The Iron Age 1888-04-12: Vol 42

‘THE Heavy Automatic Knife-Grinder A few months ago the Springtield Glue and Emery-Wheel Company, of Spring- field, Mass., shipped to Messrs. Carnegie, Phipps & Co., of Pittsburgh, one of their heavy machines for grinding shear knives for boiler iron, the particular one in ques- tion being designed for grinding a knife 12 feet long. We take pleasure in presenting on this page an engraving of the machine made from a photograph sent us by the build- ers. The machine weighs between three and four tons, and is probably the largest ever turned out in this country. The knife-bar is heavy and stiff, securely, taking out the wind and spring caused by tempering. They can by this {rounds the | pump is attached to the machine, so that long | knives can be drawn down to it by bolts |. | wheel, IRON THURSDAY, APRIL 12, 1888. and is driven by a 4-inch belt at of the spindle. hole in its center 24 inches in diameter, to lessen the cost of future wheels, and repre- sents that part of the wheel that, were the wheel made solid, would be thrown away as being too small, and giving too pro- nounced a concave surface to the bevel the knife. <A folding hood nearly sur- wheel which prevents the water flying, and is adjustable to the wear- ing away of the wheel. A centrifugal properly piped with a valve to regulate the flow of water on the wheel. The water is taken from a tank located on the floor, under the machine, out of the way, and after being ised runs into asecond tank just under the where the sediment is deposited and comparatively clean water overflows each end ES. ae AGE prevent collapse from overpressure or The emery-wheel has a| weakness produced by corrosion, a method of yielding which causes the greater pro- portion of explosions of boilers of this kind. The thickness of furnace sides is commonly the same as that of the shell, the bottom ring and the tube sheet, at its upper end, giving additional security and making the furnace very much safer against accident so long as it is in good order The calculations of this detail are the same as for any other cylindrical flue subjected to external pressure. The steam space in the upright boiler, as often built, consists only of the volume of the upper part of the boiler above the water level, and as the tubes occupy a con- siderable proportion of the total volume of the shell, the steam space is correspond ingly restricted. This extension of the AUTOMATIC KNIFE-GRINDER, BUILT means be ground straight. securely held on the carriage and arranged to feed automatically toward the wheel by a ratchet and pawl that are lated, to give the desired amount of cross feed motion. It is also arranged to re- volve the bar over to give any bevel to the knife, by a worm and worm gear, it easy for the operator to handle it. The carriage is dovetailed over the bed, and is gibbed for taking up any wear, and runs on a flat track of good width, with several pockets in e: ach track filled with porous felt for holding oil. It traverses back and forth on the bed automati- easily regu- | making | BY THE | | | | | | | } | SPRINGFIELD GLUE AND The bar is|from the top of this tank into the tank below, thus using the over again. The water over and tank catching the sedi- mentis easily taken out and emptied. The | pump furnishes a large supply of water, | which prevents heating and drawing the | temper, and the grinding can be done very cally, driven by a train of heavy gears much after the fashion of an iron planer. The carriage can be} made to travel a long or short distance as may be required, by the proper adjust- ment of shipping dogs. The bed is nearly rapidly. By using water there is, more- over, no emery dust to settle on the work- ing parts, giving the machine a compara- tively long life. = A Upright and Portable Boilers. Prof. Robert H. Thurston in book on ‘‘ Steam Boilers” on the above subject: Upright and portable boilers are chosen when the location or use is such as demands his new writes as follows } . . . . | concentration of space or facility of trans- | portation. The upright boiler, occupying little floor space, having, for the small 19 feet long, so that but a moderate pro- | portion of the carriage hangs over the end | of the bed when grinding work of full length. On the back side of the bed, midway between the ends, a short bed is securely bolted at right angles and sup- ported at its outer end by a leg. On this a gibbed carriage rests, arranged with suitable uprights for supporting the emery- wheel, which runs on a dovetailed track, and is governed by ascrew so that it can | The latter is made be run forward toward the knife bar from | time to time as the emery-wheel is worn away. ‘The emery-wheel is 36 inches in diameter and 4 inches thick. It is mounted on a steel spindle 24 inches in diameter, running in boxes 8 inches long, |much of the lower part of the powers for which it is most commonly used, no great hight, and being self-con- tained and thus requiring no setting, is a form that meets these special conditions most perfectly. Its design is precisely that, in method, of the cylindrical tubular boiler, except that it must have a fire-box. cylindrical, upright flue, occupying so boiler as will give the needed hight of furnace and ash-pit. The water-space between this flue | and the shell is usually about one-tenth the diameter of the latter. In the design of this flue or furnace care should be taken to introduce stay-bolts to Cc EMERY-WHEEL CO., in the form of a short | SPRINGFIELD, MASS. tubes above the water level to the upper tube sheet also renders their upper ends liable, at times, to injury by overheating. A better plan is that in which the upper tube sheet is sunk below the water level, and all the steam space needed is obtained by carrying the shell upward to any desired additional hight and connecting the two by a frustum of a cone having its upper end no larger than is needed for the chimney-flue. The tubes are thus protected and the steam space made ample. The same remarks apply to the computations of this cone as to those of the furnace. It is, however, of stronger form and _ less likely to require staying. The portable boiler is sometimes upright, as when used by itself independently of the engine or when it has to carry the frame of an upright engine, or it is hori- zontal if of large size or if forming the bed piece of 1 horizontal engine, as is a more common arrangement. In either case no very important difference arises in either the design or method of construc- tion, except that somewhat greater care is taken to make it safe against injury either by transportation or by the stresses coming of the action of the attached machinery. It 1s always better that the boiler should carry an engine with its frame than that it should itself act the part of that member. In all cases the connection of engine ana boiler and of boiler with its carriage where | locomotive should be so arranged that the changes of form and dimension due to vari- ations of temperature and the caused by difference of stresses temperatures of { ; he 7 x. “a eee yx ee He" ’ ; , Sly “~ ® - a “ue em #i x kA Any - $iy 7 * atts 4 hes aS Sg a : a weer ek re owe mu oe <a ae a om ws ao? ond ee ee ee 602 THE IRON AGE. Apr.l iz, 1888, ! adjacent parts vs well as changes of press- ures may have no ill effect. A good steam drum or dome is of even greater advantage on the portable than on the stationary boiler. Their attached en- gines are usually wasteful, take steam in very variable quantity and are peculiarly liable to cause ‘‘ foaming.” A source of danger to which the upright boiler is peculiariy liable is that of ‘* burn- ing” the fire-box or tube-sheet, in conse- quence of the collection of sediment in the water-legs about the furnace or on the lower tube-sheet. The water-leg is some- times found filled with solid matter and the tube-plate so heavily incrusted that the metal is readily overheated and burned. All boilers of this kind should be provided with hand-holes at the level of the crown- sheet of the furnace and so placed as to permit thorough inspection and complete removal of the sediment at frequent in- tervals. Comparing the vertical with the hori- zontal tubular boiler, it will be observed that a large item of expense is avoided in the cost of setting, and that an incidental advantage is secured for the former in the fact of its accessibility at all times, whether working or cold, for examination of the exterior. The upright boiler is also less liable, while in operation, to injury from a small depression of the water-level ; the fire never comes in contact with its shell, and this permits the safe use of plates as heavy as may be desired; no strains from unequal expansion are to be apprehended, and experience shows this to be an element contributing to the excep- tionable durability of this class of boiler. Its only setting is a foundation with an ash-pit and its connection to the chimney flue. In the vertical tubular boiler loss of water, and the falling of the water-level even a considerable proportion of the whole depth of boiler, does not necessarily in- volve danger, and the upper part of the tubes may be utilized as superheating sur- face and the extent of the superheating | adjusted very conveniently by varying the water-level. Where the feed-water is not very pure, however, the great and often fatal objec- tion to this form of boiler arises in the danger of sediment or scale being deposited on the lower tube-head, the furnace-crown, and introducing danger of overheating and | of explosion. A considerable proportion of the explosions of this kind of boiler which have been investigated are known to have been due to this cause. —————— Testing for Foundations. In connection with the buildings for the Paris Exhibition, a series of experi- ments have recently been carried out at the Champ de Mars, with a view to determine the resistance of the soil to concentrated loads, and in this way check the dimen- | sions to be given to the foundations in different cases. A perfectly level surface in the form of a square of 118 feet side was first prepared, on which were placed four | rectangular cast-iron blocks 1 foot 8 inches square, disposed so as to occupy the cor- ners of a square, the distance apart being 11 feet 8 inches center to center, and these spaces were bridged by girders constructed of Tirons. These girders were now loaded with JT irons, the number and weight of At the end of 11 hours the weight on the girders had | reached a total of 143,923 pounds, and which were carefully noted, indications of settlement became visible, the stress on the surface of the ground being at this moment 7.311 tons per square foot, in which is included the weight of the blocks and girders in addition to the The experiment was then abandoned till the following day, when it was found that the settlement had increased during the night to an amount varying above load. between 10} inches and 11 inches. experiment was now resumed and the load increased up to 209,776 pounds, at which the experiment was aaa as some of the blocks had then sunk completely out of sight, leaving the girders to be sup- | ported directly on the surface of the soil. The conclusions arrived at were that the ground at this spot is capable of resisting a load equivalent to 5.43 tons per square foot, that a certain amount of settlement may be expected when the stress reaches 7.31 tons per square foot, and that it is totally incapable of bearing a load amount- ing to 8.14 tons per square foot. _ ee The Lartigue Railway System’ in Ireland. The Lartigue single rail railway system described in The lron Age several years ago upon its first introduction to public notice has been adopted for one of the district railways in Ireland, and the road, the Listowel and Ballybunion, as we learn from an English source, was opened for traffic a few weeks ago. The actual construction of the line was begun toward the end of July, 1887, but was interrupted for several months by difficulties which arose in securing the land. Though a number of railways on the Lartigue single rail system has been built in several countries for agricultural, mineral and industrial purposes, they have all been worked up to the present either by electricity or by animal power. The Listowel and Ballybunion Railway is the first line built on this system worked by locomotives and designed for carrying a general mixed traffic of passengers and all classes of goods such as any ordinary railway would have to carry. For this reason many difficulties naturally arose during the construction in matters of de- tail. The railway, which is about ten miles long, was completed in less than five months from the date when the whole of the iand was secured. The position of the line is not well chosen for the purpose of displaying the particular advantages of the Lartigue system; but it was decided to build it in preference to any other because | it was the first line on this system author- ized by Act of Parliament; and the persons interested in proving the usefulness and advantages of the system were desirous to lose no time in doing so. The line, unfor- tunately, had been laid out for an ordinary narrow gauge railway, and closely follows alongside a public road, passing through deep bogs and bad ground generally. It was not possible to deviate the line, as it | was necessary | ural undulations of the country, as ought to be done wherever it is possible. The | to maintain it within the Parliamentary limits, thereby giving no opportunities of choosing the best ground for this system or applying its power of | using sharp curves and following the nat- This also impeded the facility of drainage, which is one of its principal features, and created | and keeping it in full motion while he is applying the steam to the tender. The engines weigh when in full working order 64 tons, and the tenders in full working order weigh about 44 tons. It is calculated that their is sufficient steam in the boilers to | use the additional cylinders on the tenders difficulties with regard to the very numer- ous level crossings, which are necessary for | the accommodation of farmers and others. | These difficulties could easily have been | avoided by removing the railway a certain | distance from the public road. The line as at present built has a length of about 10 miles, with maximum grad- ients of 1 in 50, | places. which occur in many The rolling stock consists of three engines, with two horizontal boilers each, provided with tenders of a novel constrne- tion. These tenders are fitted with cylin- ders and a special gear, which allows the surplus steam of the engines to be used on steep inclines in order to give additional | power and adhesion to the engines. This | gear is so arranged that it can be instan- }taneously applied by the engineer by simply turning a wheel without in any way | interfering with the working of the train, for runs not exceeding 1 mile. The en- gines are worked with a maximum pressure of 150 pounds. There are three first and four third class passenger cars about 16 feet long and 8 feet wide, and accommo- dating from 20 to 24 passengers. There are also several different kinds of freight and live stock cars. All these are of the ‘same length as the passenger cars, but they are 9 feet wide. There are also two little platform carriages with steps to cross over the line, which can be attached mid- way between the carriages of each train; and the cabooses are also fitted with steps for the same purpose. Besides the above rolling stock there are 20 sand trucks, each capable of carrying4 tons. The en- gines and passenger and freight cars are fitted with the Westinghouse brake, and the remainder of the rolling stock is fitted with the connecting-pipes of this brake, so as to be able to have a continuous sys- tem of the Westinghouse brake working on any rsixed train of passengers and freight. The switches are of peculiar construc- tion. They are really eccentric turntables fitted with a curved portion of the rail, so as to be able to switch on to a number of lines wherever such a turntable switch is placed. They are about 25 feet in diam- eter, and the radius ot the curves is 98 feet. The turntable is constructed on the same principle, only that the piece of line fitted on to it is a straight line, and that the turntable is concentric instead of ec- centric. The turntables are also about 25 feet in diameter, and will allow of an engine and tender being turned without difficulty. The occupation level crossings are of two kinds: One, in the shape of a drawbridge, which is raised and lowered on to the level of the top rail by special winches, so that the road traffic passes over the top rail when the gates are lowered, and, after the traffic has passed over it, they are raised by simply pulling the chain; giving free pas- sage to the trains. The other occupa- tion level crossings are constructed by making a piece of line into the shape of a gate, turning on a pivot and lecked by patent locks, which compel the farmers before opening the gap in the line to close the field gates, and _ before opening the field gates to close the gap in the line. These level crossings, as shown above, are all fitted with very com- plete signals which show to the engine- driver at a distance if the level crossings are in a position to allow the train to pass with safety. The public road level cross- ings are all constructed by making a por- tion of the line move on a pivot, and each of these crossings is, of course, in the charge of a gatekeeper.: The whole of the permanent way is made of steel. It consists of a top rail and two side rails for the guide wheels of the cars connected by angle irons forming a trestle in the shape of a capital A rest- ing on a sleeper, which is in some parts of | the line laid on planks 6 feet long, 9 inches | wide and 3 inches thick. This was spe- cially required on the very boggy and soft ground. — —— - Mr. Robert Hadfield, of the Hecla Works, Attercliffe, Sheffield, England, died lately at his residence, Ashdell House, Broomhill. He was the founder of Had- field’s Steel Foundry Company, Limited, which have long been famous for steel castings, to the production of which he had given special attention. He was well known in connection with high manganese and high silicon steel. a April 12, 188. New Clayton Air Compressors. a | Recent improvements in, and new modi- fications of, the well-known Clayton air compressors, built by the Clayton Air Compressor Works, of Brooklyn, N. Y., | lend new interest to this machinery, and we therefore take pleasure in presenting | on this page engravings showing two of the more recent types. Fig. 1 represents a vertical belt power compressor, specially designed for giving pressures of from 10 to 500 pounds per square inch for experimental and other eT TU Lo sj me me HARGE SUCTION ars 1 Pot es ee ee wee Fig. 1.—Clayton Vertical Single-Acting Beit Fig. 2 Compressor. NEW FORMS OF AIR COMPRESSORS, purposes requiring air under pressure. This compressor, as shown, can be bolted against any pillar, wall or strong board, and is driven by a heavy fly-wheel. It can also be run by man-power, if desired, and is made single acting. In Fig. 2 we show a double-acting vacuum pump, by means of which a vacuum of from 29 to 30 inches can be obtained. It also 1s worked through a belt, and, we are told, is exten- sively used by the Fort Wayne, Jenney, Heisler and other electric light companies in the manufacture of incandescent lamps. In the standard Clayton duplex com- pressor several improvements have been made, adjustment having been provided for the cut-off, and the ordinary pressure- governor having been replaced by a com- bined speed and pressure governor. This device controls both tie speed of the com- pressor and the pressure of the air, with- out requiring any attention from the at- tendart. ee The enormous interests connected with recent railroad construction in the belt of territory west of Chicago and St. Louis and east of Omaha and Denver, appears from the examination of a few figures. THE [IRON AGE. Since 1880 this country has built 63,000 miles of road. Of this increase 28,500 |} miles were built in this belt and 7760 of it last year. The four Northwestern lines in this region, the St. Paul, Northwestern, Burlington and Alton, which have come promine ntly before the public by their rate war and the Burlington strike, include one-fourth of the mileage in this region, or 14,965 miles. One-third of this, or 4472, bas been built in the last seven years, and these roads have increased their stock debt in the same time $77,830,724 and their bonded debt $182.913,982. This addition in capital is 30 per cent. greater than their growth in mileage, and three of the four are earn- ing less per mile than in 1880. The Missouri Pacific has in the last two years increased its stock and bonds from $59,- 974,000 to $88,276,000, ad- vancing its mileage from 1037 to 2796. The road coming most closely in rivalry with this line and its system of 6193 miles is the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé. This to the end of 1886 had in six oo) erection of fuel gas plants at iron and stec works in the near future \ pronounces success at some of the works in which this improvement is now being introduced wil! vive the movement a very decided impetus It is one of the efforts toward improving the processes of manufacture which wi be worthy of attention LL A Delicate Test for Bismath.— A: cording to the Franklin Institute Jowrna/, Mr. E. B. Stone gives in the Jowrnel of the Society of Chemical Industries th. following delicate test for bismuth: Wher a dilute solution of bismuth sudphate con taining but little free sulphuric acid is treated with a few drops of concentrated potassium iodide solution, a beautifu yellow color is produced, and is sensibl with 0.00001 gram bismuth oxide in 10 c. cm. of solution. On account of the uncertainty which follows the similarity of the color to that which would be pro- duced by the separation of a little iodine. Dr. Watson proposes that a little solution | of lead nitrate be added to the neutral on only faintly acid liquid before adding the potassium iodide. The mixture of pre- years advanced its stecks and | cipitated lead and bismuth iodides ther bonds from $40,686,000 to $105,084, 250, and its mileage from 1539 te 2526. It built 1368 mew miles in 1887, it has added $10,107,750 to its issued stock since its report published last year, and has just made a new issue of bonds amount- ing to $15,000,000, of which $10,530,000 have just been hsted in New York. AIl- though these figures are almost beyond comprehension, they represent scarcely one- half of the railway development in the territory described if the great Pacific lines are taken into the general record. Rate wars, strikes and other causes of disturb- ance for obvious reasons are felt through all the channels of trade and industry. a ‘ have recently experienced a large increase in inquiries from iron and steel manufact- urers. They are not confined to districts | lacking natural gas, but some important establishments which have hitherto used that fuel evince a disposition to resort to manufactured gas if it can be obtained at low cost, desiring to be freed from annoy- ances in the stoppage of the supply at critical times. Negotiations now in prog- ress promise quite a ‘‘ boom” in the The owners of cheap fuel gas processes Double-Acting Belt Vacuum Pumps. BUILT BY THE CLAYTON AIR COMPRESSOR WORKS, BROOKLYN, N.Y. has a color varying from orange to dee] red. By careful operation, less than millionth of bismuth in solution may thus be detected. TT A new hectograph of German inventor is made from a sheet of blotting pape which has been soaked in a solution con- sisting of 4 parts of gum, 5 of pure water 3 of ammonia, 3 of sugar and 8 of gly cerine. The gum is first dissolved in a mixture of the water and ammonia, which is then heated to boiling and the sugar and glycerine added. The hot solution is then spread over the paper with a brush and left to dry during a period of three days. When used the paper should be damped with a sponge and left one or two minutes, The drawing or writing to be copied is placed over the copying paper face down ward and pressed with a roller or the hands. After one minute it is taken away and a sheet of paper substituted, on which the drawing is copied by simple pressure with the hands as previously described. Several copies can be obtained from an original, and the same copying paper can | be used for reproducing other drawings after a period of 24 hours. J - 24 lll A a Ri ay me: . et a — : : ee ce ctw es * os ~ = eee gr re | | i } i Ht 604 The Battleship Texas. In August, 1886, Secretary Whitney, of he United States Navy, issued an adver- tisement asking in the open market for competitive designs for two ships, one to be called a battleship and the other an armored cruise! There was a prize of %15.000 offered for each successful design, that for the battleship being awarded to the Barrow Shipbuilding Company, of Barrow-in-Furness England, which has since been succeeded by the Naval Con struction and Armaments Company. Of this ship, which will be named Texas, and which is in process of building | it the Norfolk Navy Yard, we present an elevation and two deck plans, giving a xood idea of the general character of the lesion. The vessel has twin screws, and is of the belted type, having a belt of irmor amidships to protect the vital parts and under-water decks to the extremities of the vessel. The dimensions are as follows: Length between perpendiculars, 290 feet; breadth, extreme, 64 feet 1 inch; depth, nolded te upper deck, 39 feet 8 inches: meah draft of water, 22 feet 6 inches; dis- placement at 22 feet 6 inches draft, when | fully equipped and with 500 tons of coal m board, 6300 tons. The actual depth f the belt, which is 12 inches thick unidships, is 2 feet above water and 4 feet 6 inches below the water at the constructor’s | {oad-water line—that is, with 500 tons of coal and all stores and equipment on board. With an additional 450 tons of coal in the bunkers between decks the draft would be 14 inches deeper, leaving the top of the | belt still 10 inches above water. The in- | dicated horse-power of the engines will be | 8600, and the maximum speed 17 knots. There will be a complement of officers and | men of 300. The vesse] is to be built on the cellular | louble-bottom principle. This double- bottom extends under the engines, boilers | and magazines for a length of 158 feet, and | s divided both longitudinally and trans- | versely into numerous water-tight com- | partments fitted for water ballast. For- ward and aft a continuation of the double- | bottom is formed by the flats of the pro- | vision and store rooms, the extreme ends f the vesse! being arranged as trimming | tanks. There is a protective deck 3 inches | thick extending over the top of the armor | belt, and then sloping down forward and | ift at the forward end to the point of the ram 10 feet below the water, and at the ifter end sufficiently down to protect the | steering gear Below this protective deck there are wing compartments arranged for, so as to lessen the extent of possible dam- ige of ram or torpedo attacks. The hull »f the vesse) is to be built of mild steel throughout Above the top of the belt ind the protective deck there are two con- tinuous decks, and the turrets, with the 12-inch guns, are above the upper of these, | is seen in the profile. These bulkheads ire of 6-inch steel-faced armor. In end-on tiring they have, of course, the additional protection of the protective sloping deck, and are, therefore, partly sheltered ; and in | broadside fighting they must necessarily, from their position, be struck at an oblique ingle, if at al The armor belt is backed ip with 6-inch teak, two thicknesses of 25-pound plating, rigid framing and virders. Between the protective deck and the one next above, which we may call the nain deck, there is no armor, except round the communications for working and fight- ing the ship. but the space is divided into vater-tight compartments, forming addi- tional coal bunkers, store rooms, accom- modation for crew, &c. These additional coal bunkers are further subdivided by | vater-tight girders longitudinally at a hight of 5 feet above the water line, and coffer- lams are fitted round the engine and boiler | itches The main deck carries an} THE IRON AGE a Le 4 April 12, 1888 owt dh os —!- Elevation 1 hig BATTLESHIP MOKED 2 . Al NITED STATES tok wT a YS = ae a af, : of - eel ne Ty > ¥ Tee Th \ = ea et Ie 2 vt = | AS ¥ Soee ae . , sas wee ha aS IP x « VX HHSHILLVH GCHWONYN LL V J (TA LIN.) iti , is Y 4 4 A IRON iil j = | t 2 f psec } = J pare . U ——— — 3 ff cael Leal = [ a —~ | = ~~ ~< fF SI | oll: ’ ~ i= ty See — See) OO t > eee = “SS a = — Set ¥ a = = Neen eee — qq = 12, 1888. April ’ time i Bs i, "my ae; l/r ih 4 i Tit { ii 3 - j H { 1 4 aii | i a hal Hi Hi redoubt, surrounding the lower the turrets and the hydraulic ma- ‘ chinery for moving and loading the guns. The redoubt and turrets are of 12-inch armores ‘ part ol steel-fac armor, with 6-inch teak backing, well supported, and the top plating which forms part of the upper or weather deck, is 1 inch thick. We should add here that the main battery consists of two 12-inch guns in the turrets just mentioned and six 6-inch guns pro- tected by shields. The turrets are placed so as to permit of a fore and aft tire. Each 12-inch gun has a complete broadside fire on one side and has a train m the opposite side of 40° for the forward yun and 70° for theafter gun, One 6-inch gun is placed forward and one aft on the same level] as the 12-inch guns (see Fig. 2), having each a train of 120°. The remain- ng four 6-inch guns are mounted in spon- sons of the main deck, as shown in Fig. 3, two having a train from directly forward to 25° abaft the beam and two from directly ift to 25° forward the beam. On the main deck the secondary battery | onsists of four 6-pounder Hotchkiss rapid- | tiring guns, marked P in Fig. 3; four }-pounders, N, and four 47 mm. Hotch- <iss revolving cannon, Q, protected by 14-inch steel plating. Two Gatlings, BB, | id two 37 mm. guns, A A, are placed | mn the bridge deck, and two 1-pounder | Hotchkiss guns, A’ A’, are placed on the | jying bridge. Two Gatlings with two| 37 mm. revolving cannon are fought in the military mast tops to repel boarders ind torpedo-boat attacks. Two 37 mm. vuns are further fitted in the steam cutters. The magazines for the main battery are placed in the center of the vessel below the protective deck. The ammunition for the secondary battery is stowed in maga- zines placed forward and aft, the ammuni- tion being passed up to the main deck through an armored tube three inches | thick. Torpedoes can be projected through | six tubes, one through the bow, one through the stern, two through the side | aft above water, and two through the side | forward below water. Air compressors ire to be fitted forward and aft, and stow- age room is provided for 14 torpedoes. Stowage room is also arranged for subma- rine mines There are four electric search lights, C C (' C, in addition to two others for the boats. The parts marked U U, in Fig. 3, are gun- supports, and I) D, in Fig. 2, represent the masts; L are air shafts: J is a steam winch for hoisting boats; E represents the conning tower support; M M are ash- hoists; F is a 14-foot dinghy; G a 27-foot whale boat, and SSSS represent stop- pers. It will be noticed from Fig. 3 that there are two loading stations for each of the 12-inch guns in the turrets. The ammunition lifts for these are marked T, and & in this figure represent the load- ng rammers: R R represent the roller pats for the turrets: V, near the bow, a torpedo hatch The space vtween the upper and main decks not ippropriated by the redoubt and the secondary battery is taken up by the quar- ters of the ofticers and crew, which are vell lighted and ventilated. Access to the redoubt and turrets is obtained from j Cn echels epresents the protective deck Steam and hand- steering cear is fitted below the protective leck, and steering connections are made vith them from the conning tower, after and fiying bridge. The com rece]-house vinications from the conning tower for 1avigating the vessel are protected by an irmored tube 8 inches thick. The motive ‘ furnished by two triple expansion ngines, placed in separate water-tight power Is THE JRON AGE. indicated horse-power, with an air press- ure of 2 inches of water, 8600. At the nermal draft of 22 feet 6 inches the coal supply is 500 tons. With this supply the endurance is for a speed of 17 knots, 1110 knots: 15 knots, 2050 knots; 12 knots, 3170 knots. With a coal supply of 850 tons the endurance is, fora speed of 16.5 knots, 2180 knots; 14.75 knots, 3900 knots; 11.8 knots, 6000 knots. The vessel is fitted as a flag-ship. Directly aft on the gun-deck is the ad- miral’s private cabin, forward of this his dining-saloon and sleeping cabin: next, the admiral’s bath and water-closet and pantry. Forward of these are similar accommodations for the captain. Forward of this is an open space extending across the vessel, with two passages leading for- ward from it. These passages inclose the wardroom, and the state-rooms open into |them from the outer sides. There are nine state-rooms opening into these passages. Beyond the wardroom bulk-head is a large |open space, which can be used by the steerage officers. The crew are berthed forward on the gun and berth decks. _ oe ~ A New Departure. A change appears to be taking place in the policy which has been hitherto pursued by some of the leading financial houses in the city. Lately, indeed, the new depart- ure seems to have made such progress that it threatens, if continued, to alter com- pletely the best traditions of establishments which have for generations past been re- garded as the pole-stars of finance. The position which these establishments occupy is in a large measure the result of the exer- cise of great business tact and spotless in- tegrity, spread over a long series of years. In the process great wealth has been ac- cumulated, andyas the commerce and in- dustry of the world has gone on increas- ing, so these great houses have grown in monetary strength and public importance. The supremacy of this country in matters of trade, especially within the past half century, has been so great, and savings | have taken place at such an ever-increasing ratio, that people found a difficulty in em- ploying those savings profitably at home. In these circumstances the great financial houses of past days, as they are of the present, fulfilled a useful function in act- ing as the intermediaries between the gov- ernments of countries which needed pecun- iary assistance for the development of their natural resources, and those who were able and w.lling to provide the means re- quired, In many instances, no doubt, the service thus rendered has been distinctly in favor of the borrowers; but for the most part the terms upon which the foreign loans of the kind we have indicated were raised have been faithfully and honorably fulfilled In acting thus, as the agents and bank- ers in this country of soundly established foreign States: in paying to the creditors of their employers the interest on their debts as it became due, and in transacting other legitimate financial business of a similar kind, these houses have acquired, in addition to a very fair share of profit, a high reputation for great ability and judg- ment in monetary matters, and, in the main, the reputation so attained has been well de- served. There is, however, in this very fact, one would naturally think, all the more reason why firms of this kind, of high standing in the business world, should be very careful not to do anything which might in any way lessen the prestige at- taching to them. Investors have come to April 12, 1888. ings in which the members of such es- tablishments are known to be interested, whether or not they have any official con- nection with them. No doubt the mem- bers of these firms would disclaim, and rightly disclaim, any responsibility in con- nection with enterprises in which they have interested themselves simply as private individuals. We merely mention the fact, which is indisputable, as showing what a potent influence is exercised on the public mind, rightly or wrongly, by the knowledge that a scheme is being sup- ported by persons of such wide experience and farsightedness as the leading financiers of the city. Of late, however, as we have said, a new state of things seems to be setting in, which it is only right that people should recognize and appreciate. It commenced in the direction of company promotion, and in the case of one of the firms at least, lit has extended to the domain of haute | finance of the most pronounced type. In the matter of promotion, we do not mean to refer to the cases, and they are numer- ous, in which establishments here simply ‘agreed to act as agents for companies formed in foreign countries, to take up concessions, or to work under Govern- ment guarantees. This was merely an extension of the business in which they have been for many years engaged. There | have, however, been several instances in | which the great financial houses have pro- moted companies, with headquarters in ‘London, for engaging in foreign enter- | prise, and in which they, or their nominees, have become directors; and, what is an even greater departure from their historic policy, they have been the mediums through which some of the great private businesses of this country have been con- verted into public companies. Surely the ranks of the promoters did not need to be swelled from such a source. ‘These, how- ever, are minor changes, which pale into insignificance by the side of the latest de- | velopment, for which the Messrs. Roths- | child are responsible. In the first place, they appear to have taken a_ very large interest in the French syndicate, which has forced up the price of copper from under £40 per ton to over £80, with | the result that the industries in which cop- per is used have suffered very greatly, owing to the utterly unjustifiable advance in price. In the second place, it is a mat- ter of common knowledge that members of the same firm have interested themselves very largely in the diamond gamble, to which we referred at some length a fort- night ago, a movement which has even less in its favor than the riz in copper, except |that it is unaccompanied by any harmful influence on legitimate industry; and, in the third place, the statement is made that \the Messrs. Rothschild have obtained direct representation on the New York Stock Exchange. It is therefore» evident, as we have said, that the Messrs. Roths- child, at all events, are striking out in a line of business which appears to be quite at variance with the old traditions of the house, and we would venture to point out that investors who have heretofore been content to follow the lead of St. Swithin’s Lane would, in our opinion, be very un- wise if they did not stop short of gambling in copper and diamond shares and in the ‘securities of questionable American railroads. We refer only to investors: speculators of course have a different way of looking at things. In what we have said, it must be dis- tinctly understood that we desire to cast no blame upon the great financial firms for the new departure to which reference mpartment: The cylinders:are 36, 51, | regard anything introduced or backed by has been made. The members of those ul 78 inches in diameter, with a stroke | such houses as the Rothschilds’, the Bar- | firms are, of course, perfectly at liberty to 34 inches There are four double-| ings’, and the Gibbs’—to name only a few | invest or to speculate in whatever direction nded } ers 14 feet in diameter by 17 | of the leading firms—as thoroughly sound | they please. If the Messrs. Rothschild et long he steam pressure will be 150 | and promising a fair rate of profit; and the | choose to compete with men of the Jay ound rate-surface, 504 square feet;! feeling has naturally spread to undertak- Gould and Vanderbilt type on the New April 12, 1888. THE IRON AGE, York Stock Exchange, that is their busi-| which have been in operation for seven ness, not ours; and regretable as, we may | years, were founded by Col. R. T. Auch- think, such a course would be in the inter- | muty for the purpose of affording Ameri- ests of the house, their entering upon it is|}can boys who wish to learn trades an absolutely a matter for their own discretion. | opportunity which the trades unions deny The point we would insist upon is that, in| them. These schools permit American the changed conditions under which some | boys, while learning trades as they are of the leading financiers are conducting | taught nowhere else, to get common-school their business, investors would do well to! education or to ean their livelihood dur- Fig. 1.—Front View and Section. SHAKING GRATE Fig. 2? —NSide Klevation and Section NEW HEATING BOILER, MADE BY MESSRS. BROOMELL & SANKS, YORK, PA. look at schemes inviting their subscrip- tions on their merits, rather than to the reputation of those by whom the schemes are introduced. Tempora mutantur—and historic reputation is not everything in business undertakings, any more than it is in other matters.—London Economist. Ey — Certificates were presented to more than 400 graduates of Colonel Auchmuty’s trades schools on First avenue and Sixty-cighth street last Friday evening. These schools, ing the day. The work done by the pupils in the comparatively few hours of instruc- tion and practice is so far ahead of that which they would be able to do under the present apprenticeship system that the master mechanics in many trades have at last recognized the value of such instruc- tion and practice. General Buttertield, who opened the exercises by presenting the certificates to the bricklaying class, alluded to Colonel Auchmuty’s services in the civil war, and said that he would rather have 607 founded such schools than gained a battle. Mr. Gilroy, president of the Master Plumb- ers’ Association, addressed the plumbing class, and said that in their 22 to 40 hours’ work they had produced joints and seams equal to any made by old hands. He was followed by Mr. James H. McDonald. Mr. Gill spoke for the Master Stonecutters, and Joseph Scott, chairman of the Central As- sociation of Master Painters, for his trade. Prof. Thomas Eggleston, of Columbia College, addressed the young wood carv- ers and blacksmiths, and J.J. Tucker, of the Master Carpenters, an earnest advocate of American boys’ right to learn a trade, represented his avocation. John Burns, president of the National Association of Master Plumbers, made a ringing speech, in which he arraigned the bigoted spirit in the trades unions which had prevented American boys from learning to earn their living by trades. He complimented ‘*‘ the Peter Cooper of the present day,” the founder of these schools, who had com- bated the oppressors of young America and had won the fight. The work done by the boys was surprising in its care, thorough- ness and skill, and showed a good system of instruction, well carried out. - I - New Heating Boiler. Messrs. Broomell & Sanks, of York, Pa., are the builders of a new torm of boiler for steam or hot-water heating or power pur- poses, engravings of which we give on this page. The boiler is made of steel and wrought iron, and is warranted safe at 100 pounds pressure. One of the peculiar features of the design is very clearly shown in Fig. 1, consisting in a side-feed coal magazine, which holds sufficient fuel to keep steam constantly for 48 hours. By means of check doors in the magazine the flow of coal can be regulated to a nicety or can be prevented entirely. The coal pocket is at a convenient hight, }and is equally handy to put coal in when using the boiler as a surface burner or as self-feeding. The fire-door is very large, and is also available for putting on coal or cleaning the fire. The boiler is provided with an extra vertical grate, which goes in | when using the magazine to prevent the coal from falling out at the front when the door is opened. Usually, in moderate weather, it is found more desirable as well as more economical to use the boiler as a surface burner, in which case this extra grate is replaced with a small casting, | which leaves the full opening of the fire- door into the furnace. This change is a matter of only a few minutes’ work. The boiler holds a large amount of water, a circumstance which will be readily ap- preciated when considering the question of regularity at changes in the number of radiators put on or off. Provision is also made for readily cleaning the tubes. The way in which the boiler is sup- ported is of some interest. It will be ob- served that there are no lugs on the sides, which are very much in the way, often preventing a boiler passing through door- way or window. Strong hanging loops are riveted on the top, and heavy wrought- iron bars are passed through them, and supported on the ends by castings resting on the walls. Itis noteworthy also that while horizontal boilers are extensively, in fact, almost universally, used in heating large buildings, Messrs. Broomell & Sanks are probably the first who have used this type successfully for residences or small buildings, requiring from five to fifteen horse-power. - me The reciprocity question continues to occupy the attention of the Dominion Par- liament, at Ottawa, but much confusion seems to exist in the minds of all parties respecting the position either of Canada or the United States. The opposition charge that the sudden determination of the Gov- 5 Bi ha eh ; + . < Sted Ta ng a; — ¥ +t te tee ew i + eo cad wt - af Nee per: ‘§ ' ‘ ; . « i) wert hs a . a ’. 2h i nt tad Bt ; Ps: ts “> dite ¢ Sie * FP eee oo 4 -2 4 ow © ete: ™ ~ nl at , | —_ = — = ee ee TET OF SS a -—= ros - oe wie ee a ns ee se a _ na, a NN A ET ———~ “=a oS ) eee i} Ti ' | oe - - - SR 608 ernment to place on the free list certain articles which the United States already make free, is declared to be an abandon- ment of those Canadian interests which the Prime Minister said he was determined to protect that, indeed, scarcely one of the ministers ‘‘ feels quite sure that he will not be required by Sir John to vote for the very thing he has been denouncing.” <A correspondent at Ottawa, says: “It is understood here that the treaty debate will follow the present one, but doubts are aris- ing whether it ‘will ever come on, because signs are not wanting that the United States Senate may vet decline to ratify Mr. Chamberlain’s work. In that case, the modus vivendi, which is practically an enforcement of the treaty without the con sent of the Canadian Parliament, will come into play.” rT Improved Well-Drilling Machine. In view of the interest attached at th present time to well-drilling machinery, we take pleasure in presenting on this page a section and elevation of an im proved machine of this class, built by the ( hicago Tubular Well W orks, Lake and Clinton streets, Chicago, II] The character of the design adopted is very clearly shown, making an extensive description unnecessary. The treadle or beam G has attached to it a pulley, H, through which the drill rope passes on its way to the roller L, the free end of the rope passing over the derrick pulley A, and connecting to the string of drilling tools E; D is a sand pump line, which passes over the pulley B and down to the sand pump, not shown in the engraving; F is a hand-wheel which operates a worm feed and gear to lengthen or shorten the sope as the hole is being sunk \ spring. WELL-DRILLIN( MACHINI I M, Is provided {or holding qaown the beam (, when not in use, Steam or horse-power is applied to th R, which, through the intervention of a cam, K, depresses the beam G, the weight of the tools bringing it back aceain THE IRON AGE. April 12, 1888. to its original position, so that with every revolution of the cam, the tools are raised and lowered. As the hole deepens, the operator turns the wheel F, and feeds out more rope. After a certain amount of drilling has been performe d, the drills are withdrawn by throwing the lever in gear on the reverse side of the machine—not shown. When it is required to lower them into the hole again, the treadle is held down and the tools let dewn by vravity, and eased in their descent by means of a friction brake. The sand pumping arrangement is thrown in gear by means of a friction clutch, and operated by a sprocket-wheel and chain, so as to throw the sand pump roller 8 in motion. By means of a lever the driller has perfect control of the sand pump and sand pump UILT BY THE CHICAGO TUBULAR WELL WORKS, CHICAGO, ILi line. The pulley C is designed for work- | swing freely, being pivoted at’ the top. ing a separate rope for operating a driver, The mast is hinged at W, and by operat- - . . * . . , or maul for driving pipe into the hole. ing a ratchet, the mast and its studs are When it is desired to move the machine | laid back on top of the machine. In this from place to place, the stay timber T is | position it is ready for removal by hitch removed from its footing and allowed to} ing on horses. IRS8, April 12, New Twist Drill Grinding Machine. The Standard Tool Company, of Cleve land, Ohio, are putting on the market a new twist dnl grinding machine, of which we annex an illustration. The machine holds in the same chuck drills from 4 to 1,°; inch and grinds both sides without removing the drill from the chuck, thereby appreciably reducing the time of grinding. Both sides a