the trucks with a chain pulley, so that in case of accident to the rope the motor will be able to work as an ordinary pit locomotive. secon Solidifying Russian Oil.—Experi- ments are still being made under the direc- tion of the Russian Government, with the view of finding a process, at once practi- cable as well as desirable on the score of economy and cleanliness, of solidifying the petroleum used as fuel. According to the report made by Dr. Kauffmann, who has had the principal charge of these ex- | periments, a successful method of accom- | plishing the desired result consists simply in heating the oil and afterward adding from 1 to 3 per cent. of soap. The latter dissolves in the oil, and the liquid on cool- | ing formgya mass having the appearance of cement and the hardness of compact tal- low. The product is hard to light, burns slowly and without smoke, but develops | much heat, and leaves about 2 per cent. of i hard, black residuum. > fucae os ys 2 a i 4 -, ~ A Lp lal sae a o. YP Bee By o> uf ~ 0 Salting , - = hob © nb: Se oye PM oe te ak ¥e.e us + * ate = ie 2 ie Oe er Oe ee : Fas Sete gre Ff me 4 999 The Ford & Moncur Stoves. The Ford & Moncur regenerative hot- blast stove has been in successful use at many of the ironworks in Great Britain, and is now being introduced in this coun- try by Lean & Blair, of Pittsburgh. The stove has been designed to overcome cer- tain defects and objections urged against other fire-brick stoves and _ difficulties found in their practical working. The inventors have endeavored to combine in it the all-important features of self-clean- ing, complete control of combustion, per- fect diffusion of the gases and heated cur- rents, together with a simple means of regulating the temperature and of main- taining uniformity in the heat of the blast during the whole time the stove may be blowing. It is claimed that it is no longer necessary with these stoves to have each blast furnace fitted with three or more stoves at a large outlay in plant, three of | the Ford & Moncur stoves being found capable of working satisfactorily two of the largest modern blast furnaces. In the accompanying illustrations Fig. 1 represents a vertical section of the stove through the combustion chamber on the line I, I, Fig. 2, this latter figure being a horizontal section through the central flue | leading to the chimney at II, Il, Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a vertical transverse section on the line V, V, Fig. 4, while Fig. 4 is a section taken on the line III, ITI, of Fig. 3. The combustion-chamber F divides the regulator H into two parts, which are again divided by the wall M, which is car- ried from foundation to roof. The regen- erator is in this way divided into four isolated compartments, each communicat- ing with the large horizontal flue K through the internal valves I. These valves are actuated from the outside. The gases from the blast furnace pass from the | flue through the gas valve A into the flues B | and B’, and enter the combustion-chamber by the graduated openings C, along both | sides of the chamber. The air required | for combustion enters by the valves D and | D’, passes along the flues E, and enters | the combustion-chamber by the graduated | openings e and z placed immediately over | the gas openings, insuring a thorough | mixture of the two. It will be noticed | that the air entering by the valve D sup- | plies one-half of the combustion-chamber, | and the air valve D’ the other half beyond | the dividing wall M. In this way com- | plete control of combustion is secured | over the entire length of the chamber. | This air in its passage along and through | the hot walls of the combustion-chamber enters the stove at a high temperature. | The whole of the compartments are heated | simultaneously, the internal valves I being open; the waste gases, after parting with their heat to the regenerator, pass through the large cleaning valve O and the chim- ney-valve L to the chimney flue. After the stove has been heated, the air, gas and chimney valves are closed, and the cold blast is admitted by the valve N, and the hot-blast valve Q is opened. If it is required to equalize the temperature over a protracted period of blowing, it can be readily done by closing one or two of the internal valves I thereby holding a portion of the regenerator in reserve. The cold blast enters by the flue K, passes through the internal valves I, and slowly up through the hot chequer work of the regenerator, impinging on the many thou- sands of angular staybricks in that struct- ure, then down through the intensely hot walls of the combustion-chamber, passing to the furnace by the hot-blast valve. It will be seen that the combustion-chamber, from its shape and position, thoroughly commands the entire area of the regen- erator, and the waste gases being drawn off through the valve I, have no tendency to go direct to the chimney-valve, nor to THE IRON AGE. Sune 7, 1000. leave any part of the regenerator un-| The arrangements for self-cle; touched. The cross walls in the upper|as follows: The dust carried into the part of the combustion-chamber also afford | stove by the gas, as well as that deposited a very large heating surface themselves, | from combustion, being of a light, flocey ining are Fig. 2.—Section through Central Chimney Flue. SCALE OF FEET THE FORD & MONCUR HOT-BLAST STOVE and serve to give a finishing touch to the| lent, powdery nature, is easily removed, blast at the most effective point. All the if not allowed to settle and accumulate; parts of the stove are accessible by the | otherwise it is very difficult to remove. manholes R. |The method of removing it in the Ford & June 7, 1888. THE IRON AGE. Moncur stove is by utilizing the force of | of coal per ton of iron, At the Barrow the air in the stove at blast pressure and| Works four stoves are blowing three suddenly discharging it into the chimney | modern furnaces, while at North Lonsdale | flue by the large cleaning-valve O, which ! three stoves heat the blast for two furnaces, | is geared to open instantaneously, and, by means of the internal valves I, compelling the discharge to confine itself in its pas- sage to only one compartment of the stove. The high velocity of the current effect- ually clears away any dust that may have been deposited, and, each compartment being taken in regular rotation at every change from blast to gas, the dust is never allowed to accumulate. The heat- ing surfaces of the stove are thus kept ri i im a permanently clean. The sluice valves J [Semen eg ere Beay eee Ray are for the purpose of blowing out any ‘- dust that may accumulate in the gas flues and bottom of the combustion-chamber. These require blowing off once or twice a = week, kee Fest tg ane The regenerator, which is a special feat- “ ure in the stove, is built dry, and is formed of parallel walls 2 inches or 2} inches thick, carried on cast-iron girders. These walls are stayed by special lozenge-shaped brick stays H, pointed to prevent lodgment for dust, and arranged so as to break up the currents and provide the largest extent of heating surface. The gases having full play round these stays in a lateral direc- tion, the absorbing power of the arrange- ment is very much greater than in the old system of continuous cellular passages, as it is well known that where heated cur- rents are caused to impinge against solid bodies, such as the brick stays in the re- generator, they are more rapidly heated and raised to a high temperature than where the heated currents only rush through continuous perpendicular passages. The clear vertical openings in the regenerator mi Bw re may be of any size to suit the nature of thelll-- : es ae gases used. The bricks forming the walls ia) being each held in position by the stays at both ends, and in the middle as well, any displacement and consequent irregularity in the vertical openings is avoided, the openings being perfectly true and straight from top to bottom. A novel feature in the stove is that the hot-blast outlet may be placed either at the front or back of the stove, or on both sides, if found desirable Fig. 4. to suit the varying arrangements of differ- ent smelting plants. The whole arrangement is the result of an intimate knowledge and careful study of the question, with special reference to the requirements of the hematite and other districts, where the dust deposit from the gas is very great, and has hitherto been a source of much trouble and expense, be- sides rendering a large outlay necessary for providing auxiliary stoves to take the place of those laid off for cleaning pur- poses. These stoves are still giving ex- cellent results at the Distington Works, a marked saving of fuel with an increased production being effected by them. They V-- have now been working continuously for more than five years, during which time, it is stated, that there has been no lower- ing of the heats, and no expenditure for repairs, and no loss of time in cleaning. They are likewise in use at the following works: Nh PTA Mlle ideale angle eT Barrow Hematite Steel Company.... 7 stoves North Lonsdale Hematite [ron and 0 eer 3 stoves US SS Ue 3 stoves Moysten Iron Works................ 3 stoves Springvale Furnaces................ 5 stoves Charles Cammell & Co., Derwent oigt enna enwhs bncenes chews 2 stoves Distington Iron Works.......... .. 4stoves Fig. 4.—Horizontal Section III, III, Fig, 3. Maryport Iron Works............... 3 stoves 7 , Coltness Iron Works................ 2 stoves Dalmellington Iron Works.......... 2stoves THE FORD & MONCUR HOT-BLAST Cleator Moor Iron Works... .... 3 Stoves STOVE. NS Gavan uirvx hve re unnee Vaaee 37 stoves At the works of the Coltness Iron Com- | each 20-foot bosh, and 75 feet high. Ac- pany two Ford-Moncur stoves, according cording to advices lately received from to a statement by J. Hamilton, under date | England, they are making No. 1 Bessemer of April 20, have been running since | pig with 17} cwts. of coke, which is stated August, 1887, effecting a saving of 6 cwts. | to be the best on record. The Affairs of Cobb’s Iron and Nail Company. Under date of the 26th ul Pee Cobb, president of Cobb's Iron and Nail Company, of Aurora, Ind., has issued the following circular: ‘‘We suppose you know our company has been thrown into the hands: of a receiver, and we think without sufficient cause, as our company was in much better condition than in 1881. We started business in 1881, with a capital stock paid up of $250,000—but all in the plant, and bonded tor $225,000—yet we had a credit sufficient to buy $31,000 of material on our long-time notes With this meager capital, and a contract with the city agreeing to exempt our real and personal property and the bonds of the company from taxes for 10 years, to get us to hold and run our factory here for that length of time, and with the aid of our in- dividual members, and by adopting our patent process of making nail plate from wrought iron scrap at one heat, which enabled us to dispense with puddling fur- naces, squeezers, muck rolls and the old rolling mill, we succeeded by 1886 in pay- ing off the $225,000 of bonds, and. at the same time, increased the size of the nail plant until it is now of greater value than all of the original plant ($250,000). This success seemed to beget a spirit of jealousy in a few persons in Aurora that caused the City Council to repudiate her contract for the exemption of our taxes for 10 years, to such an extent, that the city, in 1887, de- clared our contract illegal and the taxes delinquent back to 1881, and proceeded to forcibly collect them by levying on all our coal and stopping our entire werks for many days, to our great damage by injur- ing our credit at home and abroad, for which we have brought a damage suit of $41,000. This set the agencies to report- ing us badly, and, when we had a break- down that stopped us for weeks, several suits were brought and creditors applied for a receiver which the court granted. As matters now stand we owe about $110,000 all told. Of this amount Cobb’s Iron and Nail Company owe Bradford Iron and Metal Company $13,000, for which they hold a first mortgage; the Cobb’s and Greer about $61,000, for which they hold a second mortgage; about $17,000 to par- ties who have nails in pledge for money loaned to the company; and the balance, abont $25,000, is unsecured debts. To meet this we have about $5000 of raw material and stock on hand, besides the nails above referred to, valued at $18,000 to $20,000, and the plant that has cost us $250,000, which shows our total nominal assets to be nearly three times that of our liabilities. Now, it seems to us, if we suffer the plant to be sold in these trouble- L¥some times, it will not sell for enough to pay the creditors 10 cents on the dollar, Therefore, we propose that the mortgages be opened up so as to treat all alike and issue bonds or stock to each man in pro- portion to hisinterest. The Bradford Iron and Metal Company mortgage is not due. It is on long time and if they refuse to open their mortgage, the Cobb’s and Greer have agreed to open their $57,006 mortgage so as to treatall alike. In that way we can prevent the Bradford Iron and Metal Company from sacrificing the property, at any rate, until their mortgage is due, and, inthe mean time, as we have many offers of large bo- nuses to take our plant where they have plenty of natural gas, raw material and good railroad facilities, we could likely get three times as much money or subscription in stock for locating at sucha point as the plant will sell for here under the hammer, if we can agree fmong ourselves on some plan of action that will enable us to issue new obligations to pay dollar for dollar and ac- cept one of these propositions to relocate, or try to run the mill where it stands.” - Y ie eat. m4 oo. . ex === v- . 6 ‘zz —- — rie oF Site Mt rr a > hacen > ‘ae a, «i 924 Wire Rope Fastenings.* Having had occasion to make some tests f the strength of wire rope recently, the lifticulty encountered in obtaining fair re- sults suggests a consideration of the rela- tive merits and defects of the fastenings, f which two distinct kinds are employed— me, the splice and thimble, Figs. 1 and 2, und the other by socket, Fig. 3. Two styles of splices are used—one (Fig. 1) in which the wires after being frayed out at the end, and the rope bent around the thimble, are laid snugly about the main portion of the rope and securely fastened by serving or wrapping with stout wire; the extreme ends which project below this wrapper being folded back, as shown at a. The other style (Fig. 2) is by interlocking the strands in the usual manner of splicing, and also wrapping with wire as in the first method, the latter mode of fastening possessing the greater strength. The socket (Fig. 3) is a block with a conical hole in which the rope is secured by fray- ing out the wires at the end to conform in shape with the conical form of the aperture, the interstices between the wires being filled up with spikes or nails, which are driven in as tightly as possible, and the whole finally cemented with molten Bab- bitt metal. This is a much neater fasten- ing than either of the preceding, but as usually made, does not possess anything like the strength. In the first tests, the specimens were secured by means of thim- l at the end, as in Fig. 1. I) }: ples spliced In *From a paper presented at the Nashviile meet- ing of the American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers, by Mr. Wm. Hewi