The Iron Age 1883-07-26: Vol 32 Iss 4

The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by Davin Wiitiams, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter, Vol XXX: Nog : New York, Thursday, July 26, 188}. 84.50 a Year, Including Postage. Single Coptes, Ten Cents. Iron and Steel Girders. | dea equal, both upper and lower flange being bent out to .6 inch. No swellings ap- |peared. The compression flange, however, oth plates and angle irons, was buckled for .04 inch in length and .12 inch in depth, as in Fig. 6. The rivet heads of the tension flange were displaced by .04 inch. Another set of wrought-iron girders gave the following results : The results of some valuable experiments as to the use, as a material of construction, of what German engineers call ‘‘ flusseisen,” and what in this country is known as ingot iron or mild steel, were recently submitted to the German Engineers’ Union. The ques- tion, as stated in our London (England) con- > * rhi the accompany- Breaking Strength. Contraction temporary, Iron, from — i pe e aie Kg. per Tons per Elongation. of area. ing engravings are reproduced, was raised DY | square mm. square inch Per cent. Per cent. a paper by Professor Intze, who strongly 40 25.2 23 30 recommended the material on the ground of 40 a5. 2 25 3% 39 24. 12 a series of tensile tests. At a subsequent meeting a letter was read by Herr Offergeld, of the Duisburg Bridge Works, describing comparative experiments made at those i c E works on riveted girders of mild steel and | 52,500 pounds this tear widened, and a slight wrought iron. The steel was made specially yielding in the compression flange became for the experiments by Krupp, it being | ®pparent. At F = about 53,620 pounds indi- found that the steel bought in the market cations of swellings in the web plates showed was not sufficiently uniform for such tests—| themselves. A length of 12.8 inches dimin- in fact, this want of uniformity, together | ished in the compression flange to 12.68 with numerous failures in the works, had inches, and increased in the tension flange compelled that eompany to abandon the use | to 13.34 inches. At F = 55.000 pounds the i ork altogether. The|tear increased. ae pS ey ‘Spas fen or mild| inches the tear increased so that the hori- steel, were about 19 feet 11 inches in length, zontal plates appeared to be torn right over and some 2 feet 4 inches in depth, and of the same strength as those employed for rail- way bridge building. As is usual with such work when riveted girders are erected, the plates were completely put together and the holes made in that position, so that it was not necessary to drift the holes, a practice which was in this case, indeed, very carefully avoided. In the tests the girders were secured against bendiag to a greater extent than is usual in practice. The web plates were strengthened with angle-iron stiffeners placed about 2 feet 7 inches apart, while toward the center they were as near as I foot 4 inches. Various experiments in mild steel had given the following results : These experiments showed at F = 48,000 pounds in the tension flange a small tear of .04 inch starting from a rivet. At F = Breaking strength (F). Contraction Kg. per Tons per Elongation(D). of area (C) square mm. square in, Per cent, Per cent. 42 26.5 24 49 42 26.5 15 43 8 w.2 24 49 A load of 17.6 tons per square inch pro- duced in the girder a deflection of .08 inch which, on removal of the load, proved to be permanent, aud which subsequently in- creased. It should here be stated that all deflections of a local nature occurred in the compressed flange only. Increased pressure next produced a swelling in the web plate close to the stiffener, which continued to increase. The flange yielded correspond- ingly, and the horizontal angle irons con- nected with it crumpled (as in Fig. 3) till, ata load of 22 tons per square inch, the resist- ance of the girder was so greatly diminished that even a slight increase could not be at- tained. a A second set of mild-steel girders gave the following results : Breaking strength. Contraction Kg. per Tous per Elongation. of area. square mm. square in Percent, Per cent. 46 29.0 24.0 47 4 26.1 24-5 46 4 30.2 245 59 At a load of 19.5 tons per square inch the lower flange began to bend out sideways. At 48,000 pounds per square inch, the swellings right and left of the center near the stiff- eners began, one appearing in front and the other on the opposite side ; the compression flange became §-shaped in plan. The de- flection was continued without difficulty from 1.2 to 3.8 inches, after which it became so === rapid that the pressure could not be in- 89a creased. The tension flange (as in Fig. 2) was bent by .08 inch. ih -6 A third set of mi:d-steel girders gave the 3 following results : Breaking strength (F). Contraction Kg. per Tons per Elongation, of area. square mm, squaretnch, Per cent, Per cent. 49 30-9 23 4 48 30.2 22 45 48 30.2 an 47 The series of effects was exactly the same : as before—F = 45,000 pounds per square | both riveting holes; this took place without inch proved the limit of elasticity, and be- any noise. yond that the same deformations took place. Increased load produced a frequent low The behavior of three wrought-iron girders | cracking, arising, doubtless, from the rivets, obtained with steel of 50 tons per square inch, with an extension of 10 per cent. in bridge work. Steel of this quality was therefore obtained and experimented on. The girders behaved comparatively well. The first showed a crack at 34.6 tons per square inch, but without losing its strength, which continued till a second crack took place at 42.8 tons per square inch. The second girder cracked first at 36.1 tons per square inch, and lost its resisting power at the same time. The third was not to be broken, but at 42.3 tons per square inch showed such serious local deformation (of exactly the same qual- | ity and degree as in mild steel) that the re- sisting power was thereby destroyed. That | such exceptionally hard steel can be so de- | | flected shows that previous bad results must not be laid down to the score of hardness. | The fault lies principally in the inequalities, | which cannot possibly be avoided in the making, and which only become the more marked when the material is made in large | quantities. Both the hard and mild steel | used were specially manufactured for these have been retained had 100 tons been or- dered is very doubtful, and the experiments Fig. 5. Pre DO Or OO ra rs BAO ee Sap. Oe i910 @290e08e tL ee Of \ rr) t 299900/00900 Fig. 6. IRON AND STEEL would certainly have turned out less bril- liantly. Careful working of bridge material cannot be counted on, as it is impossible to station a controller behind each workman. J —-- ww we wu, a a 7 Gags GIRDERS, was as follows : Breaking strength. Contraction Kg. per Tons per Elongation. of area. - square mm, squareinch, Percent. Per cent, 39 24 6 24 35 40° 25.2 ar 28 10 0.3 14 24 The girder tests gave at F = 48,000 pounds per square inch the first signs of yielding in the compressiou flange. At F = 50,000 pounds, the central part of the compression flange was reduced from its original length of 32 inches to 31.8 inches, and the tension flange increased to 32.4 inches, though no alteration in shape was perceptible. It was which were displaced to the amount of .04 Herr Intze explained that he had recently inch. The compression flange became se-| been enabled to make experiments officially verely buckled at a deflection of the girder | for two new bridzes lately erected at Kénigs- a second, rolled in one piece, 30.2 tons per square inch, The further increase of the load was prevented by the side bulging of the girder, against which it had not been se- cured, producing tiny cracks in the rivets on which the chief strain fell. The test pieces ing strength of 29.9 tons per square inch in the mean. Two test girders of puddled steel, made hy riveting plates toa rolled-iron gir- strain of 25.2 tons per square inch at the heaviest load, which, on account of the though no cracks were visible. Test pieces from these girders showed a mean breaking strength of 29.8 tons per square inch. This } side bulging, could not be increased, al- | taken from these girders had shown a break- | der, yielded each time a maximum bending | : jan explanation may be found of the fact bending strain of 28.3 tons per square inch; ! riveting, beyond what is caused by drilling alone. The work done is, under equal con ditions, usually five times as great as in steel, with a breaking strength of 3914 tons per square inch, 8. Reductions of section, which are caused simply by drilling, show, when varying from 20 to 50 per cent., a diminution of the work done up to breaking point, according to the amount of the reduction, and this work is much smaller with hard than with mild steel. Herr Intze considers that in these results that with very great reductions of area, such as those occurring in the joints of a steam boiler, sudden failures have been ob- served in quite new steel boilers. On ac- 'count of the high limit of elasticity, and of |shows that the agreement in the experi- | strains caused in the working, it might be |ments made between built-up girders and | that deformation, when combined with un- |test pieces of the same material is satis- | equal heating, would prove, when the weak- factory for practical purposes, especially in | the case of mild steel. a : In order to ascertain how their different | qualities affect wrought iron and hard and At a deflection of 8.36/| experiments. Whether the excellence could | soft steel when variously worked, especially with regard to breaking point, Herr Intze re- | cently made about 80 experiments with seven Dr. Forchheimer varieties of iron and steel. ened line of rivets was tested, to have al- ready reached the breaking point, although in the solid plate the limit of elasticity would not have been surpassed. The very low value of work done in the much weak- ened lines of rivets in steel plates could only admit of a very slight deformation in the boiler, and a breakage might therefore easily occur. To meet these cases it would be very desirable to find a material whose limit of elasticity, as compared with the breaking point, was small, unless the weak- ness of the line of rivets could be so greatly diminished that the deformation in the whole structure must considerably exceed the limit of elasticity before the breaking point of the line of rivets was reached. The speaker suggested that, having regard to the above results, those parts of structures which were both exposed to severe tension and weakened by rivets might be strength- ened against shocks and deformation by making as many holes as possible in the line of rivets, provided the proper net section was preserved. It would, of course, really be best if the same net section could be maintained throughout in any such portion, as the same strength would then be pre- served throughout the whole length to resist shocks. Herr Intze concluded by expressing a hope that the union would form a commit- tee to investigate the matter and decide on the relative merits of iron and steel. Herr Intze having concluded his paper, Herr André stated the following : Two years ago we replaced the iron shaft of a high- speed steam engine by a Bessemer steel one, manufactured at a works which for such articles stands almost, if not quite, equal to Krupp and Bochum. After two years’ work the shaft broke suddenly when moving very slowly, and without any load attached (the train of rolls was not coupled). We were abovt to replace it with another Bessemer shaft of mild steel, when the manager of the steel works himself advised us to return to the old material if there was any risk of the shaft becoming occasionally heated while working, for, he said, strong cooling appli- ances were then brought at once to bear on the shaft, which produced microscopie cracks on the surface, and these, in a short time, might produce an unexpected breakage. In order to confirm this, he (the speaker) tele- graphed to ten wireworks where similar engines were in use, and found that the majority employed and preferred iron. It appears, therefore, that iron shafts are again replacing the steel ones which had superseded them, for quick and heavy work, where there is any risk of heating. This was further confirmed by the foreman of an engine works on the Rhine, who stated that in two years they had had five breakages of heavy steel shafts, and had in each case replaced them with iron. In one of these steel shafts, of 400 mm. diameter (15.75 inches), a hole as large as the fist was found, and in it were two small steel balls, which had ground themselves quite round and smooth in the two years. As mild steel is even more in clined to form bubbles than hard, it seems to be at present even less adapted for heavy was good enough to take upon himself the | shafts and pieces. It appeared to be as little greater part of the superintendence, and to note down the results, from which Herr Intze draws the following conclusions : 1. Drilling tie bars does not diminish the breaking strength, but usually increases it slightly. a’apted for steam boilers. Tke same en gineer, for example, had informed him that a boiler he had constructed cracked right across the bottom when removed from the workshop to the survey yard, although great care had been taken in riveting and drilling amounting to 3.5 inches. These experiments confirmed the | excellent qualities of many kinds of steel, which were further maintained throughout | the construction, as well as in the test pieces —a result which is was well known had not been attained in the hard steel experimented | on by Harkor for the Dutch bridges. The Kénigsberg bridges were constructed mainly of mild steel. ments with test pieces were made with plates, angle iron, I iron and rivet iron, yielding an average breaking strength of of the compression flange split through. At entirely with a dull sound. The breakage of each bar showed both extension and con- traction. The two center vertical strips, loriginally parallel at a distance of 33.6 | inches, showed just below the compression | girder a distance of enly 32.88 inches, and | just above the tension girder of 34.22 inches | These experiments show that mild steel is less effective for girders than wrought iron. One of the angles | berg. 3.6 inches the tension flange broke through | only under a pressure of F 52,500 pounds that the double swellings occurred in the! The greater tensile strength by 20 per cent. web plates, but instead of attaining a depth | in mild steel is unavailable, because, long of 1 inch they amounted at the most to .4| before such a tension is reached the material inch, At F = about 53,620 pounds there | develops wrinkles in the compressed por- appeared at a row of rivets signs of crump-| tions, and this change of form destroys the ling in the compression flange. In the ten-| resisting power of the girder. The resisting sion flange the rivet-heads at the center of | power of the wrought-iron girder is efficient the girder, both in the flanges and angle | against even a greater load, and both the irons, were displaced, and showed small tension avd compression flange begin to yield cracks in places. | about the same time to the pressure put upon A second set of wrought-iron girders gave | them. the following results : | In mild steel, also, allowance must be Breaking strength. Contraction | made, as yet at least, for the inequalities Kg. per Tons per Elongation, of area. existing in the material itself, which necessi- | ane ae - inch. wes Goat, = | tate the most careful treatment in the work- ~ 25.2 “9 29 ing up, as the smallest tear or scratch some- 38 24-0 15.0 23 | times causes the whole to go to pieces. The The girder was loaded to F = 52,500) bad results obtained from steel bridge gird- pounds per square inch without any break | ers must not, however, be ascribed to the becoming apparent; the amount of deflec- | fact that a load of 41 tons per square inch is tion was immaterial, and, as looked at from! too hard a steel, as good results have been | 31.2 tons per square inch, a limit of elas- | ticity of 20.4 tons per square inch, an ex‘en- | sion of 26.9 per cent., and a contraction of 46.5 percent. Some I irons, which, from the arrangement of the rolling mills, could not be easily made in mild steel, had been made |in puddled steel, and gave similar results, though in somewhat lower figures. Out of |four experiments they showed a breaking strength of 27.9 tons per square inch, a limit of elasvicity of 18.0 tons per square inch, | extension, 21.8 per cent., and cuntraction, | 23.7 per cent. An interesting comparison was made of the results of experiments for |these same bridges with other materials | used in constructing them, viz., cast steel, wrought and unwrought, cast iron and wrought iron. These experiments all show the superiority of mild steel, A girder made out of plates and angle iron sustained after the highest test loada calculated maximum About sixty experi- | 2. Punching diminishes the strength in al- | the holes. most all kinds of material. | The constructor should remember also that 3. Drilling considsrably diminishes the | ‘‘ mild steel” isa very vague term, and it is work done up to breaking point, compared | necessary to ascertain where and by what with a solid bar, especially in hard materials. | process it is made. Nothing can be deter 4. Punching diminishes the work done} mined by the amouct of carbon it contains, considerably more than drilling. for, aithough one can estimate approximately, 5. Punching succeeded by annealing again | according to the carbon contained, the ma raises the work done to nearly the same | terials produced by a certain process at a point as drilling without annealing. certain works, it is impossible to compare 6. With a drilled and riveted joint, after | the productions of different works, especially removing the rivet heads, a marked diminu- tion of the work done up to breaking point, as compared with a joint simply drilled, is | apparent, and this diminution increases with steel as the material becomes harder. With steel having an ultimate breaking strength of about 41 tons per square inch, where the section is weakened by about 46 per cent. in a test bar 6 inches long—i. e., the holes being about 6 inches apart in the direction of the pull—with holes of about .6 inch di ameter, and, after riveting up, the work done was only y}, part of that in a similar solid bar. With a similar weakening of sec tion in a bar 6 feet long—i. e., the rivets being 6 feet apart in the direction of the pull —the work done up to breaking was only sooo part of that of a solid bar. 7. In wrought iron, with a section reduced by 46 per cent., no diminution of the work done worth heeding takes place through where different processes are adopted. For example, basic steel containing 1 to 1.5 of carbon may be exceedingly soft, while Bes semer steel containing the same amount may be so hard that a knob occurring en a thin wire can hardly be rolled away, The differences in basic steel itself are very great, and although he could speak very favorably of it from personal experience 'there were many complaints of inequalities ; I | If an engineer, therefore, resolves to have no mild steel, but only ingot iron, he will find the border line between the two eo con fused that the following definition may be looked upon as a necessary expedient: ** No material capable of considerable hardenin, shall be called iron,” and, if narrowly ex amined, it will be seen that a great deal ot the ingot iron specified as ** incapable of considerable hardening,” is, nevertheless capable of very considerable hardening un THE IRON AGE. July 26, 1883, 2 ANSONIA ThePlume&Atwood| See BRASS & COPPER CO., Mfg. Company, fr \ a No. 19 CH Street, Pnelps Building, NEW YORK, MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c, Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing. Ansonia Corrugated Stove Platforms, PURE COPPER WIRE Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered. SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, pina teen View Present Sooretary German Silver and Gilding Metal, Washburn & Moen Mfg. Co, Copper Rivets and Burs, Established, 1831. Capital, $1,500,000 Copper Electrical Wire, Pins, WORCESTER, MASS. area” | WIRE DRAWERS. 4 Jack Chain, Kerosene Burners, Patent Galvanizing, Rolling and Tempering. MANUFACTURERS OF Lamp Trimmings, &c. f TRON, AND IRON AND STEEL WIRE. 18 Murray Street, New York. | Waterbury Brass Co. CAPITAL, $400,000. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, CERMAN SILVER, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, COPPER RIVETS AND BURS, BRASS KET1LES, \ Oe Door Rail, Brass Tags, Phosphor Bronze Rods for Pumps, &c. PERCUSSION CAPS, 13 Federal Street, Boston. 1 Of Every Description. { 109 Lake Street, Chicago. = | ANSONIA * REFINED POWDER FLASKS, Rolling Mill, Factories, | INCOT COPPER. Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures, &c.|} THOMASTON, Ct. WATERBURY, Ct. | A SPECIALTY MADE OF -—_ = ae 8 - ores peor ecialty. dead kaa aan wl: Dann e y y > ole Aavetn ior ag neets or Brid £ ort Brass Co GAL VAN IZED TELEGRAPH W IRE, T GALVANIZED TELEPHONE WIRE, Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line of Sport- ing Goods. DEPOTS, Mills At 296 Broadway, New York, WATERBURY, 125 Eddy St., Providence, R. |. Conn. Detroit Copper & Brass Rolling Mills, BRAZIERS’ AND SHEATHING COPPER, ROLLED, SHEET & PLATERS’ BRASS GERMAN OR NICKEL SILVER, Copper Wire for Electrical and other purposes, Brass and German Silver Wire, L PATENT STEEL WIRE BALE TIES, Sheet and Roll Brass, PATENT STEEL BARB FENCING, AND PUMP CHAIN. Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, = | Seamless and Brazed Tubing, WAREHOUSES |Cage, 107 and 10 tae Sere } Li Copper and Iron Rivets. . \* ib OILERS and CUSPADORES, | LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, SSS Sa A SSS ‘p LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, ; KEROSENE BURNERS, ae Clocks & Fly Fan Movements, | PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS. | NATIONAL WIRE AND LANTERN WORKS.’ ” Particular attenti tin, lanks | ad manufacturing Mela ieoda we out Banks Warehouse, 45 Fulton Street, New York. ensepen, siemens And California Wire Works Co., San Francisco, Cal. Man | Manufactory, Nos, 1197, 1199, 1201, 1203, 1205, 1207, 1209 and z211 De Kalb Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Bridgeport, Conn | 19 Murray 8t., x. ¥I Ow A. RD evel na oe ay HARRISON WIRE CO., = ST. LOUIS, MO., 7S ise Sth MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF : STEEL AND IRON ® 003, poy w MANUFACTURERS OF PHELPS, DODGE & CO., TIN PLATE, ROOFING PLATE, Sheet Iron Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, Zinc, &c. MANUFACTURERS OF COPPER AND BRASS. CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. 4 — SCOVILL MFC CO BRASS, HINCES WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. Copper Rivets and Burs, COPPER BOTTOMS FOR TEA KETTLES AND BOILERS. Cor. Larned & Fourth Sts., Detroit, Mich. ROME IRON WORKS, Manufacturers of Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop- PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. BUTTONS, CLOTH AND METAL. Ster Fire Departmen Lantern, Ex. Heavy. 1194421 BromeStghY, — Watutur, Con, | PEF and German Silver es | 177 Devonshire St., Boston. New Haven, Conn. (In Sheets, Rods, Tubing or Wire), W R FS Bt e) Pe E | oon ee Nw YokCityy | COPPER & BRASS RIVETS| B=ae@ | eae. & HHH DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO.) **eme, New York. /Holmes, Booth & Haydens, | Bi i nH Importers of WATERBURY, — Wire Pence, Guarde récoe Galvanized Wire Settee. No. 16 Pattern Drive Way Wire =“ Guards or No. _ BROWN & BROTHERS, Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet Iron, Copper, 9 Ghamnere eas rotor se DE THE TRENTON IRON C CO., Wire, Zinc, Etc. — oun oni. Bo seein 81 Chambers St., N. Y. | Waterbury, Conn. ia ait cs DICKERSON & CO., Liverpool. NEW YORK. MANUFACTURERS OF Brass, Copper & German Silver, asain new a neeis i ROLLED AND IN SHEETS. Sa BRASS & COPPER WIRE,|"O% — fice = eee gee | BRAZIER Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. WIRE of = ai yep” 4 a RODS, BRASS & IRON _|STEEL pps JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL. | WIRE. German Silver Spoons; THE NEW HAVEN CRASS, COPPER AND COPPER co., | GERMAN SILVER SOLE MAKERS OF In Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire, Tubing, POLISHED COPPER); = “™".""™ Under Patent of T. James, Sept. 12, 1876, ; WI cmuitaaiemainaens aah Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, " 7 Kerosene Burners, &c. DEALERS IN PATENTED SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER GRAZIERS & SHEATHING COPPER, |" a Ona fre PATENTED SPRING TEMPERED SHANK, é' SILVER-PLATED, FLAT TABLE WA Kettles, Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, &c. designs. RE, in rieb 290 Pearl Street - NEW YORK.| GERMAN SILVER SPOONS AND FORKS. A. C. NORTHROP, Waterbury, Conn., NUVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS FOR HARDWARE TRADE. Wrought Iron and Brass Machine Screws: Turned on, Round and Head Sct Screws; Brass and fron Safety ana J Square Cap and Got Gorews; Brace nd leon Falety and Jack Chain; git N kel Plated and Bronze Trimmings of all Fatimates on patented article romptly given. cles, or any description of Sheet Metal work. respectfully solicited and New York Office, - - COOPER, HEWITT & 0, 17 Burling Slip. Brookiye Brom 2 Conver Oo» | piiisdeiphia Ofice, - = ~~ ~ __24 North Fourth Street. ‘ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin, Antimony, Solder & Old Metals, rv) 3) ae -) o da E 100 John Street, New York. Manufacturers of s7 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK. rP ure s pe ite ri. Works: WILKESBARRE, Pa. This Advertisement Changed Weekly. Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes neon est eecan, (OWA BARB WIRE COMPANY, eect Aol sea ee ene al iz &B BRODERICK & BASCOM ROPE CO., MANKING & SQUIER, Gen a 87 Liberty St., NEW YORK. 89 Lake St., CHICAGO, ssiishaceaiaae oF ae © Oyun, won 10g STAUFFER, MACREADY & CO., New Orleans, La, “ Sane aaapE RES EERapeumeae Factory, Geo. W. Prentiss & Co., JOHNSTOWN, PA. mM vistsec) oa HOLYOKE, MASS., MANUFACTURERS OF Licensed under all bottom Patents. i iti) 9:81 et Hel en) doe Ba IRON WIRE ROPE, STEEL WIRE ROPE, 728 N. Main St., St, Louis, Mo. WORCESTER Yo. 4. Shows the exact size of our wire and barbs, ex- cept that the berbs are seven inches apart and not 34, as shown in cut. One pound measures 15 feet in length. WI af & Cc O.. Bright, cennaeed, Amnanied ae i aa a a Manufacturers of < a: Plated, Also GUN SCREW WIRE | os “ im) mM , of all sizes straightened and cut to order. | & A. -ESCh a 5 Sj = $0 N .. - 4 IRON AND STEEL ¢ " + + 2 . 35 = 2 Manufacturers of sali z 2 os = es B= : maa , —--s > 3 : > ‘sc 2 ¢ | BROWNING, SISUM & CO., 85 Chambers St. © > = For al Purposes. Belt H Cc voc a K D Ri 2 " & a elt Heoeks, Cotters, Spring Keys. ngs | ba WORCESTER, MASS. eee, Od ne Tyg? Wirebending | 919 co 983 N. Main St., ST. LOUIS, ae Gassempendence invited. H Illust Als July 26, 1883. THE IRON AGE. CARY & MOEN, Manufacturers of STEEL wiRs oe all punpenee and pain SPRINCS of every description. Manufacturers of | i » Japanned, Brass, Tin Platec and Wood Hn SIIILIAAA SIGS SS SSSA VAL RC LELLLELLLLALEAALLAALEE sa 4 od a ELL Original inventors and patentees of Bright Metal Cages, constructed without solder. 254 Pearl St., NEW YORK. WOOL ELLE LL LL LMELELLELLEE — = = — = — —} = 1 — = — 'v) — Sa Market Steel Wire, Crinoline Wire, tempered and covered. Also Patent Tempered Steel Furnitu:e a oo on hand, 234, 236 and 238 West 29th Street, NE w | YORK. sag] IRON AND BRASS RIVETS. Studs, Pins, Screws, &c., BLAKE & JOHNSON, Waterbury, Conn For Manufacturers of Light Hardware, POPE, COLE & Co. BALTIMORE IN ORDER TO SECURE : ( OPPER WORKS, prompt shipments, we shall ap tes:bapaterpennerags herea‘ter carry in stock at all : times a full line of all leading “coe B BaMther sizes of Tire, Toe Calk, Spring mn manutacturer of and Machinery Steel. | di GAUTIER STEEL DEPART- : iii BIRD CAGES. MENT of the Cambria Iron Co.. | “one Johnstown, Pa. a : SSeeueieaon 104 Reade St. 23 Arch St. CLEVELAND WIRE: WO! CHARLES A. OTIS, President. SAM’L ANDREWS, Vice President. SAM'L A. SAGUE, Ge THOS. JOPLING, Treasurer. tates JOHN C. ANDREWS, Secretary. THE AMERICAN WIRE COMPANY. DRAWERS OF IRON AND WI Fe FE ~ OF EVERY __ STEEL DESCRIPTION GALVANIZED, TINNED AND. COPPERED WIRE. High Grade and Fine Quality Wires a Specialy. CLEVELAND, OHIO. STEEL WIRE CLOTH Of Kvery Description, for mining purposes. All meshes from 2 to the inch up to roo-mesh made and carried in stock, CLEVELA*D, OHIO. Bergen Port Spelter. WORKS & FU 5 a ing INGOT COPPER, Lehigh Valley, Pa. Bergen Port, N. The only Miners and Manufacturers a ip. * PURE at. LEHICH J. 4 SMERIO“ HOWARD EVANS. SPELTER 3 . ase From Lehigh Ore. S Especially adapted for Cartridge Metal and German Silver. MOLDERS' TOOLS, Also manufacturers of FOUNDRY FACING, BERGEN PORT OXIDE ZINC. MOLDING SAND, wa Superior for Liguip Paint on account of its body FOUNDRY SUPPLIES and wearing properties. BERCEN PORT ZINC CO. E. A. FISHER, Agent, 13 3 Burling Slip, N. Y. M. HOTCHKISS & CO.. West Haven, Conn., J. A. EMERICK & CO., 1056 to 1076 Beach St., PHILADELPHIA. G. ESTABLISHED 1837. INCORPORATED 1876 H. 8. Case, Sec’y. Waterbury Mfg. : WATERBURY, Pops, Treas. Co., CONN. Brass Goods. ROLLIN MANUFACTURERS OF Brass, Iron & Steel Keys Locksmiths’ and Bellhangers’ Supplies, HARDWARE SPECIALTIES. Illustrated Catalogue F Sebel on Application, Also Brass pe Nickel Plated Suspender Buckles. Wg \ NOVELTIES OF ALL KINDS, MADE EITHEROF SPECIALTY. MILL AND MACHINERY CASTINGS, ROLLS, CLEVELAND, OHTO). INGOT MOLDS, ANNEALING POTS, RIVERSIDE FOUNDRY WORKS. SHEET METAL OR WIRE, A NEW MAKE OF MINE LAMP. — HOT BLAST PIPE, &c. = ee = MENDEN & SCHWERTE IRON AND STEEL WIRE WORKS, = AT SCHWERTE, WESTPHALIA, GERMANY, =. The largest Wire Works in the world. Make, on 12 trains, STEEL AND IRON WIRE RODS of al! P dimensions and descriptions. = SCREW, RIVET, NAIL AND CHAIN RODS, SPECIALTIES. ae SOLE AGENTS FOR THE UNITED *TATES: WOLTMAN & MICKERTS, ST. LOUIS, MO. LEONARD BROS., Scranton, Pa. | der certain circumstances, such as the sud | considerable hardening |shrink the surface, | cracks, and finally breakages. | of 13.12 feet. atmospheres, the vacuum about 23.6 | ‘cc den cooling of a heated shaft. This ‘‘ in- ” produce tension, small Ingot iron, as stated, is now preferred to cast steel for the following purposes: Rails, railway axles and shafts of similar dimen- sions, railway sleepers, and, above all, tires. For heavy quick-running shafts, iron is in | request, except for very heavy marine shafts, for which crucible steel is frequently em- ployed. For shipbuilding, the Siemens- Martin ingot iron plates are increasingly em- ployed, while for boiler plates wrought iron holds undisputed sway ; for wire rods, cast steel and wrought iron are about equally in in demand. There is no doubt that with im- provements in the management of steel pro- cesses, especially in soft steel and ingot iron, the demand for it will increase; but it is probable that for some time to come the existing processes will continue rivals in the same fields. As the refining process still exists side by side with its successor, the puddling process, 30 will the puddling process itself survive in ‘ompany with its younger rivals, the Besse- ner, Martin and basic systems, and, thanks o its malleability, wrought iron will long ind manufacturers glad to employ it. The following observations submitted by one of the members of the union may also rrove interesting: ‘‘ We find from Herr Offergeld’s experiments that several girders vere spoiled by bending, which occurred ‘ither in the vpper girder or in the upper portion of the web in those parts most ex- posed to pressure. The compression por- ions of an ingot iron girder showed flaws vefore the breaking strength of the loaded arts had been fully attained, while with a ‘irder of wrought iron a uniform stress of he whole section was attained, and there- ‘ore a relatively higher breaking point was eached. This circumstance may be ex- lained by the properties of both materials. \s the breaking point is reached, the rela- ion between deformation and strain be- ‘comes greater with mild steel than with vrought iron. As it is well known that with t breaking load the amount of the moment f rupture increases with the deformation, it ‘ollows that the risk of breakage is greater vith ingot than with wrought iron. There- ‘ore, in order to maintain a uniform stress mn both the compression and tension portions if an ingot iron girder, the compression por- ion must be strengthened toa far greater *xtent than is necessary with wrought iron. t seems doubtful, and on this point Herr \ffergeld’s experiments offer no conclusion, vhether, in spite of the extra material ne- cessary to strengthen the compression flange if an ingot iron girder in orcer to attain uni form stress on the whole cross-section, a sav- ing is not effected on the whole as against wrought iron by the attainment of a higher breaking point, and on this account we must hesitate before agreeing with Herr Offer reld’s unfavorable opinion of ingot iron de- rived from his experiments.” Herr Petersen supplemented the remarks f Herr André as ecw: **Ingot iron and ‘ast steel are both cast, have a similar gfan- var structure and fracture, and in these ‘espects possess unquestionable advantages ver wrought iron, which is composed of successive layers, and consequently shows defects of welding, rendering it a bad ma- terial for many purposes. When these kinds break, the difference in behavior corresponds to their difference in structure. The homo- geneous material breaks quickly and short, whereas wrought iron, owing to its laminated structure, breaks slowly layer by layer under the strain. In spite, therefore, of its lower breaking strain, wrought iron offers in many cases greater security than steel, heecause the breakage, instead of occurring quickly and suddenly, takes place gradually, and generally gives warning of the danger by a harmless tear in the outside layer.” He had previously shown that unequal heating and careless working were apt to produce small cracks and flaws, as we!l as internal tension, in homogeneous materials, and these diminished the strength and pre- pared the way for breakages. Striking ex umples of this occurred in a large rail-rolling mill with some cast-steel crank shafts, which, after being only a short time in use, showed such serious flaws and cracks on the journals, brought on by one-sided heating while working, that they were changed for wrought iron. It is well known that various difficulties oecur in casting thick steel ingots, and it is | even more frequent to have a porous casting in mild than in hard steel. If steel ingots have incomplete, hollow or porous spots, these do not become welded together by fur ther heating and working, but after being rolled thin they retain their porosity, as un we'ded spots are retained in wrought iron. As these porous places are generally in the center of the ingot, the round bars, piston rods and axles made of it have also usually an internal weakness, which it is difficult to set right in the working, and which may cause breakages in the future. Thus, plunger- rod of a subterranean pumping en gine, on being tested with water up to 20 atmospheres, was shown to be hollow in its whole length, and water burst out of the cleft at the end of the rod The following accident with the piston-rod of a pumping | engine occurred at a Westphalian coal pit : The piston-rod in question belonged to a sin gle-acting Cornish beam engine, with a cyl inder diameter of about 6.56 feet and a stroke The effective steam pressure was 4.5 inches, so that the net effective the piston was 5.3 atmospheres, amounting altogether to 160 tons. The diameter of the piston-rod was 9.84 inches. The break oc curred at the beginning of the descent, tnat about 11% feet of the stroke had yet to be accomplished. Falling from this hight the piston struck the bottom of the cyliode: pressure on 8 |! and smashed with it the valve boxes and al! the principal] parts of the engine. The break ing strain of the piston amounted in the full transverse section only to about 2.2 tons per square inch, and in the hollow place to about 9.8 tons per square inch. A lead casting the size of the fist was taken out of this hole. These examples are not meant to detract from the valuable qualities of cast steel, merely to point out those weaknesses in it which must be guarded against in practic: but is just sufficient to the | -| Household Metal Work. | ‘Wherever I turn r am presented with a eae solemnity in the houses and the streets; the houses borrow very few orna- ments from architecture.” This, says a writer in an English exchance, was Oliver Goldsmith’s description of London in 1759 When we walk into the streets to day, a cen | tury since these words uttered, and |} look around at the exteriors of the average |}modern English houses, we are bound to | confess, without any undue excess of cyn icism, that the same words apply with a road significance to the present condition of domestic house architecture. Little real progress, save as regards the mere conform ation, arrangement and size of the dwelling places of the commonalty—questions which might virtually be termed the ‘‘ practical ” departments of architecture—has been gen were uinely arrived at. Art and ornament, as applied to house exteriors, have, indeed, been almost entirely neglected. Our specific, peculiar and une hangeable bit of brick, stucco, slate and cast iron, in all their re- spective pristine beauty, which three-fourths of our builders rely on as building materials par excellence, can hardly be said in their ordinary forms to come within the pale of art, though its bounds be very latitudinous, nor are they sufficiently flexible—to apply a somewhat metaphorical term to their generic natures—to invite or lend themselves gener- ally or readily to the application of ordinary artistic principles, Starting with the exterior of the house, iron railings, which now usually take the place of the brick wall or row of stucco pilasters which delighted our ancestors and adorned their streets and residences so ad- mirably, claim some attention as offering many and favorable opportunities for reform. The objects sought after in the employment of metal work in lieu of brick or stone for rails and fences, are, briefly speaking, two fold. First, lightness combined with an amount of solidity and strength necessary to form secure and protective battlements around the social *‘ castle” and its surround- ings, and, secondly, an amount of finish and ornament (not to be obtained in bricks and stucco) sufficiently elaborate—to employ a newly-coined but appropriate phrase—to ‘invest it with artistic merit,” or, in plain words, to ‘ornament ” the house and break up the architectural monotony and flatness. This association of the useful and orna- mental is arrived at in the present day by the employment of cast iron, on ac- count of its cost, and the facility with which innumerable duplicates of one form or design may be produced. In_ utiliz- ing this material, however, there are sev- eral obstacles to combat, and these pre- vent us arriving at a generally satisfactory consummation of our requirements. Only pig iron of excellent quality and consequent high price will adapt itself successfully to an intricate mold, or exist when completed in a perfect condition and for any length of time in an exposed position, It is a well-known fact that common cast iron fractures with facility, and hence is practically useless for ordinary outdoor work, subject, as it is, to sudden and violent chauges of weather and temperature, and to the thousand and one destructive influences, accidental and other wise, that in this country menace every de- scription of public or private property. But putting aside the practical preventive de tails, cast iron work is not, in the end, gen- erally satisfactory, and although it may em- body the best intentions and represent the result of much study, yet the completed arti- cle invariably presents an unyielding, un- natural and harsh appearance typical of the nature of the material itself. In fact, and and with but few exceptions, cast iron is cast iron, whether in a solid mass orina worked condition ; its native qualities seem, even in the finished article, to cling inseparably to it, and the mere expression ‘*cast iron” is, and has been for ages, sym- bolical of solidity, stiffness and inflexibility. In short, it seems impossible to associate art, except in its rudest forms, with cast iron, and this impression, if we may judge the usual productions to represent modern de sign and workmanship, is far from being an erroneous one. In cast iron work the artist begins and ends, so to speak, in the “‘ pat tern,” and although there is a large field here for the display of skill and talent, this opportunity is unfortunately seldom taken full advantage of. Another reason why good cast iron work is so rarely met with is | because the formation of quantities of artis tic work of many dissimilar styles, necessi tated by diversity of taste and requirements, would entail considerable pecuniary outlay on the part of the manufacturer, and this the buyers and consumers of the present age —which is essentially an age of cheapness cannot entertain. It is this question of ‘*cheapness,” the natural product we pre sume of social advancement, that is the bane art in every form, and stop-growth of true and the veneer parquetry, stained and | grained woods, imitation tiles, and every other modern artificial makeshift for the | pure and real called into existence by mod ern exigency, are but symbolical of that popular necessity which knows no laws, and commands art as it controls the other depart social life The present differs widely from the days of the Georges, for whereas the people then were content with what we may briefly call ‘* little and good,” the of our own times (another result of that 1ne progress that marks the past « ments of aye inhabitants steam-eng » years) desire leverything. As a natura] consequence, there fore, to meet this insatiable demand we are | flooded—and, to tell the truth, in the main satisfied—with productions turned out by the gross, and constructed to please the millions and not the hundreds nm New York Cable Roads,—lIt is now un derstood that the Third Avenue Railroad Co. proposes to adopt the cable system which has been so extensively practiced in San Francisco and Chicago for a number of ears. The company secured the passage of a bill at the last session of the Legislature giving it the power to run cars through Tenth avenue from r2sth street to High Bridge by means of this method of propu sion President Lyon of the compan ar companied by an engineer, is said to have visited Chicago and Philadelphia a short ne ee oe ee —> eo % = = 2 4 DHE LRON AGE. OGDEN & WALLACE, |Marshall Lefferts & Co., 85, 87, 89 & 91 Elm St., New York. 90 Boohman St., New Fork Otty, lron and Steel ita Gita Orevery desrigton teptin soo | GalVanized Sheet Iron, Agents for Park Brother & (Co.'s Pest BU . Best Refined and Common. BLACK DIAMOND STEEL. Galvanized Wire Telegraph and Fence ; Galvanized | Hoop and Sand Iron, Grivanized Rod and Har Iron, — Nails, Galvanized Chain. Galvanized Iron All sizes of Cast and Machinery Steel constantly on band. — CORRUGATED SHEET IRON p | F RS 0 N & C0 For Roofing, &c., Galvanized, Plain or Painted 4 Best Charcoal, Best Refined and Common Established 1790, SHEET IRON. Plate and Tank Iron, 24 & 26 Broadway, 77 & 79 New St. | ,SN9.55 FXG & SHO 1 Flange, Best Flange, ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF lron Work Galvanized or Tinned to Order. Price list and quotations sent upon application. NEW YORK CITY. ROME MERCHANT IRON MILLS, Ulster [ron |rove wexcuwr, wow 1 All Sizes and Shapes kept in Stock. | Bar Iron, Bands and Fine Hoops. Scrolls, Ovals, Half Ovals, Half Rounds ema and Horse Shoe Iron. Also from Charcoal Pig a ao uality of Iron branded J.G. All puddled ~— o pammer. Orders may be sent to the Mil = ABEEL BROS., os SAN ENTER, our Agent, at 59 Jo 190 seven ~ t NEW YORK. v= ze ULSTER 9 IRON, FOX & DRUMMOND, |- ‘CATASAUQUA” IRON, RAILWAY ALLENTOWN SHAFTING, COMMON IRON, — And fall assortment of sizes of the best brands of gS oO L L I Re CG M I L L REFINED IRON, MATERIAL. Band, Hoo ered «1 and Angle Iron, Cast, Spring, k and 8 &. 8. 68 WALL STREET, Toe-Cal TELEPHONE CALL, “ NASSAU, 379 ” A. R. WHITNEY & CO., Manufacturers ot and Dealers in TLRON AGENCIES: PORTAGE IRON CO., Limited, Merchant Iron. SAMSONDALE IRON WORKS, Merchant Iron. No. 63 Wall St., New York. NORWAY IRON AND STEEL WORKS, Homo teel Pla Ba® st. STATE IRON NOO., Tank, Boiler and Girder U LS T t R | 8 0 N wo R KS Plates. H. P. NAILS CO 90 Broadway, New York. NEW YORK. JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO., SCOTCH AND AMERICAN re Nails BRANDY WINE ROLLING MILL, Boiler Plates. pL-ancow TUBE WORKS, Boiler Flues, A. M. BYERS & CO., Wrought ros Pipe. CARNAGIE BROS. & CO., Limited, Wrought Beams, Channels and Sha Iron : cai oan ofthese pcure ones! Tuckerman, Mulligan & Co CARMICHAEL & EMMENS mm application by mail. Sample pieces ‘at office. Please address 130, 132 & 134 Cedar St., New York, and Nos. 21, 23, 25 7 West Lake St., Chicago, Il. 58 Hudson Street, New York. BORDEN & LOVELL, | iron AND STEEL BOILER PLATE. - . Lap-Welded Boiler Tubes, &c, &c. Commission Merchants, | so: ine Agent for The Cooteextite Iron Go. The Laurel Roll- Tube Wor 70 & 71 West St., ing Mills, one = nion Orme Wrought Iron Beams, SN, LOVELL, é A. GREENE — NEW YORK. PITTSBURG Hl TOOL CO., Agents for the sale of Successors to ALKER & CROMLISH, Fall River Iron Co.’s Nails, Bands, Hoops & Rods, Twist Drills, Heamers, Taps and MACHINISTS’ SPECIAL TOOLS, Machine, Car and Bridge Bolts, Set and Cap Screws, Boiler Rivets, &c. no LIGHT MACHINE FORGING. A SPECIALTY. Borden Mining Company’s| _P. 0. Box 1060, Pittsburgh, Pa. FACTORY: Cumberland Coals. Correr North & Irw North & Irwin Avenues, ) Allegheny, Pi Pa. WILLIAM H. WALLACE & co, Steel and Iron, IRON MERCHANTS WIRE RODS, rue Cor, Albanv & Washington Sts. Particulars from NEW YORK OITY. A. C. LESLIE & CO.,, Wu. B WaLiace MONTREAL, ORFORD COPPER & SULPHUR COMPANY, SMELTERS AND REFINERS OF COPPER. THOS, J. POPE & BRO., Agents, 292 Pearl St., New York. Copper Ore, Mattes or Bullion purchased, Advances made on consignments for refining and sale. Smelting and Refining Works at Bergen Point, near New York. Offices, 37 £39 Wall St., New York. LP PASSAIC ROLLING MILL CO., Manufacture and have always in stock ROLLED IRON BEAMS, Channels, Angles, Tees, Merchant Bars, Riveted Work, Forgings, Eye Bars, &c. a PATERSON, N. JJ. Room % Astor ee New York, CUT NAILS, Hot Pressed Nuts, Bolts, Washers, “due DOVER IRON CO. BOoIrLaR RIVETS, Boiler Brace Jaws, Socket Bolts, &c. FULLER BROTHERS & CO. 139 Greenwich Street, New York. Wa. Bisrnau Cc Manhattan Rolling Mill. 445 to 451 West St., 177 & 179 Bank St., | BOILER, PLATES AND SHEET IRON, | ae iler Rivets, Angle & T Iron, Cut Nails & Spikes. | OXFORDW.0. WOOD & COS IRON AND NAIL CO., Cut Nails AND SPIKES. J. 8S. SCRANTON, Sales Agent, 81, 83 and 85 Washington Street, NEW YORK. Sa - ¥ = : SNOW SHOES ROADSTER PATTERN. Fr eS ae Nii SLTERT Planished Sheet Iron. ited March rath, 1865 ; April 8th, 1873 ; a Se dames we 3 Se JOHN W. QUINCY & CO.,), Seas ISTEEL TOE CALKS Extra Quality Homogeneous Steel BOILER PLATE HARRISON&GILLOON METAL DEALERS) sreen erates, at descriptions. In the Large Cities throughout Cut Nails and Spikes, Plate and Sheet THE UNITED STATES, Iron, all descriptions, And at their Ofmiec, Anthracite & Charcoal Pig Irons,|,,,/MPORTED RUSSIA IRON, Wroug # Sorap, Cut Nails, Copper, FOR SALE BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER, ANTIMONY, NICKEL, &c. by all the prineipal IRON AND METAL DEALERS, 558, 560, 562 WATER ST., & 3¢2, 34, 306 CHERRY 8T., NEW YORE, nara ane and ier fr tle, LeU ang | LIT Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. /SHOENBERGER & CO., *'*ee:"= Wrought, ron j ls ol Pold Soagen Chenpeution, Beast SYR A CU SE M ALLE ABLE WwW H E E Li a C BURDEN’S IRON WORKS. HORSE SHOES. ise Tam ad Laughlin Nail Co., and Carriage Irons a JUNCTION IRON CO. Specialty. Joint Yearly Capacity Over WwW. B. BURNS, Proprietor, 600,000 KEGS. C. W, LEAVITT, ‘iw "yoink? a on NEW AND SECOND-HAND Rails and Railway Equipment We K A 0 S S PIG and BAR IRON, OLD RAILS and SCRAP. * * j General Agent ALLENTOWN ROLLING MILLS. 97 Chambers Street, New York, Agent for PARDEE CAR & MACH. WORKS. KINN E| L KEYSTONE ROLLING MILL, Limited, “Burden Best” lron Boiler Rivets. The Burden Iron Company SPQT EH PIG IRON,| = 2 on Troy, N.Y. EGLESTON BROS. & CO., 166 South Street, t NEW YORK CITY. FOR SALE IN LOTS TO SUIT, §|——=~—_—__-_—* EDWARD J. WESSELS |bomnell, Botsford & Co., SOLE AGENT FOR THE 2 . lron, Nails & Spikes, UNITED STATES, YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, NATURAL GAS USED AS FUEL. OFFIC, No, 143 First Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. WORKS, Lecchburg, Pa. CHARLES HUBBARD, ** SHERIDAN,” ‘* LEESPORT,”’. “MT. LAUREL” & “TEMPLE” “CHARCOAL” PIG IRON, “MAIDEN CREEK” and * NEW RIVER MINERAL” BRANDS. FAVORITE BRANDS OF SCOTCH PIC IN STOCK AND TO ARRIVE. Olid Car Wheels, Best Brands. 46 CU Street, New York City. JAMES Ww. ROSS, IMPORTER OF AND FURNACE AGENT FOR SCOTCH AND AMERICAN PIG IRON, MANUFACTURERS’ AGENT OF Bar Lron, Car Wheels, Axles, Rails and Railroad Supplies. WHITAKER IRON t BRANDS PIG IRON. 267 Front Street, 5 BURDEN’S 17 Cedar St., - - NEW YORK. 1. B. & S. p iw " ate ha it CO., |CORRUGATED AND CRIMPED IRON 9 [oe oe ROOFING & SIDING, ULSTER BAR | RON, Agents NASHUA IRON AND STEEL CO., Seeten teen tet STEEL LOCOMOTT eas HOMOGENEOUS Skylights, Bridges, &e. | All ese cn ne, © NP: ae boli PLATES ho TON Dee eee AXLES, MOSELEY IRON BRIDGE AND ROOF CO., Am, & Eng, Ref'd Iron,Common Iron,éc | pe Se vocowoTive rORemas | ___ Dey Birt, Xow York. —___-___—_ GLENGARNOCK AND CARNBROE SCOTCH PIG IRON, / an FRANK L. FROMENT, For spot delivery, and for prompt or forward shipments to New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Ron _ 388 dohn &., Baltimore or New Orleans. For sale by A 1D o. NEW YORK | JAMES LEE &