The Iron Age 1882-12-14: Vol 30 Iss 24

Crystallization of Iron and Steel. Within the past few weeks an interesting discussion relating to the crystallization of iron and steel has been carried on in the col- umns of Mechanics, aad we think that the fol- lowing remarks bearing upon the subject, and submitted by Mr. E. E. Magovern, will be read with some interest. Mr. Magovern endeavers to present such facts and argu- ments as are at the command of an investi- gator of subjects of this kind. Before presenting these facts, together with the results of different experiments that have | been made, the object of which was to obtain the cause and extent of the change from the fibrous to the crystalline fracture of iron, he observes that, in com- mon with other matters of this nature, it is extremely difficult to produce full and conclu- sive proof that the iron which has been crys- tallized was of a fibrous nature when placed in the structure, as we cannot by any experi- ment show the change taking place. There must, however, he continues, surely be some explanation of the phenomena, say in the case of a railroad axle which when new had been passed as good fibrous iron by compe- tent inspectors, after a rigid examination, but which after several years’ wear breaks off short and presents a fracture totally dif- erent from the original structure of the iron, A sharp distinction must be drawn between a crystalline fracture and a frac- ture having a crystalline appearance. The former expression applies only when there exist in the fracture crystals of definite shape and size. A crystallineor granular appear- ance can be produced in a good iron simply by sudden fracture. A good illustration of the actual crystalli- zation of iron when subjected to shock may be found in the connecting-rod of the chain testing machine at the Washington Navy Yard, the fracture of which is shown in Figs. 2,3 and5. The testing machine, as shown in Fig. 1, consists of a long trough, in which a 15-fathom section of cable can be stretched by means of a hydraulic press actuated by a steam pump, N. The stress is transmitted through M, the cross-head rods, to I, and the connecting link of the weighing apparatus is at the extreme left, and is so arranged that one pound placed on the scale-pan bal- | ances 200 pounds at the point of strain, The connecting-rod was 5 inches in diameter, and had been in use for 40 years. It had been frequently subjected to stresses of 250,- | ooo pounds and upward and the recoils pro- | duced by the rupture of the test pieces. The rod bad been carefully made in the anchor shop by the ordinary processes of piling and hammering. According to the record, the best quality of iron scrap was used in its | manufacture, and it is supposed and believed that by this process of making the iron | was of a thoroughly fibrous character. While actually employed in testing, the rod | broke at 200,000 pounds, and the surface | showed well-defined crystals, the faces of which were large and bright like mica, as shown in Fig. 3. The edges of this specimen having been injured, the bar was again broken at a point distant over a foot from the first fracture, and the broken surface again displayed the same characteristics, the surface obtained being shown in Fig 2. One of the cross-head rods, M, was also removed from the machine, nicked and then broken, and the fracture was here again crystalline, as shown in Fig. 5. Here is a case of a ma- terial which was considered by competent authorities originally fibrous, yet when sub- Fig. jected to an oft repeated shock it became | crystalline. The specimens which are shown in’ these engravings are preserved in the cabinet of the Mechanical Laboratory of the Stevens Institute of Technology. Prof. Robert H. Thurston, the eminent authority on constructive materials, to whom the writer is obliged for many references pertaining to the matter in hand, refers to this remarkable case as follows: ‘‘Examining the section after rupture, the fractured sec- tion was found to exhibit strata of varying of break. Some were quite granular in ap- ' foundry. The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. 1 distinctly crystalline. tals are large and well defined. culiarities, whether of granulation or where the (and purposely) under a steam hammer. |thus differs from the Fig. 2.—Fractured Surface of Connecting Rod, Obtained by Breaking it 3.—Fractured Surface of Connecting-Rod of the Chain-Testing Machine. CRYSTALLIZATION which distinguishes the surfaces of a frac- ture suddenly produced by a single shock, and which is so generally confounded with real crystallization.” | The same author quotes a further instance | or a modified system. 'of this kind : dence required of the occurrence of crystal-| jarring of the particles beyond their elastic lization of iron, it has recently been given by | limits, or under the action of high tempera- an interesting incident at the Stevens Insti-|ture, by tute of Technology. nealing a number of steel hammer heads,|a single suddenly-applied force, producing left them exposed all night to the high tem thickness, each having a characteristic form | perature of the air furnace in the brass | complete rearrangement vf molecules. When finishing one of them a/| granular fracture produced by sudden break-! fact that rupture may be caused by a succes- ‘* Were more conclusive evi- A student, while an- New Yorg, Thursday, Dece pearance, but the larger proportion were | Some of these crys- The lamine, or strata, preserve their characteristic pe- | of crystallization, lying parallel to their axis and extending from the point of original fracture tu a section about a foot distant, bar was broken a second time It | ture. granular structure $$ — gq ———e crystalline character. perfectly formed. These illustrations ar¢ crystallize under the action of long-contin oped it is easy to mistake them, but the for One Foot from the First Fracture. Fig. 4.—Magnified Fracture of a Steel Hammer Head which had been Exposed for Some Time to a High Temperature. OF mation of pentagonal dodecahedra, in large numbers and in perfectly accurate forms, may be considered unmistakable evidence of | the fact that iron may crystallize in the cubic This may apparently take place either by very long-continued either mechanical or physical tremor. But no evidence is given here that fracture, may cause such a systematic and The surface was found to possess a distinctly ‘*In this example, however, the faces were nearly all pentagonal, and were usually very conclusive of the question whether iron may ued and severe shocks, or of high tempera- When imperfect crystals are devel- mber Ig, 1882. Published every Thursday Morning by Davip Wiiuiams, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. $4.50 a Year, Including Postage. Single Copies, Ten Cents. . . : | careless blow broke it, and the fractured’ ing, and the crystalline structure produced | sion of shocks or impacts, none of which alone ich alone as above during long periods of time, are, | would be sufficient to cause rupture. Wrought apparently, as distinct in nature as they are| iron will crystallize by repeated blows in in their causes.” service and become weaker than cast iron In the engravings, Fig. 4 is a magnified | Iron axles, the piston-rods of steam ham representation of the surface of fracture of | mers and other holes | are those} break after a The mass, mentioned, two the the hammer shown, penetrating metal repeated shocks invariably certain length of pieces of ubject to continuously service drilled in the first operation, preparatory to| Fairbairn, who is considered by engineer fitting the handle. The facets of the crys tals are seen to be remarkably perfect and at a Point Distant About Fig. IRON AND STEEL, well defined. Fig. 6 represents the hammer on very nearly the natural scale. In addition to these facts, Mr. Magovern submits the following testimony and expe rience of others in support of this theory of crystallization. In a paper read before the American Institute of Mining Engineers at Pittsburgh in May, 1879, Mr. William Kent, an experimenter of large experience in struc tural materials remarked: ‘* Another long- known result of experience ”—although this has not, as the writer believes, been investi gated by scientific experimenters—*‘ is the | line of the present time one of the highest au thorities on these subjects, writes as follows ‘* We know that in some cases wrought iron subjected to continuous vibration assumes a crystalline structure, and that the cohesive powers are much deteriorated.” The Jour nal of the Franklin Institute, in an article on this subject, says: ‘‘ With regard to the important and much-discussed question of the alteration of malleable iron when exposed to continuous vibration, in con- sequence of which it assumes a crystal line structure, Fuchs admits that such an alteration takes place even in the best worked metal.” Roebling, the eminent American engineer, while not wholly ac cepting the theory, shows a method of producing crystallization in good fibrous iron by means of shock. He observes: ‘‘ Take a fibrous bar, say 10 feet long, nick it in the center with a cold-chisel, then poise tbe bar on the short edge of a large anvil and a short piece of iron placed 8 or g inches from the edge of the anvil. Then strike a few heavy blows, so that each blow will cause the iron to rebound and vibrate intensely, and the result will be a granular and a somewhat crystalline fracture.”’ In a discussion which | took place many years ago before the British Institution of Civil Engineers, Mr. J. E. Me Connell produced a specimen of an axle | which he thought furnished nearly incon | testible evidence of crystallization. Une | portion of this axle was clearly of fibrous iron, but the other end broke off as short as |glass. The axle was hammered under a {steam hammer, then heated again and allowed to cool, after which it was found necessary to cut it almost half through and hammer it for a long time before it could be broken. Other opinions were advanced pro and con, and one of the members believed that it was necessary for the iron under vi- bration to be strained above its elastic limit in order to be crystallized. In concluding, Mr. Magovern says: ‘‘ The facts and opinions here introduced would | furnish, in my opinion, sufficient basis for |a belief in the vibration theory of crys- tallization. We have seen that it is possible | for a fibrous iron to be transformed under certain conditions into a crystalline material. How and why this is done the writer does | not pretend to say. We are also aware that | fibrous iron has been placed in structures subject to oft-repeated shocks, and yet when removed and tested has still shown a fibrous fracture. Probably this is because the shocks had not the intensity or were not sufficiently | long continued to produce such a change. | 1t would not be in accordance with the laws | of logic to reject the present theory of crystal lization merely because of its exceptions or seemingly negative proofs. The writer cannot |expect through any efforts of his own to | definitely settle a question which has from | tine to time for many years past excited the liveliest discussions and comments. The question will probably remain in its present | unsettled state until our knowledge of mole- |cular and atomic forces are opened and broadened to such an extent that definite laws governing them may be arrived at.” The subject of crystallization of iron is one | 5.—Fractured Surface of one of the Cross-Head Rods M, show in Fig. 1, concerning which every mechanic has read something, and about which every one holds some opinion or other, based upon eithe: theory, observation or practical experience, Among mechanics and engineers there are two well-defined theories upon this subject According *o one, it is beheved that unde: some conditions, the exact nature of which perhaps, in the present state of the arts i unpossible to detine, tron undergoes a cha so that from being fibrous it becomes erystal Some persons go so far as to cite cer tain uses to which iron may be put which will so change its character. On the othe: ' ————— -_— — eee — — = ———— ——" ee - a —— A x ‘ we . we A 2 - SS Se Pe a Se Serr eee ilies THE IRON AGE. December 14, 1888, A N Ss Oo N i A ThePlume & Atwood Za a BRASS & COPPER (C0., Mfg. Company es ° ’ J en a 19 Clift sate venill - $a MANUFACTURERS OF - ee CHARLES ee. . \; cubeeme SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE,| =; Wash : lag: hagas BRASS AND COPPER Waterbury Brass Co. German Silver and Gilding Metal, J ashburn & Moen Mfg. Co. IN PITAL, - - $400,000. Copper Rivets and Burs, eee ___ Capital, $1,500,000 Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, Copper Electrical Wire, Pins, WORCESTER, MASS. Seamless Brass & Copper GERMAR SILVER, cE : . con ig gin) Brose ta miccen,”'| I WIRE DRAWERS. Tubing. BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, Jack Chain, | p Galvanir : Ansonia Corrugated Stove Platforms.| COPPER RIVETS & BURS, Kerosene Burners, I os Serene ngs Rolling and Tempering. , PURE COPPER WIRE BRASS KETTLES, Lamp Trimmings, &c. | eee eee "ee a a th Lic oo? Seow Rail, Br Tags, 18 Murray Street, New York. TRON, AND IRON AND STEEL WIRE. osphor Bronze Rods for Pumps, &c. PERCUSSION CAPS, 13 Federal Street, Boston. tL Of Every Description. ANSONIA * REFINED wD FLASKS 109 Lake Street, Chicago. dua ee wg Bs Tave Measures, &c. Relling Mill, Factories, INCOT COPPER. nd snl Bram Wares ot ery Desrioion. THOMASTON, Ct. | WATERBURY, Ct. A SPECIALTY MADE OF ge n or She . GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE | Sole Agents for the ° PHELPS, DODGE & CO | capeweu mfg. Co.'s Line of Sport- Br idgeport Brass Co,, GALVANIZED TELEPHONE WIRE, IMPORTERS OF ing Goods. MANUFACTURERS OF Si PATENT STEEL WIRE BALE TIES, Ss DEPOTS: Mille At PATENT STEEL BARB FENCING, ROOFING PLATE, 125 Eddy St, Providence, R.1. Conn. | Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, { New York, 16 Cliff and 241 Pearl Street. WAREHOUSES { Chicago, 107 and 109 Lake Street. : German Silver Metal and Wire, Copper and Iron Rivets. OILERS and CUSPADORES, | LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, | KEROSENE BURNERS, Clocks & Fly Fan Movements, } PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS, Sheet Iron, Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, mes Detroit Copper & Brass MANUFACTURERS OF Particular attention ee to cutting out Blanks and COPPER ANDBRASS.| Rolling Mills, __OLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. | BRAZIERS’ AND SHEATHING COPPER, pete Fs eal SCOVILL LL MFC CO ROLLED, SHEET & PLATERS’ BRASS} 2#2ev0rs, comm. | x9 aturray ats w.¥ amas our sure. {HARRISON WIRE CO, B RAS A Se A Copper Wire for Electrical and other purposes, ST. LOUIS, MO., ““NATIONAL WIRE AND LANTERN WORKS.” Warehouse, 45 Fulton Street, New York. And California Wire Works Co., San Francisco, Cal. Manufactory, Nos. 1197, 1199, 120%, 1203, 1205, 1207, 1209 and r2rr De Kalb Avenue, Broo:lyn, N. Y. ELOW ARD c& MORSE, MANUFACTURERS OF HINCES WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. Bra s and German Silver Wire, Ooppor Rivets and Burrs, PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. _ | coppge sortoms FOR TEA KETTLES AND BOILERS, B U T ? oO AW i : Cor. Larned & Fourth Sts., Detroit, Mich. gp 3 CLOTH AND METAL.! ee ee os ae actors’ =| ROME IRON WORKS, |STEEL AND IRON | cx, peru om 419 & 421 Broome St., N. Y. Waterbury, Conn, MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF St- r vue Tepartment Laniera, Ex. Ueavy. 177 Devonshire St., Boston, New Haven, Conn, Manufacturers of 183 Lae st, Chicago, New York Cit “| Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop- DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO.,) per and German Silver aos renee AKAM KKK Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet lron, Copper,| COPPER & BRASS RIVETS Hol Booth & Havd An XXXKY nt Wire, Zinc, Etc., AND BURS. olmes, boot aydens, | ships AK 20 & 31 Cliff St., cor. Fulton, Rome, New York. WATERBURY, CONN. wifialling, No | ee Galvanized Wire Settee. No. 16 Potters Betve Way Wire Fence, Guards or DICKERSON & CO., Liverpool. NEW YORK. lies: aioe omen iniiemeniiestiipainciptiaioea Sepeionntee eS aacieiataibemamainlias , ; ABRAM 8. HEWITT, President, ‘JAMES HALL, Treasurer. 49 Chambers St. 18 Federal 8t./ = wy HEWITT, Vice President. E, HANSON, Secretary. Manufacturers of a)! kinds of Brass, Copper & German Silver, ROLLED AND IN SHEETS. BRASS & COPPER WIRE, Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. TRENTON IRON COMPANY, (INCORPORATED 1847), TRENTON, N. J., Manufacturers of [RON and STEEL WIRE A. C. NORTHROP, Waterbury, Conn., NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS FOR HARDWARE TRADE. ae: Yorewa; rua und ron Safety ana Jack Ghain; G Giit, Nickel Plated and Brouse Trimmings et nd OF ALL GRADES, Haunts panied arti, OF any description of Sheet Metalwork, respectuy wtited ana} == BRASS & IRON = apie ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL. German Silver Spoons, Iron and Steel Wire Rods; EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. . Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and ‘Charcoal Iron Wire; Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire. Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths. New York Office, COOPER, HEWITT & CO., 17 paring Slip. Philadelphia Office, JOHN HEWITT, Agent, 21 North Fourth St. p ompuy given. WORKS _ROEBLING’S ee 2 ee SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, TRENTON, Warehouse, Kerosene Burners, &c. _ 117 Liberty Street. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, THE JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS C0, ca Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., MANUFACTURERS OF WIRE ROPE! ..v.uc, |Lron and Steel Ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin, Antimony, Solder & Old Metals. Iron, Steel and Copper, | Telegraph Wire, WIRE Hoisting Purposes of all Market Wire, FOR 100 Jobn Street, New York. kinds, for Ferries, Stays, Market Wire, Fence Wire, cocaine For Hoisting, Running & Standing Ropes, Ferries, &c. Bhip Rigging, Sash Cords, Vineyard Wire. Bridge Wire, Chain Wire, PASSAIC ZINC CO. ee ears eet Address: HAZARD MFG. CO., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa. Pure Spelter |FELTEN & GUILLEAUME, CALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES, Carlswerk, near Cologne, Germany. Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes)| DA TENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, AND ALL FINE WORK, For Mining and Plow Ropes, Hawsers and Bridge Cables. ale te SIEMENS-MARTIN AND BESSEMER STEEL WIRE, Galvanizers & Brass Founders. Flusseisen, Swedish and German Charcoal Wire. see Scene agents, - of Charceal and Swedish Iron and Steel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths, GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, For Plain, Bart and Strand Fencing, 3, 4 and 7-ply Strand, Staples, &c. Annealed one Oiled Fencing . ire, round and oval. WIRE ROPE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, TELEGRAPH CABLES. Contractors to the German and Foreign governments. The oldest house in the braneh on the Con- tince. Helegraph Address, CAHLSWERK, COLOGNE. General Agents for U. 8. and Canada, PERKINS & CHOATE, 23 Nassau Sty N.Y. BRODERICK & BASCOM ROPE (CO., MANUFACTURERS OF ‘WIRE ROPE Geo. W. Prentiss & Co.. HOLYOKE, MASS., MANUFACTURERS OF BRODERICK& BASCOM ROPE Co. IRON WIRE ROPE. STEEL WIRE ROPE,| - 728 N. Main St., St. Louis, Mo. Bright, Gaabieee pro and Tin Manufacturers of CHEN é © r J, hy Plated. Also GUN SCREW WIRE S A. LES Manufacturers of GS = IRON AND STEEL gf 7 4 : ae or all size 8 Straighte ened and cut to order. = @ on e . - = : 3 | z Th ee Qi =r a= “0 ys Sa S —— s 3 = =. Ps BROWNING, SISUM & CO., 85 Chambers St.,| £ = 3 a 8e8. Mapufacture - OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. = Correspondesce invited, Belt Hooks, Oostera, Spring Keys, D Rings, = — ' Mtapies, and every thing pe ‘alain to wire bending. Factory, BR LYN. @ to 923 N. Main St, SF. LOUIS, BO e WORCESTER, MASS, IRON AND STEEL WIRE ROPE AL. VANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE Cz BER( Superior and wear BER E. A. Fl ——_. CALVI Pre ILL SH E. A. 13 December 14, 1882. ———— CARY & MOEN, Manufacturers of & C0., Manufacturers of all kinds of Japanned, Brass & Tin Plated BIRD ee ae CA G ES e - — a a Catalogues furnished to the trade, 254 Pearl St., NEW YORK. POWER PRESSES, RIVET MACHINES, | Special Machinery to Order. | BLAKE: & JOHNSON, i —<<C(erckaiates/ 777 mi BE a | tt 1 | Lu A LL e VT LEER AERA LL LAL VIGSSISIISIATITITTS: il i | Market Steei Wire. Crinoline Wire, tempered and covered. Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Springs, constantly on hand 934, 936 and 938 West 29th Street, ° ° ce cae - NEW FORK. _ AES > IRON and BRASS RIVETS, SsSTODSs, PINS, &C., For Manufacturers of Light Hardware. ‘ STEEL WIRE for all purposes and STEEL SPRINCS of every description. | reves) a crystalline fracture were never good THE IRON AGH. 3 hand, according to the other theory, it is | ing defeated, carried the case to the Supreme stoutly maintained that those specimens of Court of Kansas. which decided in ‘ny aes iron which after long use are broken and] The defendant argued that the plaintiff could I not deman » goods before » ac iron at all, and that in fact no change has aeeiien poe aaa wnnecediy a aoe ai taken place in their texture during their alarm; but Judge Valentine, in ha opinion use, but that some unusual shock has broken | said - | « Under the weed of tl aaa teage them, and thus revealed their true nature. | the plaintiff could take th , = oe ae ~i From the very nature of the case, it is some gm sah pals sant, Alora what difficult to prove or disprove either theory. Stillit is possible to cite facts and circumstances and perform experiments which have an important bearing upon the question. The advocates of the crystallization theory at the present day probably outnumber those who are opposed to it. Every mechanic has witnessed some fracture which it was difti cult to explain upon any ordinary hyphothe sis, and which has, therefore, as a matter of course, been explained as an example of gaged into his possession whenever he thought his debt in danger, and of this he was the sole judge. If the mortgageor wished to protect himself in the possession of the goods until the security of the mortgagee was actually endangered, then he should have set out his wishes in definite language ; he should hay e said words Ww hich would have indicated under what circumstances his right of possession would have been lost.” STREET RAILWAYS NEGLIGENCE, A lady 75 years old, while leaving a horse-car, was thrown down and injured, and she got a verdict for $2500. The judgment was appealed to the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, which reversed it on the ground that the jury were charged erroneously In this case (Louisville City Railroad Com pany vs. Weams), the trial judge instructed the jury : The company, as a carrier of passengers for hire, was bound, as far as human foresight and care would enable it, to carry the plaintiff with safety, and its ob ligation to her did not cease until she had Crystallization of Iron and Steel.—Fig. 6.— Appearance of Hammer Head and Frac ture Shown in Fig. 4, on About Natural Scale. o- ee POPE, COLE & Co.| : BALTIMORE - — COPPER WORKS, WATERBURY, CONN. SPECIAL SOFT STEELS of No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD., every desired shape for Car INGOT COPPER, and Locomotive construction, Also Cakes, of unequaled purity and toughness. which weld as easy as iron, G. Gunther, reduce dead weight 30 to 60 Al per cent., and make relative \ and apanned cost no greater than iron, BIRD CAGES. Can be nested for ex- port shipments. 46 Park Place, — NEW YORK. Largest variety in patterns and unsurpassed in tow prices. New Illustrated Catalogues and Price Lists on application. FOUNDKYMEN’S METALLIC Pattern Letters and Figures, } To put on patterns of castings. All sizes. Re- duced prices. Mafd. by H. W. Knight, Seneca Falis, N.Y. - teen = jo "see Pepasese*>” 5 ocr a at aaa ths aaa tT Pa Lert oe es ——— _— <i BRP = made by GAUTIER STEEL DE- PARTMENT of Cambria Iron Co., Johnstown, Pa. [No. 21.] TEHEIOMPSON’S PATENT. FOR WET PULVERIZATION OF ROCKS, ORES, ROLLING MILL FIX Ce Bergen Port Sp sites: 7 J. A. EMERIC , TAN : WORES & FURNACES, ~ HOWARD EVANS. MINES : Lehigh Valley, Pa. Bergen Port, N. J. The only Miners and Manufacturers of P PURE LEHICH SPELTER E From Lehigh Ore. Especially adapted for Cartridge Metal and German Silver. ing Also manufacturers of BERGEN PORT OXIDE ZINC. | Superior for Liqguip Pam on account of its body and wearing properties, BERCEN PORT ZINC CO. E. A. FISHER, Agent, 13 Burling Slip, N. Y. i: EAST A. MEANS, Manager. CALVIN WELLS, Preskient. = MANUFACTURERS UF . ie oe Orders by Telegraph Solloited. ; sneiinelienmanies a aioe aint aia ee : SHEET ZINC, | Menden & SCHWERTE IRON AND STEEL WIRE WORKS, : AT SCHWERTE, WESTPHALIA GERMANY < PERU, ILLINOIS. : ; ee , Tieafons down Woo: Sand" Suto guage, Tu, FOE RISES AND RON. WIRE BODE of al msious and qualities. P 5 ss E. A. FISHER, Bs > a Agent, SOLE AGENTS FOR THE UNITED STATES: , WOLTMAN & MICKERTS, ST. LOUIS, MO. | 18 Burling Slip, New York. Established 1840. THE STARR AND OTHER MATERIAL, SOLE MANUFACTURER, MOLDERS’ TOOLS, FOUNDRY FACING, MOLDING SAND, FOUNDRY SUPPLIES, J. A. EMERICK & CO., 1056 to 1076 Beach St., PHILADELPHIA, em ———— - _—_—— a BROS. (Successors to Veazey & Wuirt,) TIAMPTON, Manufacturers of Every Variety of CONN. EITHER COARSE OR TO AN IMPALPABLE POWDER, STEPHEN P. M. TASKER, Care of MORRIS, TASKER & CO., Limited, PHILADELPHIA, U.S. A. Centrifugal force applied to a rolling ball for the purpose of pulverizing. Tested thoroughly and guaranteed to yield a greater product of pulverized material of equal fineness in a given time with less wear, less power, less first cost and less cost for repairs than stamps or any other pulverizer. <a Incorporated 1882. BELL Co., , ILLINOIS ZINC CO.. SLEIGH BELLS, DEXTER BELLS, SHAFT CHIME, GONG CHIME. Our Speciaity, Fancy Bound Broadway Strap of Dexter Bellis. crystallization. The fractures of wagon axles, engines, of parts of printing-press frames, of chain links, of hammers and numerous other parts and implements have often been thus explained. Of late, however. the ques- tion has been seriously considered by many whether this theory, after all, is tenable, and whether all such phenomena eannot be more rationally explained. A consideration of this subject, therefore, is of more than passing interest. EEE ——— LATEST LEGAL DECISIONS. ROYALTY ON PATENT. A assigned to B certain articles upon an agreement that he should manufacture un- der the patents and pay certain royalties These royalties were not paid, and a bill for an accounting was filed in the Court of Chancery of New Jersey. In this case Tees vs. Albright—the bill showed that there were some questions as to the validity of the patents, the defendant claiming that he worked under another’s patent, and the Chancellor granted a petition to remove the cause to the United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey, on the ground that the suit arose under the patent laws, ‘and that the substantial controversy was one depending upon the construction of these laws. The cause being thus _re- manded, a motion wags made in the Fed- eral court to remand it to the State Court, because the questions as to the validity of the patents were collateral only to the main issue. Judge Nixon granted the motion, and said: ‘‘ The real question is upon the unpaid royalties, not the vindication of any rights vested in the complainant under the United States laws. When a patentee sells out all of his interest in a patent, as in this case, how can any right remain in him which is secured to him by Congress The validity of a patent, if directly involved, is to be determined by the Federal courts only; but when the question arises collat erally in the cause, it may be inquired into and adjudicated in the State courts,” LICENSE TO SELL PATENTED ARTICLES—TER RITORIAL LIMIT. A bill in equity was filed by A against B, to enjoin him from selling a patented article within the limits of the territory which the owner of the patent had, by a license, granted to him, A. This case, Ingalls vs. Tice, was brought in the United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York, and the defendant set up the defense that the court had no right to try the case, as no question under the patent laws was involved in it. Judge Wallace agreed with the defendant and said: ‘‘ As the defendant admits the validity and use of the patent, and a contract is shown governing the rights of the parties to this suit in the use of the invention, no question arises under the patent laws, and this court has no jurisdiction of the case. The controversy disclosed by the bill turns wholly on the construction aud effect of the agreement of license, and the rights of the parties depend altogether upon com- mou law and equity principles.” RECOVERY OF ILLEGAL DUTIES PAID—PRIN- CIPAL AND AGENT. Importers gave a written authorization to third persons to withdraw from the Custom House certain merchandise, and pay the duties thereon. This merchandise had been entered for storage by the importers, and they had given the usual bond for the pay ment of duties. In an action to recover illegal duties exacted on these goods, Simp son vs. Schell, brought in the United States Circuit Court for the Southern Districv of New York, the Collector denied the right of the plaintiffs to sue, claiming that the authorization to withdraw the merchandise and pay the duties thereon was in effect a sale to the third parties, to whom only the overcharges were due. But Judge Wallace decided in favor of the plaintiffs, and in the opinion said: ‘As the plaintiffs were the owners of the merchandise and the parties primarily responsible for the payment of the duties, 1t is a reasonable presumption of fact that the persons who were authorized by them to withdraw the goods and pay the duties required to be paid on thew with drawal were acting in their behalf in the whole transaction. The duties illegaly ex acted are recoverable by the plaintifis.”’ CHATTEL MORTGAGE A borrowed money from B and gave his note therefor, which he secured by a chattel mortgage, in which it was stipulated that the mortgageor should retain possession until default, ‘‘or until such time as the mort gagee shall deem himself insecure.” The} mortgagee considered his security in doubt and demanded ,possession of the property | mort raged, but it was refused to him. He then brought an action of replevin to take the property—Werner vs. Bergman—and, be of bridge members, of axles of steam tire alighted and freed herself from the car, or until she had alighted and had reasonable opportunity to free herself therefrom.” The Chief Justice, Hargis, in condemning this charge, said: ‘* The utmost care and largest foresizht of the most skillful human being belonging to the race was prescribed as the measure of care-which the driver was bound to exercise. Such a degree of care and skill is impracticable, and, if exacted, would force the railroads of this class to employ none but persons who were perfect in s cill and care, so far as any human being may become so. It will be seen at a glance that such a rule would stop the business of the road, or force it to become responsible for every accident where it can be seen, after it has happened, that it might have been avoided.” ATTACHMENT OF INSURANCE MONEY IN THE if HANDS OF THE INSURANCE COMPANY A creditor, after bringing an action against his debtor, gave the London and Liverpool and Globe Insurance Company, upon which the debtor had a claim, under his fire policy, for a loss of $5000, notice of attachment. l'o this notice the company answered: ‘‘ The ; defendant was insured in this company for ; $5000, on his stock of goods, which have been | burned, but as the loss has not yet been ad justed, it cannot be said what will be found due to him.” On this answer in the case, Katz vs. Sorsby, the creditor got a judgment against the company for $5000, and it ap- pealed to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, which decided in favor ofthe company. The Chief Justice, Bermudez, in the opinion, said: ‘*The company did not admit that it owed the defendant any specific sum of money, and as the plaintiff, by attachment, can acquire no other or greater rights against it than the defendant, it follows that, though the s company be indebted to the defendant, yet if there be anything to be done asa condi tion precedent to the recovery of his debt in an action against the company, the plaintiti cannot obtain judgment without performing ’ the condition. Itis not enough tochargethe company that it owes the defendant some ' thing ; the amount due must be shown RAILROADS—NEGLIGENCE. | A passenger left his seat on his station, « small one, being called, and was ou the lower | step of the platform to leave the ear, it being still in motion. A full stop was made, but, as he stepped off, the train was started ‘ with a jerk, and he was thrown down and ’ injured. The train had stopped at the usual and customary place, and then started and drew up at the water-tank, a few feet further on. In an action for damages, Wood vs The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Rail road Co., on the ground of negligence, the plaintiff recovered a judgment, which was carried to the Supreme Court of Michigan by the company. Judge Marston, in affirming the judgment, said: ‘‘It is claimed by the company that the plaintiff cannot recover because he was negligent in going on the ; platform and down to the lower step while ) the cars were in motion. This may be true, and might have prevented a recovery had tke plaintiff been injured while standing there before the train stopped But such was not the fact; his position on the step in nowise contributed to his injury. Upou the stopping of the train, he had then a right to get off, whatever his position up to that time may have been, and the danger of hi position up to that time cannot be charged to him if he then, in the usual and customary manner and place, attempted to get off i AGENCY-—EVIDENCE OF AUTHORITY. The authority of an agent to act in any particular manner cannot be proven by the declarations of the agent himself, made in connection with the act done; his authority as agent must be established by other ev: dence before his declarations can be receive i. —(Gilbert vs. James, Supreme Court North Carolina.) ASSIGNMENT FOR THE BENEFIT OF CREDITORS A debtor made an assigument for t} benefit of his credit ind in the deed e veyed ** all and all manner of goods, chattels ; debts and ¢ ffects, and other estate f wha f kind and nature whatsoever, and whereseovei ; situate, of which he, the assignor, is th lawful owner, excepting only what and s much as is exempt from attachment, The assivnee de manded, from the other partners of the firm of which the assignor was ua member, an accounting to him of the latter’s interest His right was dis} ited n the ground that this interest did not pass by th assignment, and he then tiled a bill for an accounting, Stiness vs. Pierce Che Suy Court of Rhode Island decided in favor of the assignee They said that the partne! ship property of one of the members was not exempt from attachment Lhe assignee is entitled to an account for the share of th: assignor in the surplus after the p 1yment of the debts and liabilities of the firm rete PARTNERSHIP ACCOUNTS-—-NEW CLAIM BY MEMBER. A settlement was made between parties of their accounts, aud one of them afteyward a tsar ay a im tose tor! BO MERGHANTS, fron a Nn d Stee , 28 & 29 West and 52 Washinaton dts. Kot ee IRON & STEEL BOILER PLATE. Agents for Park Brother & Co.'s BLACK DIAMOND STEEL. BOILER TUBES, al \ apes of Cast and Machinery Steel constantly] Angle, Toe and Girder Iron, Boller and Tank Rivets. Sole Agents for the celebrated PENNOCKS, LUKENS, “ WA WASSET,” “ EUREKA.” as srands of Iron. Alsoal! descriptions of Pilate, Sheet, and Gasometer Iron. Special attention to Locomotive 24 Broadway, New York City. lron & Steel. ROME MERCHANT IRON MILLS, COMMON & REFINED IRON, | Manufacturers of the best grade of Hoops, Rods, Scrolls, Bands, Ovals, Bar Iron, Bands and Fine Hoops. Horse Shoe, Nall Rods. (B. G. CLARKE, Receiver,) Cut Nails SPIKES. J. 8. SCRANTON, Sales Agent, 81, 83 and 85 Washington Street, NEW YORK. a LW ROADSTER FF PATENT * PATTERN. & Planished Sheet Iron. Patented March r4th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1873 ; JOHN W. QUINCY & CO.,),mmrstatsnnt STEEL TOE CALKS, 98 William Street, New York, IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON, Extra Quality Homogeneous Stee! Anthracite & Charcoal Pig Irons, and at a much less price, Wrought Scrap, Cut Natls, Copper, FrOR SALE BO] BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER, i WICKEL, Ge. by all the principal HARRISON& GILLOON BA ETAL DE ALER Ss ee nae vic all descriptions, Cut Nails and Spikes, Plate and Sheet Scrolls, Ovals, Half Ovals, Half Rounds, Hexagon and eat of Iron branded J.G. All pudd ee ee uced by hammer. Nake may be sent to the Millor to 0. CARPE ER, our Agent, at 59 John street, New Vane Steel, &c. Orders promptly filled from stock. $58, = ae ye pages oy ST., T H E U N IT E D STAT ES, lron II d 6 20 SS ky DR NEW YORK, And at their Offiec, 7 a escriptions. A B FE = . B be OS.., coon ant an oer Pie tron, jiWrowent, Cast and | __— 1 1 1 Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA, SHOENBERGER & CO., own, 190 SOUTH ST, | NEW YORK. RAI LWAY Coe ht Tro Pine’: old Copper, Composition, Brass, Cc. ANE, KEYSTONE ROLLING MILL, Limited, 365 WATER ST,, § ~ “ULSTER” IRON, *“CATASAUQUA”’ IRON, ALLENTOWN SHAFTING, And full assortment of sizes of the best brands of REFINED IRON, OLD RAILS, SCRAP IRON, STEEL, Manufacturers of PIC IRON, BLOOMS, IRON AND ORE. PITTSBURGH, PA. Pittsburgh, - .|NORTH BROS. Bonnell, Botsford & Co. ; 23d and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Fine Light and Medium-Weight GRAY} [rgny Nails & Spikes, IRON CASTINGS to order. Correspondence solicited. _____—-YOUNGSTOWN, OnTO, CORRUGATED AND CRIMPED IRON I so otece, or 7 ¥ dally = NES, atvitehe, Brideos, 20.” GENERAL IRON BROKERS MOSELEY IRON BRIDGE AND ROOF Co., 5 Dey Street, Now York. And Commission Merchants. KINNEIL SCOTCH). W. S. MIDDLETON, PIG IRON, Broker in Machinery & Iron gent for FORSTER’S CRUSHER & PULVERIZER, FOR SALE IN LOTS TO SUIT, The best in market, W.8S. MIDDLETON, 52 John St., N. Y, AND ROLLING MILL MATERIAL. 68 WALL OTREnE, - NEW cnteneneea BURDEN’S HORSE SHOE “Burden Best” lron Band, Hoop, £croll and Angle Iron, Cast, Spring Toe-Calk and 8. 8. Steel. TELEPHONE CALL, ** NASSAU, 379.” A. R. WHITNEY & CO., Manufacturers ot and Dealers in LTLRON Our specialty is in Manufacturing Iron Used in the Con- struction of Fire-Proof Buildings, Bridges, 4&c. Agents for Carnegie Bros. & Co., Limited, Wrought Iron Beams and Channel Iron. Bay State fron Co., Boiler ae and Tank Iron. Nor- way Steel and Iron V Vorks, Homogeneous Steel Plates and Compressed Steel Shafting. Gl asgow Tube Works, Boiler Flues. A. M. Byers & Co.'s Wrought Iron Pi H. P. Nail Co.’s Wire — Nails. Altoona In m Co.'s Refined Bars, Hoops, Bands, &c. Samson Iron Works, Refined Marshall Lefferts & Co., 90 Beekman St., New York City, MANUFACTURERS OF Galvanized Sheet Iron, Best Bloom, Best Refined and Common. Galvanized Wire, agg 2 tat and Fence ; Galvanized Hoop and Bana ne zed Rod and Bar Iron, galvanized Nails, Galvanized Chain, Galvanized lron CORRUGATED SHEET IRON For Roofing, &c., Galvanized, Plain or Painted Best Charcoal, Best Refined and Common SHEET IRON. Plate and Tank Iron, Boiler Rivets. The Burden Iron Company “ae and estimates furnished, and contracts ta" ecapiangeso wantin | oS th RE me ne — mee shipment, by | WM. McFARLAND on application by mat ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF ee ee pment, by F c ND Saniple on at office. Please address sero trees Nowe Herts | on Work Gaba one tte. |EGLESTON BROS. & CO.,;EDWARD J. WESSELS |[ron and Brass Founder 8 EEE eee see ice 166 South Street, SOLE AGENT FOR THE ‘ , NEW YORK CITY. TRENT a x : BORDEN & LOVELL, JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO.,| 267 Front Strest, | UNITED STATES, iti tie Ag lage! ; pecialty SCOTCH AND AMERICAN BURDEN’S PIG IRON, /|H. B. & S. AND ULSTER BAR IRON, All sizes and shapes in stock. Also Best Grades of Am, & Eng. Ref'd lron,Common iron tec|—" 17 Cedar St., - - NEW YORK. Any size or stvle made at short notice, F. W. JESUP & CO., /GRAY IRON CASTINGS. Railway Supplies and Equipment.| jon KEPPELMAN, Reading, Pa., Neo. 67 Liberty St... NEW YORK. Herewith gives notice that he has t Agents NASHUA IRON AND STEEL CO., bing. Foundrs, ond is ready to rece * inds o) t Gray Iron Castings; also, for _ STE. at LOCOMOTIVE 2S Bee, OMO STLRL HoHLR FLATES IRON, AND SHERL A4LE5, | Giled “Pleawe adirem 7” OfveT#Promply Ra 9, PISTON RODS, SLID JOHN KEPPELMAN, Cor. 2d and Court Sts., ___!RON AND STEEL LOCOMOTIVE 'FORGINGS Reading. Pa, GLENGARNOCK AND CARNBROE SCOTCH PIG IRON Commission Merchants 70 & 71 West St., ee ee — New York. Agents for the sale of Fall River lron Co.’s Nails, Bands, Hoops & Rods. No. 69 Wall St., New York. ULSTER IRON WORKS. 90 Broadway, New York. AND y a Borden Mining Company’s Tuckerman, Mulli an 8 Co VOUGHT & WILLIAMS, For spot delivery and for prompt or forward shipments to New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Cumberland Coals. be 288 Greenwich Street, Baltimore or New Orleans, For sale in lots to suit by Se ee NEW YORK, JAMES LEE & CO., Sole Agents for the United States. CARMICHAEL & EMMENS meus 12 Pine Street, NEW YORK. 101 Milk Street BOSTON. MASS. WILLIAM H. WALLACE & CO., rye, 132 & 134 Cedar St, New York, and Nos at, 23,25 & 7 eS Lake St., Chicago, Tl. TRON MERCHANTS IRON AND STEEL BOILER PLATE. Cor, Albany & Washington Sts. Lap-Welded Boiler Tubes, &c. &c. Agent for Otis’ ce obrated Cast Shoes Roller Plates, NEW YORK OITY. The Coatesville Iron Co. The Laurel Rolling Mills, d Union Tube Works ; Wrought Lron Beams, Wu. H. Wa.lace We. Busrnar. Angles Tees, Rivets, &c DANIEL W. RICHARDS & Cco., FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC SCRAP IRON, RAILS, STEEL AND METALS. Yards and Office, 88 to 96 Mangin St., NEW YORK. MorTON B. Smita. LEE LCHBURG IR IRON WoRKs. KIRKPATRICK & CO., Manufacturers of all grades of FINE SHEBHT IRONS, (Refined Cold Rolled, Show Card, Stamping, Tea Tray, Polished, Shovel, Ferrule Iron, a0.)” NATURAL GAS USED AS FUEL. OFFIOR, No. 143 First Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. WORKA, Leechburg, Pe. CHARLES HUBBARD, **SHERIDAN,” ‘“ LEESPORT,”’ “MT. LAUREL” & “TEMPLE” “CHARCOAL” PIG IRON, “MAIDEN CREEK” and “NEW RIVER MINERAL” BRANDS. FAVORITE BRANDS OF SCOTCH PIC IN STOCK AND TO ARRIVE. Old Car Wheels, Best Brands. i 44 46 Cliff Street, New York City. JAMES ww. ROSS, IMPORTER OF AND°FURNACE AGENT FOR SCOTCH AND AMERICAN PIG IRON. MANUFACTURERS’ AGENT OF Bar Iron, Car Wheels, Axles, Rails and Railroad Supplies. SOLE AGENT WHITAKER IRON COMPANY OF WHEELING, W. VA., MANUFACTURERS OF SHIEET IRON, TANK AND FIRE BED, 36 DEARBORN STREET, CHICAGO. Horse Shoes, Horse Nails, BELLOWS, FORGES, VISES Tuyere Irons, Carriage and Tire Bolts, RASPS AND FILES, Drilling Machines, Hammers and Sledges. B. FF. JUDSON, Importer of and Dealer in SCOTCH AND AMERICAN Pig Iron, Wrought & Cast Scrap Iron, OLD METALS. a 335 soucn se} NEW YORK. -|Manhattan Rolling Mill. J. LEONARD, 445 to 451 West St., 177 &179 Bank St., NEW YORK, Manufacturer of HORSE SHOE IRON, Toe Calk Steel, Rods, omy Half Ovals and Flats. DANIEL F. COONEY, SS Washington ®t., t BRANDS PIG IRON. _ DANIEL Ww RicwarRps PASSAIC ROLLING MILL Co., Manufacture and have always in stock ROLLED IRON BEAMS, Channels, Angles, Tees, Merchant Bars, Riveted Work, Forg- inys, Eye Bars, &o. PATERSON, N..J. Room 45, Astor House, New York. CUT NAILS, Hot Pressed Nuts, Bolts, Washers, “bo DOVER IRON CO.'S BOILER RIVETS, Boiler Brace Jaws, Socket Bolts, &c. RAE te SHEET IRON, ER BRO I by E Bolter Riv Angle & T Iron, Cut mae © Sree. Agoncy for Glaagow iroe Cc , Joa, L. Bailey & Co., Pine trop Works, Lebanon hk ying Milla, Cente er oes and Tube Co.. Albany & Rens. irc om & Steel Co.'s JOuN (J. 5 SPO WERS, ‘President, ALEXANDER BURNS, Mavager. THE JERSEY CITY GALVANIZING CO., CALVANIZED chratisine a a os DANCE DESCRIPTION. Galvanized Sheet Iron—Best Bloom, Best Refined, Common. aeicaaner eank Square Band and Hoop Iron, '‘&c., &¢ All Sizes All Gauges of Corrugation and from ae ee ——— _ wens ace * ae z : a) Sizes on : , nin) of Sheets, 1% to 5 inches. Corrugated Sheet [ron a Specialty, Galvanized, Black and Painted. Iron Corrugated for the Trade Eati nates furn ished on application. WORKS GREEN AND BAY STREETS, JERSEY CITY, MW. J, OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE) 98 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK, celebratea Koller Riv ets; Honiogeneous Steel, Boller 180 Greenwich Street, New York, coropraten Balle: = THE IRON AGE. December 14, 1889, Be PA BE: X MIN XX MI IXL EF. Rails, | Rin General Of JAMES An Analys ORES, Our Spe EIME 882, i S, el d and Trade December 14, 1882. GAS FURNACE 119 8. Fourth St. RICHMOND & POTTS, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Sheet Iron and General Railway ments. we . Old Rails, Axles, and eels bought and sold. 234 8. 4th St., Philadelphia. ee) THE IRON AGE. : ; ‘val HENRY LEVIS & CO., Siemens Regenerative Manufacturers’ Agents For Iron and Steel Rails, Car Wheels, Boiler and The Cambria Iron and Steel Works, Ha cing enjoyed for over TWENTY-FIVE YEARS the reputation of producing the best quality of RAILS, have now an annual capacity of 930,000 Tons of Iron and Steel Rails, Splice Bars, &c. ABDRESS, CAMBRIA IRON COMPANY, No. 218 South 4th Street, Philadelphia. Or at the Works, JOHNSTOWN, PA. Or LENOX SMITH, New York Selling Agent, 46 Pine St., N. F. THE PHCENIX IRON CO., 410 Walnut Street, PHILADELPHIA. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Beams, Deck Beams, Channels, Angle & Tee Bars, STRAIGHT AND CURVED TO TEMPLATE, Largely used in the construction of Iron Vessels, Buildings and Bridges. WROUCHT IRON ROOF TRUSSES, CIRDERS & JOISTS, and all kinds of Iron Framing used in the construction of Fire Proof Buildings, PATENT WROUGHT IRON COLUMNS, WELDLESS EYE BARS, and built up shapes for Lron Bridges. REFINED BAR, SHAFTING, and every variety of SHAPE IRON made to order. Plans and Specifications furnished. Address NEW YORK AGENTS, MILLIKEN & SMITH, 95 Liberty Street. BOSTON AGENTS, FRED. A. HOUDLETTE & CO., 19 Batterymarch St. ALAN WOOD & CoO., MANUFACTURERS OF Patent Planished, Galvanised, Commen, Bost Refined, Cleaned and Charcoal Bloom PLATE DAVID REEVES, President. No. 519 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. Orders solicited enol Tank and Boat Iron ; 2S r Le 920 North Delaware Ave., <- t and Jacket Iron. Manufacturers of the Manufacturers ef CAR ASLES. BAR, ANGLE, TEE AND CHANNEL IRON. Office, No. 365 8. Fourth St., Philadelphia. Agents for the sale of Glamorgan Pig Iron. af J. Ww. PAxXSON «cc CO., X MINERAL, XX MINERAL, IXL FACING, DEALERS IN PHILADELPHIA, PA., MANUFACTURERS CHARCOAL FACING, ANTHRACITE FACING, SOAPSTONE, LEAD FACING, SHOVELS, RIDDLES, STEEL BRUSHES. ALLENTOWN ROLLING MILL COMPANY, Manufacturers of Rails, Bars, Axles, Shafting, Fish Bars (Plain and Angle), Spikes, Rivets, Bolts and Nuts, &c. Bridges and Turn Tables. General Office, 237 South Third St., Philadelphia. JAMES C, BOOTH. THOMAS H. GARRETT. ANDREW A. BLAIR. BOOTH, CARRETT & BLAIR, Analytical and Consulting Chemists, 919 and 921 Chant St. (10th St. above Chestnut St.), PHILADELPHIA PA. Established in 1836. Analyses of Ores, Waters, Metals and Alloys of all kinds. A special department for the ANALYSIS OF IRON AND STEEL, fitted w atus and appliances for the rapid and accurate analysis of Iron Steel, Iron Oren Sines On ee Coals, Clays, Fire Sands &c. Agents for sampling ores in New York and Raltimore. Price lists on application. éc SHEET IRON. for Corrugated, Gasholder, Pan and Elbow, Water Pipe, Smoke Stack, tamping, Ferruie, Locomotive Headligh JAS. ROWLAND & 60, Kensington Iron, Steel & Nail Works, PHILADELPHIA, ANVIL BRAND REFINED MERCHANT BAR IRON. Also, the James Rowland & Co. Kensington * cut from their Refined Anvil stock. Also, Plow and Culttvator Steel; Skelp Iron a specialty; also Rounds, Squares, Flats, Bands and Hoop Iron. PENCOYD IRON WORKS. A. & P. ROBERTS & CO., ALOUL DING SAND, North Delaware Avenue, Works at Allentown, Pa. CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF Our Specialty. EIMER & AMEND, NEW YORK. Nos. 205 to 211 Third Avenue. Eighteenth Street Station Elevated R, R. Hilustrated Catalogue Mailed on Application. ORES, IRON, STEEL, FUEL, FLUXES, FURNACE GASES, &c., Being direct Importers and Manufacturers we can offer superior inducements. TRON BROKER anp COMMISSION MERCHANT, 322 S. Third St., Philadelphia, Pa, Pig, Bar and Railroad Iron. OLD RAILS, SCRAP, &o- Agent for the MOUNT SAVAGE FIRE BRICK, The Allentown Iron Co, and the Greenwood Ro'ling Mill. STORAGE WHARF AND YARD DELAWARE AVENUE ABOVE CALLOWHILL STREET, connected by track with railroad. Cash advances made on Iren. Established 1837. A. PURVES & SON, Dealers in Scrap Iron, Metals and Machinery, Cor. South and Penn Sts., Philadelphia, Offer for sale, in lots to suit, Red or Yellow Heavy Scrap Brass ingot Brass, best qualities, Ingot Gun Metal made strictly from O1d Cannon;S eam Pumps, Shafting Pulleys, &c. Machinery and Tools vari us descriptions. Cash,paid for Scrap Iron and Metals. D.W.R. READ & CO., Importers and dealers in FOREICN & NATIVE BESSEMER ORES. PIC IRON ENCLISH FIRE BRICK. 205 % Walnut St., PHILADELPHIA, 142 Pearl St., 57 Gracechurch St. 67 S, Gay St., NEW YORK, LONDON, BALTIMORE, SITES & GILL, 222 and 224 8, Third St., Phila, Pa. DEALERS IN SCOTCH AND AMERICAN PIG IRON, Old Rails, Scrap and Railroad Supplies. SCRAP IRON A Specialty. ISAAC Vv. Luoyp. a. ik 2. Le Jas. Ga. LINDSAY. LLOYD & LINDSAY, No. 328 Walnat St., PHILADELPHIA, Brokers and General Dealers in Iron and Steel, Kailway Equipments and Sapplies, Bar, Plate and Sheet Iron, Vig Iron, Rails and Fastenuings, Mack Bars, Bleoms, Koiler Tubes, Wrought Iron Pipe, &c. Old Rails and Scrap Iren. Florida Yellow Pine, cargo lots. J. 0. RICHARDSON, . No. 232 Dock St., Philadelphia, DEALER IN Pig Iron, Merchant Bar tron _and iron Ores. J. J. MOHR, Sole Agent for Sheridan, Leesport, Temple, Millcreek and Mt. Laurel BESSEMER, FOUNDRY AND FORGE PIG IRON, CHARCOAL PIC IRON. 430 Walnut St., PHILADELPHIA, PA, G. A. HEBERTON. 8S. Frank SHARPLESs. HEBERTON & CO., Selling Agents and Commission Merchants For the sale of Pig, Bloom, Plate, Bar, Scrap, Galvania 4, Black, Sheet, Pipe and Railroad IRON. No. 220 So, 34 8t., Phila. Charcoal Bloom and Pig a specialty. F JOSEP