The Iron Age 1882-04-06: Vol 29 Iss 14

30, 1s OLT! ty. i0 Vol. X XIX : No. 14. New York, Thursday, April 6, 1882. The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by Davin Wittiams, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. SL:50 a lear, Including Postage Single Copies, Ten Cents. Regenerative Stoves. A short time ago we presented to our readers an illustrated description of the Cowper hot-blast stoves, which, we have since on the walls of regenerative stoves is blown into the furnace, seriously impeding the may be easily avoided by filling the stove | descend, and for this reason the second re- which is readily blown out when the deposit ! is sufficiently clear when we consider that | covers the opening. On removing this the re- | scale. Tt can now be stated as a settled fact burning gas becomes light and ascends, while | generator opening is found to contain deposit, ‘that ore has been found of a very superior ready combustion of the fuel ; this, however, | subsequent abstraction of heat causes it to| which extends down about 12 inches, but | quality, which is free from sulphur, very low in phosphorus, and very high in metal- with air, closing the cold-blast valve, and | generator is provided wih thin walls, ex-| above has been removed by a scraper op-|lic iron, which is suitable for the manufac- been informed, are subject to such defects as| suddenly opening the blow-valves, from| posing an enormous surface by which the | erated through the side doors. It is found | ture of Bessemer steel, and which is in all render their successful introduction into| which the air rushes, carrying with it the | heat is absorbed. The destruction of the | that the larger the opening the further down | respects equal to the best ore in Michigan. this country, in the form then shown, ex-| dust and ashes which would other vise have | iron shells of these stoves has been avoided | the passage the deposit extends. In a stove| There remains now but one question to tremely doubtful. The continued improve-| been blown into the furnace. A judicious | by allowing a certain amount of space be- having three regenerators, the middle one, | settle, and that is whether the quantity of ments made with the view of remedying ex- | use of these blow-valves will greatly improve | tween the brickwork and the shell, and by) through which the gas ascends, contains | this valuable ore is sufficient to justify the isting defects, and of producing an appliance | the working of the stoves, and will prolong | inserting, at distances of about every 3 feet | little, if any, dust, showing that the heavy | construction of a railroad from Duluth to more readily applicable to American practice, | the time during which repairs and stoppages | in hight, a row of bricks that exert an in-| accumulation commences at the top of the the ore, a distance of about ninety miles. have, however, finally resulted in the im-| for cleaning are unnecessary. It has been; ward pressure when the brickwork expands, | descending passages. With a single regen-| With a view to settling this important ques- proved form of stove of which we present} found that highly satisfactory results are The hot-blast main of the stove is placed at |erator the current of gas is so slow, and | tion, a thorough and exhaustive examination 5 engravings this week. It will be seen that| yielded when the gases are burned in /|a higher level than has heretofore been cus-|the friction so slight, that any dirt or will be made this season, in charge of ex- the foundations are provided with three|a limited space in immediate contact tomary, in order to prevent the abstraction | dust has ample time to deposit itself in the! perienced miners from the iron mines of ) KNAVE openings, one supplying gas to the stoves, another conveying the waste products of combustion to the chimney, and the third being used to remove the ashes from the other two es after casting time, and thus avoiding long stoppages. The dust- catcher, with which the gas flue is provided, and which effectually prevents large accumu- | lations of dust in the stoves, consists of a series of annular sloping rings through the | central nings of which the gas passes. The particles of dust are arrested when ing in contact with this appliance, gradu- ally collecting to an inch or more in thick- ness, until their weight overcomes their ad- with heavy brick walls. In a large open space the proper temperature for perfect combustion is not obtained and portions of the gas escape unburnt. In small combus- tion chambers the brickwork, after some time, attains a temperature equal to | that of perfect combustion, and there is, con- sequently, no abstraction of heat from the gases. Itisalways desirable to have an excess | of air in the stoves, as perfect combustion is | then almost certain, and swifter currents are | obtained, which prevent the deposit of ashes |in the regenerators. Any quantity of gas |and air escaping in an unburnt condition | from the first regenerator is burned in the of heat from the bottom of the combustion chamber, this heat being necessary to fire | the gas as soon as it enters. A regulating valve, provided with an adjustable weight, is placed at any point in the flue between the stove and chimney. The heat of the brickwork sometimes raises the escaping | gas to an excessive temperature, greatly promoting the chimney draft, and in such cases the regulating valve is opened, admit- ting cold air, which prevents overheating. Experience will soon show how to regulate these valves and obtain any desired temper- ature. When running at a low temperature of blast, it is sometimes found difticult to passages ; with two regenerators the current is swifter, and less deposit will be found. In | order to remove the deposit from the pas- sages of the regenerator the blast is turned on, while, at the same time, a volume of steam is admitted which, meeting the hot- blast, is expanded and forces the deposit through the chimney valve. When desired the passages can be scraped by a flue-cleaner, operated from the outside. This flue-cleaner has two scrapers, attached to a drum by chains, and two passages may be cleaned at once. The top course of the regenerator is made very deep and beveled, to prevent its being blown off and to allow the scraper to hesion, and they slide off and fall to the bot-! space under the dome. The first regenerator | keep the chimney hot enough to give the | be more easily introduced. ype ae i eS | T | LL THOMASON dd Lda dsathlbdiddids Michigan, and the necessary implements and supplies for this purpose are now being sent forward. So far as the work has been done, it gives flattering promise of a very large amount of a very superior quality.” = — Metalliferous Veins. Prof. Joseph LeConte, of the University of California, recently gave some interesting | information on the subject of the formation of ‘ Metalliferous Veins,” being the result of the joint investigations of Prof. W. B. Ris ing and himself. Professor LeConte dwelt ! chiefly on the vein formation in Lake County, PITIZ WMWA»xgg WAS N ZLib. Wiz Tilda daddaadaaiabdaadidncua a >>> Meth hehe Lita Se. sion of the hot-blast pipe oor for by | hot, interrupt the deposit to a great extent,|fumes. These fumes deposit a flocculent | English stoves, as a rule, are worked at} miocene period. North of San Francisco : two improved expansion disks held by a tie | and prevent it from reaching the regen-| powder, which, being a non-conductor, must | lower temperatures, are of much larger size, |it is composed of eruptive rocks. At } ' rod, ‘which relieves the connections of all | erator. be removed, in order to allow the proper ab- | and the deposit is consequently distributed Clear Lake, volcanoes have flooded the ' Morti pressure and leaves the expansion joint| Small doors, properly placed, permit the| sorption and radiation of heat from the | over a greater are& and adheres less firmly. | surface with lava, this region having con- 4 flexible and free to move. The interior of cleaning of the stoves when required, | walls. The heavier parts of the dust are | In this country where the stoves, we might tained a large number of hot springs or f | d the stoves has been changed to a consider-| although the method above explained is,| caught in the dust-catcher, as previously | say, are almost overburdened, overheating | solfataras emitting carbonated sulphurets. t onzed, able extent, and in place of the single regen- | perhaps, the most rapid and thorough. The | stated, and when gas washers are used, very | will occur through the negligence of the The time of volcanic activity was at the CREW! ZZ ZZ Za an, ede 7 lant ay tom of the passage where they may easily be removed through the doors. The stove valves are horizontal slide-valves operated without the use of racks, chains or wheels, and are provided with simple by-passes which ent the burning of the gases in the flue below the gas valves. The expan- erator and combustion chamber, or three re- generators and three combustion chambers formerly employed, only two parallel regener- ators are now used, separated by a division wall, which rises to the‘base of the dome, there- by causing an even distribution of the gas and blast. A combustion chamber is placed under the first regenerator, and its great horizontal area allows the gases to ascend MOON 4 LZ lof the dust | is supported on deep brick arches, provided with narrow slots for the passage of the gas. It is found that the brickwork of stoves exposed to the highest heat has a strong attraction for the gas deposit, and that much es at these points of high temperature. These slots, being narrow and arches supporting the first regenerator are exposed to the heat of the burning gas for four hours, and then have their heat ab- | stracted during the two hours the stove is on ablow. This prevents any accumulation of heat, which, if continued for eighteen or twenty hours, might cause serious injury. The first regenerator is composed of brick, 4 inches thick, and arranged to leave a IMPROVED REGENERATIVE STOVES. proper draft. In order to overcome this difficulty, it has been proposed to use one | moves the deposit from regenerator passages chimney in common for boilers and stoves, | by exploding small charges of powder in the having it separated, however, by a division | stoves, as we described in our previous | wall. The furnace gas, besides containing | article on this subject, but it has been found dust, is impregnated with some substances | that in many cases the deposit adheres so which, when burning, produce dense white | firmly as to render this method ineffectual. little of the dust reaches the stoves. stove-tender, and the deposit then becomes | The furnace gas made while running on | too firm to be removed by the use of ex- No. 1 Bessemer iron is difficult to burn, re- quiring very hot brickwork and a large ad- mixture of air. The reduction of silica to silicon, together with the reduction of other earths by the high heat of the hearth while working this fron, produces a gas which, when burning, yields thick white fumes, |plosive agents. Using from two to three | times the amount of limestone to the ore that | is used abroad, our gas fumes are more dense, and the deposits form more rapidly, necessitating more perfect appliances for their removal. Our engravings fully ex- pou the arrangement of the stoves, Fig. 1 Mr. Cochrane, of Dudley, England, re- {on the ground of the Sulphur Bank Quick- silver Company, California, stating that veins are still forming there_as well as at Steamboat Springs, N¢ . tHe spoke of the Coast Range as »pomnplex in its formation, being cretaceods and tertiary, and ascribing its birth to the end of the beginning of the pliocene, and continued much later, perhaps through a portion of the quarternary period. The sulphur bank at the surface resembles ashes and continues only for a few feet, pure silica being found lower down. At a still greater depth the vein turns to cinnabar. Tough blue clay and silica are found in a pasty condition, streaked with cinnabar and iron pyrites. The work slowly and gives the solid particles ample | space, 6 by 6 inches, for the passages. The| rapidly settling on the walls, which | being a longitudinal section, Fig. 2 showing | ef the miner is now interfering with nature's MS time to settle tothe bottom of the combustion | second regenerator is composed of brick, 24% | consequently require frequent cleaning. | the dust-catcher, and Fig 3 being a cross- | laboratory, fur a metalliferous vein is in pro- , “thie cess of deposition in a fissure between speeially provided blow-valves, and pre-|leave a space, 4% by 4% inches, for the| less deposit. Gas made from mill iron sancti Na si sandstone and shale, whose strata stand : vented’ from entering the regenerators. | passages. Both regenerators are supported | (No. 3) forms but little deposit, and stoves nearly erect. Carbonic acid bubbles up so ; re Large blow-off valves, placed on each side of | on short fire-brick girders, by which the/| using it can be kept running for a longtime} Iron Ore in Minnesota.—Iron ore suit- | as to frequently extinguish candles, a pate the combustion chamber, permit the eseape| cast-iron grating, heretofore used, is dis-| without requiring to be cleared. Gas made | able for the manufacture of Bessemer stee! | of cinnabar, silica and iron pyrites was found ows, blow-valves, moreover, supplying it with = a considerable chimney draft in| first regenerator. The deposit falling on | exist in that region, and, if found valuable | idly. Under other conditions it forms in : ts. * the quantity of air nec to burn the er to overcome the friction in the numer-| the top of the brickwork of the regenerator | and in sufficient quantity, to develop the | six-sided crystals and occurs at a greater 4 gas. It has often been said that the deposit! ous passages. The use of two regenerators mining and shipping of iron ore on a large depth below the surface. chamber, where they are blown out through of the compressed air from the stoves when the latter are changed from blast and put on gas. These valves are so operated that they may be instantly opened or closed, and when opened suddenly a strong current of air is io in the first re emer, cuntebiog fe the r rtion e deposit which is thereby cannietaly removed. e combus- tion chamber is also relieved of its deposit, the inches thick, interlocked and arranged to pensed with. The division walls between the regenerators have been heretofore rigidly connected with the sides, and their difference in the amount of expansion often produced cracks through which the gas could easily pass. The single division wall in each stove equalizes the pressure on both sides and prevents the direct passage of the gas. A large number of such division walls With perfect combustion gas produces section showing the division wall. while using manganese ore is worse than No. |is said to have been found in Minnesota, |in all stages, sometimes gelatinous, then t Bessemer gas, but gas and dust from a about ninety miles from Duluth. A dispatch cheesy and quite solid. Some brought furnace scaffolded and working irregularly |from St. Paul, dated February 24, says: | away in a cheesy state soon solidified. Pro- is worse than either of the preceding, as the | ‘‘ For the past two years extensive explora- | fessor LeConte further stated that the origi- finely divided particles of ore unite and re-|tions have been in course of prosecution, | nal volcanic rock is changed by acid vapors, quire a stronger blast to effect their removal. The deposit in regenerator passages starts at the top where the gas first enters, and is gen- erally found in considerable quantities in the gradually collects and builds up, until it |under the patronage of prominent Eastern capitalsts, in the northern part of Minnesota, with a view to ascertain the character of the iron ore which has long been known to &e., into pure chalky silica, or quartz, in a plastic state, or in a chalcedonic state, the latter condition being found when it deposits from a hot liquid cooling very rap- i eR a ee ee ee eS ae Ty a WTE — mn ee ee . ae eee ( S _——— a Ee cee THE IRON AGE. PAetais. BBlive, ete. The Piume & Atwood Mfg. Company, Phelps Building, NEW YORK. MANUVACTURERS OF / PHILIP L. MOEN, CHARLES F. WASHBURN, terreno BRAY | spect ane wou BASS end WE a ret ee BRASS AND COPPER Waterbury Brass Co. Seiad ‘Shvor wa dag ee Washburn & Moen Mfg. Co. Established, 1831. 1,500, achené> .. cane Copper Rivets and Burs, is: osama Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass; |Copper Electrical Wire, Pins, Seamless Brass & Copper CERMAN SILVER, Eirane tents Uinees, Tubing. Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire;; Jack Chain, Ansonla Corrugated Stove Platforms. BRAGS AND COPPER TUBING, PURE Coreen winn | COPPER RIVETS & BURS, | - =eeeeeme-mmemers, Lamp Trimmings, &c. i a KETTLES For Electrical Purposes, iad eg BRASS “<= Z 26 Sines Sick Mone Toke. Phosphor Bronze Rods for Pumps, Door Rail, mets ‘ ages, 43 Wederel 8 ‘, a ANSONIA Yr REFINED PERCUSS iontiied 109 Lake Street, Chicago. POWDER FLAS Rolling Mill, Factories, INCOT COPPER. Metallic ap Shot Pouches, Tape eve vor &.| THOMASTON, Ct. | WATERBURY, Ct. And small Brass Wares of every Descript = PHELPS, DODGE & C0.) sssceisse"=~ (Bridgeport Brass Co,, IMPORTERS OF Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line of Sport- = ss Metals. ANSONIA BRASS & COPPER CO., No. 19 Oliff Str cet, WORCESTER, MASS. WIRE DRAWERS. Patent Galvanizing, Rolling and Tempering, MANUFACTURERS OF TRON, AND IRON AND STEEL WIRE. Of Every Description. A SPECIALTY MADE OF GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE, GALVANIZED TELEPHONE WIRE, PATENT STEEL WIRE BALE TIES, MANUFACTURERS OF Goods. TIN PLATE, yeas mins at |Sheet and Roll Brass, PATENT STEEL BARB FENCING, 296 Broadway, New York, WATERBURY, ‘ AND PUMP CHAIN. ROOFING PLATE, 125 Eddy St. "Valdas R. | Conn. Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, NEW YORK OFFICE: 8ST. LOUIS WAREHOUSE: CHICAGO WAREHOUSE: Sheet iron, Copper, Pig Tin Wire, German Silver Metal and Wire, 21 Cliff St, Soa No. Second St. 107 Lake siesta an Detroit Copper & Brass) Copper and tron a Rolling Mills. — a AXTATTRER EL TRL > ns vane PER AND BRASS. : a STREET, NEW YORK. BRAZIERS’ AND SHEATHING COPPER, pred a ager Pen MATERA - “HOWARD & MORSE, manufacturing Metal Goods. Warehouse: SCOVILL W MFC CO ROLLED, SHEET & PLATERS’ BRAS aaxorscroRy, | 29 murray os. 5. ¥. me ~~ wwe sak ERMAN OR NICKEL SILVER, _Bridgeport, Conn. | 19 Murray St., N. ¥. Copper Wire for Electrical and other purposes | THOS, W. FITCH, Pres. and Tresx A.A. LASAR, Seay 45 Fulton Street, BRASS, Brass and German Silver Wire, vn NEW vo HINGES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. Copper Rivets and Burrs, Lu RK, COPPER BOTTOMS FOR TEA KETTLES AND BOILERS, mM Manntastusees of PHOTOGRAPHIO GOODS. Cor, Larned & Fourth Sts., Detroit, Mich. — —_ NEW YORK AGENCY: BUTTONS UNION HARDWARE CO., a 87 Chambers and 68 Reade Sts. CLOTH AND METAL. —_—— >; ractoris, | ROME IRON WORKS, Mii ii} ' — Iron, Brass & Copper ~ VM WIRE CLOTH No. 44. Double or Half ‘ DEPOTS, 419 & 421 Broome St., Mi, Y, Waterbury, Conn. Maarufacturers of Circle Wronght Iron tea tseStOuege wow Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop- | ~— and Ornamental Wire home DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO.) per and German Silver rf = i 7 Wire Fence & Railing, < . LOUIS . } DOOR AND WINDOW GUARDS, i Tin Plate, Pig Tin, ‘Tin, Sheet Iron, Cooper, eeeren & BRASS RIVETS/_ ST. rouvuIs, Mo. \ y) yt " Wire, Zine, Ete ce, hr sean Holmes, Booth & Haydens, i) fj) OFFICE RAILING, = [f7 29 & 81 CUM St., cor, Fulton, Rome, New York. WATERBURY, Conn. no ALSO, RANA me CUNEATE 6 Che Conger ee NEW YORK, BOSTON, Wo, 3 corner, Bar. lron Stable Fixtures. Window Guard. No. ¢ 49 Chambers St. 18 Federal St. ABRAM 8S. HEWITT, Presiden’ JAMES HALL, Treasurer. Manufacturers of a)! kinds of WM. HEWITT, adie E. HANSON, Secretary. Brass, Copper & German Silver, | TRENTON IRON COMPANY, NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS a TRENTON, x. ry Dinatiiiteenen of FOR HARD WAKE TRADE. BRASS & COPPER WIRE,| —& eee wr - t Berg ‘Brass and irom Safely ana Jack Chain; ily Sickel Plated and Brosse Trimmings of ail] Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. rt RON seed STE > # W na A. C. NORTHROP, Waterbury, Conn., und and Square Head Cap and Gg omen sao or any description of Sheet Metal work, respectfully solicited and BRASS & IRON att dieoeatn ROEBLING’S JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL, |SRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED: WORKS ; Iron and Steel Wire Rods; EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal Iron Wire; Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Stee! Wire. Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths, New York Office, COOPER, HEWITT & MANUFACTURERS OF Ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin Philadelphia Office, JOHN HEWITT. Koeen’ a1 17 North Routh St. WIRE ROPE) ...,axm {Iron and Stool] Mimeycaiecedmes | IRON AND STEEL WIRE ROPE lron, Steel and Copper, Telegraph Wire, WIRE p ASS AIC ZING C0. For Hoisting, Senning 3: png eee, | Ferries, &c. Hoisting Purposes of alt! Market Wire, memeincinaets <8 Address: HAZARD MFG. CO., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa. kinds, for Ferries, Stays Market Wire, Fence Wire, , fash Cords, Vineyard Wire. Bridge Wire, Chain Wire, —_—$———$—$ —$——$—————————— eee! ia tinjnae wie] Pure Spelter Fer TEN & GUILLEAUME, CALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES. Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes Carlswerk, near Cologne, Germany. — ee PATENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, Mining and Plow Ropes, Hawsers and B: e Cables. SIEMENS-MARTIN. AND | BESSEMER STEEL WIRE, GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE 6 113 Liberty Street, N. Y. AS of Charceal and Swedish Iron and Steel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths. ron ks Steel Geo. W. Prentiss & Co., GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, d Strand Fencing, 3, 4 and 7-ply Strand, Sta: &c. Annealed and Oiled Fencing YOKE, MASS For Plain, Barb an ing, 3 wit: P 1 Staples, D New York Office German Silver Spoons, deine SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, Kerosene Burners, &c. 117 Liberty Street.) JOHN DAVOL & SONS, THE JOHN A, ROEBLING'S SONS C0, Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co., Dealers in BRODERICK & BASCOM, Soatiniiiaea iii tit MANUFACTURERS OF MANNING & SQUIER, Gen'l Agents, SD Wire Rope. IRON mo WIRE. WIRE ROPE TELEGRAPH CABLES. Contractors to the Ge: she eldest house in the branch on the Cos tame Telegraph Address, C va, CAML Swi ERK, = COLOUN gents for U. 8. and a PERKINS. & & CHOATE. 23 Nassau St, N. Y. A... LESCHEN Ke Son, 728 N. Main St., St. Louis, Mo. WORCESTER WIRE co.,) om Manufacturers of Bright, Coppered, “Annealéd and ‘Tin IRON AND STEEL pissed, iio GUN SOREW WIRE or Of all sizes straightened and cut to order. For all Purposes. WORCESTER, MASS, a eusy eeckener ; BROWNING, SiSUM & CO. 85 Chambers St, Belt Hooks, daanee ooo Keys, D Rings, OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. Staples, and everything perveining to wire bending. 919 to 923 N. Main St., ST. LOUIS, MO, Correspondence invited, April 6, 1882, \? Yon > April 6, 1882. SE ———————————————————_— CART &f& RLOEN, 0. LINDEMANN STEEL WIRE for all purposes and STEEL sPRINGS of every description. & (0., Manufacturers of all kinds of Japanned, Brass & Tin Plated BIRD CAGES. Catalogues furnished Ms | ELL REDELELELALL UOMO LELELAAALAAARA ALLL Sr 7 OD SOLE LLLELELOLURLELE | Cy TT LL rs to the trade. 5 254 Pearl St., Market Steel Wire, Crinoline Wire, tomipered and covered. NEW YORK. Also Patent Tempered Steel varaseere Spetngs, cnmuaty on hand. 934, 236 and 238 West 90th Street, _ NEW YORK. 40 Page Illustrated Catalogue Just Issued. Sent Free on Application. Salesrooms, wee coe, | YALE LOCK MFG. CO., | ore Speers. 53 Chambers Street. “ inhi ey Franklin 8 STAMEORD, CONN.| _ 64 o> POPE,COLE & Co. BALTIMORE COPPER WORKS, No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD., Have always on hand and for sale INGOT COPPER, Also Cakes, of unequaled purity and toughness. G. Gunther, Manufacturer of ‘The WIRE MILL of the GAUTIER STEEL DEPARTMENT of CAMBRIA a IRON CO., at Johnstown, Pa., pro- IN, tnt Bas, Sr Pa duces more Fence Wire than any and Japanned BIRD CAGES. Can be nested for ex- port shipments, 46 Park Place, NEW YORK. iin other mill in the world.” est y in patterns and unsurpassed in low prices. New Y riluctrated Catalogues and Price Lists on application. FOUNDRYMEN’S METALLIO Pattern Letters and Figures, To put on patterns of castings. All sizes, Re need prices, _Mofd. b » H.W. Knight Seneca Falla, NV. a a oe) THOMPSON’S PATENT FOR Wet Pulverization of Rocks, Ores, Rolling Mill Fix AND OTHER MATERIAL, EITHER COARSE OR TO AN IMPALPABLE POWDER. STEPHEN P. M. TASKER, SOLE MANUFACTURER, Care of MORRIS, TASKER & CO., Limited, PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. Centrifugal force applied to a rolling ball for the purpose of pulverizing. Tested thoroughly and guaranteed to yield a greater wwe product of pulverized material of equal fineness in a given time with less wear, less power, less first cost and less cost for repairs than stamps or any other pulverizer. J. A, EMERICK. HOWARD EVANS. poo oo A al TOOLS, FOUNDRY FACINC, MOLDING SAND, FOUNDRY SUPPLIES, @ J. A. EMERICK & CO., 1056 to 1076 Beach St., PHILADELPHIA. DETROIT STAMPING CO., DETROIT, MICH. BRASS, BRONZE, COPPER, TIN, And other Sheet ala Goods to order. ______—~ELECTRO-PLAT PLATING IN N ALL Its BRANCHES. BROWN’S ADJUSTABEE PIPE TONGS. | Made from best se- lected lron. Tr. ae Leads| address “Nhe “Ashcrort Mrs. Co., 111 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORE. Bergen Port Spelter. WORKS & FURNACES, MINES : Lehigh Valley, Pa. Bergen Port, N. The only Miners and Manufacturers of PURE LEHICH SPELTER From Lehigh Ore. Especially adapted for Cartridge Metal and German Silver. Also manufacturers of BERGEN PORT OXIDE ZINC. Superior for Liquip Pause on account of its body and wearing propert BERCEN PORT ZINC CO. E, A. FISHER, Agent, 13 Burling Slip, a MEDFORD FANCY GOODS CO., 06 Duane Street, New York. RE uh wn. maaan Rs MANUFACTURERS OF Dog Col ollars, Locks BELL The largest aS in inte world. Send for lilustrated THE IRON AGE. METALLURGICAL NOTES. EFFECT OF MANGANESE ON BRASS. An alloy containing 70 per cent. of copper and 30 per cent. of manganese is employed | in Germany as an addition to brass and | bronze, in order to increase the density, the tenacity and the ductility of those metals, The manganese, in consequence of the ease with which it oxidizes, prevents the forma- tion of the oxides of copper or tin, which, in the ordinary process, alter the nature of the product. The employment of metallic man- ener is also recommended for the same purpose. The addition of from \% to 1 per cent. of the manganese, or of from % to 3 per cent. of the alloy of manganese and cop- per, produces castings without blow-holes. A larger proportion of manganese hardens the metal and gives to the bronze properties | similar to those of steel. PHOSPHORESCENT BLACK FURNACE SLAG. Mr. G, A. Frank gives, in a recent issue of the Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher His- enhuettenleute, a description of a peculiar | phenomenon which was observed at the Saynerhuette a short time ago. The furnace | was producing a superior quality of gray | iron, and the large proportion of basic agents contained in the charges caused the presence of considerable phosphorus in the slag. The charges were composed of about 80 parts of red hematite, 20 parts of brown hematite, and a suitable quantity of lime- stone. The resulting slag differed neither in outward appearance nor in chemical com- a from ordinary slag, but, although ard and compact while hot, it soon crum- bled to dust on cooling, emitting at the same time a light similar to that produced by ap- A 2 spele7 i a 3 ‘caution is necessary when manganese is present, or where the titration is performed | in a hydrochloric acid solution. We are pre- pared to state that, by observing the above precautions, scientific accuracy may be at- tained. Nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.2) is poured upon the filter residue, which readily dis- solves the lead and silver, also the copper, if present. After removing the nitrates by hot water, the silica, with filter paper, is transferred to a porcelain crucible, gently | dried, then ignited as usual. It will be seen that while we have detailed a method by which the lead and silver salts may be expe- ditiously removed from the silica, thereby greatly increasing the purity of the residue, yet we still have to contend with aluminium silicate and barium sulphate. We are free | to confess we know at present of no way in | which these difficulties may be practically obviated. Fusion with sodium carbonate is | w holly impracticable, when so many assays have to be made ; the expulsion of the silica by means of hy drofluoric acid in a platinum | crucible, is perhaps the nearest approach we | have for the solution of this very vexing |problem. In very many districts through- | out the Western States neither clay nor | barite is found to contaminate the ores in an |appreciable quantity, but the presence of much lead and silver are exceeding liable to give analytical errors, in the obviation of which we have found the above method in- valuable. BRONZING COPPER, At the Paris, mint medals are bronzed by boiling them for a — r of an hour in the following solution : verized verdigris, 500 grams. ; pulverized sal ammoniac, 475 grams. ; strong vinegar, 160 — ; water, 2 liters. An untinn iler copper is used, and the Regenerative Stoves.—Fig. 3.—(See page 1.) plying friction to phosphorus, without being siento. however, by the characteristic smell of the fumes of that substance, After being perfectly cold the slag no longer emitted any light. This phenomenon was observed on several occasions, and analyses of the iron, slag and charges gave the fol- lowing results : Charge. | Iron. | Blag. —_- ———- I | a SiO, = 14.288) Si= 1.092 | ao = 38.715 CaO = 24.334) Ca= 0.734 = 45-452 MgO = dist trace, Mg = trace = 0.879 MnO,= * Mm= o.277 |MnO, } —s = 52.292 Fe = 97.432 Ress = 15.049 s= &. 558) Al= 0.000 jAlo AB O, = 0.258 P= o.18 Bo, = 0.045 99-726) 99.716 100,140 SEPARATION OF LEAD SULPHATE AND SILVER SALTS FROM SILICIC ACID. There has been published, up to the pres- ent time, no good and practical method for the elimination of large quantities of the sul- phates of lead and of silver salts from silicic acid, and it will, therefore, probably be of interest to our readers to here present the following method, given in the School of Mines Quarterly by M. W. Lles, of the Grant Smelting Company, Leadville, Col.: Take to 1 gram of ore from the “ agsay sam- ple” and weigh out roughly the requisite amount. Inasmuch as the assay sample (representing an average of from 25 to 200 tons of ore) has only a sufficient fineness to pass through an 80-mesh sieve, the amount weighed out is transferred to an agate mor- tar, and finely powdered. Next weigh ac- curately the amount to be used, and place it in a glass-covered casserole. Pour upon the ore 15 to 25 c. c. of concentrated hydro- chloric acid, and place the containing vere | upon a water-bath ; at the expiration of from three to five minutes the carbon dioxide | and chlorine (in cases of manganese ores) will | be expelled, and no violent action ensues. The portions adhering to the glass cover are washed into the casserole, and the cover is removed. Evaporate to dryness. Generally the first evaporation will be found sufficient, and sometimes it is not necessary to evap- orate at all, when no soluble silica occurs. After evaporating, add about 10 c. c. con- centrated hydrochloric acid, warm, and then add hot water until three-fourths of the casserole is filled; cover, and add directly one or two pieces ‘of zinc. We have now a number of chemical reactions ensuing, which number, of course, varies according to the purity of the ore; all of the reactions, how- "lever, serve to make the determination of the iron and silica more accurate and far more rapid. The iron will soon be re- duced to a protochloride, and a portion of the arsenic and antimony will be eliminated as arseniuretted and antimoniuretted hydro- gen ; the remainder of the antimony will be precipitated in the metallic state upon the zinc. The lead sulphate is decomposed, forming metallic lead and zinc sulphate. The chloride of silver is quickly decom- into metallic silver and zinc chloride. Several other chemical reactions will ensue, but, however, not pertinent to the subject matter under consideration, as, for example, the deposition of metallic copper upon the zinc. We have now lead, silver, antimony and copper in the metallic state, mingled with the silica, and the iron in solution as a proto-salt. Filter, wash until filtrate shows the presence of no chlorides. The iron is estimated in the filtrate with potassium per- manganate, after diluting largely (750 to 1000 ¢. ¢.), and the addition of 20 c. c, con- §centrated sulphuric acid, The above pre- medals are separated from each other by bits of glass or wood. ANTIMONY BRONZE, The admixture of even a small proportion of antimony with copper has generally been considered as very injurious to the qualities of the latter metal, especially when used as an alloy with zinc to produce brass, and the copper smelter has, consequently, on all occasions taken great care to get rid of the impurity. Mr. H. Hussey Vivian, of Swan- sea, England, has, however, found that when copper is alloyed with tin to form bronze, the influence of antimony, in due proportion, is not only not injurious, but tends to increase the strength, durability, hardness and tenacity of the alloy. He has dis- covered that the addition of from \ to 1-5th per cent. of antimony adds materially to the strength of bronze consisting of from 93 to 96 per cent. of copper, and 7 to 4 per cent. of tin; more antimony being added as the tin is reduced, about 0.3 per cent. being added for each unit of tin reduced. He has also discovered that bronze so alloyed may be cast, rolled and drawn into sheets, wire tubes and the like ; that it is malleable, duc- tile and resists torsion in a very high degree, as well as the rending action of gunpowder in artillery, and the action of sea water and acid solutions. He also finds that the addi- tion of from 1 to 2 per cent. of antimony to bronze bearing metal materially increases its durability and reduces the friction of moving parts. In order to obtain good results it is recommended that best selected copper and tin should be used, and that antimony should be added in the form of an alloy of copper and antimony. An alloy containing 70 parts | of copper and 30 of antimony has been used | with success. In practice, Mr. Vivian melts the copper in a plumbago pot and then gradually adds the antimony ; after stirring, | the contents are allowed to solidify in the pot, in order to avoid the loss of antimony conse- quent on pouring. During fusion the copper is covered with a small quantity of charco az To make the final alloy he first melts the copper by itself until it reaches the boiling point (the boiling point is indicated by the tremu- lous motion of a metal rod when inserted in the molten copper), and then adds the tin and the antimony alloy first described, well stirring the metal at the time, and then brings it again to the “‘ boiling point” ; it is then taken from the furnace, and well stirred before pouring into the molds, Suc- cessful results have also been obtained by adding tin and antimony directly to the molten copper, without forming a primary alloy as above described. THE DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR IN PYRITES. A process affording an accurate and ex- peditious means of determining the quantity of sulphur in pyrites consists in the following modification of the usual potassium chlorate method. A small amount of finely ground pyrites—half a gram., for example—is mixed in « large platinum capsule with the well known mixture of six parts sodium carbon- ate and one part potassium chlorate. The mixing is effected with a platinum spatula, and is then made more complete by gentle rubbing with an agate pestle fixed to a wooden handle. The whole is then fused over the blast lamp and treated with water. The solution so obtained is poured into a beaker containing an excess of hydrochloric acid, and is finally filtered. To the heated filtrate hot barium chloride is added, and a gentle heat is then applied until the liquid above the precipitate has become clear. Tho burnt ores in sulphuric acid works have been for a long time assayed for sulphur by —_ i. a i Ae ae Meares « = PO oe See eee ee —— = Ps aK nel ey eet N. ¥. 764. ms, NS, 0. Agent, er. Ores IN. nd and April 6, 1882. THH LRHON AG £ron. Xeon. eran fi ‘ se "PHILADELPHIA. PHILADELPHIA. Edward J. Etting, |" cox 230 S. Third St., Philadelphia, Ia. Pig, Bar and Railroad Iron OLD RAILS, SCRAP, £o. Agent for the MOUNT SAVAGE FIRE BRICK The Allentown Iron Co, and The Coleraine Furnaces. STORAGE WHARF AND YARD DELAWARE AVENUE ABOVE CALLOWHILL STREET, connected by track with railroad. Cash advances made on Iron. HENRY LEVIS & CO., Manufacturers’ Agents Iron and Steel Rails, Car Wheels, Boiler and _ Sheet Iron = General Railway ments. Old Rails, Axles, and eels bought and sold. 234 8. 4th St., Philadelphia. Siemens’ Regenerative GAS FURNACE. RICHMOND & POTTS, 119 8. Fourth St+. PHILADELPHIA, PA. | The Gambria Iron and Steel Works, Having enjoyed for over TWENTY-FIVE YEARS the reputation of producing the best quality of RAIIS;, have now an annual capacity of 930,000 Tons of Iron and Steel Rails, Splice Bars, &c. ADDRESS, CAMBRIA IRON COMPANY, No. 218 South 4th Street, Philadelphia. 407 Wainut St., Philadelphia, Exclusive SALES AGENT ORES, Also celebrated ** Brotherton” Ore. -D. W.R. READ & CO. Importers and dealers in Or at the Works, JOHNSTOWN, PA. Or LENOX SMITH, New York Selling Agent, 46 Pine St., N. ¥. THE PHCENIX IRON CO., 410 Walnut Street, PHILADELPHIA. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Beams, Deck Beams, Channels, Angle & Tee Bars, TE AIGHT AND CURVED TO TEMPLA ° testes eat in the construction of Iron Vessels, Buildings and Bridges. WROUCHT IRON ROOF TRUSSES, CIRDERS & JOISTS, Framing used in the construction of Fire Proof Buildings, PATENT WROUGHT IRON COLUMNS, WELDLESS EYE BARS, and built up shapes for Iron Bridges. REFINED BAR, SHAFTING, and every variety of SHAPE ~ cle — Plans and Specifications furnished. Address DAVID R . es _ NEW YORK AGENTS, MILLIKEN & SMITH, 95 Liberty Street. BOSTON AGENTS, FRED. A. HOUDLETTE & CO., 19 Batterymarch St. ALAN WOOD & CoO., MANUFACTURERS OF Patent Planished, Galvanized, Common, Best Refined, PLATE c«c SHEET IRON. No. 519 Arch 8t., Philadelphia, Pa. rrugated, Gasholder, Pan and Elbow, Water Pipe, Smoke Stack, Ordern solieiie’ expose Se OF. Ferruie, Locomotive Headlight and Jacket Iron, SE AAMOBJAS. ROWLAND & CO, 920 North Delaware Ave., - PHILADELPHIA, PENCOYD IRON WORKS. PIC IRON ENCLISH FIRE BRICK. 205% Walnut St., PHILADELPHIA. NEW YORK, LONDON. BALTIMORE, J. J. MOHR, Sole Agent for gold and Lynchburg, PIG IRON, Car Wheel Charcoal Pig Iron. 430 Wainut St.. PHILADELPHIA, PA 23d and Race Sts., Philadelphia. Cleaned and Charcoal Bicom IRON CASTINGS to order. Correspondence solicited. Isaac V. Liorp. LLOYD & LINDSAY, No. 328 Walnut St., PHILADELPHIA Brokers aud General Dealers in Supplies, Bar, Plete and Sheet Iron, Vig iron, Rails and Fastenings, Muck Bars, Bleoms, Boiler Tubes, Wrought Iron Pipe, &c Old Rails and Scrap Iron. J. 0. RICHARDSON, Manufacturers of the ANVIL BRAND REFINED MERCHANT BAR IRON. Nails, cut from No. 232 Dock St., Philadelphia. Iron Ores. Sole Agent for the MONOCACY FURNACE CO, Also, the James Rowland & Co. Kensington > DEALER IN their Refined Anvil stock. Also, Plow and Cultivator Steel; Skelp Iron a specialty; also Rounds, Squares, Flats, Bands and Hoop Iron. And other Favorite Brands. SILVER GREY IRON A SPECIALTY. J. W. HOFFMAN & CO., TRON BROKER anp COMMISSION MERCHANT, J. Wesley Pullman, Chester Iron Co.’s Blue, Red and Hoft BESSEMER, FOUNDRY AND FORGE Jefferson and Mt. Penn Cold Blast NORTH BROS. Fine Light and Medium-Weight GRAY Jas. G. LINDSAY. Florida Yellow Pine, cargo lotg. IRON COMMISSION MERCHANT, Pig Iron, Railroad Iron and MOSELEM, ROCKHILL, WARWICK, i. Evan, JUSTICE COX, JR. & CO., AGENTS FOR CHICKIES, ST. CHARLES, MONTGOMERY . WARWICK, CONEWAGO AND KEYSTONE Foundry & Forge Pig Iron. SHAWNEE ROLLING MILL CO., Limited, ) Best Quality Muck Bar. CATASAUQUA MFG, COS Bar, Angle, Skelp and Sheet Iron. Railroad Car Axles. New and Old Rails. No. 333 Walnut St., 307 Walnut Street, Phtiadelphia, 55 Broadway, New York, 44 Second Street, Baltimore, Importers of German and English FOREIGN & NATIVE | SPIEGELEISEN, BESSEMER ORES. Pig, Scrap, NEW AND OLD RAILS, And Iron Ore. 42 Fou! Sty 57Greehwer st, 078.68, JEROME KEELEY & CO., 206 Walnut Place, Philadelphia, SELLING AGENTS FOR CHARCOAL and ANTHRACITE BLOOMS, PIG IRON, BAR IRON, SHEET IRON, STEEL and IRON RAILS ds and OUOKE. MUCK BARS, H 2 Ok Ste Sheridan, Leesport, Ring- Rails, 8 rap iron, &e. astins ond uate cane IRON CLAD STEEL RAILS and BARS, GNETIC and HEMATITE IRON ORES FIRE BRICK, COAL of Iron and Coal properties. E. H. Wilson. A. Kaiser. J. B. M. Hirons E. H. WILSON & CO., 230 South Third Street, Philadelphia, BROKERS AND DEALERS IN IRON AND STEEL. Correspondence solicited. 206 S. Fourth St., PHILADELPHIA. SPECIALTIES: NEW AND OLD RAILS, BLOOMS, BESSEMER PI@, AND STANDARD STEEL WORKS. LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR WHEEL TIRES, Manufactured from the celebrated OTIS STEEL. low as any of the same quality. We manufacture Heavy and Light Forgings, Driving and Car Axles, 8, c. > A. & P. ROBERTS & CO., 6F fi iron Merchants & Railway Equipments, ae a . Manufacturers of “4 208 Seuth Fourth St., Philadelphia, ve STANDARD. Zw L.. ao A RF A x L; a ay i ‘andl manurascarers of Muck Bar and all grades of Plate | Quality and efMficiency fully guaranteed. Prices as mn. “Glasgow” and ** Pine’’ > BAR, ANGLE, TEE AND CHANNEL IRON. Berni date sat ciseape a EMG, fal Crank Pins, Piston Ro: Office, No. 265 S. Fourth St., Philadelphia. Agents for the sale of Glamorgan Pig Iron. G. A. 8. Frank SHARPLESS. Selling Agents and Commission Merchants " For the sale of lack, Sheet, Pipe and Railroad IRON. + No, 333 Walnut St., Phila. Charcoal Blbom and Pig a'bpecialty. IRON. ss STEEL SCRAP OF ALL KINDS A SPECIALTY. First Quality Muck Bars. SHIMER & CO., Late of and successors to W. HUTTON & CO., 250 8S. Third St., Philadelphia. QUAKER CITY FACING MILLS, Pier 45 North Delaware Avenue, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Please send for Special Price List of our celebrated Machinery Facings. Mineral Facing, X Facing, Stove Plate Facing, XL Facing, XX Facing, Lead Facing, Charcoal Facing, Anthracite Facing, Bituminous Facing, Soapstone Facing, Lehigh Facing, Sea Coal Facing. MANUFACTURERS OF FOUNDRY SUPPLIES. Riddles, Shovels, Steel Wire Brushes, Bellows, Screens, Buckets, Bristle Brushes, Mallets, Sand Sif | Wheelbarrows, Rammers. On all capacity insures prompt shipment of orders by telegram. 7. Ww. PAXSTSON cl CO., DEALERS IN MOULDING SAND. Joseph P. Reed. R. Hope Hepburn. JOSEPH P. REED «& CO., Iron Brokers and Commission Merchanis, 265 8S. Fourth St., Philadelphia. Sole Agents for ‘RIDGEVIEW COAL AND COKE CO., Latrobe. J.D. BOYLE’S CONNELLSVILLE COKE, HARBISON & WALKER’S FIRE BRICKS, MAGNETIC and HEMATITE IRON ORES a Specialty. FRANCIS WISTER, Sole Eastern Agent for A. A. HUTCHINSON & BRO. CONNELLSVILLE COKE. ORES, Native and Foreign. 230 South Third Street, Philadelphia. “ALLENTOWN ROLLING MILL COMPANY, Rails, Bars, Axles, Shafting, Fish Bars (Plain and Angle), Spikes, Rivets, Bolts and Nuts, &c. Bridges and Turn Tables. ieveral Office, 237 South Third St., Philadelphia. Works at Allentown, Pa. 216 south 4th Street, - SELLING JAMES ©, BOOTH. THOMAS H. GARRBTT. ANDREW A. BLAU. BOOTH, CARRETT & BLAIR, Analytical and Consulting Chemists, 919 and 921 Chant St. (10th St. above Chestnut St.), PHILADELPHIA PA, Established in 1836. Analyses of Ores, Waters, Metals and Alloys of all kinds. A special department-for the ANALYSIS OF IRON AND STEEL, ted wi tus and appliances for the rapid and accurate analysis of Iron Steel, Iron a Slant Ge sooner < Cla = Fire Sands &c, Agents for sampling ores in New York and Zaltimore, Price lists on application, Toggles, Ey HEBERTON & Co., LANGHORNE WISTER. 816 Richmond Street, DL & C0., Philadelphia, Iron € sé BRB, i All Chains 4 furnished. Dredging, Mining and Crane Ohains, Rafting Chains, Works at Lewistown, Pa, Office, 3:20 8. 4th St., Philadelphia, Pa. RODMAN WISTER. L. & R. WISTER, Pig, aeeom. Plate, Bar, Sorap, Galvanized, i R © | B R oO K E RS. Agents for the Clearfield Fire Brick Co.’s Fire Bricks. No. 230 South 4th 8t., Philadelphia. Fe [KEYSTONE HORSE SHOE CO., 17th and Clearfield Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Manufacturers of the Keystone Patent Solid Steel Calk Horse and Mule Shoes, | ‘These Shoes are made of superior iron and steel, |completely finished and ready for cold shoeing; have clip and solid steel calx. The holes are punched through at the proper angles and free from burrs. Same number of Shoes per keg as in kegs of unfinished shoes. J. F. BAILEY « Co., - PHILADELPHIA, AGENTS, Pottsville Iron & Steel Co.’s Beams, Angles, Channels, Rails and Bars, A. & P. ROBERTS & CO.’S Car Axles, Plates, Channels, Tees, Angles and Bar Iron. Universal and Sheared Plates for Bridge and Other Work. Special attention given to all kinds of Structural Irons. Manufacturers of lad Steel Chain and the Celebrated DD. G.” Special Crane Chain. carefully tested and examined and certificate of psoof re Bolts and Log Dogs, CHARLES K. BARNS, Philadelphia. PETER WRIGHT & SONS. BLAKEY & WALBAUM. Spiegeleisen Iron Ores ‘| Railroad Supplies Generally. Iron and Steel, Railway Equipments and 5 Scputaptementenmarneell this proeess, which has in every case given satisfactory results. THE BASIC PROCESS IN FRANCE. The results of the experience of M. Wal- rand, Valenciennes, France, in connection with the basic process at Creusdét, have re- cently been published in an exchange from which we take the following interesting statements. France, Luxembourg and Al- sace-Lorraine are considered likely to derive most benefit from the process, and with steel ingots at $19 the finished rails may easily be turned out at $24. The dolomite most suit- able for the basic lining is comprised between the following limits : Seo r00 cape bys Pues cuin ds weasedacness 4to — Alumina and iron oxide.......... ........ 4to 8 OCT bGVSe¥iseded S0Cuueseavadntscestbes s2to 28 se Se Fide ittesacsoances'’s 1 —to 8 ONIN ci x0bd066euia) Resectionts 40to 46 bbe 4 bev sWUeae ade Ga asaddanch 100 =—s« 00 The converter may be lined with the basic mass either when in the state of a soft paste or in the form of burnt bricks, the former method, however, being not only the more economical, but also the more desirable one, as far as durability and ease of application is concerned. The bottom of the converter, as we stated some time ago, consists of silicious tuyeres and basic puddle, capable of standing from 18 to 20 hours, The lining and the bottoms in most cases last sufficiently long to be able to work continuously with a pit of two converters. The quality of pig iron best adapted for treatment in the basic converter would appear to be that of the following composition : as 64 bn keehaS Ord tKcdkssudei ios oes o.stoo.r och x a05 5460 bneadedaletess cries —tor.s thin cays vanbeeec te need ukwes Beker 0.6 tO 0.13 IN xix dand ae cpescastonsans ees 2.5tor.2 The silicon is objectionable since it prolongs the overblow, but it cannot be entirely dis- pensed with for some reasons. Manganese favors the elimination of the sulphur, and with 1 to 1.5 per cent. of manganese, 0.15 of sulphur may be tolerated, which would not be possible in the case of a pig entirely de- ficient in this substance. The proportion of sulphur in the pig may be appreciably higher than that given above if it is to be remelted. By melting in a cupola a mixture of sulphur- ous pig iron and spiegel together with a cer- tain proportion of limestone, nearly all the sulphur is eliminated, pigs containing 0.7 to I per cent of this substance—retaining only 0.08 to 0.12 per cent. on leaving the cupola, and yielding dephosphorized steel with from 0.03 to 0.04 of sulphur. It is quite possible to produce hard and mild steels by the basie process, depending ina great measure on the percentage of manganese contained in the pig iron. Dephosphorized steel is per- haps more spongy than hematite steel, but this may hardly be considered a serious ob jection in the case of mild steels, as they always have blow-holes. In hard steels the latter are near the skin of the ingot, and have a tendency to tear, resulting in a bad appearance. In the case of varieties of dephosphorized steel, the proportion of sulphur should perhaps not exceed 0.06 per cent., and with less than 0.04 per cent. the rolled material will be satisfactory in every respect, since the blow-holes will be drawn out without being torn, and will finally dis- appear. It is probable that this defect might in many cases be overcome by diminishin the pressure of the first grooves of the ro train to which the ingot is subjected. ———_—_—_———EE Technical Education. Writing of technical education in England, the American Consul at Bradford says that more than twenty years ago the Swiss Gov- ernment established in Zurich a general sci- entific institution, instructing in applied mechanics, vhysics and the arts. The cost is $100,000 a year, which is cheerfully borne by @ population not larger than dwell within five miles from the City Hall in this city. After other Continental! countries had main- tained such schools many years, the subject was taken up in England. The Consul sums up his idea of these schools as being in- tended to supplement the education of the ordinary school by that especially calculated to increase knowledge of each man’s trade or business, so that he may