The Iron Age 1884-09-18: Vol 34 Iss 12

er .) >. we ae e lron Ag READING MATTER A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. AOVERTISEMENTS Published every Thursday Morning by Davip Wrtiiams, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter, Vol. XXXIV: No. Irregularity in Railroad Building, and Recent Business Depressions. BY WILLIAM KENT.* The statistics of the iron and steel manu- facture and of railroad building in the United States offers a fruitful field for the student of economic science. The story of industrial development tld by these statis- tics for the last 20 years is probably without a parallel in the industrial history of the world. Whether viewed from the stand- point of the political economist, who wishes | to find therein support for his own peculiar | views on the evils or benefits of the tariff ; from that of the patriot, who rejoices in the vast increase of the nation’s wealth shown by the figures; from that of the optimist in social science, who sees in them the evidence of advance in civilization and in comfort of the race, or of the pessimist, who sees in them only the “‘ rich growing richer and the poor growing poorer,” or from that of the student of finance, who sees in them the causes or effects of monetary crises, their contemplation cannot fail to prove instruct- ive, if not even startling. I present herewith a table of condensed statistics of the production and average prices of iron and steel products, of immi- gration and of railroad building in the United States for each year from 1860 to 1883, and also a plotted diagram made from the figures, by the graphical method, in which the story of the figures may be read more plainly. The figures are taken chiefly from the admirable reports of the secre- tary of the American Iron and Steel Association, Mr. James M. Swank. A glance at the table and the plotted dia- gram will show the following facts : 1. From 1860 to 1883, inclusive, 93,000 miles of railroad were built. (This is more than three times the total mileage in 1860.) From a minimum of 651 miles built in 1861, the yearly rate of building, at first slowly and then more rapidly, increased until 1871, when 7371 miles were built. It then de- creased to 1713 miles in 1875, and then again, at first slowly and then more rapidly, in- creased to 11,591 miles in 1882, when another iod of decrease set in, which we are now in the midst of. 2. The production of iron rails increased from a minimum of 199,000 tons in 1861 to 906,000 tons in 1872, then decreased steadily to 323,000 tons in 1878, increased to 494,000 tons in 1880, and decreased to only 65,000 tons in 1883. The iron-rail industry is now practically extinct, steel rails being sold in 1884 cheaper than iron rails can be made. 3. The steel-rail industry, beginning in the United States in 1867 with the small amount of 2550 tons, increased steadily until 1874, when 145,000 tons were produced, and then began a wonderful development, by which the production increased nearly ten- fold in ei ht years, reaching 1,438,000 tons in 1882. The first decrease in the history of the manufacture took place in 1883, when 1,287,000 tons were produced. A further decrease will probably take place this year. 4. Adding together the production of iron and steel rails, the total rails made in the United States increased from a minimum of 190,000 tons in 1861 to 1,000,000 tons in 1872. A decrease of 27 per cent. took place in the two years following, and in seven years, from 1874 to 1881, the production in- ereased over 150 per cent. to a maximum of 1,844,000 tons, when it decreased again more than 25 per cent. in two years, or to 1,360,- 000 tons. 5. The importation of rails (the statistics beginning in 1867) reached a maximum of 566,000 tons in 1871, more than 1,000,000 tons being imported in the two years 1871 and 1872. After 1872 a rapid decrease took place, to 19,000 tons in 1875, and then for the three years 1876, 1877 and 1878 the im- portation practically ceased, only 332 tons being imported in three years. It began again in 1879, reached 386,000 tons in 1881, decreased rapidly to 39,000 tons in 1883, and ceases again in 1884, the prices of rails in this country falling to within about $5 per ~ of the price in Europe, and the duty of 17 per ton preventing importation. 6 adding tometer the total production of rails in the United States the importa- tion, we have the *P i consumption. The exact res of consumption each year cannot be given, since the statistics take no account of stocks carried over from one year to the other. The approximate consumption, thus estimated, increased 150 per cent. from 1867 to 1872, decreased nearly 59 per cent. from 1872 to 1877, and then increased nearly 200 per cent., or to 2,230,000 tons, in 1881, and decreased nearly 40 per cent, or to 1,400,000 tons, in 1883. A further decrease will take place in 1884. 7. The pig iron produced in the United States increased nearly fourfold, or from 731,000 to 2,868,000 tons, between 1861 and 1873. A decrease of 25 per cent. took place between 1873 and 1876, and an increase of 150 per cent. between 1876 and 1882. The production for 1882 was more than five-and- a-half times that of 1860, and seven tiimes that of 1861. 8. The rolled iron other than rails pro- duced in the United States increases much more regularly than any other of the iron and steel products already considered, the production doubling in 10 years from 1864 _—-—— _* A paper read before the Section of Economic Science and Statistics of the American Association ae Ageeueumnens of Science, Philadelphia Sep- ‘ r. : ia. New York, Thursd ry, Ss chtember 1 8,1 S8E4. $4.50 a lear, Including Postage. Single Copies, Ten Cents. | | to 1874 by comparatively regular yearly in- |crements. <A decrease took place two years only in the entire series, 1885 and 1876, when a rapid but steady increase took place until 1881, a slight increase still following in 1882 and 1883, instead of a decrease, as in pig iron and rails. g. The prices of pig iron, iron rails and steel rails fluctuate in nearly the same man- ner as do the figures of production of rails and of pig iron. If we except the years | prior to 1870, during which prices of all kinds were influenced by the price of gold, BEns as rN eahecte AN! | ee ts tt Atl oF — 1 kK N cS ages als ek 2 << ry WUT N t ~ VV AIC CNS rium AT CN it will be noticed that the increase of pro- duction is nearly coincident with increase of price, and decrease of production with de- crease of price, both periods of rapid rail- road building being coincident with periods of maximum production and of maximum price, and the period of diminished building of railroad, 1874 to 1878 inclusive, being also the period of decreased production and of low prices. 10. The periods of large and of small im- migration are closely coincident respectively with periods of great and of small increase in railway mileage, and with maximum and and minimum iron production, and with high and low prices of iron products. The plot ted line in the diagram representing immi- gration shows a remarkable approximation to the lines representing pig-iron production le AN * Le oe 9 wo 4 and yearly increase of railway mileage. Reviewing the whole’ field, as shown in | the plotted diagram, the period of 24 years from 1860 to 1883, inclusive, may be divided into four periods, each having strongly marked characteristics : First.—The period of moderate develop- ment, from 1860 to 1868, inclusive, in which railroads built, pig iron and rails produced and number of immigrants all increased at a comparatively even rate. In this pe- riod the fluctuation of prices (currency) ap- pears to vary rather on account of fluctu- | iNet] [TT TT f\ | f Nat | TF TAS P| a rl 1 a el | LN Fi z SN ZA eT NIV SA : SI Nas NA Z| Ve | | AeA a pt tt LN Se Ne | No YT] EN \ Me A NET |) | | ERS Sa FTP EVES increase of railroad mileage, diminished production and greatly diminished prices of pig iron and of rails, in nearly stationary production of rolled iron other than rails, in greatly diminished immigration, and in the almost absolute cessation of rail importations. In this period the production of steel rails increased (due to a remarkable development and cheapening of the Bessemer process), but the production of iron rails diminished more rapidly than that of steel rails in- creased, so that the total rail production was diminished. fe Ppp at) | fe fh 2e BERR La AS! LL Lf von oe | Lt Pa 1834 ations in the price of gold than on account | of varying supply of or demand for iron. Year, 1860 181 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 2 8 a DIAGRAM SHOWING RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION, RAIL AND IRON PRODUCTION, PRICES, IMMIGRATION, ETC., FROM 1860 TO 1884. se = a ‘ ay “7% ay 3 = ay Prices per ton of 2240 of S © 2 rs © : —- Re ‘ oa ay | dg | dg as | de | Ss i Bs i fy | $8 a3 ag. }-——_ B28 | af | w st 22 Re 5F Q g - d a 3 & 3 $ - al #3, | fz, | #8, | & g, | 8, | oo? | | 2 | F | Bak | Gs saa | ge | a2 | = | £22 | 22 | 222 | & | 2] a] obs | EE E D re A 4 2 & B a & scteaniaetacees |——_—_— il —— etal sli ideale tania 205,038} None 205,038]......-- Je seeerere 919.770) devieasaes $223/| $48 |...... 3,826,752! Veinee ie . 1860 189,818} None SORE an ss Ralie cess ces DOS BAM, ci aie'< die 20%} 423%4)...... 3»712,390) 89,724]. 1861 213,912| None 213,912|........ AP ae 787,0602|......00 23%) 41%|...... | 3,943,469) 89,007]. 1862 275,768| None. SGT. dios cthels +h ab b009 O67,004) 6 000000 nn 48%) 76#)...... | 4,510,040] 174,524/.1863 335,309, None. 335,369.22. cee|sererreee 1,135,996) 536,958] 59% 126 |...... 4,767,901} 193,195]. 1864 356,292| None. $50, BOS) . wc ccccchceecesces 931,582) 500,048] 46% 98%)...... 4,819,254) 247,453] .1865 430,778| None. METI 6b cas 4alees candne 1,350,343) 595,311) 46%) 8634)...... 4,523,897) 314,917] -1866 459,558 2,550} 462,108) 163,049, 625,157| 1,461,626) 579,838 44%| 83%)...... 4,761,023] 310,965]. 1867 499,489 7,225] 506,714, 250,081] 756,795] 1,603,000) 598,286) 3914, 7376 $1584 4,970,206) 289,145). 1868 583,936 9,650] §93,586 313,163} 906,749 1,916,641; 642,220) 403 77%4| 1324 5,445,757) 385,257]. 1869 586,000} 34, 620,000) 399,153) 1,019,153] 1,865,000) 705,000] 3344, 7214) 106% 5,963,515 356,303).1870 737,483 38,25 775;733| 566,202) 1,341,434] 1,911,608) 710,000 35% 70%) 102%) 6,627,179) 346,938].1871 925,930] 94,070] 1,000,000) 530,850) 1,530,850/ 2,854,558, 941,992} 4876 85/4) 112 | 6,741,929 437,750).1872 761,062} 129,015} 890,077, 258,772) 1,148,849] 2,868,278) 1,076,368) 4234) 7634) 120% 6,566,451, 422,545|.1873 584,469] 144.944] 729,413) 108,312| 837,695| 2,689,413| 1,110,147} 304) 58%| 944 5,991,408, 260,814].1874 501,649) 290,863 792,512) 19,448) 811,960} 2,266,581) 1,097,867 25%, 47%| 68%) 6,365,462) 191,231/|.1875 467,168) 412,461) 879,629 287| 879,916] 2,093,236) 1,042,101] 221%) 41%4| 59'4| 6.555,997| 157,440|.1876 332,540, 432,169) 764,709 35| 764,744] 2,314,585| 1,144,219] 18%) 35% | 4534) 6,608,664) 130,502). 1877 322,890} 550,398} 852,685 10| 882,695] 2,577,361| 1,232,686 175%} 33%4| 42%) 6,381,051) 153,207].1878 420,160] 683,964] 1,113,273] 44,147) 1,157,420] 3,070,875, 1,627,324] 2134 41%) 4834 5,995,337| 250,565|.1879 493,762| 954,460] 1,461,537, 290,689) 1,752,526] 4,295,414, 1,838,906) 2844 49'4| 67%) 7,749,233) 593.703|.1880 488,581) 1,330,302] 1,844,100) 386,321/ 2,230,421] 4,641,564) 2,155,346] 25% 47%| 61% 8,377,364) 720,045).1881 227,874) 1,438,155] 1,688,794) 224,127| 1,912,921 5,178, 122} 2,265,957| 2534 {54 45 44| 8,493,287| 730,349). 1882 64,954) 1,286,554] 1,360,694] 38,977) 1,399,671) 5,146,972| 2,283,920 a sil 8,490,224) 570,316).1883 TABULATION OF STATISTICS PLOTTED ON DIAGRAM. Fourth.—The second period of violent| merely redistributed to development, from 1879 to 1883, inclusive, they reached in the darkest days near the end of the period of depression in 1878, and steel rails are quoted nearly 30 per cent. below their lowest in 1877. (The improve- ments in Bessemer steel rail manufacture, a grand achievement in mechanical engineer- ing, has made this latter fact possible. ) From this statement of facts gleaned from the statistics, readers may draw their own conclusions as to the future of the iron and steel industry. The writer hesitates at this time to enter upon the field of prophecy, although he published over two years ago a prediction concerning the future of the in- | dustry which has been completely fulfilled ‘ by the history of the trade ever since. Such, however, is not the object of this paper. It is rather froma study of the past to learn what are some of the causes, proximate or ultimate, of the violent fluctuations in the figures presented, and what bearing these causes have upon the general prosperity and financial condition of the country. Without further preliminary remarks, the following proposition may be stated, which | I think may be proved from the statistics : Irregularity in railroad building is the chief roximate cause of both the depression of nusiness of 1873-78 and that through which we are now passing. Appealing to the statistics in support of this proposition, we see that in 1871 there were 7379 miles of railroad built, which num- ber was not again equaled prior to 1881. In the same year 775,000 tons of rails were made in the United States, and 566,000 tons imported. It is a matter of history that the demand for iron in 1871-72 caused a rapid increase in the number of iron works and in the capacity of those then existing. The number of blast furnaces increased 15 per cent. from 1872 to 1874, and the pig iron capacity probably 50 per cent. In 1872, although there were not so many miles of railroad completed as in 1871, the rail pro- duction increased 225,000 tons and the pig- iron production goo,o0o tons, or nearly 50 per cent. of the product of 1871. Let us now compare the figures for 1872 with those of 1875: I . ag A ag | < BR | , Di 7 dae =| 3 | Miles railroad built. : BRI 23 | | = = 8) 2383 Total ‘ ge a] #7) wea | 33 Sissi Fa é| 382 Rails imported. 2 | 22° ge tex a eg | Be2| Pig iron made. | 4s | 3| 28" | §| 83° Pig iron. | _ 85 | als «| ‘ 7 $3 | 2/3 | Iron Rails. ¢ | ak & ge"! Steel rails. : - | Ss Immigration 8 | 83! 2] Sd | | | At the very high prices for iron rails, laoo1, &ec., in 1872, probably $50,000 per mile is not too high a figure at which to estimate the cost of building railroads at that date. 1872—1,000,000 tons rails, at, say, $85... . . $85,000,000 1575—792,000 tons rails, at, say, $47 . 87,224,000 . 847,776,000 Difference 1872—530,000 tons rails, imported at $85.. 45,050,000 1875—19,000 tons rails, imported at $47 893,000 Difference. . . $44,157,000 1872—2,850 000 tons pig iron, at $49 $ 139,650,000 1875-—2,226,000 tons pig iron, at $2544 56,768,000 I eee aa aes sp onnask coene $52,887.000 ‘There were probably at least $200,000,000 less actually paid as the cost of building railroads in 1872 than in 1575. The invest- ment in railroad stocks and bonds probably decreased more than double this amount, since in 1872 railroads were notoriously built on ‘* watered” bonds, in which enor- | mous profits were made by brokers and pro- jectors. As a large number of the railroads built in 1872 went into bankruptcy soon after, the -| money paid for building them might almost as well have been thrown into the sea, as far as the original investors of the money were concerned, but of the money the roads actually cost not a dollar was lost. It was other holders—to the laborers who graded and tunneled the Second.—The first period of violent de- characterized by great increase in railroad | roads, to the woodchoppers who cut the ties velopment, 1869 to 1873, inclusive, in which | railroad building, pig iron and rail produc- tion, importation and prices and immigration all enormous) nating in the building of 7379 miles of rail- road in 1871; in the production of over 2,800,000 tons of pig iron in each of the years 1872 and 1873; in the production of | at the latter date, between one and two years 1,900,000 and the importation of 1,000,000 | tons of rails in two years; in prices of pig | iron and of iron rails more than double | those of 1860, and in the unprecedented im- | migration of 437,750 persons, or nearly five times the number in 1860. Third.—The period of depression, 1874 to| 1878, inclusive, characterized by small yearly building, of production of pig iron ey. duction and importation of rails, an immigration and of prices. doubled between January, 1878, and Febru- ary, 1880, reaching their extraordinary maxi- mum in the culmination of the ‘‘ boom” before the production of pig iron and rails, and immigration, reached their maxima. In 1882 the production of pig iron and of steel rails penned prices have taken a more rapid decline. At the present date (September, 1884) prices of pig iron have almost reached the figures| & maximum, and since that | year has diminished, and at the same time and the timber for cars and for stations; to of |the men who laid the ties and the tracks ni i The prices of} and built the cars and the stations ; to the increased, the period culmi- | iron and steel rails and of pig iron more than| proprietors of the rail mills, who in turn | distributed it to their workmen, and to the proprietors of blast the furnaces. Every iron miner and every coal miner in the country received some of the benefit of the distribution of the vast amount of money to build the railroads, in the steady demand for his labor and in increased wages. Existing railroads felt the benefit in freight ing supplies for the new roads. The laborers of every kind, from the miner who provided (Continued on page 5.) Pee } Ate ) et UF ew or eee wee Fel THE IRON AGE. ANSONIA BRASS AND COPPER CO., MANUFACTURERS OF PURE COPPER WIRE, For Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered, O'NEILS'S PATENT PLANISHED COPPER. Seamless Brass and © DODal Copper Tubing, ESTABLISHED 1845. W.E, DODGE Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Pres't Wire. O'Nelia's Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, G. P. COWLES, Patent Nickel- CERMAN SILVER, V.-P. and Treas. A. A. COWLES, Secretary. Plated Copper, pt Copper, Brass and German Silver W BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, Ansonia Refined Ingot Copper, Anchor Brand ; LAKE INGOT COPPER. 19 & 21 CHM Street, NEW YORK. PHELPS, DODGE & CO., BRASS KETTLES, PERCUSSION CAPS, POWDER FLASKS, Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures, And small Brass Wares of every Description. Sole Agents for the Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line of Spo Waterbury Brass Co, COPPER RIVETS AND BURS, Door Rail, Brass Tags, Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells a Specialty. |The Plume &Atwood Mfg. Company, MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, German Silver and Gilding Metal, Copper Rivets and Burs, Copper Electrical Wire, Pins, Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chain, Kerosene Burners, Lamp Trimmings, &c. 18 Murray Street, New York. 13 Federal Street, Boston. 109 Lake Street, came Rolling Mill, Factori _THOMASTON, Ct. WATERBURY, Ct. Bridgeport Brass Co,, PHILIP L. MOEN, CHARLES F. WASHBURN, President & Treasurer. Vice President & Secretary. Washburn & Moen Mfg. Co. Established, 1831. Capital, $1,500,000 WORCESTER, MASS. WIRE DRAWERS. Patent Galvanizing, Rolling and Tempering, MANUFACTURERS OF TRON, AND IRON AND STEEL WIRE. Of Every Description. ire &e. A SPECIALTY MADE OF GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE, GALVANIZED TELEPHONE WIRE, rt- PATENT STEEL WIRE BALE TIES, IMPORTERS OF ing Goods. MANUFACTURERS OF DEPOTS, Millis At Sh d R rl B PATENT STEEL BARB FENCING, TIN PLATE, | 296 Broadway, New York. : WaTERsUNY, eet and Ko ras, . AND PUMP CHATY 125 Eddy St., Providence, R. 1. Con. | Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing. WAREHOUSES | Nex, York, 16 Sif and 241 Peat Suet ROOFING PLATE, Sheet Iron Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, Zinc, &c. MANUFACTURERS OF COPPER AND BRASS. CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. BALTIMORE SCOVILL MFC CO BRASS, HINCES WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. Have always on hand and for sale INGOT COPPER, PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. BUTTONS, CLOTH AND METAL. Manufacturers of DEPOTS FACTORIES, $10.4.421 Browe SRY. Watecury, Com | «sd PET’ Q German Silver 177 Devonshire St., Bostoa. New oy agg (In Sheets, Rods, Tubing or Wire), Wew York City FS. Aa. COPPER & BRASS RIVET AND BURS. Rome, New York. DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO., Importers of Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet Iron, Copper, BROWN & BROTHERS, Wire, Zinc, Etc. 29 & 31 Clift St.. cor. Fulton, DICKERSON & CO., Liverpool. NEW YORK. 81 Chambers St., N. Y. MANUFACTURERS OF THE NEW HAVEN BRASS, COPPER AND GERMAN SILVER COPPER Co., SOLE MAKERS OF POLISHED COPPER === ALSO MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN against vacuum. BRAZIERS & SHEATHING COPPER, |”"" Kettles, Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, &c. 290 Peari Street - NEW YORK. TENTED SPRING ee SHANK, ARE, in rich PA SILVER-PLATED, FLAT TABLE W designs. GERMAN SILVER SPOONS AND FORKS. ESTABLISHED 1837, H. 8. CHASE, INCORPORATED 1876, WATERBURY, CONN., Brass Goods This Advertisement Changed Weekly. IOWA BARB WIRE CoO., 98 Reade St., NEW YORK, RECEIVED THE AWARD FOR BARB WIRE AT ATLANTA COTTON 87 Liberty St.,. NEW YORK. 89 Lake St., CHICAGO. STAUFFER, MACREADY & CO., New Orleans, La. CARLIN & FULTON, Baltimore, Md, BAKER & HAMILTON, San Francisco and Sacramento, Cal, Factory, JOHNSTOWN, PA. WORCESTER WIRE CO. Manufacturers of IRON AND STEEL WIRE For all Purposes. WORCESTER, MASS. POPE,COLE & Co. COPPER WORKS, No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD., also Cakes, of unequaled purity and toughness. ROME IRON WORKS, Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop- Waterbury, Conn. Im Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire, Tubing, Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing. PATENTED SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER HOUSE —— ee to stand 200 Ibs, and guaranteed Sec’y & Treas. Waterburv Mfg. Co., 89 Lake St., CHICAGO. EXPOSITION. Chicago, 107 and 10g Lake Street. Seamless and Brazed Tubing, Copper and Iron Rivets. OILERS and CUSPADORES, | LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, | KEROSENE BURNERS, Clocks & Fly Fan Movements, | PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS. Particular attention paid to cutting out Blanks and manufacturing Metal Goods. j* NATIONAL WIRE AND LANTERN woRKs.” Whasshoune 45 Fulton Street, New York. And California Wire Works Co., San Francisco, Cal MANUFACTORY, WAREHOUSE, Bridgeport, Conn. | 19 Murray St., N. ¥. Holmes, Booth & Haydens, WATERBURY, CONN. NEW YORK, BOSTON, s P. . 33 es, yon 18 Federal St. HOWARD & MORSE, CTURERS OF BRASS, COPPER & IRON WIRE CLOTH. Heavy Rolled oe. pser Malt Kiln Floors. Wire Work, Wire Fence, Railing ds. Also, Hand and Railroad Lanterns. Manufacturers of all kinds of Brass, Copper & German Silver, ROLLED AND IN SHEETS. BRASS & COPPER WIRE, Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. BRASS & IRON JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL, German Silver Spoons, Spark Guard. Galvanized Wire Chair. Galvanized Wire Settee. Nursery Fender. So. 2 Semicircle. |THE TRENTON IRON CO., TRENTON NEW JERSEY. No. 11 Square. Kerosene Burners, &c. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, Agents for Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., Dealers in Ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin, Antimony, Solder & Old Metals, 100 John Street, New York. MANUFACTURERS OF Pure Spelter FOR Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes AND ALL FINE WORK. Also for GALVANIZERS AND BRASS FOUNDERS. MANNING & SQUIER, Gen'l Agents, 111 LIBERTY ST. (2d Floor), NEW YORK. Geo. W. Prentiss b Co.., OLYOKE, MASS MANUFACTURERS OF WIRE. New York Office, - - COOPER, HEWITT & CO., 17 Burling Slip. Philadelphia Office - - 21 North Fourth Street. WIRE ROPE HAZARD MFG CO WAREROOMB : s?7 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK. Works: WiLL BSBA RRHRE. FA. BRODERICK & BASCOM ROPE CO.,, _- WIRE ROPE BRODERICK& BASCOM ROPE Co. MANUFACTURERS OF IRON & STEEL WIRE ROPE. 728 N. Main St. St. Louis, Mo. A. LESCHEN | es SONS, - WIRE ROPE 03 & 905 N. Main &t., ST. LOUIS, MO, Correspondence invited. E. JENCKES MANFG. CO., TW. Ss. BESTE YW, PAWTUCKET, R. I. MANUFACTURER OF dons. Bright Wire Goods, Belt ‘Hooks, WI R = C LO | i QS nO, cay eNO SPRING PINS, KEYS AND COTTERS. SESHES AAD GRAD RADES Bent Wire Goods of all of all kinds a Specialty. | tren ana Senahidaemets’ Gvertbaides Gloss: Wise Wotk'cl'every descrlodions °° New Yerk Ofice, , 88 « Chambers Street and SAMUEL A. HAINES Selling Agent, : NO. 86 FULTON ST., . e © NEW YORK. Bright, Coppered, Annealed and Tin Plated. AlsoGUN SCREW WIRE Of all sizes straightened and cut to order. Tarred Lathyarn, Manila Rope. "SOUIM | Bulyoeg dwey September 18, 1884. Manufactory, Nos. 119% 1199, 120%, 1203, 1205, 1207, 1209 and 1211 De Kalb Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Double Sel WIRE Wire Rope WIRE CORDS F PAT: F. Vv 82 an AMERI: PA Solicited pro Adzes, SPANISH . — IAS. Slip. eet: —& Buyoeg dwey September 18, 1884. 0. LINDEMANN & CO., CARY & MOEN, Manufacturers of | STEEL WIRE for all purposes and STEEL SPRINGS of every description. ¥ | Japanned, Brass, Tin Plate and Wood BIRD CAGES Original inventors ° fis LALLAAL AG TE ELAA LALLA LEAL AEE CELLELELLL ELE AALALLAL a WUOLELALL ELLE WO WOU ILLELLLELILELELELLAE ( ae DLL LLL LLL 4 4,2 254 Pearl St., NEW YORK. Market Steel Wire, © rinoline Wire, tempered and covered. Also Patent Tempered Steel ne morta, ey on hand, 234, 936 and 238 West : 236 and 238 West 29th Street, NE W YORK, ==] IRON AND BRASS RIVETS, Studs, Pins, Screws, &c., For Manufacturers of Light Hardware. BLAKE & JOHNSON, Waterbury, Conn. « heed H 0 8 oI I n s . MANUFACTURER OF Rakes of any desired shape or BRASS, STEEL AND style. GALVANIZED WIRE, Foundry Riddles, Coke and Coal Screens. | | RAKE ‘TEETH, for Horse Hay | Every tooth separately tested by hand, and warranted to Stand buyer's shop test. Superior toallothers. Capacity, 2,000,000 teeth per annum. GAUTIER STEEL DEPARTMENT of Cambria Iron Co., Johnstown, Pa. . N. Y. OFFICE, ADDRESS 104 READE 8ST. THE BROMWELL BRUSH CLEVELAND, - - = = OHIO. FOR PRICES ON CORN POPPERS, SIEVES, WIRE CLOTH, «c., Scrub, Shoe, Whitewash and Other Brushes, CHICAGO OFFICE, 100 DEARBORN 8T. PHILA. OFFICE, 623 ARCH 8T. [No. 82.] & WIRE GOODS CO., CHARLES A. OTIS, President. SAM’L ANDREWS, Vice President. SAM’L A. SAGUE, General Manager THOS. JOPLING, Treasurer. JOHN C. ANDREWS, Secretary. THE AMERICAN WIRE COMPANY, DRAWERS OF , |\RON AND ~ OF EVERY ___ STEEL WI IR it DESCRIPTION TELEGRAPH AND TELEPH TELEPHONE WIRE. GALVANIZED, TINNED AND COPPERED)|WIRE. WIRE STRAICHTENED AND CUT TO LENCTHS. Room ay Commercial Nat Bank Room 2 CLEVELAND, OHIO. ding E. . P. BEN. PATTERSON, Agent Brass and Copper Wire, | —————~-___— Poe | WIRE CLOTH of every description, CINCINNATI. Established 1819. DEWITT WIRE CLOTH CO. "$7 Chambers St., 708 Market St., NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, MANUFACTURERS HOWARD EVANS. Double Selvage, Painted Wire Window Cloth, WIRE NETTING FOR FENCING, POULTRY YARDS, &c., MOLDERS’ TOOLS, FOUNDRY FACING, MOLDING SAND, FOUNDRY SUPPLIES, Wire Rope for Mines, Elevators, Cables and Transmission of Power, WIRE CORDS FOR PICTURES WINDOW SASHES, &¢., &t. PATENT OFFICE. BRIESEN, 1056 to 1076 Beach St., PHILADELPHIA. W. P, SUMNER, Pazs. F. R. MINCKLER, Sxc’r. National Wire &lronbe. F. VY. 82 and 84 Nassau Street, Detroit, Maxvracrurena o Mich. Stairs. pee 8 Chatters Roof Cresting, er Vanes, Wire ps Ejaminated side Tile, Wire Counter fal falting =, Wire Cloth: Cheese NEW YORK. nae! iron Fences, “stabi, Fixtures, . Counter Supposta —— AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATEN T S Sotetied qramytly and at the lowest rates. t-} Mention this Paper, The above cut represents Preston's Patent Braided Cable Wire Fence Rail, manufactured by the HOLLOW CABLE MFG. CO., Hornellsville, N. W. We also manufacture extensively WILLIAM MANN. IR. 2 C0. four different sizes Wire Clothes Lines. Send for Circulars and Price Lists. Chamberlain & Miller, Western Agents, 89 Lake &t., Chicago, Ill. LEWISTOWN, PA., MANUFACTURERS OF RED WaARRION AXES, BROAD AXES Adzes, Broad Hatchets, SPANISH AXES AND TOOLS. ESTABLISHED 1848. INCORPORATED 1870. WM. CABBLE EXCELSIOR WIRE MFG. CO., 43 FULTON STREET, NEW YORK, MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF ‘Brass, Copper and Iron Wire Gloth, AND BRASS AND COPPER WIRE, Coal and Sand Screens, Riddies, &c. THE IRON AGE. 3 Revolving Punch, covINeTON, Ky. Manufacturers of WIRE GOODS OF ALL KINDS, Wrought-iron Fencing, Cresting and Hardware Specialties. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. le, passant "a 4 Wennasese TX ER IKKE x ees init 4 : en fa init ata Lil J sand and Grain Riddle. Wire Counter Railing. WIRE, WIRE CLOTH, WIRE ROPE, Counter Railings, Window Guards, Iron and Wire Fences, _PLAIN AND BARBED FENCING WIRE. ESTABLISHED 1818, INCORPORATED 1874, THE GILBERT & BENNETT MFG. = 42 Cliff Street, NEW YORK. Manufacturers of Iron & Galvanized Wire Sleves and Wire Cloth. Power Loom Painted and Gal vanized Window Screen, Wire Cloth, Galvanized Wire Cloth for Drying Fruits, World’s Galvanized Web Wire Fence, Galvanized Twist Wire Poultry Netting. Factories, Georgetown, Conn, THOMPSON McCOSH, President, JOHN A, McCOSH, Sec, and Treas, BARB WIRE LIFTER AND CARRIER. NO DANGER OF CUT- TING HANDS OR TEAR- ING CLOTHES. SAVES THE PRICE OF THE LIFTER MANY TIMES EVERY DAY. Manufactured ——— Solely by (PATENTED. | Hawkeye Steel Barb Fence Co., BURLINGTON, IOWA. IUR RAILINGS are ‘of any other kind, but we will sell this pastere of Composite Wrought tron Railing, at the rate of $1.50 per lineal foot 3 ft. high: The rough Chilled Iron Ornaments are poured on tothe lron Rods wes ling the Rane rl into one piece without joints or crevices tor rust to enter: It is made to set »n stone or to go into groun Composite Iron Works Co 83 Reade 8t. N.Y Aly STEEL BARB WIRE. Barbs 3 inches apart stand in all directions, WIELDING STEEL BARB, ACTING LIKE A NATURAL THORN. Lightest Weight per Rod. Painted and Galvanized. Only one Agentin each town, Address THEORN WIRE HEDGE Co.., CHICAGO, ILI. ROOF CRE Ss TING, lron Fence, Railings, Stable Fittings, BUILDERS’ SPECIALTIES, &e. J. BE. BOLLS c& CO., DETROIT, MICH., U.S. A. Send for Catalogue. Mention this Paper. WICKWIRE BROTHERS. CORTLAND, N. Y., MANUFACTUREKS OF WIRE CLOTH and WIRE GOODS, : : Dish Covers, CORTLAND Corn Poppers, Winoow scree} Coal Sieves, WIRE CLOTH Flour Sieves, mas Etc,, Etc. © Metallic Stove Sleve. LUDLOW-SAYLOR WIRE CO., st. LOUIS, MO. ‘= “— — as eee * Rarer © o~ ad Sadnd erwin! wt cot a i : : —— © = EF iF MY iat BF RE a Dee ae * ” OGDEN & WALLACE, 85, 87, 89 & 91 Kim St., New York. lron and Steel Of every description kept in stock. Agents for Park Brother & Co.°’s BLACK DIAMOND STEEL. All = of Cast and Machinery Steel constantly Pipe ou hand, PIERSON & CO,, 24 to 27 West St., Cor. Morris, NEW YORK CITY. “PICKS” of all kinds, “ ESOPUS” HORSE SHOE IRON, BEAMS, ANCLES, Tees, Channels, Sheets, Plates. All descriptions in stock. IRON & STEEL. NORWAY IRON aOvNee kien otin ¥en CUES iendieeEtE ¥ in. to 1 in. i vcdts 60s0resadene, 05.0086 xt in. to 1% in, thats eden s siedcnassvenckioessens xX to 3x5 in. SPECIAL PRICES FOR LOTS. ALSO GENERAL ASSORTMENT OF “ULSTER,” “CATASAUQUA.” “A. R. M, Co.” SHAFTING, REFINED & COMMON IRON. BANDS, HOOPS & SCROLLS. STEEL OF ALL KINDS. ABEEL BROS., 190 SOUTH 8T., 365 WATER &T,, {| NEW YORK. TELEPHONE CALL, “ NASSAU, 379.” A. R. WHITNEY & 60, MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS lron and Steel AGENCIES: rcunees TRON CO., Limited, Merehant Lron and iteel. NORWAY STEEL & IRON CO., Homogeneous Steel Plates Bay STATE IRON CO., Tank, Boiler and Girder BRANDYWINE ROLLING MILL. Boiler Plates. re gt TUBE WORKS. Boiler Flues. YERS & CO.. v romens ive Iron Pipe. CARNEGIE BROS. & CO., Limited 3-8 aes Steel Beams, ( Channe!s, 1s. Shapes and Bhatti d Bhafti H. P. NAIL CO’S Steel W “a CHESTER PIPE AND TUBE CO. ans and estimates furnished and contracts ahatie for erecting Lron Structures of every descrip- tion. Books oes cuts of all iron made sent on application atice mail, Sample pieces at office. Please address 68 Hudson St. New York. BORDEN & LOVELL, Commission Merchants, 70 & 71 West &t., & i: GREENE. f — NEW YORK. G. L. FREEL. , Agents for the sale of Fall River lron Co.’s Nalis, Bands, Hoops & Rods, AND Borden Mining Company’s Cumberland Coals. VOUCGHT & WILLIAMS, MACHINERY, TIRE AND SPRINC STEEL. AGENTS FOR HELLER BROS.’ Clay Crucible Cast Steel. 288 Greenvicn STREET, NEW YORK. IMPORTED & AMERICAN PIG IRON. LAKE SUPERIOR CHARCOAL IRON, For Malleable and Car-Wheel Purposes, A SPECIALTY. Pine wen ee orks, Pipe a Co.'s celebrated Boiler Rivets ; Boiler and Fire-Box Plates. 457 & 459 Water Sino 233 & 235 South St., DARLING, BROWN & SHARPE'S THE IRON AGE. Marshall Lefferts & Co., 90 Bechman S5t., New York City, MANUFACTURERS OF Galvanized Sheet Iron, Best Bloom, Best Refined and Oommon. Galvanized Wire Telegraph and Fence ; Galvanized Hoop and Sand Iron, Grivanized Rod and Bar Iron, Galvanised Nails, Galvanized Chain. Galvanized Iron CORRUGATED SHEET IRON For Roofing, &c., Galvanized, Plain or Painted Best Charcoal, Best Refined and Common SHEET IRON. Plate and l'ank Iron, CON C. H. No. 1, C. H. No. 1 Flange, Best Flange, Best aS Fire Box, Circles. ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF Iron Work Galvanized or Tinned to Order. Price list and quotations sent upon application. FOX & DRUMMOND, RAILWAY AND ROLLING MILL MATERIAL, 68 Wall Street, NEW YORK. JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO., SCOTCH AND AMERICAN PIG IRON, No. 63 Wall St., New York. ULSTER IRON WORKS. 90 Broadway, New York. Tuckerman, Mulligan &Co CARMICHAEL & EMMENS Cedar St., New York, and Chicago, Ul. 1 132 & 1 ea, oe vo 7 West Lake St., DEALERS [ Nos, a1, 23, 25 IRON AND STEEL BOILER PLATE. Lap-Welded Boiler Tubes, &c, &c. Agent for The Coatesville Iron Co. The Laurel Roll- Tees, Mi and \ -y Tube Works; Wrought Iron ty I Rivets, &c. DANIEL F. COONEY, 88 Washingto BOILER | PLATES AND “SHEET IRON, Beler Seana oO 4 rire os ‘Cut ~y ty ae is & Spiken Agency for Glasgow Iron Co., Jos L. : y nt Rotitoe Millis, ls, Chester be Co., Albany & Rens. Iron and Stee Homogeneous 8tee Epw'p CorRnNINe. 161 BROADWAY, ©, W. Leavirt. C.W. LEAVITT & CO.,**xew° york. NEW AND SECOND-HAND RAILS, LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS. PIG AND BAR IRON, OLD RAILS AND SC ALLENTOWN ROLLING ora AGENCIES : Aomsens :] ATWOOD HEMP CAR WHEEL CO., PAKDEE CAR & MACHINE WORKS. B. F. JUDSON, Importer of and Dealer in SCOTCH AND AMERICAN Pig Iron, Wrought & Cast Scrap Iron, OLD METALS. NEW YORK. Fine Machinists’ Tools ALWAYS IN STOCK At Manufacturers’ Prices. H. BELCHER, . 88 Chambers Street, NEW YORK. Catalogues for 188s WM. McFARLAND, lron and Brass Founder, TRENTON, N. J. CHARLES HIMROD & CO.,| chile Cast Wire Dies a Specialty, CHICAGO AND DETROIT. Any size or style made at short notice. PASSAIC ROLLING MILL CO., Manufacture and have always in stock ROLLED IRON BEAMS, Ohannels, Angles, Tees, Merchant Bars, Riveted Work, Forgings, Eye Bars, &c. ‘ H PATERSON, N. J. CZ Roem 45, Astor House, New York. CUT NAILS. "/EGLESTON BROS. & CO., Am. & Eng. Ref'd lron,Common Iron,&c IRON MERCHANTS Ww. H. Wattace. Wu. Bispnam. E. C. WaLLace, eae buy "your hardware, or send for cir CHAMBERS, BROTHER & CoO., OXFORDW.0. WOOD C8. Li IRON AND NAIL CO., Cut Nails SPIKES. J. 8 SCRANTON, Sales Agent, NEW YORK. JOHN W. QUINCY & CO., 98 William St., New York, Anthracite, Charcoal, Scotch and English Pig Iron. Cuc Nails, Taget Copper, Tin, Lead, and SNOW SHOES. Roadster Pattern. PATEN ty Planished Sheet Iron. Patented March r4th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1873; Sept. oth, 1873 ; Oct. 6th, 1874; Jan. x1, 1876. Guaranteed fully equal in all respects to the IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON, and at a much less price, FOR SALE by all the prineipal METAL DEALERS In the Large Cities throughout THE UNITED STATES, And at their Offec, 111 Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. SYRACUSE MALLEABLE IRON WORKS, SYRACUSE, N. Y. STEEL TOE CALKS. Extra Quality Homogeneous Steel BOILER PLATE STEEL PLATES, all descriptions. Cut Nails and Spikes, Plate and Sheet lron, all descriptions. SHOENBERGER & CO., “*e:"*" WHEELING NAILS Laughlin Nail Co., Junction Iron Co., W. Kk. ROSS, GENERAL AGENT, 97 Chambers Street, New York. Manhattan Rolling Mill. J. LEONARD, 445 to 451 West St., 177 & 179 Bank St., NEW YORK, : Manufacturer of HORSE SHOE IRON, Toe Calk Steel, Rods, Ovals, Half Ovals and Flats. KEYSTONE ROLLING MILL, Limited. IRON Pittsburgh, <« - - Bonnell, Botsford & Co., lron, Nails & Spikes, YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO. JOHN CALDWELL, Treas. T. W. WELSH, Supt. W. W. CARD, Secy. als Generally. 1} HARRISON&GILLOON IRON AND METAL DEALERS, 558, s60, S62 WATER ST. & 32, x4, 306 CHERRY 8T., NEW YORK, have on hand, and offer for sale. the following : Scotch and American Pig Iron, Wrought, Cast and Machinery Scrap Iron, Car Wheels, Axles and Heavy taal Wate a) hj also old Copper, Composition, Brass, BURDEN’S HORSE SHOES. “Burden Best” lron Mower and Reaper Castings and Carriage Irons a Specialty. Ww. B. BURNS, Proprietor, PENNSYLVANIA IRON WORKS Everson, Brown & Co., SECOND AVE., PITTSBURGH, PA., MANUFACTURERS OF Light Sheet Iron. ROOFING SHEET of all grades a specialty. Prices quoted promptly upon application. Boiler Rivets. The Burden Iron Company Troy, N. Y Pa. CORRUGATED AND CRIMPED IRON ROOFING & _— ye wy ye Sinttera, Doors sere ora &o. MOSELEY IRON BRIDGE AND ROOF CO., 5 Dey Street, New York. GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE, Jr., Prest. H. H. WESTINGHOUSE, Gen’l Agt. T EE — Westinghouse Air-Brake Co. PITTSBURGH, PA., VU. S.A., MANUFACTURERS OF THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC BRAKE, Westinghouse Locomotive Driver Brake, Vacuum Brakes (Westinghouse & Smith Patents). WESTINGHOUSE FREIGHT BRAKE. The Automatic Freight Brake is essentially the same apparatus as the Automatic Brake for nger cars, except that the sanseas parts are so combined as to form practically one piece of mechanism, and is sold at a ver om rice. The saving in accidents, flat wheeis, brakemen’s wages a'd the increased speed possib perfect safety, will repay the cost of its application within a a7 short has proved itself to be the must efficient Train and Safety Brake known. Its e Deteneatie it me be operated from any car in the train if desired, and should the application is Saaanpaneens rate, or hose or pipe it applies automatically. A GUARANTEE is given custom: rs oss trom PATENT BbiTS , on the apparatus sold them. The WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE is now fitted to upward of 15,000 ENGINES AND 80,000 CARS, and is adopted by the principal Railways in all parts of the world. 166 South Street $66 South Streets | NEW YORK CITY. BURDEN’S H. B. & S. ULSTER BAR IRON, All sizes and shapes in stock. Also Best Grades of WILLIAM H. WALLACE & CO., Cor, Albany & Washington Sts., NEW YORK OITY. BOLT & RIVET CLIPPERS. For cutting off the ends of Bolts and Rive harness, etc. Ask for em FULL INFORMATION FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. |LEECHBURG IRON WORKGS. KIRKPATRICK & & ct CO» Limited, Manufacturers of all FIN & sHEET vou Be INS, 62d St., below Lancaster Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Refined Cold Rolled, Show Card, Stamping, Tea Tray, Shovel, Ferrule Iron, £c.) NATURAL GAS oman, A FUEL. OFFIOR, No. 143 First Ave., Pitteburgh, Pa. WORKS, Leechburg, Po CHAMPION BROWN'S HOG RINCER HOG AND Pic RINGS ard HOLDER. RINGER and RINGS. aay double ring ever EAGLE BILL Only ngio mted. The onl Fos wall 4 CORN HUSKER on the outside of 101 o Hoss trom I is the best Husker in pore. No sharp point eek the nose, Ringers, 7<c. Rings, soc. 100. Holders, 75sec, Huskers, 1sc — BERING & QUINLAN, Exclusive Manufacturers Decatur, Th Joun J, SPOWERs, ‘DER BURNS, is the best. no ALEXANDER Burns, Manager. ,| THE JERSEY CITY GALVANIZING CoO., September 18, 1884. FULLER BROTHERS & co., Philadelphia, Manufacturers of Cast Iron Pipe CALVANIZED MATERIAL OF OF EVERY pDESCRIPTION. GALVANIZING IN ALL ITS BRAN Galvanized Sheet Iron—Best Bloom, Best Refined, Common. Sets Round, Square Band apd Hoop Iron, &c., &c. Hot Pressed Nuts, Bolts, Washers, &c. DOVER IRON CO’S BOTU.ER RIVETS, | camp posts, Valves, &c., sone Boiler Brace Jaws, Socket Bolts, &c. Mothow's Pat. Samay paseing Hyersnte. Stee = of Sheets. ‘ Corrugated Sheet (ros 6 Specialty, Galvanized. Blact and Painted. Iron Oorrugated for the Trade WORKS GREEN AND BAY STREETS, JERSEY CITY, N. J. OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE, 98 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK 139 Greenwich Street, New York. ete clea SRR I i celag li 1s rn —— 2) ail Works at M HOFF mM 884. v 0., |, Supt. 0. KE. ike for viece of wages within vn. Its uid the stom rs . Pa. = rs > Pic RINGS. Ring at closet > of -4 P een it , Il. O., N. nd apd YORK September 18, 1884. 5 THE IRON AGE. JUSTICE OOX, Jr. WILLIAM R. HART & CO., HENRY LEVIS & C0., Hdward J. Htting, JUSTICE COX, JR. & CO., ’ IRON BROKER axp COMMISSION MERCHANT, AMERICAN AND FOREIGN Manufacturers Agents 222 S. Third St., Philadelphia, Pa. AGENTS FOR Pig, Bar and Rallroad tron, | © O%™ “ONEWAG0, MONTGOMERY NT PIG IRON, SPIEGELEISEN, | rortwon sna ste! nate car wees, noter ana |Pl8y Bar and Rallroad tron wo, HON Steel Blooms, Crop Ends, Tin Plates, &c. Agent for the No, 224 South Third St. PHILADELPHIA. Ol Rati, Axles, at Wheels bought andeol4. | MOUNT SAVAGE FIRE BRICK, Heavy Rails, one Re Em Ove ad til The Allentown Iron Co, and the Light Rails, Greenwood Rolling Mill. Railway F'astenings, STREET RAILS. CARBON ROLLING MILL CO., Limited, Best Quality Muck Bar. CATASAUQUA MFG, CO,’S DELAWARE AVENUE ABOVE CALLOWHILL STREET. Shenandoah (Va.) Best Charcoal Blooms. connected by track with railroad. r Cash advances made on Iron. Jas. G. Linpsay. #06 Walnut Place, Philadelphia, LINDSAY, PARVIN & CO., ADDRESS: Successors to Liuoyp & LINDSAY, ounces atanaineee nee ? OOMS, PIG TRON, “3 828 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. THON CDAD STEEL RON STEEL and IRON RAILA, 4 C an AGNETI Cam ria ron 0, Iron Ship and Bridge Builders’ Materials, Stee] | 824 HEMATITE IRON ORES FIRE BRICK, COAL j and Iron Shapes and Bars, Sheet [ron, Sheet Steel, os ' OKE. MUCK BARS. Handle Old Iron and Steel Pig Iron, Muck Bars, Plate Girders for Bridges and stie en een Fe ane and negotiate sales aot werkn Buildings. Contracts placed for Iron Structures. Pe : inner dian 218 South Fourth St., eng = > Ethelbert Watts ins aoe es 2 ian naa ee. ennesivenia. . . C. Poulterer. iladelphia, y ETHELBERT WATTS & Co., E. H. WILSON & CO., Iron Brokers and Commission Merchants, » Mo. 220 So. Third Street, Phila. z BALES AGENTS FO CORNWALL ORE BANK CO., s 230 South Third Street, Philadelphia. BROKERS AND DEALERS IN THE PHCENIX IRON CO., 410 Wainut Street, PHILADELPHIA. MARIETTA’ FURNACES, Manufacturers of Wrought Iron FIG IRON. Messrs. EVERETT & POST, Beams, Deck Beams, Channels, Angle & Tee Bars, | > sst% foun) ve uran « sreuree. STRAIGHT AND CURVED TO TEMPLATE, used in the construction of Iron Vessels, Buildings and Bridges. Correspondence solicited. o We FM. 0. L. & R. WISTER & CO., : sacaat’ aie WROUCHT IRON ROOF TRUSSES, CIRDERS & JOISTS, IRON COMMISSION MERCHANTS, IRON COMMISSION MERCHANTS, and all kinds of Iron Framing used in the construction of Fire Proof Buildings, PATENT WROUGHT IRON COLUMNS, WELDLESS EYE BARS. and built up shapes fo Iron Bridges. ; 930 So. 4th So Seen. 308 Seuth Fourth St., Philadelphia, SELLING AGENTS, Plans and Specifications furnished, Address DAVID REEVES, President. NEW YORK AGENTS, MILLIKEN & SMITH, 95 Liberty Street. BOSTON AGENTS, FRED. A. HOUDLETTE & CO., 19 Batterymarck St. ALAN WOOD & CoO., MANUFACTURERS OF Patent Planished, Galvanized, Common, Best Refined, Cleaned and Charceal Bloom PLATE ec SHEET IRON, ALSO LIGHT PLATES AND SHEETS OF STEEL, No. 519 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. icited es jally for Corrugated, Gasholder, Pan and Elbow, Water Pipe, Smoke Stack, a for cad Bont Tres ; Last, Stamping, Ferrule, Locomotive Headlight and Jacket Iron, W. H. WALBAUM & CO., 206 S. Fourth St., Philadelphia. 61 Pine St., New York, NEW AND CLD RAILS, BLOOMS, BESSEMER PIC, Pig Ironand Steel. Assay of Gold and Silver Ores. Water Analysis f. Crop Ends, Spiegeleisen, Iron Ores and Railroad Supplies Generally. Manuf'ing and Household. a” AGENTS IN THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTH LONSDADE IRON & STEEL CO., Limited, Bessemer Pig Iron, brand * Ulverston ;” cs Mallesble Fig Iron, brand © U. HM TATLOR-LANGDON GAS-ROASTED| "Lng epetcoeg Panes into BESSEMER ORE, MOSS BAY HEMATITE IRON & STEEL CO., Limited, Spiegeleisen, Crop Ends, &c. Also for “* Lorn” Malleable Charcoal Pig Iron and N. B ALLEN & CO.'S Dinas Fire Bricks. Also Sole Agents for the WHITE RIVER MINING CO., Arkansas, Guaranteed so per cent. Metallic] specially adapted to Soft Foundry or Highest Manganese. Grades of Mill Iron. Red Short Pig fron. Snape. DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF SCRAP IRON, JNO. L. HOGAN, RICH'D M, ELLIOT, atx & 413 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA, IRON AND ORES, IRON, STEEL & NAILS. WAREHOUSE and OFFICES, | SALES OFFICES 16th & Market Sts., 400 Chestnut St., PHILA. PA. PHILA., PA. New York Address, 14 OLIFF 87. REUBEN HAINES,| ** Bets.__ Low Phosphorus Bessemer Pig Iron a Specialty. ANDOVER PIG IRON, FOR BEST MILL PRODUCTS, 407 Walnut &t., PHILADELPHIA, LIGHT CASTINGS A SPECIALTY. Laurel N. W. Cor, 23d and Race Streets, FOUNDRY & FORGE PIG IRON, PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers of the ANVIL BRAND REFINED MERCHANT BAR IRON. CHARCOAL PIG IRON. Correspondence solicited, PENCOYD IRON WORKS. A. céc PP. ROBERTS cw CO., MANUFACTURERS OF BEAMS, CHANNELS, DECK BEAMS, ANCLES, TEES, PLATES, MERCHANT BAR. ———— BRADLEE & CO., EMPIRE CHAIN WORKS, 816 Richmond 8t., - - - - Chains for Foundry Cranes and Slings. Steel and Iron Dredging, Slope and Mining Chains. Ship’s Cables and Marine Railway Chains. SHAFTING AND ROLLED OR HAMMERED AXLES OF IRON OR STEEL Office, No. 36 8. Fourth St., Philadelphia. _Agents for the sale of Glamorgan Pig Iron.| a ppm meek mMakmm aamun maaan worn 7..w. Paxson «© Co. (CUMBERLAND NAIL AND IRON CO, MIOUVUL DING SAND, 1021 North Delaware Avenue, PHILADELPHIA, PA., MANUFACTURERS OF 43 North Water Street and 44 North Delaware Avenue, PHILADELPHIA. J. TATNALL LEA & CO.,, Successors to CABEEN & CO., IRON COMMISSION MERCHANTS, No. 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. AND FOREIGN ORES. AGENTS FOR CONNELLSVILLE COKE. Manufactured from the celebrated OTIS STEEL BRAND MANUFACTURERS X MINERAL, CHARCOAL FACING, XX MINERAL, ANTHRACITE FACING, RIPDLES, SHOVELS, IXL FACING, SOAPSTONE, STEEL BRUSHES. THE ALLENTOWN ROLLING MILLS, ails, Bars, Axles, Shafting, Fish Bars (Plain and Angle), Spikes, Rivets, Bolts and Nuts, &c. Bridges and Turn Tables. General Office, 237 South Third 8t., Philadelphia. Works at Allentown, Pa. LEAD FACING, Light z orgings, Driving and Car Axles, Crank Pins, , &e. Werks at LEWISTOWN, PA. BOOTH, GARRETT & BLAIR, SHENANDOAH IRON, LUMBER, MINING & MFG. CO.,/ANALYTICAL AND CONSULTING CHEMISTS, 919 and 921 Chant St. 10th St. above Chestnut St.), Philadelphia, Pa. Established im 1836, Analyses of Ores, Waters, Metals and Alloys of all kinds. A special department for the MANUFACTURERS OF SUPERIOR COKE PIG IRON FROM NEUTRAL HEMATITE ORES. Aiso CHAROOAL PIG IRON AND BLOOMS FROM SAME ORES. Works at MILNFS, PAGE ©0., VA. Treasurer's Office, 132 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA, | #64 with all the apparatus and appliances for the rapid and accurate analysis of Iron, Stee HOFFMAN, PARRY & 00,, Sales Agents, 208 South 4th St., Philadelphia. lists on CHARLES K. BARNS. Foundry & Forge Pig Iron. Bar, Angle, Skelp and Sheet Iron. No. 224 So. Fourth 8t., PHILADELPHIA, Twos. 8. tanvs | JEROME KEELEY & CO., vesra’Fontace: HON CO. | NON. TIRON AND STEEL. mane mos WORKS, Pine Brand Fates; GLASGOW ‘ ., Plates an uc ra; § ANG STEEL & REFINED BAR, SHAFTING, ané covery variety of SHAPE IRON made to order Kemble and Norway Foun:!ry and Forge Pig Iron. IRON CO. (Limited), Siemens-Martin (0; en-Hearth) Wyebrooke ©. B. Charcoal Pig Iron. Suchenen Steel, Universal and Sheared Plates, Angles and MORRIS, WHEELER & co.,| HOGAN & ELLIOT, Old Rails, Wrought and Cast Scrap, Iron and Steel Blooms OE Bmis 7 AGENTS For: Brier Hill Iron and Coal Co., Pig + Iron Low Moor Iron Co., of Virginia, Pig Iron. Mount Hope Special Strength Charcoal Pig Iron. 738 Sansom St., Philadelphia. Youngstown Steel Co. Washed Metal, for Open Analysis of Ores of Iron and other Metals, Hearth and Cruciole purposes. Connellsville Coke. Andover Chill Iron for Oarwheels, fo. F. A. Comiy, Treas. J. WesLeY PULLMas, Agent. 430 Walnut S&t.,. PHILADELPHIA, PA, bio, tbe James Rowland & 0, Kensinaton Yrs oa trom cin Teammmm ‘de a ee ST their Refined Anvil stock. Also, Plow and Cultivator Steel; Skelp Iron a specialty; also Rounds, Squares, Flats, Bands and Hoop Iron. INS. ROWLAND & 68, ===—=="""| = =_momm ; . n, Leespo emple ne lron Founders, aliens Millcreek and Me PHILADELPHIA, “‘D. B. G.”’ Special Crane Chain. “Cumberland ” Nails and Wrought Iron Pipe, BESSEMER, MILL AND FOUNDRY PIG IRON, SKELP IRON, MUCK AND SCRAP BARS NATIVE LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR-WHEEL TIRES ¢ STANDARD ¢ Quality and efficiency fully guaranteed. Prices as low as any of the same quality. We manufacture ony oan iston THE STANDARD STEEL WORKS, Office: - - 2208. 4th 8t., Philadeiphia, Pa. ANALYSIS OF IRON AND STEEL, Iro Ores, Slags, Limestones, Coals, Clays, Fire Sands, &c. Agents for sampling pres in New York and (Continued from page 1.) the raw material for the railroad to the artist who decorated its palace cars, received the benefit of steady employment and high wages, which wages they in turn distributed to every quarter of the globe in payment for every necessity and luxury of life, causing such a demand for luxuries especially as had never before been known. The unusual dis tribution of money consequent upon building railroads in 1871 and 1872 had an effect like that of Government contracts during the war—it insured the prosperity of nearly every branch of industry. This prosperity in turn begat a demand for labor, so great that 850,000 immigrants came within two years, and they were all absorbed without apparently causing any surplus of labor Such was the history of the ‘‘ flush times” immediately preceding the panic of 1873. Let us take another glance at the picture Capitalists (in Kurope as well as in the United States) paid out, say, $300,000,000 for building railroads in the United States in one year. Probably more than half of this money was paid to labor engaged in actually building the road, from the mining and transporting the ore and the coal to make the rails, the leveling of the forests for ties and for car timber, the grading and tunnel ing of the road bed, to the decorating of the