The Iron Age 1882-06-08: Vol 29 Iss 23

Vol. XXX: No. 23. | New York, Thursday, June § 1882. New Rolling Mill Engine. e give engravings herewith of a new roll ean agen which was recently com- eet by Messrs. Robin- son, Rea & Co., of Pitts- burgh, Pa., for the Works. It was built expressly to drive the new 36-inch blooming ill, under 5 or tions pre apt. oe, W. R ones, general i manager of the works. These specifications em- braced the general de- sign, the expansion gear a. the eo = “ t and the an a ent a the arrangem 4 valves. It will be no- ticed that the valves | )) are ope ape ead rhe ihe oh Sleiman envio’ 1 (+-th—4 ty eS a —— erally nown th ALL. - C a Et as tt 5 mers. They consist of oy double-beat poppet val- ves, those ~ the = 7 haust being on the side, and the ports so tH placed as an the cylinder. e steam valves are in a vertical position, and their lower seats almost touch the outside line of the cylin- der itself, reducing the clearance to a minimum As shown in Fig. 6, the valve-stem actu- ~ ally touch the cylinder —4§ id notthe port make pad room forit. The ex- haust valves, though showing a greater clear- ance, are brought equal- ly near the cylinder 2 their upper edges. @ percentage of clearance is not given, but must be very small. The cylinder is 36 inches in diameter and the stroke 6 feet. The Rastern States, at leat Ge CU RET for engines\of any type =-9| § rT) © jb-aa © save those used on stea- ‘th 9 ts tay {i : number of the smaller the valve-gear, are of f steel. The cross- head is a steel casting, but is shod with ei E : : f as the rocker-arms, as well as the bed- to those used on the Porter- engine. From the rocker-arms to the themselves there is a marked similar- the Corliss gear. The valves are all moved by a wrist motion, though the wrist- plate is not used, this being out of the question on account of the ov hege [oe wor in planes at t les to er. steam and exhaust valves are lifted by a positive motion, but are not positively con- uected to the lifting arms. A volute oe keeps the valve on its seat until lifted, forces it back as the arms drop. A number of jam nuts give the means for adj the lift of the valves. The arrangement of the valve spindles and lifting arms can be seen in Figs. rand 2. This enables the motion of the arms to be very much greater than that of the valves, and at the same time utilizes their most rapid motion in the work of - ing. Besides the adjustment upon the valve- stems, the valve connecting-rods are fur- ished with turn-buckles and jam nuts. The engine is intended to make 40 revolutions per minute, and it must be confessed that the cards obtained showed that the poppet valves tre capable of doing very ete work, even at this rate, which gives a piston speed of 480 feet per minute, a result which some en- gineers would hardly oe. Fig. 5 shows i i © © The mill and engine were started on bloomi the standard ingots of the company. were taken on January 19, when the building was incomplete, the roof being over, but the walls not up. The day was cold and the steam pipes uncovered. The result was that | considerable condensation took place. In ‘aking the card shown on Fig. 3, the pencil was applied with a bloom in the rolls at the int pass, and was beld upon the paper until the bloom had passed out. The was, of course, the smallest one, ‘rates the falling of the steam line below the ‘tmospheric line toward the close of the "roke. In Fig. 4 the pencil was FF : E a3 53 i applied |end of one stroke and the beginning of with the strain empty, and was held upon| another sufficiently to let steam follow for ‘he paper during the . Here it will | nearly one-half stroke. All these cards show be seen that the small card was the first one! the very rapid opening of the exhaust ports, The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by Dayrp Wutsams, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. taken, and the cards increased in size until | and it is suggested by Captain Jones that the the necessary connecti the full power of the engine was on, the gov-! fall in the steam line during the admission is | ernor acting almost instantaneously, opening, | on account of the condensation due to the ] ta ons. Our elevations are used, each having a head widened on and plans show the cylinder unjacketed. It|each side, thus securing a bearing -_ is now covered with polished cast-iron plates, | either side of the strap. The lower eu ee $£.50 a Year, Including Postage. Single Copies, Ten Cents. of if we may use the expression, between the | unprotected state of the pipes and the cylin- | and the space between them filled with min- the gib is furnished with nut and washer, the = se . or a ee A b y ek | 7 _ ee e- S[gisi eg L ee — — ets — | Fig. 2.—Top View.—Scale, % Inch to the Foot. ijiij é Fig. 3.—Light Load. Fig. 4.—Full Load Indicator Cards. on - on 1o-r | Fig. 6.—Section Through Cylinder and Valves.—Scale, 3{ Inch to the Foot. NEW ROOLING MILL ENGINE, BUILT FOR THE EDGAR THOMSON STEEL CO. BY MESSRS. ROBINSON, REA & CO., PITTSBURGH j i iati The der. We understand that Captain Jones | eral wool in order to prevent radiation. Th intends to apply Bulkley’s condenser to the | strap end of the eumertingcet shown in engine, and it is already in place, but at Fig. 7 is quite interesting. lt ' the time the cards were taken he had not made | ment specified by Captain Jones; two gids is au arrange: | whole making a very secure, as well as very neat, strapping. rr Prof. T. W. Tobin, in & paper read at the re- ception of the Millers’ Association by the Poly- technic Society, of Louisville, a short time since, advanced a plausible theory to ac- count for the mysteri- ous and terrible mill explosions which have occurred in different parts of the world, par- ticularly at Glasgow, Scotland, and in Minne- apolis, Minn. Profes- sor Tobin’ maintains that the dust on the outside of the wheat grain contains organ‘c spores, which are highly inflammable, and render the dust shaft and dust room the most dangerous places in mills. To illustrate the explosiveness of flour the Professor has de- vised a flour gun, com- of a pyramidal shaft and barrel, with a gas burner at its base, air holes in its sides and a hopper at the top. At the bottom of the hopper is a mov- able shaft operated by an outside trigger. The hopper is loaded with flour or mill dust, and the mouth of the gun is covered with a stout newspaper. The lighted = creates an upward raft and heats the air. When the trigger is pulled and the dust or flour is charged with the heated air, a tre- mendous explosion fol- lows, the paper is blown = qo and takes re by the great heat generated in this way. lt is well known that the air of a flour mil] is very dry, as is demon- strated by the electric- ity generated by the | belts. and that fine fo Will rapidly deprive the atmosphere cf jts 24tural humidity. He suggests that millg b® provided with wet- bulb thermometers, a24 that when the air becomes abnormally dry, steam be injected from the boilers into the mill. _ As @ moist | atmosphere is held to b¢ conducive to mak- |ing a whiter and better flour, there would | seem to be no objection to the simple remedy | suggested. | } | Itis a curious fact that the British Ad- |miralty are experimenting with inclined | armor to resist heavy guns, and what is stil! more curious, have come to the conclusion that the resisting power of an armor plate is greatly increased by giving it a consider able angle with the line of fire. Years ago in the early days of ironclads, it was found by government officers that at considerable degrees of inclination a very thin plate was capable of keeping out heavy shot, and this | principle was extensively applied during the | war to our ironclads. This principle, hew- | ever, was entirely disregarded in England, where the opinion prevailed that inclination was of very little value. This opinion was founded, however, upon insufficient data, the inclinations that were tried having | been altogether too small to be effective. At the present time 3 and 4 inch armor, in- | clined at very considerable angles, has been found to do so good work that further experiments are promised, and the opinion is gaining ground that a turret with highly in- clined sides may, after all, be the turret of the future. If the principle can be success- fully applied, the weight of the plates upon ironclads can be greatly reduced, or what is the same thing, the resistance of the plates used greatly increased. The ‘‘binary absorption” system of ice- making has of late n attracting much attention. One of the latest discoveries is a new binary liquid composed of glycerine and ammonia, which has remarkably valua- able properties. The discovery was made by Messrs. August J. Rossi and Leonard F Beckwith. Experiments with the new liquid | are going on at the works of the Interna- tional Ice Machine Company at Greenpoint, N.Y. The pressure in the machine when {in operation is said to be from 35 to 50 ou but at rest it is very slight, ranging rom 0 to 15 penne persquareinch. When we consider that the pressures in an ammonia ice machine may run up above 200 pounds per square inch, one of the great advantages of the new liquid will be seen. We have no information in regard to the action of the vapor upon metals, or whether saturating the ammonia with glycerine has any effect Te ee —_ TRACT Ri = . en" ee ee a ar ee! >2 eee ea alles a ee ee 2 The Plume & Atwood Mfg. Company, MANUFACTURERS OF ANSONIA BRASS & COPPER CO., No. 19 Cliff Str cet, se Rania! Waterhu ma ies Co SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, s| German Silver and Gilding Metal, BRASS AND COPPER be — odd - $400,000. Copper Rivets and Burs, Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass | Conner Electrical Wire, Pins, CERMAN SILVER, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, Brass Butt Hinges, BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, Jack Chain, COPPER RIVETS & BURS, | Kerosene Burners, BRASS KETTLES, Door Rail, Brass Tags, PERCUSSION CAPS, In Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c. Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing. Ansonla Corrugated Stove Platforms. PURE COPPER WIRE For Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered. Phosphor Bronze Rods for Pumps, &c. 18 Murray Street, New York. 13 Federal Street, Boston. ANSONIA yr REFINED POWDER FLASKS, ae a Gees. er Measures olling ’ INCOT COPPER. a een _ THOMASTON, Ct. | WATERBURY, Ct. —_—_—_—— sae ase eee ie Sheets or Shells a Special ty. m mts for e PHELPS, DODGE & CO, |corewen 21h, cos xine of sport-| Bridgeport Brass Co,, liiidinns oF ing Goods. MANUFACTURERS OF DEPOTS Millis At Ti N P LATE, 296 a York, WATERBURY, Sheet and Roll Brass, ' ROOFING PLATE, Sheet Iron, Copper, Pig Tin Wire, Zinc, &c. MANUFACTURERS OF COPPER AND BRASS. German Silver Metal and Wire, ! Copper and Iron Rivets. Detroit Copper & Brass) Copper and Iron Rivets. Rolling Mills, |sscrrsez"omes emer me BRAZIERS’ AND SHEATHING COPPER, | , rerttculat attention paid to cutting out Blanks and =_— <<" ~~ — | ROLLED, SHEET & PLATERS’ BRASS en ee hae MAaFUPACTORY, WaRkHOUSE, SCOVILL MFC CO cttaxon mere, sinvan | 2ritvepors, Gown. [19 murray at XX alin Copper Wire for Electrical and other Purposes, | THOS. W. FITCH, Prost, and Treas, A. A. LABAR, Secy. BRASS, Copper Rivets and Burrs, HINCES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. | COPPER BOTTOMS FOR TEA KETTLES AND BOILERS, sone ., Detroit, Mich. PHOTOGHAPHIO GOops, | ©: Larned & Fourth Sts., Detroit, Mic ——-— UNION aye hf atone) co. d 68 Reade Sts. BUTTONS, 87 Chambers an CLOTH AND METAL. DEPOTS, cronies, | ROME IRON WORKS, eee =| Soke sen 177 ’ » 183 Lake Stu Chicage, New York City. | Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop- DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO.,| per and German Silver Importers of (in Sheets, Rods, Tubing or Wire), Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet Iron, Cooper,| COPPER & BRASS RIVETS eeytieeeda a ae ve ee ot Holmes, Booth & Haydens. Wire, Zinc, Ete. AND BURS. 29 & 831 OUf St., cor. Fulton, Rome, New York. WATERBURY, CONN. DICKERSON & CO., Liverpool. NEW YORK. cau alae caaion. rst ak amie clam ee moe ee '. .aOae 18 Federal St. A. c. NORTHROP, Manufacturers of all kinds of Waterbury, Conn., Brass, Copper & German Silver, ROLLED AND IN SHEETS. NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS BRASS & COPPER WIRE, FOR HARD WARD TRADE. Wrought Iron and Brass no Screw: Fe ee eae Round | ona Square Head Cop and Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. Sinks ear nee icles, or or any description of Sheet Metal work, respectfully solicited and B RASS & i RON lS JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL. WORKS ROE S LI ae __ New York Office German Silver Spoons, 2 = ca xo SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, Warehouse, Kerosene Burners, &c. 117 Liberty Street. | JOHN DAVOL & SONS, THE HN 1. ROEBLING’S | SONS C0, Brooklyn Brass & Copper Oo. MANUFACTURERS OF Ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin, Antimony, Solder & Old Metals, WIRE ROPE entidisleaantitatin Iron and Steel 100 John Street, New York. Iron, Stool and Copper, | Telegraph Wire, WIRE P ASSAIC LING CO. Hoisting Purposes of all Market Wire, its eshte sida Manufacturers of ’ ’ kinds, for Ferries, Stays . . ship igcing, sash Cords.| Vineyard Wire, | Bridee wire, onan wire,| Dire Spoelter Lightning Rods, &c., &c. "| Buckle Wire, Spring Wire, b Suspension Bridge Cables. Rivet Wire, &c., &e. FOR GALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES. Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes AND ALL FINE WORK. BRODERICK & BASCOM ROPE 00...) gosvanizors 2 eonss Founders, en eee MANNING & SQUIER, Gen'l Agents, OERICK & Sete 113 Liberty Street, N. ¥. y STEEL ROPEOYS | Geo. W. Prentiss & Co., & >) : HOLYOKE, MASS, IRON WIRE. ; 728 N. Main St., St. Louis, et WO R Cc E ST a R wi R E | _CO., oy = ‘Coppared, Anucaled sof Manufacturers of gree Plated, Also GUN SCREW WIRE IRON AND STEEL Of all sizes straightened and cut to order. WIRE For all Purposes, WORCESTER, MASS, BROWNING, SISUM & CO., 85 Chambers St., Belt Woche 2 ee Rove, D D Rings, THE IRON AGE. Lamp Trimmings, &c. Sianion a ees ECON? m9 Pdi WASHBURN & MOEN MANUEAGTURING ¢ £0, Botadliches - 1881. eee anes. IRON and oe WIRE, Pergo Steel Barb Fencing, Patent 4 Wire a hae WIRE R Round Iron, Rivet lit; pike 2: cut to-say sive e Operacore of a ite PATENT CONTING lous OLLING refi ae ie iran & find Be Steel sol WAR colls ds, without szam or we serest and Stone Wire Annealed Fence and Grape Wire in iaatet Cop copes Rest wr ee amt 7% ao Buckle and Chain Wire. re for the manuf. gs Holt, Bere Wie z ane i Broom Wire a and ee inted Wire ot aif ae ; A erie ts ee tee be = a ry Bn Screw as Pp pring and ire ‘attern for particular purpos m se of Norwa e@ of Wire Polished, U aly Piated. Wire feraon: furnished, Annealed, Brignt, ed, anized or Btraightened and Cut t Steel Lin 0 Rei BI fr Bosaathcedis al Dale” Meter Beare epee Mffgaled Meee Mel w New York, 16 Cliff, and|241 Pearl Sts. AREHOUSES: { Chicago, 107 and 109 Lake St. “NATIONAL WIRE AND LANTERN WORKS.” Warehouse, 45 Fulton Street, New York. And California Wire Works Co., San Francisco, Cal. Manufactory, Nos. 1197, 1199, 120%, 1203, 1205, 1207, 1209 and rerz De Kalb Avenue, Brooklyn, N. yY. EIOW ARD & MORSE, MANUFACTURERS OF Star Fire men’ ’ rs a ey ty aR Hh ee tenga wml = TRENTON IRON COMPANY. (INCORPORATED 1847), TRENTON, N. J., Manufacturers of [RONand STEELWIRE OF ALL GRADES, BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED. Iron and Steel Wire Rods; EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal Iron Wire; Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire. Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths, Pa Palladelphia Omice JOHN HEWIET: Agooe” Agent, Z ’ North ra St. IRON AND STEEL WIRE ROPE For Hoisting, Running & Standing Ropes, Ferries, &c. CONSTANTLY KEPT ON HAND. Address: HAZARD MFG. CO., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa. FELTEN & GUILLEAUME, Cariswerk, near Colegne, Germany. PATENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, Mining and Plow SIEMENS-MARTIN JAND | BESSEMER "STEEL WIRE, GALVANIZED “TELEGRAPH WIRE of Charceal and Swedish Iron and Steel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths. GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, For Plain, Barb and Strand Fencing, s; qpnd rely Serene. Bip Staples, &c. Annealed a Oiled Fencig WIRE RoFPkxs OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. TELEGRAPH CABLES. Contractors to the German and Foreign governments, The oldest house in the braneb on the ©o? tinent. Telegraph Address, CAKLSWERK, COLOGNE, General Agents for U. 8. and Canada, PERKINS & CHOATE, 23 Nassau St, N. Y: OF BVERY DESCRIPTION. 919 to 023 N. Main &t., SF. LOUIS, Mo, Correspenderce invited. June 8, 1889, E Ss 2 ea [ES E, a FI Jnne 8, 1882. CARY c& MOEN 0. LINDEMANN STEEL WIRE for ali purposes and STEEL SPRINGS of every elias £00, | am ep > ’ Manufacturers of all ze ee j \ kinds of S B H S Ly, Ui a, Japanned, Brass & : s 5 Te Tin Plated SS BIRD CAGES. Catalognes furnished | | Le BI agg = iL LLL PT VAL EL MELLLELLAAAEAELARAAAE te TOD SOLE COOL OLLE ¢ to the trade. a 254 Pearl St., Market Steel Wire. Crinoline Wire, tempered and covered. NEW YORK. Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Springs, constantly on hand. 934, 236 and 23S West 29th Street - - - - ° raat NEW YORK, POWER PRESSES, RIVET MACHINES, Special Machinery to Order. | BLAKE: & JOHNSON, WATERBURY, CONN. POPE,COLE & Co. BALTIMORE ~ § COPPER WORKS, No, 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD., Have always on hand and for sale INGOT COPPER, Also Cakes, of unequaled purity and toughness, G. Gunther, Manufacturer of | LFRON and BRASS RIVETS, STUDS, PINS, &c., For Manufacturers of Light Hardware. ‘The WIRE MILL of the GAUTIER STEEL DEPARTMENT of CAMBRIA IRON CO., at Johnstown, Pa., pro- duces more Fence Wire than any other mill in the world.” iii 4 Can be nested for ex- port shtpments. 46 Park Place, NEW YORK. The New York Office of the Gautier Stee] Department of Cambria Iron Co. has re- FOUNDRYMEN’S METALLIO moved to 13 Cedar Street, where all commsunioations intended fdr said office should Pattern Letters and Figures, | be addressed. All sizes. Re- 3s pe on pamnenaes eae [No. 2.] a prices, Mnfd. by H. W. Kaight Seneca Falls. N.Y. THOMPSON’S PATENT —_ : FOR Wet Pulverization of Rocks, Ores, Rolling Mill Fix AND OTHER MATERIAL, EITHER COARSE OR TO AN IMPALPABLE POWDER. STEPHEN P. M. TASKER, SOLE MANUFACTURER, Care of MORRIS, TASKER & CO,, Limited, PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. — Centrifugal force applied to a rolling ball for the purpose of pulverizing. Tested thoroughly and guaranteed to yield a greater product of pulverized material of equal fineness in a given time with less wear, less power, less first cost and less cost for repairs than stamps or any other pulverizer. Bergen Port Spelter. —_—__—__—.--______ HOWARD EVANS. s0r.. alll MOLDERS’ TOOLS, FOUNDRY FACING, MOLDING SAND, alge Valor, Po.“ Gergenare ea The only Miners and Manufacturers of PURE LEHICH SPELTER From Lehigh Ore. RE Bépectally adapted for FOUNDRY SUPPLIES, b Cartridge Metal and German Silver. J. A. EMERICK & CO., Also manufacturers of 1056 to 1076 Beach St., PHILADELPHIA, Fencing BERGEN PORT OXIDE ZINC. ; : cad weaden alirs ‘om Secdtint of 106 body | ABLISHED 4897. INOORPORATED 1876. BERCEN PORT ZINC CO. H. 8. Omasm, Set'y. ©. F. Popz, Treas. E. A. FISHER, Agent, 13 Burling Slip, N. Y. Ww b Mit the Con CALVIN WELLS, A. MEANS, ate F u ry g. Cc O “2 President. Manager. WATERBURY, CONN. Brass Goods. SHEET ZINC, |Menven & ScHWERTE IRON AND STEEL WIRE WORKS, . _. AY SOHWERTE, WESTPHALIA, GERMANY. PERU, ILLINOIS. SORTS ES. SSS Ss Fat TEE" A OE, GBS of < chips GoSisions and qualities. { E. A. FISHER, WOLLMAN & MICKERIC, ST. LOUIS, Mo | 18 Burling Bip, New Fork. E ’ .Y: § ILLINOIS ZINC CO., MANUFAOQTURERS OF Agent, . . 7 invites. THE IRON AGE. 8 upon the chemical quality of the vapor from | scription of steel under the same conditions ; the resulting liquid; if it has, a very great, and if broken, the fractured surface is foun additional advantage has been obtained. we Iron and Steel. At the recent meeting of the British Iron and Steel Institute, a paper by Mr. G. E. Woodcock, of Sheffield, bearing the above title, was read by the secretary, and the im- portance and interest of the subject, whether considered scientifically or practically, un- doubtedly warrants its further notice. Mr. Woodcock did not claim originality for the | theories followed, stating that in steel mak- ing, as well as in many other pursuits, ‘*there is nothing new under the sun,” and his wish was rather to reconcile some exist- ing theories with practical facts than to cre- ate new theories and multiply the existing confusion. He desired to prove, if possible, the following propositions concerning steel : 1. That the carbon of steel is (primarily) in a state of simple absorption in the iron. 2. That the hardening of steel is due to a metamorphic change in the condition of the carbon, which then assumes a crystalline form closely analagous to that of the dia- mond. 3. That the varied tempering of steel re- sults from the dissociation of this crystal- lized carbon at varying but low tempera- tures. 4. That the real strength of steel does not vary to any material degree with a varying content of carbon—that is, that, other things being equal, steel is not increased in tensile strength by an increased percentage of car- on. With regard to the first proposition, Mr, Woodcock wished to protest against the cus- * The Mutual Relations of Carbon and to be studded with innumerable small crys- tals, which, on inspection under a magnify- ing power, present physical features very much like small diamonds, These crystals can be attributed to nothing but the carbon ; they are never to be found in wrought iron ; - they are more numerous in proportion as the original amount of carbon in the steel in- creases, and also in proportion to the result- ing hardness, and if a sufficiently large piece of bar be used, they will be found more numerous in the outer layers than in the ipner, while the centre may have none at all; while the hardness of the bar will also decrease from the outside inwards, until at the center, where no crystals are percept- ible, the steel is as soft as in the original unhardened state. If these crystals, then, ;are carbon, Mr. Woodcock thinks it is no more reasonable to suppose that the hard- ness of steel results more from the presence of a large number of small particles of this substance than from any other cause yet met with as likely to cause such hardness. He made a large number of estimations of carbon from different parts of bars and rods of hardened steel, and found invariably that, | while the real amount of carbon, as shown | by combustion analysis, is the same through- | out any one sample, the apparent amount by |the color test varies considerably. Mr. | Woodcock further states that no non-metal- | lic element but carbon is capable of harden+ |ing steel, although it has often been stated that silicon and phosphorous exert a similar influence. He believes that when steel is | heated, these two elements favor the digso- ciation of the carbon from the iron; more | carbon is crystallized and the stech is com- | paratively much harder. In support of this he finds that in propore Rolling Mill Dngine.—Fig. 7.—Details of the Strap End of Main Connecting Rod. Scale, 1 Inch to the Foot. tom of designating the constituent carbon of steel as combined, that is, chemically com- bined. If the carbon of steel is combined there are two ways in which such combina- tion may be effected—either there is a defin- ite carbide of iron dissolved in excess of iron, or else chemical compounds of iron and car- bon exist with the carbon in any proportion up to about 2.25 per cent. Concerning the first supposition, the Committee of the So- ciety of Mechanical Engineers who mnvesti- ted this subject reported that they could d no modern author holding such a theory ; and the second idea is, to a chemist, utterly absurd. To suppose that various compounds of two elements exist differing from each other in nothing but degreo is totally op- to all the laws ef chemical philosophy. he principal fact in support of the combi- nation theory is the evolution of hydrocar- bon gas on dissolving steel in hydrochloric or sioiiric acid in a manner analogous to the generation of sulphureted hydrogen from metallic sulphides. This, however, is very far from being conclusive. As every steel works analyst will know, more or less car- bon is in nearly every case deposited, a fea- ture never to be met with in the case of a sulphide. The heat and strength of the sol- vent acid, accessibility of air, and other cir- cumstances are important factors in the reaction, and cause varying results, anything but concordant with the supposition of a chemical decomposition. Again, the well- known Eggertz color test, for the estimation of carbon in steel, is founded on the hypo- thesis that nitric acid of a certain strength will form with the combined carbon a liquid of a brown color, varying in depth of tint with the percentage of carbon. If this hypothesis is correct, then steel with a given percentage of carbon should always give the same depth of tint ; in short, the test should be pretty nearly accurate. Instead of this, however, it is notoriously inaccurate. Not | only does the apparent amount of carbon vary in steel made by different processes heated with the same actual amount of car- ben, but the same bar of steel will give varying results with varying mechanical treatment. The process, it is stated, has therefore been abandoned, except as an approximate com- parative one, as which it is now probably chiefly used. Mr. Woodcock took, as an ex- ample, the case of converted or cemented bar steel, which, by the color test, will give the greatest apparent amount of carbon, a sample containing, in reality, I per cent. when tested by acrucible or Bessemer ste) standard, showing as much as 1.6 per cent. In speaking of the hardening of steel, Mr. Woodcock suggests his diamond dust theory by stating that raw cemented steel, as it comes from the surface, is as soft and easy to work with a file or other tool as the wrought iron from which it is made, not- withstanding ite increased content of carbon. On being heated and quenched, however, this steel becomes as hard as apy other de- | tion to the amount of phosphorus, and, in a |less degree, of silicon present in steel, the |apparent carbon by the color test will be |lower as these two elements increase, the real amount remaining the same. This, he supposes, is the true cause of the different apparent amounts of carbon shown by the color test in steels made differently, but with the same real amount of carbon when tested by a uniform standard. It was also stated that the ultimate strength of steel is very little affected by the amount of carbon it contains, and repeated observations of Mr. Woodcock have shown that the breaking load, if calculated upon the sectional area at the point of fracture, will be very nearly the same for all percentages of carbon. It was found that when steel was subjected to a treatment calculated to increase the amount of crystallized carbon the resistance to elon- gation and the breakimg strain upon the original sectional area was raised. Mr. Woodcock thinks that in hard steel the metal under tension is in many instances cut by the crystals of carbon, and a kind of tearing action is set up, very similar to the effect roduced on touching a piece of .stretched india rubber with a knife, an idea corrob- orated to some extent by the fact that hard steels almost invariably break with a clean fracture at right angles to the length of the test. The various ante advanced in the paper elicited considerable discussion, and it was regretted by all that no definite results were brought forward. A few interesting statements were made which are worthy of mention. It was said that the maximum quantity of carbon that iron would take up was 4.75 per cent., and that when steel was ‘‘burned” the injury was not due to the loss of carbon, but to the loss of some vola- tile substance, probably hydrogen. If Mr. Woodcock had been present at the meeting the discussion would probably have been still more animated, as he would have had ample | opportunity to defend his views, which, in | his absence, were demonstrated to be erro- naous in every respect. The Mauufacture of Railway Spikes. —A new machine for the manufacture of railway spikes was recently tested in a West- ern rolling mill. A rod of metal is auto. matically fed into the machine from the rolls by means of a table and a ‘‘ gripper,” and at the end of the stroke of the feed-table the spike blank is caught and firmly held by |a suitable arrangement, while a pair of recip- rocating cutters reduce the blank to the re- | quired length and at the same time form the |poiit, The spike, after being released, is carried forward to the ‘‘ header,” where it is | finished. On the return motion the spike is thrown out of the blank holder by a rapidly acting ‘‘ knocker,” when it falls to the floor, and the table goes back to the cutter to re« ceive the next spike. All these motions com- prise a revolution of the machine, the speed ee Sa SRnneeee eee ne il a oo = , ey er Se ee ee ae. 1% a. oe +. 5~ ad Se a ae ot « _—- a Pa ee > a s =. . . J aay eee = SS SO . = be I = xe > ~™ = Pe ra = eee is = D Pu as Sa — ' —— so 4 OGDEN & WALLACE, |4. B. Warner & Son,|0XFORD IRON CO../W, D, WOOD & COS 85, 87,89 & 9} Kim St,, New somes” IRON MERGHANTS, fron and Steel \25 & 29 West and 52Washineton Sts wg er oomrasce nt nok | IRON & STEEL BOILER PLATE. BOILER TUBES, SLACK DIAMOND STEEL. alt sizes of Cast and Machinery Steel constantly | Amgle, Loe and Girder Iron, Boller and Tank Rivets. Bole Agents for the celebrated 24 Broadway, New York City. lron & Steel. ** WAWASSET,” ‘* EUREKA.” COMMON & REFINED IRON, srands of Iron. Alsoal! descriptions of Plate, Sheet, and Gasometer Iron. attention to Locomotive Hicops, Bods, Scrolls, Bands, Ovals, Morse Shoe, Nail Rods, Special aron. Fire Boz Iron a specialty. ROME MERCHANT. IRON MILLS, witsieusette: scinieteet Bar Iron, Bands and Fine Hoops. sheetueeis branded J. S pig Oberon odie take te. Steel, &c. Orders promptly filled from stock. ABEEL BROS. FOX & FOX & DRUMMOND, we IRON, ALLENTOWN \yin PLATES, SHAFTING. ; Ané all sizes of AND iteran’ METALS, *“*REFINED”’ vO away moe 68 WALL STREET, - NEW YORK. STEEL OF ALL KINDS. Marshall Lefferts & Co., 90 Beckman &t., Now York Otty, MANUFACTURERS OF N A. R. WHITNEY & CO., Manufacturers of and Dealers in LEZON Galvanized Sheet tron, Best Bloom, Best Refined and Common. sneiesinenadnny Iron ron Weed in the Con- Galvanised Wi Telegraph and Fence ¢ ina Bar tron, struction of Fire-Proof Bulidings, Gai ond Malls, Galvanised Gal Agents for Bros. & Co., Limited, frrougut on Beams and “Channel Yros.” Bar| CORRUGATED SHEET IRON By a Se For Roofing, &0., Galvanised, Plain or Painted. eS. ines A.M Byers & p- Best Charcoal, Best Refined and Common N Altoona Co.'s SHEET IRON. Sareea 7 Plate and T'ank Iron, pond Bo 5 o H No. 1 Flange, Best Flange. ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF Iron Work Galvanized or Tinned to Order. JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO., SCOTCH AND AMERICAN PIG IRON, BORDEN & LOVELL, Commission Merchants 70 & 7i West St., Wry Merion} = —— ss New York,| No. 69 Wall St., New York. neg agg ULSTER IRON WORKS, Fall River Iron Co.’s Nails, Bands, Hoops & Rods. 4ND Borden Mining Company’s| Tuckerman, Mulligan & Co Cumberland Coals. & EMMENS WILLIAM H. WALLACE & c0,, | CABMICHAED & eae Nos ss, 795 Bey Went Lake Be, Chicago, Il, IRON MERCHANTS IRON AND STEEL BOILER PLATE, Oor. Albany & Washington Sts. Lap-Welded Boiler Tubes, &c, &c 90 Broadway, New York. NRW YORK CITY. ae B. Wattace We Suraax. Rivets. Bo DANIEL W. RICHARDS & CO.,, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC SCRAP IRON, RAILS, STEEL AND METALS. Yards and Office, 88 to 96 Mangin &t., NEW YORK. Daxrat W. Tocmaxves. Mostox B. Sutras. ee a See PASSAIC ROLLING MILL co., Manufacture and bave always ROLLED IRON BEAMS, Channels, Angles, Tees, Merchant Bars, Riveted Work, Forg- ings, Bye Bare, &c. PATERSON, N. J. Room 45, Astor House, New York. CUT NAILS, Hot Pressed Nuts, Bolts, Washers, &c, DOVER IRON CO.8 BOILER RIVETS, Boiler Brace Jaws, Socket Bolts, &c FULLER BROTHERS & CO. 139 Greenwich Street, New York. THE tRON AGE. memngen oe and | BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER, ANTIMONY, NICKEL, &c. ed to Oe AIDEN IIE, oor Anon a 23855 | TA RRISON&GILLOON METAL DEALERS Price list and quotations sent upon application. hf Saree rs ct te ALL BRANDS OF HORSE NAILS, 'HORSE SHOE June 8, 1882, (B. G. CLARKE, Receiver,) Cut Nails SPIKES. J. 8. SORANTON, Sales Agent, 81, 83 and 85 Washington Street, NEW YORK. JOHN W. QUINCY & CO., 98 William Street, New York. > 14 2 | = "a SNOW SHOES “a ROADSTER m PATTERN. PATENT Planished Sheet Iron. Patented March 14th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1678 Sept. 9th, 1878; Oct. 6th, 1974; Jan. 11, 1676. Guaranteed fully equal in ali respects to Anthracite & Charcoal Pig Irons, |__, !MPORTED RUSSIA IRON, | EEL TOE CALKS. Extra Quality Homogeneous Steel BOILER PLATE STEEL PLATES, all descriptions. Cut Nalls and a Plate and Sheet Iron, all descriptions, Wrought Sorap, Cut Nails, Copper, FOR SALE, by all the principal In the Large cities threughout THE UNITED STATES. And at their Office I! Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. | SHOENBERGER & CO., Cc. RANE, KEYSTONE ROLLING MILL, Limited. OLD RAILS, SCRAP IRON, STEEL, Manufacturers of PIC IRON, BLOOMS, IRON AND ORE. Pittsburgh, d PITTSBURGH, PA. Star = a. JOHN E. SWAN & BROS,, td, | Bonnell, Boisford & to. IRON MERCHANTS | Iron, Nails & Spikes, Glasgow and Middlesbrough, YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO. Scotch & English Pig Iron,| MANN & JONES, 4 Hanover St., New York, 6 £.1 to America 0, b, British ports. Old Iron Rails, Puddled Bars GENERAL IRON BROKERS And Commission Merchants, W. S. MIDDLETON, |Broker in Machinery & lron Agent FORSTER’S CRUSHER "k | & PULVERIZER, IRON AND METAL DEALERS, 558, s60, s62 WATEK 8T., & 302, 904, 366 OHERRY ST., NEW YORK, have on hand, and offer for sale, teb one americas eik Iron, eae jos on, Brass, M Wrought ty} rom j iso ol sar ‘Copper, Com Lead, Pewter, Zinc, &c. BURDEN’S HORSE SHOES. “Burden Best” lron Pisteburgh, AND MANUFACTURED IRON. Boiler Rivets. The Burden Iron Company] f BN Troy, N.Y. w.s. MIDDLETON. 52 31 John St, N. ¥. : T cs ot For Bars, Plates, Sheets & Rods ,|DESPAR = BROTHERS, U L s of Double Extra Quality Iron. F auperunset wn NONE BUT CHOICEST MATERIAL USED. : ——— nee <ymeeae New and Old Rails, Steel Blooms, CANTON BLOOMARY CO., SCRAP IRON, &e. ar ro nl, Collinsville, Conn. Duty peid or in bead. din ten Ontset W. JESUP & CO., |. M, HOGLUND'S SONS & CO., Stockholm. American & English Refined Iron. Railay y Supplies and Equipment.| Swedish & Norwa ay tron EGLESTON BROS. & CO.,|'sc", eae cers ee meen 466 South $l} NEW YORK CITY, | __1mow AND STEEL LocowoTiVe Fone nisat Bet Agent we 8 wt x GLENGARNOCK AND CARNBROE SCOTCH PIG IRON. ront For spot delivery and for prompt or forward shipments to New Yort, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore or New Orleans. For sale in lots to suit by JAMES LEE & CO., Sole Agents for the United States. BAR IRON AND STEEL, 72 Pine Street, NEW YORK. 101 MELLk Street, BOSTON, IAS8S. LEECH BUORG TRON WoRKS. Tire, Spring, Toe Calk, KIRKPATRIOK & CO., MACHINERY AND TOOL STEEL. Mapufaovurers of FINE SHEET “IRONS, (Refined Cold Rolled, Siow Oard, Stam, Tray, Polished, Shovel, Ferrule troa, £0.) cas PaRpRone Gas. ‘UsED as FUEL. VOUGHT & WILLIAMS, 288 Greenwich Street, — wee Horse Shoes, Rasps and Files, vile, Vises, Vises, Berens! Tire OFFION, No, 143 First Ave., WORKS, Upright Uri, "ammérs, row Bars A Las BBARD. “Sheridan” & * Leesport” Brands Pig Iron, B. FF. JUDSON, WHITE IRON (Anthracite & Bessemer) Stock for Making Strong Castings. “OHARCOAL” PIG IRON “MAIDEN CREEK” and “GARRICK” BRANDS. Importer of and Dealer in SCOTCH AND AMERICAN FAVORITE BRANDS OF SCOTCH PIQ, IN STOCK AND TO ARRIVE. 46 CU Street, New York City. Pig tron) JAMES W. ROSS, 9 OLD METALS. |SCOTCH AND AMERICAN PIG IRON. 383 & 333 South St. } NEW YORK. Bar Iron, Car Wheels, Asoo oT tate on cae "Railroad Supplies. Manhattan Rolling Mill. WHITAKER IRON nT OMPANY, J. LEONARD, SHEET “THRON. TANK. AND 3 FIRE BED, 36 permeate eee STREET, eee bee 445 to 451 West St., 177 &179 Bank St., lomn J. NEW YORH, THE JERSEY cITy _GALV ANIZING € CO., saeeeares CALVANIZED MATERIAL OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. iRO N, GALVANIZING IN ALL ITS BRANC Toe Calk Steel, Galvanized Sheet Iron—Best Bloom, Best Hoop Ica, i Gabeanale Paces Square Band and Rods, Ovals, Half Ovale and Flats. : ae All Sizes ali Gauges DANIEL F; _GOONE of Corrugation Za (Late of and successor to DONEY e Ce.) a Was Feb ee - ¥e from Size. of Sheets. BOILER SLATES & SHEET {aoe ED —_ & T Iron, co Nails & Spikes ey ey L ted Sheet Iron a Specialty, Galvanized, Black apd P ed, Iren Corrugated for the Trade oo datimtes furpiebeg on sppltestion, “* } WORKS: GREEN AND BAY STREETS, JERSEY CITY, NJ. OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE 198 JOHN STREET NEW YORM, 1% to s inches Boiler Ae kaa ot Agency for ae Iron ine Pests d's denn pmcesnerus hx MING EXE "FACING ALLE Rails, Bars, Rivets, Penera) Offies, Ontoe, #37 ‘AMES o. moon Boot BO Analyt 919 and Analyses of Ore m Sage al ithe ay CHE LES, TRO? * Specialty, J Mine ! NEW Dos and ORK; June 8, 1882. Siemens’ Regenerative GAS FURNACE. RICHMOND & POTTS, 119 8. Fourth fee. PHILADELPSIA, PA. The Cambria Iron and Steel Works, ving enjoyed for over TWENTY-FIVE YEARS the reputation of produsing the best quality of RAIIS;, have now ean annual capacity of 230,000 Tons of Iron and Steel Rails, Splice Bars, &c. ADDRESS, CAMBRIA IRON COMPANY, No. 218 South 4th Street, Philadelphia. HENRY LEVIS & CO., Manufacturers’ Agents Rails, Car Wheels, Boiler and For Iron oe ny and caaeck taeda ts. OM Ratle, Asien, and eels bought and sold. 234 8. 4th St., Philadelphia. He Or at the Works, JOHNSTOWN, PA. Or LENOX SMITH, New York Selling Agent, 46 Pine St., N. ¥. _ NNN TEN __OFLENOE SMITH. How York Sang ante 6 Pine ty MF. THE PHCENIX IRON CO., 410 Walnut & Street, PHILADELPHIA. ufacturers of Wrought Iron , Deck Beams, Channels, Angle & Tee Bars, IGHT AND CURVED TO TEMPLATE, or the construction of Iron Vessels, Buildings and Bridges. Largely OOF TRUSSES, CIRDERS & JOISTS, WROUCHT IRON R all kinds of Iron used in the construction of Fire Proof Buildings, PATENT ‘WROUGHT IRON . COLUMN S, WELPLESS EYE BARS, 4 built hapes for Iron Bridges. REFINED BAR, au arri¥a, poh hr variety of SHAPE IRON made to order. 8, President. Specificatt furnished. Address DAVID REEVES, —— NEW TORE AGENTS, MILLIKEN & SMITH, 95 Lierty Street. BOSTON AGENTS, FRED. A. HOUDLETTE & CO., 19 Batterymarch St. ALAN WOOD & CoO., MANUFACTURERS OF Patent Planished, Galvanized, Common, Best Refined, Cleaned and Chercon! Bloom PLATE «< SHEET IRON. No. 519 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. res teats ast Sasaplne, Ferrans, Locomoue Heedughe and Jacket fron’ for Corrugated. Gasholder, Pan ontmeand'Jecket Irene JAS. ROWLAND & se Gm Oe JAS. ROWLAND & CO. Kensington Iron, Stee! & Nail Works, 920 North Delaware Ave., - PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers of the ANVIL BRAND REFINED MERCHANT BAR IRON. Also, the James Rowland & Co. Kensington ails,cut from oe Ppa hua ar Sl St ~~ PENCOYD IRON SNCOYD IRON WORKS. #### = ra & P. ROBERTS & CoO., 4! Manafacturers of a, CAR AXLES. J > BAR, ANGLE, TEE AND CHANNEL IRON. Office, No, 265 S. Fourth 8t., Philadelphia. Agents for the sale of Glamorgan Pig Iron. J. W. PASSON & CoO., MOULDING SAND, 102! North Delaware Avenue, PHILADELPHIA, PA., MANUFACTURERS LEAD FACING Xt MINERAL CHARCOAL FACING, LEAD PACING. og, XX MINERAL, ANTHRACITE FACING, ; EX 'VACING,” SOAPSTONE, STEEL BRUSHES. ALLENTOWN ROLLING MILL COMPANY, Rails, Bars, Axles, Shafting, Fish Bars (Plain and Angle), Spikes, Rivets, Bolts and Nuts, &c. Bridges and Turn Tables. nal Office, 237 South Third St., Philadelphia. Works at Allentown, Pa. JAMES ©. BOOTH. THOMAS H. GARRETT. ANDREW A. BLAIR. BOOTH, CARRETT & BLAIR, Analytical and Consulting Chemists, 919 and 921 Chant St. (10th St. above Chestnut St.), PHILADELPHIA. PA. Established in 1836. Analyses of Ores, Waters, Metals and Alloys of all kinds. A special department for the ANALYSIS OF IRON AND STEEL, ted the ra and accurate analysis of Iron Steel, Iron oe at * the eppereen ong sonantes “i — oe for sampling ores in New York and traor re. 3 ete © on ceotlantion. CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF REs, IRON, STEEL, FUEL, FLUXES, FURNACE GASES, &c., uw Specialty, Being direct Importers and Manufacturers we can offer superior inducements, ME MEND Nos, 205 to 211 Third Avenue, Ne wvorK. m : Bighteenth Street Station Elevated R. R. Iluatrated Catalegue Mailed eu Application, Edward J. Etting, TRON BROKER snp COMMISSION MERCHANT, 230 8S. Third St., Philedelphia, Pa. Pig, Bar and Railroad Iron. OLD 7 —s? &o- Agent for the MOUNT SAVAGE FIRE BRICK, The Allentown Iron Co, and The Coleraine Furnaces, ores. WHARF AND YARD DELsw. NUE ABOVE CALLOWHBILL STREET, g | connected’ by Goa with ash advances made on Iron. Established 1837. A. ae & SON, Scrap Iron, Metals and Machinery Cor. South and Penn Sts., Philadelphia, Offer for sale in large or small lots, quantities to suit, Old Machinery, Red Scrap Brass (selected), Old heavy Yellow Scrap Brass, Ingot Ked Brass (best qual- ity), Ingot Yellow Brass, Ingot Gun Metal made ereeenly Fram ¢ from old cannon. D. W.R. READ & CO., Importers and dealers in FOREICN & NATIVE BESSEMER ORES. PIC IRON ENCLISH FIRE BRICK. 205% Walnut St., PHILADELPHIA. 142 Pearl St., 57 Gracechurch St. 67 S, Gay St., NEW YORK. LONDON. BALTIMORE. J. J. MOHR, Bole Agent for Sheridan, Leesport, Ring- gold and Lynchburg, BESSEMER, FOUNDRY AND FORGE PIG IRON, Jefferson and Mt. Penn Cold Blast Car Wheel Charcoal Pig Iron. 430 Walnut St.. PHILADELPHIA, PA, NORTH BROS., 23d and Race Sts., Philadelphia. Fine Light and Medium-Weight GRAY IRON CASTINGS to order. Correspondence solicited. Isaac V. Liorp. Jas. G. Lovpsay. LLOYD & LINDSAY, No. 328 Walnut &t., PHILADELPHIA, Brokers aud General Dealers in Iron and Steel, Railway Equipments and Supplies, Rar, Plate and Sheet Iron, Pig Iron, Rails and Fastenings. Muck Bars, Blooms, Botier Tubes, Wrought [ron Pipe, &c Old Rails and Scrap Iron. Florida Yellow Pine, cargo lots. J. 0. RICHARDSON, IRON COMMISSION MERCHANT, No. 282 Dock St., Philadelphia. Pig Iron, Railroad Iron and Iron Ores. Sole Agent for the MONOCACY FURNACE CO, DEALER IN MOSELEM, ROCKHILL, WAR WICK,' And other Favorite Brands. SILVER GREY IRON A SPECIALTY. THE LRON AGS. JUSTICE COX, Jr, CHARLES K. BARNS, JUSTICE COX, JR. & CO., sennTs FoR CHICKIES, ST. CHARLES, MONTGOMERY WARWICK, CONEWAGO AND KEYSTONE Foundry & Forge Pig Iron. SHAWNEE ROLLING MILL CO CO., Limited, Best Quality Muck Bar. CATASAUQUA MFG. 00.8 Bar, Angle, Skelp and Sheet Iron. Railroad Car Axles. New and Old Rails. No. 8388 Walnut 8t., __ Phitadelphta. PETER WRIGHT & SONS, 807 Walnut Street, Phtiadelphia, 55 Broadway, New York, 44 Second Street, Baltimore, Importers of German and English SPIEGELEISEN, Pig, Scrap, NEW AND OLD RAILS, And Iron Ore. JEROME KEELEY & CO.. 206 Walnut Place, Philadelphia. SELLING Saaaiaee FOR TRON CLAD STEEL aa pitts MAORI and HE) p E IRON ORES FYI BRIC 0O. and VOKE. ag Ae. Handle Old Iron and Steel Rails, Scra &c. Examine and negotiate sales of Iron crap Iron, Coal properties. E. H. Wilson. A. Kaiser. J. B. M. Hirons E. H. WILSON & CO., 230 Soath Third Street, Philadelphia. BROKERS AND DEALERS Iv IRON AND STEEL. Correspondence solicited. BLAKEY & WALBAUM, 206 S. Fourth St., PHILADELPHIA. SPECIALTIES NEW AND OLD RAILS, BLOOMS, BESSEMER PIG, Spiegeleisen Iron Ores Railroad Supplies Generally. TAB STANDARD STEEL J. W. HOFFMAN & CO., | LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR WHEEL TIRES, Iron Merchants & Railway Equipments. 208 South Fourth St., Philadelphia. Tron Co. and Pine Iron Works uck Bar and aul grodes of Plate rom, **Glasgow ”’ “Fine brands for fire boxes an 4 —_ hangin and Bar Iron, Rails and all shape G0 fons given on Bridge and Building 8 aie ations. G. A. HEBERTON. 8S. Frank SHARPLESS. HEBERTON & CO., Selling Agents and Commission Merchants For the sale of Pig, Bloom, Plate, Bar, Scrap, Galvanized, Black, Sheet, Pipe and failroad IrROW. 333 Walnut St., Phila. Charcoal Bloom and Ph &@ spec laity. IRON. . ‘STEEL. | SCRAP OF ALL KINDS A SPECIALTY. First Quality Muck Bars. SHIMER & CO.,| | Late of and successors to W. HUTTON & CO., 250 8. Third St., Philadelphia. JOSEPH P. ‘REED & 00O., Iron Brokers and Commission Merchants, 261 8. Fourth St., Philadelphia. Sole Agents for | COOPER IRON MINING CO., Chester, N. J. RIDGEVIEW COAL AND COKE ©O., Latrobe. J. D. BOYLE’S. CONNELLSVILLE COKE. HARBISON & WALKER’S FIRE eg MAGNETIC and HEMATITE IRON ORES a Specia ee See a | FRANCIS WISTER, Sole Eastern Agent for A. 4. HUTCHINSON & BRO. CONNELLSVILLE COKE. | ORES, Native and Foreign. 230 Seuth Third Street. Philadelphia. Manufactured from the celebrated OTIS ZZ STANDARD. ‘¢ ity and piace fully guaranteed. Prices as gust a f the came quality. We manufacture Hee Zand Light ody wy -7 Driving and Car Axles, Grenk Pins ma at Lewistown, Pa. Office, 220 8S. 4th St., Philadelphia. Pa. LANGHORNE WISTER. RODMAN WISTER. L. & R. WISTER, IRON BROKERS. Agents pee | the Clearfield Fire Brick Co.’s Fire Bric No. aod ‘Bowth 4th 8t., Philadelphia, |KEYSTONE HORSE SHOE. Co, 17th and Clearfield Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Manufacturers of the Keystone Patent Solid | Steel Calk Horse and Mule Shoes. These Shoes are made of superior iron and steel, completely finished and ready for coid shoeing; nese cli Y od solid steel cal«. The holes are Shed’ taroush at the proper angles and free cane burrs. Same number of Shoes per keg as in | kegs of unfinished shoes. J. EF’. BAILY c& CO., 216 South Ath Street, ~ SELLING Pottsville Iron & Steel Co.'s Beams, = PHILADELPHIA, AGENTS, Angles, Channels, Rails and Bars, A. & P. BOBERTS & CO.’S Car Axles, Plates, Channeis, Universal and Sheared Plates Tees, Angies and Bar Iron. for Bridge and Other Work. Special attention given to all kinds of Structural Irons, CHAINS. Bars shed, BRADLEE & CO., °° Bistmanscirees Manufacturers of Iron Giada Sisel Chain and the Celebrated B. G.” Special Crane Chain. All Chains carefully tested and examined and certificate of proof 3 arate Mining and Crane Chains. Rafting Chains, Toggles, Bye Bolts and Log Boge, 5 of the machine being at the rate of 60 revo- lutions per minute, thus making a spike every second, or 36,000 every 10 hours, Three of these machines have been made, which, with others yet to be constructed, will be perma- nently operated at the works of the Andrew Kloman Iron and Steel Works, at Mounds- ville, West Virginia. For several years be- fore his death, the late Andrew Kloman spent a large amount of time and money in perfecting a machine of this kind, the above is his invention completed and further improved by his successors. The machine is constructed under patents issued to Wm. Thomas and Andrew Kloman, Te Flat Wire Ropes. Mr. A. Garcenot, in an article recently published in an exchange, states that the substitution of wire for hemp ropes in wind- ing shafts is attributable to the increased depth of the pits and to nt inadequancy of the machinery for winding with hemp ropes. As the breaking strength of best round hemp ropes ranges between 5 and om oe tons per square inch of net section, while best round iron-wire ropes are from six to seven times as strong, and about six times as heavy for the same net section, it follows that round of equal strength aro also of nearly equal weight per yard, whether made of hemp or iron wire. Flat wire ropes for winding are sometimes 1200 yards long, their ° however, varying, as a rule, from 400 to 800 yards. The full sectional area is generally retained throughout half the length of the shorter ropes, and is succeeded by a smaller length in the remaining half. iene of ILS, Ie 600 yards and owen” three sizes are em- loyed, each for about 200 yards le , the arge end having from 8 ow 10 wires in each strand, the middle length one less, and the small end from 6 to 8. Iron wires range from .071 inch to .118 inch in thickness, be- ing usually .087 inch thick. In ropes of steel, or phosphor bronze, the wires are from -071 to .087 inch thick, ‘and in small steel ropes even .059 inch. As a fair example, a flat iron-wire rope of 700 yards length, suitable for winding from about 500 yards depth, is ordinarily com- posed of six hawsers, stitched together al side ; each hawser consists of four stran s which are laid with left-handed twist in three of the hawsers and right-handed in the alter- nate three ; each strand commences with 10 wires at the big end of the , and, omit- ting one by one, terminates wi six wires ab the small end. The wiresare .087-inch and are laid spirally, without a twist @ core or heart, consisting of a small strand of tarred or greased hemp. The ee the hawsers together is done by sewing by hand, in a zigzag direction, at 2% inches pitch, with 15 wi-es of = 14 gauge; these wires are either laid = y side by side, asa thin flat band of wn width, or are twisted together in aoous fo @ nar- —— thicker band of five strands. © latter or round stitching is quicker. though harder for the workman oan, and does not bind the two outside hawsers nearly tight enough to the inner ones. With the flat stitching, though always done much tighter than the round, the tightness of the several wires is often unequ oS inter- feres with the uniform stretching of hawsers when hauling a load, and is — of the principal reasons why flat r when hanging down the pit. The whist stitch stitch- ing also materially increases the stiffness of the ropes, in comparison with round stiteh- ing. The splicings of the wires almost always occur within the middle of 200 ares of a rope 750 yards long, Testing that the loss of strength due to the s anes is about 10 per cent; hence the desirability of using wires long. enough to do without splicing, and so to allow of making the nearly 10 per cent. lighter for the same strength. The pressures produced laterally upon the different kinds of cross-stitching