The Iron Age 1883-09-27: Vol 32 Iss 13

doz. be ». 60. 0? es. « The Iron Age Published every Thursday Morning by Davin WituiaMs, No. 83 Reade Street, Vol. XXX: No. 13. Combined Punch and Shear. We present inthe accompanying engraving a powerful combined punch and shear, re- cently turned out by the well-known German firm, Messrs. Breuer, Schumacher & Co., of Kalk, near Cologne, and which was specially constructed to meet the requirements of ship- building yards, boiler shops and other estab- lishments engaged in work of a similar nature. It consists of two heavy bed-plates rigidly connected by eight large bolts and hoops of iron, and each extremity is strengthened by ribs, as shown in the cut. \ shear and punch are arranged at opposite sides, and, in addition, the space between the bed-plates contains a second shear, ar- | ranged for cutting angle iron. tained from a small independent engine fixed laterally on the frame of the punch and having acylinder 10% x 16 inches, The driving-shaft is supported by three bronze | bearings. Power is transmitted to the punch and shears by an arrangement of gear. | wheels, one of which drives a longitudinal shaft carrying three eccentrics, which | operate the shear and punch at opposite sides of the apparatus, and also the central shear already mentioned. Both shears and punch move in large, carefully-adjusted slides, and each is furnished with suitable disengagement gear readily operated by the attendant. As shown in our engraving, a| wrought-iron column rises from each side | of the foundation, and by means of suitably- placed transverse-rods, two cranes have been arranged which greatly facilitate the handling of the material to be operated upon. The jaws of the shear measure 28 inches in depth, and sheets having a thick- ness of somewhat over 1'¢ inches may be readily cut. The punch is applicable to sheets of the same thickness, the holes punched are about 14 inches in diameter, and the depth of throat amounts to some 26 inches. The central shear is arranged so as to cut angle iron with sides not ex ceeding 6 inches. The machine weighs about 17 tons, and seems to meet with great favor in @® number of German establish- ments. on I = Decay of British Colonial Industries. Speaking of the social and economic con dition of many of Great Britain's West Indian Colonies, which cannot be regarded as by any means satisfactory, the British Trade Journal remarks : It is not a little singular that this should be the case. The soil is highly fertile, its varied power of production is very great, and it is a cheap and easy thing to bring into the market whatever the Colonists may wish to sell. For all that, the exports of the West India Islands, excepting the Ber- mudas, which in 1831 were $9,932,500, had fallen in 1880 to $8,904,000. Making allow ance for the difference in the value of money at these two dates, it will be seen that there has been a decline of about ro per cent. since the abolition of slavery. In addition to this, the ownership of the soil has passed into fresh hands. Many of the descendants of the people who formed the land-owning class u hundred years ago have left the Colonics uever to return. The freed Africans and their descendants, who form the bul of the population, are ina state of extreme poverty {mmoral habits have reduced their physique and their capacity for work. The rate of increase among the natives is kept down by i very large proportion of deaths among in- fants and by other causes. Instead of being ible to obtain cheap and abundant labor, the importation of East Indian coolies is con- stantly increased to prevent a collapse of | industrial occupations. A garden of the | earth, which ought to be a source of great wealth to those engaged in developing its | resources, seems to be going from bad to} worse, and, as the capacity of the natives for labor is constantly diminishing, and the | supply of coolies cannot very well be kept | up to a mark sufficient to counterbalance this deterioration, an industrial crisis will in | all probability occur sooner or later One of the causes of these difficulties is the operation of the Encumbered Estates Court. | For nearly 30 years it has been occupied in transferring the ownership of land to non- | resident proprietors, whose principal object | in life is to get as much as they can out of the soil in the smallest space of time. If the nterests of capital and labor were in tol erable harmony, this process would in a meavure benefit both the laborers and the land, but they are not. The planters who were the proprie tors of the soil at the time of the emancipation found it impossible to treat people who had been been slaves on a footing of civil equality with themselves. In Southern States of America, after th« rebellion of 1861-6s, the planters made the est of a sufficiently disagreeable situation. In the West Indies they pursued the opposite ‘ourse, and treated the natives—an inappro priate word under the circumstances, but a nvenient one for our purpose—with cold ness and dislike. The money they received tor their slaves was not spent on their land. Che Africans, who were always anxious to have a hut and a piece of ground of their wn, were prevented from achieving this humble ambition. Capital, combined with heap free labor, might have done much for the Colonies, but the planters did not make ise of their opportunities. The result has been that every succeeding year throws es tates which planters cannot, or will not, | the A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. properly work, more and more into the hands of non-resident proprietors. The rate of wages is so low that, except in two or three of the islands, the natives can barely keep themselves alive, for the greater portion of the public revenue is raised by taxes on the rice, fish and other articles of food upon which they subsist. This means, of course, that the chief incidence of taxation has been placed on the shoulders, not of the landed proprietors, but of the negro population, who are the least able to bear it, and who some fine day will probably resent it violently. The public revenue of the West Indies in 1831 was £541,500. In 1880 it had increased 226 per cent. to £1,765,400, much of it yeing raised in the way we have described, COMBINED PUNCH AND as we have seen, declined. In Jamaica 30 per cent. of the revenue was raised on food imports. In the Leeward Islands the per- centage was from 20 to 30 per cent., and these facts mean that the increased cost to the consumer is at least double the amount paid by the actual importer. Thus it comes to pass that the laborer cannot live decently on the average wages he is expected to be satis- fied with, not altogether because the money will not in itself suffice, but because the direct taxes on food, and the indirect high prices resulting, consume half his wages. Being underfed, he cannot.work well. It does not appear to be proved that under normal conditions the negro is incompetent. In Barbadoes, ever since the Emancipation, the relation between the land owners and their laborers has been satisfactory enough. Wages are low, but food is cheap, because taxation is not excessive. The planters are fairly prosperous, and the laboring popula- tion is tolerably comfortable. The unhappy SHEAR, BUILT BY New York. New York, Thursday, September preference given to the ‘‘ consignee’s heir” by the Encumbered Estates Court has never been applied in thisisland. The court might well be abolished altogether. The high im port duties on food ought to be materially diminished, and then it might be possible in a very short time to abolish the artificial check to the increase of wages caused by the introduction of coolie labor under a Govern- ment guarantee. The immediate result of such changes would no doubt be disturbing, but the ultimate benefit to the islands would probably be very great. eP The Polyphemus. Many of our readers will probably remem Power is ob- | for in the meantime the export trade had, ' ber that considerable difficulty was experi HN HHH HT iH} i MESSRS. BREUER, eneed a short time ago with the torpedo gear of the Polyphemus, of the British Navy. The London Times, however, in a recent issue, remarks that the ship is likely at the eleventh hour to prove a success This was at one time considered very doubt ful, and many breakdowns were recorded She was brought round from Chatham at the beginning of the year, since which time she has been through constant experiments, with the object of rectifying admitted and notorious structural weaknesses in her un der-water torpedo gear. Her preliminary trials at the Nore and her seaworthiness dur ing the voyage to Portsmouth justified the Admiralty in incurring the additional ex pense of replacing her original locomotive boilers by a set of the ordinary marine type But while her success as a ram, for which she was exclusively designed, was thus shown to be certain, great apprehensions existed with respect to her torpedo arrange ‘ments. The Polyphemus is intended to carry Entered SCHUMACHER & CO., at the Post Office, New York, as no guns, and hence, with impracticable tor pedo apparatus, she would be dependent in action upon her ram alone. The mechanism for ejecting the White heal not greatly differ rom that adopted in several other British vessels, and its defective action may be therefore referred to the increased speed of the ram, 17 knots, and the increased immersion of the tubes One of the tubes is placed in the ram itself, which is made hollow for the purpose, and two are fitted to act on the broadside. The first failed, from insufficient initial impulse to force the projectile into the water and away from the ship, while it was found impossib!e to project torpedoes from the broadside ports, except at very low speeds, in consequence of the tremendous pressure does 4 itbh {iid Wig ee ld Ee tent GERMANY OF KALK, which the torpedo encountered from the water the moment it left the cover of the ship and the excessive vibration of the launching gear. The latter consists of a guide-bar, 25 feet long, upon which the tor pedo runs, and a shield-bar to which it is attached by a T-piece, both of which ars projected by means of compressed air from the ship’s side at the same moment as the torpedo itself. When the spe ed of the ship attained about 10 knots, the projectile was often so tightly nipped by the pressure that it resolutely refused to move, and it was found impossible to move it without injury to the torpedo or danger to the ship At other times it ran along the ways until, its head becoming free, the leverage exerted upon the tail before it could leave the guides wa so great as to disable the propeller and wrench the T-piece from the shield Re peated attempts were undertaken with a view to surmounting the difficulty, but with out success, and at length the Admiralty, on Second-Class | |high rate of speed. Matter. SLZ.50 a rear, Lncluding Fost Stngle Copies, Ten Cents. the principle that a number of heads ar better than one, appointed a special mittee for the purpose of considering qui tions relating to the projection of White head torpedoes from submerged tubes After repeated consultations, it was de termined to supersede the shield-bar by an iron shield of sufficient vertical depth to pro tect the torpedo from the water pressure until it had got clear of the ship, and of suffi ity under stra to al cient strength to secure rigi The shield was grooved on the insid¢ the T-piece to slide along in the same way as before. By this means the projectile wa- effectually protected until it had left the guides and its own engines had acquired enough force to carry it on its wa Th port tube and its adjuncts were in the normal condition, but on the starboard side th launching gear was strutted to the sid and fitted with pressure gauges made of copper and lead, fur the purpose of measuring the lateral and vertical force of the vibrations set up by the way of he ship. The Polyphemus went out to Spithead lately for the first periments, and a prelimina: in still water to test the apparatus afterward got under way, and when a speed of 14 and 16 knots had been attained, sey eral runs were made from the broadside with excellent results. The projectiles left the ship very freely without the slightest injury, and with such good aim that they were sent under a boat, stationed about joo yards off, at each discharge, while the vessel was passing through the water at a On subsequent series OL ex trial was made She was sustaining } aays | spurts of speed equal to 17 and 17% knots | | thoroughly efficient. (the full astimated speed), were realized, when runs equally satisfactory were obtained. The results obtained show that the initial difficulty has been successfully overcome, and that the existing gear may be modified at comparatively small cost so as to be mad Preparations are being | made to perfect the firing of the bow tube after which the ship will receive a set of new bx vilers. AT A Nail Mill Projected at Milwaukee, The North Chicago Rolling Mill Company have decided to erect a nail mill in connec tion with their works at Bay View, asuburb of Milwaukee. We take the following particu lars concerning the project from the Mil waukee Sentinel for September Is: Bay View is again the recipient of great | happiness, in which the whole of its people | participate, and in which all the business men of Milwaukee are interested. The much hoped-for nail mill is at last assured, and in the near future the many idle hands in the village will again be busily employed. Messrs O, W. Potter, president; John C. Parkes, general manager, and Henry Criete, chief lengineer, of Chicago, and Capt. S. Clement, tant treas Milwaukee Hinton, ass Burt, of treasurer; Francis urer, and Director S. P with Supt. Wm. B. Parkes, all of the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company, went over the whole of the grounds yesterday after noon, and the matter has now been detinitely irranyed Lhe new factor which wall con tain the nail works, will be erected on the vacant lots on the east side of Superior street, between the company’s barn and Russell avenue. The bui!ding will be a frame structure, 220 feet long and roo feet wide with stone foundation, and will contain too nail machines [hese machines will be run by a new 2s0-her power engine, and will turn out a daily average of 800 kegs of nai Three of the furnaces in the o!d rail mill will e arranged for heating the iron, wh he rolled into nail-plate in that mill and ¢ veyed to the new factory by cat I tra o be laid out under the puddle-mill il restle The transferring of the ‘ he old rail mill to the nail mull Lhe Tr f expense that would not have been nm ary had the mill been built between the rai till and top and bottom mull, but the k of ts destruction by fire in ¢ fa nflavra ion in either of those m more thar n offset to the advanta that nu ha een gained Phe buildings and mac I wcessary to the sta I f the rhe Ik vill cost in the neighbe dof $ ‘ The materials for the buildir ha ulready been ordered, and the work of « i them will bn Deprun ul ‘ It xpected that the tirst nail l el! factured in the new mill by the 1 1884 the work of putt sand constructin January and the buildin vull be rushed with that end in 600 men will be given emp various branches of the new of whom will necessarily hay | in the work of making nai from other manufacturin | other works of the on i necessity be more té I t the requirement he | uddle mil ! are running, and th the full capa ity of t to keep ip a sull { ul f j j bars for the use { the mail mil in blast furnace ereby t i t yreatel umplion I | i t | ldle mul ci 4 new Turkish tariff, to be a nations having rime i treaties rurkey, instead of a special tariff country is now being prepared it will vary in amounts equiva valorem charye of from 5 t pe a te ANSONIA BRASS & COPPER CO., No, 19 Cliff Street, Phelps Building NEW YORK, MA*UFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER | | PHILIP ‘The Plume&Atwood| 4 L MOEN, President and Treasurer. CHAS. F, WASHBURN, Vice President & Secretar ! Mfg. Com pany, WASHBURN a MOEN RAN TFACTURING CO, shed sondage . s. MANUFACTURERS OF SE) SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, Waterbury ‘hen Co. German Silver and Gilding Metal, CAPITAL, $400,000. Copper Rivets and Burs, Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c, Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, Copper Flectrical Wire, Pins, | Seamless Brass & Copper CERMAN SILVER, Brass Batt iHinges, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, | | aaa BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, Jack Chain, | eee COPPER RIVETS AND BuRS,) Kerosene Burners, Tubing. Ansonia Corrugated Stove Platforms, PURE COPPER WIRE | > | aoa Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered. BRA SS KET! LES, } A eee Trimmings, &c. | , 3 , Phosphor Bronze Rods for Pumps, &c Door Rail, Brass Tags, 18 Murray Street, New York. PERCUSSION CAPS, | 13 Federal Street, Boston. YO! Se ee a ANSONIA * REFINED POWDER FLASKS 109 Lake Street, Chicago. — , - ; &e, | Rolling Mill, Factories, MANUYVAOTUREES OF INCOT COPPER. Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures; “°:| qHOMASTON, Ct. | WATERBURY, C.| TFRON and STEEL. WIRE, And small Brass Wares of every Description. tel - _—_—_ "| Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells a Specialty. * nis aii Pe Steel aa nies a Patent Steel Wire Bale Ties. Sole Agents for ti 0 08 Iron t qualtt #16 n to «1 tte abet tig ; Brid e ort Brass Co, | stve Operators of the PATENT Ct CONTIN U! 5 RO i LING. mit. 1; produc Miran and Beool Wake LPS DODG & Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line of Sport- J | cotis of 100 pounds, without szam o van frea egraph Wire, Market and Stone Wire ‘ o6 oan Annealed Fence and Grape Wire in’ lone lengths: 3 eon oat Pall- Batic: kope, ances Bolt, Screw, ae m Buckle me Geees. | oo | Faned: Broom Wire and Maned plated Wire of allsaes..'A shéetalty i ande of Clock Meiinene Gos *ORTERS , a a 8 mac “a: @ —- ireRauRY,| Sheet and Roll Brass, | Saenaecda's Wits takaeds Raveteds Bia Pout eater fsa es yor ee is e T j N ad L A T E, 296 Broadway, New York, WATERBU ’ Straigntened and Cut to any length eel C > Wire, Patent Linen finish. Unrivaled Steal Meee. 125 Eddy St., Providence, R. I. Conn. _|Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing. | ¥"* oe ee [oh aod ite ee : Seamless and Brazed Tubing, i nlnananssSers Detroit Copper & Brass Copper and Iron Rivets. Rolling Mills. BRAZIERS’ AND SHEATHING COPPER, ROLLED, SHEET & PLATERS’ BRASS GERMAN OR NICKEL SILVER, SCOVILL MFG CO | Siew end German Siver Wire, aeons BRASS, HINCES WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. ~~. ROOFING PLATE, Sheet Iron Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, * NATIONAL WIRE AND LANTERN WORKS,” Zinc, &c. MANUFACTURERS OF COPPER AND BRASS. CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. OILERS and CUSPADORES, | LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, Warehouse, 45 Fulton Street, New York, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, ; KEROSENE BURNERS, And California Wire Works Co., San Francisco, Cal. Clocks & Fly Fan Movements, | PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS. Manufactory, Nos, 1197, 1199, 1201, 1203, 1205, 1207, 1209 and 1211 De Kalb Avenue, Brooklyn, N, Y Particular attention paid to cutting out Blanks and manufacturing Metal Gvoods, MANUFACTORY, | WAREHOUSE, MANUFACTURERS OF HARRISON WIRE CO, BRASS, COPPER & IRON WIRE CLOTH Exclusive Manufacturers of the Copper Rivets and Burs, COPPER BOTTOMS FOR TEA KETTLES AND BOILERS. Cor. Larned & Fourth Sts., Detroit, Mich. ROME IRON WORKS, Manufacturers of Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop- ST. LOUIS, MO., MANUFACTURERS OF WwiR -E PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. BUTTONS, CLOTH AND METAL. No. 16 Pattern, Drive Way Gates. Wire Cloth, partly AND unrolled, DEPOTS FACTORIES, . ay 419 & 421 Broome St., N, Y. Waterbury, Conn. per and German Silver Lam a , 177 Devonshire St., Boston. New Haven, Conn, (In Sheets, Rods, Tubing or Wire), < 183 Lake St., Chicago, New York City. COPPER & BRASS RIVETS m E R s HEAVY ROLLED CLOTH FOR MALT KILN FLOORS. AND BURS. DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & (0,,|__ tome, New ¥ork. Importers of Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet lron, Copper, BROWN & BROTHERS, Wire Work, Wire Fence, Railing and Guards. Holmes, Booth & Haydens, ABRAM 8, HEWITT, President. JAMES HALL, Treasurer. WATERBURY, CONN. WM. HEWITT, Vice President. E. HANSON, Secretary. ochmbers i8Pearas.| | RENTON IRON COMPANY, 29 & roe ty 81 Chambers St., N.Y. Waterbury, Conn. Manufacturers of all kinds of GHOORPORATED 1847), DICKERSON & CO., eee NEW YORK. MANUFACTURERS OF Brass, Copper & German Silver, RONand mT Gi “Tp ROLLED AND IN SHEETS. ; THE NEW HAVEN , BRASS, COPPER AND BRASS & COPPER WIRE, TRON and STEELWIRE 11C Pog es COPPER CO., GERMAN SILVER Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. |BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED SOLE MAKERS OF gets aie er BRASS & IRON Iron and Steel Wire Rods; eat a JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL, EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. P OLISHED COP P ER ALSO, German Silver Spoons, Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal Iron Wire; SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire. Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths, Kerosene Burners, &c. New York Office, COOPER, HEWITT & CO., 17 Purli JOHN DAVOL & SONS, Philadelphia Office, JOHN HEWITT. Agent, 7 North Fourth St. Agents for Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., Dealers in Ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin, see a = os = Under Patent of T. James, Sept. 12, 1876, csi: akaiiiainiaeaaae site Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing. DEALERS IN PATENTED SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER HOUSE BOILERS, warranted to stand 200 Ibs, BRAZIERS & SHEATHING COPPER, pressure and guaranteed against vacuum. PATENTED SPRING TEMPERED SHANK, SILVER-PLATED, FLAT TABLE WARE, in rich Kettles, Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, &c, designs. 290 Pearl Street - NEW YORK.| GERMAN SILVER SPOONS AND FORKS. Anti Solder & Old Metal ecteiaemanein ee ee oe ee ntimony, etals, oe A. C. NORTH ROP, cee es cee, Ee eae HAZARD M = C0. w PASSAIC ZINC CO — aterbury, Conn., is7 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK. Manufacturers of Works: WILBESBARRE, Pa. NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS Pure Spelter — = stsoniatnk W rough "prass yn anc 4 Brest “Safety a See wey es, Megagen, Round and Square Head Cap and Ret Screws rass and iron Sa Vv anda RE SS es ae a eet Cartridge Brass, Gas Fitures, Bronzer | OW A BAR B WI R E CoO Ksumates on patented articles , or any dese ription of Sheet Metal work, respectfully solicited and AND ALL FINE WORK, "7 I npuy given Also for 87 Liberty St.. NEW YORK. 89 Lake St., CHICAGO. HRODERICK & BASCOM ROPE CO. ie iv Guilows BAT VANIZED STAPLES She) t= Geo. W. Prentiss & | Co., We offer Galvanized Staples, manufactured by a patented process, at the lowest MANUFACTURERS OF IRON by wy IR E. | galvanizing is cracked off where the stapie is bent, which ieaves them no better than . i i = BRODERICKE BASCOM ROPE Co. IRON WIRE ROPE. STEEL WIRE ROPE, 728 N. Main St., St. Louis, Mo. ls 7 Samples sent and price quoted on application, WORCESTER WIRE CO... eee = ne ES market price. Dealers will notice, on examining the Staples of other makers, that th: | black staples. ON THE “IOWA STAPLE” THE GALVANIZING IS AS PERFECT ON THE BEND AS ON THE ARMS. weit et A LT ESCHEN & SONS. z IRON AND STEEL ae 2.35 S gS Manufacturers of . oo. rn 2, =s Zz 3 & BROWNING, SISUM & CO., 85 Chambers St., z 3 We iE R ‘o R 0 2 - "¢ Manufacture For all Purposes. WORCESTER, MASS, Relt Hoeks, Cotters, Spring Keys. D Rings om Staple nd everything pertainingto wire bendin, | see pactory, BROOKLYN. encins 919 to 923 N. Main St., LOUIS, FO, Correspondence iu' 4% a ~HE IRON AGH. September 27, 1883, Sen lar § Be MID Lehigh T LE C BER Superio. and wea BEF EA. F Gi. © Bras LEO September 97, 1 a le CARY & MOEN, Manufacturers of STEEL WIRE for ali purposes and STEEL SPRINGS of every description. Manufacturers of Japanned, Brass, Tin Plated and Wood ( BIRD CAGES. Original inventors and patentees of ~ Bright Metal Cages, constructed without solder. 254 Pearl St., NEW YORK. OL s i * yy} WT . 4 > ) S S hy S 4 S S S be) » TLLLLAA LAMLALELALALL ULL ELE ELLE LELL LL LED ~ > a a > _— > > ad PS bs > Pd > RS es a > y ha Pa > \ = — — — —s =s ——. = a <——> —— a = = — => =) — = a = — > — ——h — — — os — _ Market Steel Wire, Crinoline Wire, tempered and covered. Also Patent Tempered Steel oe ee constantly on hand, 234, 236 and 238 West 29th Street, NE W:YORK, sy IRON AND BRASS RIVETS, rime Studs, Pins, Screws, &c., For Manufacturers of Light Hardware. POPE, ‘COLE & Co. BLAKE & JOHNSON, Waterbury, Conn. LTIMORE rt WORKS, | TEDDER TEETH, of any de- No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD.. sired shape or pattern, made See cee aeea of best Pernot Spring Steel, = oil-tempered and tested, and guaranteed of superior quality. GAUTIER STEEL DEPART- ee MENT of Cambria Iron Co., Revolving Coal Screens, Johnstown, Pa. Come Seek Meeewes ane EW YORK OFFICE: PHILADELPHIA OFFICE: Tinners’ Riddles, 104 Reade St. 2 Wire Cloth of Every Description Made and 523 Arch St. Carried in Stock. [No. 46.] CLEVELAND, - - - OHIO. XCELSIOR AND LAWN MOWERS Afano GUARANTEED MOWERS BEST & CHEAPEST 10 To 20 IN, LARGEREDUCTION7Z HORSE IN PRICE A>) 25 To 40 IN. CHADBORN & COLDWELL MANUF’G CO. NEWBURGH, NW. Y. CHARLES A, OTIS, President SAM’'L ANDREWS, Vice President. THOS. JOPLING, Treasurer. JOHN C, THE AMERICAN WIRE COMPANY, DRAWERS OF WIRE GALVANIZED, TINNED AND COPPERED WIRE, oie Port Spelter. | Grade and Fine Quality Wires a Specialty. CLEVELAND, OHIO. SAM'L A. SAGUE, General Manager. ANDREWS, Secretary. IRON AND _ STEEL ~ OF EVERY | DESCRIPTION MINES : WORKS & FURNACES, lehigh Valley, Pa. Bergen Port, N. J The only Miners and Manufacturers of PURE LEHICH SPELTER From Lehigh Ore. Especially adapted for Cartridge Metal and German Silver. Also manufacturers of BERGEN PORT OXIDE ZINC. Superior for Ligurp Paint on account of its body snd wearing properties, BERCEN PORT ZINC CO. t. A. FISHER, Agent, 13 Burling Slip, N. Y. M. HOTCHKISS & CO.. |, ESTABLISHED 1837. West Haven, Conn., H, 8. on & Steel Keys, Waterbury Mfg. Brass, Iron & Steel Keys, | WATERBURY, CONN. J. A. EMERICK. HOWARD EVANS. MOLDERS’ TOOLS, FOUNDRY FACING, MOLDING SAND, FOUNDRY SUPPLIES, J. A. EMERICK & CO., 1056 to 1076 Beach St., PHILADELPHIA. INCORPORATED 1876. C. F. Pops, Treas. O., CHASE, Sec’y. Locksmiths’ and Bellhangers’ Supplies, HARDWARE SPECIALTIES. trated Catalogue Furnished on Application, 9 ASS Goods j s ilso Brass oud Nickel Plated aeons Suspender Buckles. PRIZE MEDAL LisT = Exhibitions “4 1862, 1865, 1867, 1872, 1873, and only Award and Modal J for Notseless Stee! hutters at Philadelphia 1576, Paris 1878, ana Melbourne 1 " CLARK, BUNNETT & CO., Late CLARK & COMPANY, Original Inventors and Sole Patentees of Noiseless, Self-Coiling, Revolving Steel Shutters. Also, and Patent VELTIES OF ALL KINDS, MADE EITHER ¢ SHEET METAL OR WIRE, A SPECIALTY NEW “MAKE OF MINE LAMP | LESS Soass COLLAR» Office and Manufactory, cere, MENDEN & SCHWERTE IRON AND STEEL WIRE WORKS, improved Rotitixne Woop Suvtrers of various kinds, METALLIC VENETIAN BLINDS, 162 & 164 West 27th Street New York. Fire and Burglar Proof S AT SCHWERTE, WIESTPHALIA, GERMANY. a C The largest Wire Works in the world Make, om 12 trains, STEEL AND TRON WIRE RODS of al) FQ) dimensions and descriptions, R SCREW, RIVET, NAIL AND CHAIN RODS, SPECIALTIES. Yr BOLE AGENTS FOR THE UNITED STATES: 9 ww ouniT’MA nN c& MiIicHRER T Si, 75 William Street, 5 North Second Street, NEW YORK. ST. LOUIs, MO, | period, | learned, THEH IRON AGE. The Divining-Rod. * RY ROSSITER W. RAYMOND. (Continued from page 30, September 20.) This review of the literature of the subject |has brought us to the end of an important namely, that in which the physical effects of the rod were exclusively discussed, its earlier uses for general divination having gone out of fashion and recollection. Indeed, any attempt to maintain these would have incurred the censure of the church, which would have settled at once the vexed ques- tion of agency by denouncing this unauthor ized intrusion upon its spiritual prerogative as diabolic. This is indeed what speedily happened, as we shall see. The lost doctrine of moral power reappeared, not among the but out of the obscure mass of the In the Province of Dauphiny, in the the practice of the divining | people. south of France, i introduced perhaps by the Beausoleils, |called Hommes & Baguette. | when the landmarks were gone. |ers, for instance, having a dispute as to the | roing | diviner. | rm ul. | significant, }out to be an extraordinary piece | the | cumulated evidence against him, an had art become, followed so years after their death, by many experts, who were They were em ployed to find springs of water, hidden tre ure, mines, &c., and also to detect criminals, and even to settle disputes as to boundaries Two farm as- boundary between their farms, instead of to a lawyer or judge, would send for a He, walking the disputed ground, would indicate by the dipping of his rod the spot where the old landmark for merly stood, and this decision was accepted | without appeal. Considering the an of litigation in all times, and the peculiar char acter of the justice which at that time was sold so dear and worth so little, we may fairly say that, whatever be the merits of the divin ing-rod, the peasants of Dauphiny acted wisely in employing it. In 1692 a mysterious murder was com mitted at Lyons. A wine merchant and his wife were found dead, lying in their cellar near the bloody ax with which they had been slain. A neighbor urged the authorities (who seem to have had no clew to the murderers) to employ a rich peasant of Dauphiny, al- ready famous as an expert with the divining This man, Jacques Aymar by name, was sent for—or, rather, it was not necessary to send for him, since he proved to be already on hand in the city by the time it was de- cided to engage his services. This fact is giving the key to what turned of clever detective work. A careful analysis of the numerous official and other records of this case shows it to be quite possible that the over as |diviner had obtained important clues before he was publicly set to work. He first de manded to be taken to the scene of the crime that he might get his ‘‘ impression.” This consisted in a sort of shuddering, accom panied with signs of agitation, pain and ex- haustion, and manifesting itself besides in the dipping of his rod. This took place at the spot where the bodies had lain, the spot where the ax was found, and also in the shop above, at various points which he de- clared to have been occupied or touched by the criminals. Having thus obtained a thor- ough impression, after the fashion of a blood hound getting a scent, he started, though it was night, and followed with his rod the alleged course of the fugitives, passing with out hesitation through many unlikely places, as far as one of the gates of the city. Next morning he resumed the trail and tracked it to the house of a gardener, where he de clared that the criminals, either two or three in number, had stopped. The gardener and his wife denied all knowledge of them, and Aymar, consulting his rod, declared that neither had touched the murderer. But the rod dipped violently over two young children of the house, who thereupon confessed that three men had stopped there the day before, and had drunk wine at a table, which, by the way, had also been indicated by the rod. The childrea said they had kept this a secret be cause they feared being punished for leaving the door unlocked while their parents were away. After some further delays and pre liminary tests, the magistrates determined to let Aymar pursue the murderers. He declared that they had taken a boat down the Rhone, and he followed them with an escort in the same manner, landing from time to time at different points where he said they had stopped. His pursuit was continued for a number of days with various interrup tions, the assigned causes of which seem to have been sometimes but pretexts, and per mit the suspicion that the employed by him in getting information in other ways. However this may be, he finally brought up at the prison of Beaucoire, {and after applying his rod in succession to the inmates, pointed out as one of the Lyons murderers hunchback, recently arrested for larceny. This man, being taken back to Lyons, was recognized at several points on having passed just after the finally, frightened by the ac made a fuil broken a road murder, as and, confession, and was susequently alive. The other twomurderers Aymar pro | fessed to follow to the sea, and at sea along the coast, and until, as he alleged, they es caped from the kingdom So long as there was no doubt of Aymar’s | sincerity, this discovery of the criminal by the aid of the divining-rod seemed indeed marvelous But it is not more wonderful than many detective operations in which the rod has played no part, and it is easy to trace the possible or probable methods which he employed. If, for instance, during the period just preceding yvement by the mayistrates, he had, to town from | his residence, 14 leagues distant, or in hang his enpa ih coming ing about the town, where everybody wa talking of the crime, picked up in any way the circumstances of the three fugitives entering the house where the children were it is almost inevitable that he would have obtained also some general description of their appearance, and I need scarcely r mark that the subsequent tracking of a hunchback would be no difficult matter It should be added here that the judges who sentenced the hunchback e xp icitly declared that they attached no weight to the indica tions of the rod as direct evidence of hi guilt, but condemned him wholly upon his * Read at the Boston meeting of the Ame un Institute of Mining Eugineers, February intervals were, 7+ ww own confession, confirmed by abundant cir cumstantial evidence ut this achievement of the rod. attested as it was by the public confession and exe cution of the criminal, made a great sensa tion in France, and Aymar was called to Paris, where both the court and savans in terested themselves greatly in his mysterious powers. Many marvelous feats are reported of him there; but the and rigorous experiments of the Prince de Condé the emptiness of his pretentions. shrew d exposed It was Aymar’s claim that his rod was sensitive to the particular object which he was at the tame seeking. When he sought a given murderer the track of some other murderer would not divert it. When he was pursuing a criminal he could not be led astray by subterranean water or treasure. If he felt these things in passing, his feeling was ney ertheless distinguishable from that connected with his intention, &c. He could, at will, seek any given object, and when doing so could not be deceived. Unfortunately for this claim, the tests of the Prince deceived him very often. For instance, a purse of and after he had got it was taken out to be money was shown him, his ‘* impression ” of it, |buried in the garden, but, instead of burying it, the person who had it kept it in his pocket Aymar proceeded to the garden, and, undisturbed by the immediate neigh borhood of the money in the pocket of a by stander, located a spot where he said it was buried. In another case he detected the }gold of the gilding of a chair which was covered so as to permit a glimpse of its or naments, but he sat on a similar chair, and walked through a saloon containing many of them, all completely covered, with out discovering any gold. In another case a window was designedly broken in a palace. Aymar was sent for to trace the thief, who, he was informed, had recently stolen some money from the palace. His rod promptly indicated the broken window as the road by |which the thief had entered, and he pro- ceeded to trace also the route of flight, al- though no such theft had ever occurred, But so long as these and similar failures were not made generally public, Aymar continued to enjoy much celebrity, and no doubt it was enough to turn the head of a peasant to be the object of such attention. Growing he undertook reveal more audacious, to character, and on one occasion, having re- ceived a fee from a gentleman of the court, with the request that he would discover whether the gentleman’s sweetheart was true to him, he sent for the lady’s servant, and demanded of him another fee as a con dition of certifying her virtue Scandals of this kind became so bad that the Prince de Condé publicly exposed Aymar, and he returned to his home. On the way, however, in passing through a village he took occasion | to designate five or six of the most respectable houses asthe abodes of wicked women, which made a great uproar. I wish I could say that nothing more was afterward heard of of him; but, unfortunately, it appears that as late as 1703 this man was employed during the civil war to point out with his divining rod Protestants for massacre, under the plea of punishment for crimes they had com- mitted. We find connected with the exploits of Jacques Aymar a new theoretical explana jtion of the divining-rod, Many persons of more or less scientific training, not doubting the honesty of the man and the genuineness of the sensations which he manifested, questioned him on the subject, and thus ac cumulated a mass of supposed data for the formulation of the natural law underlying these phenomena. It was at this time that the Cartesian philosophy was dominant in France, and the ‘‘ subtle matter,” ‘‘ cor puscles,” ‘‘ animal spirits’? and ‘‘ vortices” of Descartes furnished convenient hypothe ses to explain almost anything. The two doctors of Lyons first supplied such hypothe ses to the case of Aymar, but the subject was treated at still greater length by the Abbé de Vallemont, in his treatise on the divining rod entitled ‘‘ Physique Occulte,” and pub lished in 1693. In this work he declares that by insensible transpiration particles escape continually from our bodies; that such parti cles pursue a vertical direction, and strike the divining-rod, which is thus caused to move up and down, assuming a line parallel to the path f the The holder of the rod receives corpuscular effluvia from other human bodies and various substances, and communicates them through his pores to the rod, thus producing also a movement of rev cross- corpuscles. olution The difference of the skin in different people results in various degrees of susceptibility to particular impressions, but Aymar was, according to the abbé, possessed of an epidermis which could receive all kinds of impressions without confounding them. ‘The abbé says that there is a dif ference of form among the corpuscular effluvia of springs, minerals, bodies of thieves, those of assassins, those of naughty women, those of landmarks, &c.; in othe words, he recognizes the existence of aqueous matter, larcenous matter, murder ous matter, &c ind the last-named variety was the only one which produced upon Aymar very painful impressions his was due, according to his scientific expounder, to the vehemence of remorse which per vades the corpuscles Of an assassin The fact asserted by Aymar that he had detec ted and followed the trail of a murderer 2 years after the murder, and the fact that in almost every instance he necessarily began his researches a day or two after the crim to sav nothing of the cases in which h determined the locality of the landmarks which had been missing for an immemoria period—foreed the abbé to a wild hypothesis of the extraordinary ty of the cor} iles, by virtue of which the enlained a ny time suspended in th ! pite f rain, wind, and even t cule i later origin Father Lebru na unphiet th llusions of PI ! eruin the Divining-Rod prin in Paris in 169 serivus refuted th stem of Vallemont Phis n t wa pub tin the third volun f le is ‘Critical Histor [ Superstitious Practices ” (Pari But Father Lebrun and a large p1 )f those who took part in the discussion 1 jected the ientifie theory altogether, a ittributed the facts to Satan. 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