The Iron Age 1881-06-02: Vol 27 Iss 22

The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by DAVID WILLIAMS, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. Vol. XXVIII; No. 22. 82°50 a rear, Including Postage. Single Copies, Zen Cents. New York, Thursday, June 2, 1881. The First Rolling Mill in America. results still. As it is, the average life of a| working order, and proved to have a tem- bottom at Hoerde hus been 8 blows, and has | perature of about 2000° C. (3632’ F.) But reached 16. Their destruction not alone | when the intensity of the red and of the involves a loss of time and money, but the green of the two spectra had been rendered neck of the converter is filled up by materials | equal, variations were observed which indi- loosened from the bottom. When separate | eated that the temperature of the furnace tuyere blocks are used, they are made either! varied from 2000 C. both wavs. These of the same materials or of ordinary refrac- variations are easily explained by the smoke tory material. They do not outlast more | in the furnace, and by the mixture of gaseous than two or three blows. At Witkowitzen-! layers of different composition and different tire brick bottoms have been tried with some | nature at times. Sudden changes are brought Grouud Companies to lay underground wires | which had been obtained during the blowing or conduits under certain streets, provided | of a charge ina basic converter. The metal one chamber be given free of charge to the | obtained held 0.145 per cent. of sulphur, but city. The companies are to give bond for | it took three hours to effect the operation, so the faithful performance. that it was too costly. Later, at Chamond, France, M. Rollet treated pig iron holding 0.820 and 0.318 per cent. respectively, and obtained a metal holding 0.088 and 0.015 per cent., with, it is stated, better results in other respects also. BY W. H. HARRISON.* The accompanying plans and elevations show the machinery of the first rolling mill built at Middleboro, Mass., for Peter Oliver, one of the Crown Judges in the province and a brother of Andrew Oliver, the Lieutenant- Governor, in the year 1751. They possess EE - METALLURGICAL NOTES. THE ELIMINATION OF SULPHUR FROM PIG. In a communication to the Société de ?In- Lae THE BOTTOMS OF BASIC CONVERTERS. success. From ell that Prof. little scientific interest perhaps, but it is proper for this society to put on record, at its first meeting in New England, some account of the work of this section in the olden time. The designer and builder is unknown. The great man who made the money was Judge Oliver, who is now noted in local histories on account of his political eonnec- tions, rather than for his knowledge of iron works, He was a native of Birmingham, England, and on this account may have had some knowledge of the business. At the time the mill was built there was a law prohibiting the making, importing or using of machinery for rolling or slitting iron in the colonies. This was to protect the home manufacturers. Judge Oliver, on account of his political connections, was granted a special privilege to import and use this machinery; hence it is supposed that this was the first mill for rolling and slitting iron that was built in America. The Judge worked the mill till 1776, when he embarked in great haste for England on board of a British man-of-war. The mill passed into other hands, and was worked with varying success until 1830, when it was abandoned. S. Tilden, Esy., of New Castile, Pa., fur- nished a description and dimensions of the mill and the method of operating it in the year 1818, at which time he was working in it as a boy. The business of the mill was to roll down the hammered bars made at the charcoal forges with bars about 3 x ¢ inches, and slit them down into nail rods of 5-16 inch ‘width, There were no such things as cut nails previous to 1818. The bottom roll of the rolling mill was driven by an undershot water wheel, 13 feet diameter and ro feet face, at the left-hand side, and the bottom roll of the slitter by a similar wheel at the right-hand side, 8 feet further up the stream. The top roll of the mill was driven by a counter-shaft and 8-foot cog-wheel, gearing into a similar cog wheel on the right-hand water-wheel shaft, and the top roll of the slitter by a similar wheel gearing to the left-hand water-wheel shaft. ‘The speed could be equalized between top and bottom rolls by raising or lowering the gates a trifle, until the bars would come through without turning up or down. The shear was operated by a wrought-iron lever, which was lifted up by a cog upon the water-wheel shaft, as shown in the plan. The roll stands consisted of bed plates, as shown, each with four wrought-iron posts 5 inches in diameter, keyed below. The bolsters forming the top and bottom sup- ports for the wicks, or journals of the rolis, were all cast iron from the same pattern, with a hole at each erd, by which they could be slipped over the columns and cob- bled up with blocks and wedges in the man- ner familiar to rolling-mill men. The rolls were tightened or loosened by driving the long keys at the top of the columns. The rolls were 36 inches long by 15 inches at the ends, which were chilled ; the necks were 9 inches in diameter. The iron was reduced, in four passes, from 3 x3 inches to % x3 inches. The spindles were of wrought iron, 6 inches square. Water- wheels, cog-wheels and shafts were of wood, with cast-iron gadgeons running in tunber boxes. The head of water was about 10 feet, and the speed about 15 revolutions per minute. The iron came from the forges 3 x 3¢ inches by 8 feet, and was cut into three lengths, heated in the furnace with fine sticks, then rolled and slit into nail rods. In 1818 Capt. Zenas Crooker was the man- ager, and some eight men were employed at about $1 per day. Six heats of about 800 pounds each were made in 12 hours’ run- ning; one pint or more of rum was con- sumed for each heat, according to the weather. The value of the forge iron was $100 per ton; of nail rods, $120; and nails were 12% cents, or ‘* a pound. The rods were put up in bundles of 56 pounds, and the nailers who had their little shops around the country were expected to bring back 50 pounds of headed and pointed nails, receiving ‘‘store pay” of calico, tea, rum, molasses, &c. About 1818 Mr. Jesse Reed, of Kingston, Mass., brought out the machine for cutting nails in pretty much the same form as it exists to-day. This did away with the old business of slitting, except for horseshoe nail rods. But the old mill was kept running, making flat plates, from which nails were cut across the bar, the forge iron being of such good quality as to admit of this treatment. Improvements in rolling followed; the timber fuel got scarce, and the old mill was abandoned and wrecked. — — LL — = Underground telegraphy is to have a trial in Philadelphia, the city councils committee on police and fire alarm telegraph having, by a vote of 11 to 5, after a long debato, adopted a resolution granting permission to the National and Municipal Electric Under eM * A paper read before the American Society of echanical Engineers, dustrie Minérale, M. Rollet has given the re- sults of some preliminary experiments made Prof. Richard Akerman, in an admirable to desulphurize pig irou, with a view to | review of the basic process, gives some data Accord- making it fit for the basic process. TTT TT nena es IT PIREHEY IefocieUIEE »F | a HEHE Ww hee | of interest as to the making of bottoms for ae about by a change from an oxidizing to a states it is evident, however, that f reducing flame. During the time between Europeans are strongly backward in fiis }reversing the valves, slow and regular vari- respect, and submit to a loss of time whieh ations of temperature have been observed, | Furnace Ristibdebedibeideiaadainpndieiniqion Fig. 1.—Elevation. Arch over Race Tai) Race. | | i! Top Roll Mill Bue Lal On ~~ oct To Bot.Roll | | re DO! TTT ing to circumstances, among which the|the converters at various European works. presence of manganese seems to be the most| In most of the works the bottoms are potent, the elimination of sulphur during the blow ranges from 40 to 75 per cent. This may bar some grades of pig, otherwise suit- able, from being used in the Thomas process, because even high heats and an excess of lime in the blast furnace may not bring the pig to proper quality, especially with sili- cious ores. M. Rollet has made a series of experiments, in order to prove that it would be possible to separate the sulphur from the pig by melting it with very basic cinder. In crucibles this has proved very successful, the reduction of the sulphur being, for in- stance, from 0.552 to 0.050, and from 0.634 to 0.019 without much change of the ay of the other constituents. He c 75,077 pounds of pig, holding 0.847 per cent. of sulphur, into a reverberatory furnace, adding 660 pounds of cinder, half of eos a Deke, DLO | Tail Race Fig. 2.—FPlan. THE FIRST ROLLING MILL IN AMERICA. would never be tolerated in an American establishment. rammed << mixture of saed banat dolo- | THE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF HIGH mite ground to a coarse powder, to which onene to 7 per cent. of coal tar ca been added. it ares sonia is said that at Witkowitz pulverized lime is| M. A. Crova has communicated to the also added. The bottoms are rammed with | Revue Industrielle a brief general account of warm rammers, and there must be at least some experiments made at the Creusot Steel 40 to 50 layers im a thickness of 16 to 17 | Works to determine high temperatures by inches. The tuyeres are either formed byram-| optical means. The first triais were made ming around steel pins which are afterward | with open-hearth furnaces, and it was found withdrawn, or around iron plugs, in place of | that the simplest and most convenient way which tuyere blocks are afterward put. | consisted in projecting, by means of a lens The bottoms are exposed to a red heat at| upon the reflecting prism of a spectro- Hoerde, while at Ruhrort, when their dura-| pyrometer, the image of a circular orifice bility is better, they are inclosed during the | through the door of the furnace. It was burning in iron molds provided with an iron | easy to observe in this way—even in full day- cover, and Prof. Akerman hints that this light—the two spectral bands of the red and method is preferable, and that another pro-| green regions, of which one was obtained cess to be brought out at an early date, tend-| from the lamp and the other from the light ing in the same direction, promises better | of the furnace. The latter was in regular starting with a maximum ; soon after revers- ing, the temperature sank gradually as the regenerators lost their reserves of heat by the passage of the air. The opening and closing of the working doors, too, caused passing variations. M. Crova and engineers Bouvard and Osmond, who co-operated with him, made experiments during the casting of an open-hearth charge also. The time required for casting is long enough to make several determinations possible and to allow them to be controlled by different observers. The temperature was about 2000° C. and the measurements were particularly exact with steel for large ingots, and the gentle- men believe that they possess a practical value. The temperature of pig iron when being run into the neck of a Bessemer con- verter varied, according to measurements made, from 1110° to 1150° C, (2030° to 2100” F.) The measurement of temperatures below 1000° C, presented difficulties. SOME PROPERTIES OF BASIC CINDER. M. Alexandre Pourcel, of Terrenoire, who is probably the ablest critic of the basic pro- cess in Europe, and who has contributed much toward a better understanding of the chemical reactions accompanying it, has recently communicated to the Société de Industrie Minerale, of St. Etienne, the results of some interesting experiments. It was held by M. Rollet that a sufficiently basic silico-phosphate of lime, magnesia and alumina did not yield its phosphorus to melted pig in contact with it, but that if this silico-phosphate was mixed with phos- phate of iron the latter is reduced by the pig, which absorbs the phosphorus. The matter is an important one, as it affects the question under what circumstances phosphorus is driven back into steel by the final addition of spiegeleisen or ferromanganese. The fol- lowing experiments were made : In a plum- bago crucible lined with calcined dolomite, one kilogram of white pig, holding 0.06 per cent. of phosphorus, was mixed with 225 grams of a cinder prepared so as to con- tain : WR I ook 15.00 | “Magnesia seeeeevese 10.62 Phosphoric acid 9-40| Alumina.......... 5.50 Bc cc ceacannks ei! eee 2.73 In two hours the charge was melted. The iron cast weighed 997 grams, and contained 0.101 per cent. of phosphorus, while the melted cinder held 14.30 per cent. of silica and 10.44 per cent. of phosphoric acid. Notwithstanding its prolonged contact with the silico-phosphate the pig had absorbed but little phosphorus, and it is reasonable to assume that during the short reaction of the basic process much less would be taken up. The same experiment was repeated in a plumbago crucible lined with ‘‘ vegetable black,” and the cinder was so chosen as to hold the same quantity of phosphoric acid, but 20 per cent. of silica. In this case the pig, after melting, contained 0.605 per cent. of phosphorus, In a third experiment in a crucible prepared in the same way, a kilo- gram of the same pig was melted with a a mixture of 112 grams of the cinder used for the first experiment, and 41 grams of phosphate of iron containing approximately 15.5 grams of phosphoric acid and 25.5 grams of oxide of iron. This cinder was, therefore, composed as follows : Silica 10.90 | Magnesia. ........ 7.80 Phosphoric acid.. 17.30} Alumina.......... 4.00 Lime 43.00 | Oxide of iron,..... 17.00 The iron obtained after melting for two hours held 0.640 per cent. of phosphorus. If the entire quantity of phosphorus had been reduced the metal ought to have held 0.680 per cent. It would follow from this that the reintroduction of phosphorus into the metal during the addition of spiegel is proportionate to the quantity of phosphate of iron dissolved in the cinder, and to the quantity of spiegel added. If the phosphorus is present as silico-phosphate of lime it is not much affected. THE CASPERSSON CONVERTER LADLE. Prof. Richard Akerman has addressed the following letter to the Iron and Steel Insti tute: ‘* In consequence of your kind letter of March 31, I have asked for the results of the Caspersson converter ladle, both at Westan- fors and at two other Bessemer works, Nykroppa and Bjomeborg, where the conver- ter ladle has been introduced this year. At Westanfors the results are still correspond ing with those given in my paper. To the 16th instant there has, with the converter ladle, been produced 102,904.35 centners pig iron, 90,550.35 centners (or 88 per cent.) cleaned ingots, and 91.65 centners (or 0.09 per cent.) scrap, but.before the introduction of the converter ladle they only got about 84.5 per cent. cleaned ingots and 2.5 per cent. scrap. At Bjomeborg, when making sof Bessemer iron before the introduction of the Caspersson converter ladle, they got less than 83 per cent. of cleaned iron ingots and 3.4 per cent, scrap, With the converter 2 THE IRON AGE. June-2,'188). Se a ee eR aa Actas. | fActals. SA ive, ete. ANSONIA | ThePlume& Atwood BRASS & COPPER CO., Wo. 19 Cliff St) eet, Phelps Bullding, NEW YORE. MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER Warerbury a to SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, Mfg. Company, PHILIP L. MOEN, CHARLES F. WASHBURN, President & Treasurer. Vice President & Secretary. Washburn & Moen Mfg. Co. MANUFACTURERS OF CAPITAL, - - $400,000. | German Silver and Gilding Metal re eee Sagi bs bail Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, e Ri iB WORCESTER. MASS Seamless Brass & Copper GERMAN SILVER, Opper Hivets and burs, \ Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire; owning. emacs AND COPPER TUBING, Eerosene Burners, WI R E D RA W E R S. Patent Galvaniring, Rolling and Tempering, iTANUFACTURERS OF IRON, AND IRON AND STEEL WIRE. Of Every Description. Ansonia Corrugated Stove Platforms. PURE COPPER WIRE COPP ER RIVETS & BU RS, Lamp Trimmings, &c. "prosper Brome Rods for Pump be, |DOOF Hail, Brass Tags, nosphor Bronze Rods fo PS PERCUSSION CAPS, 18 Murray Street, New York. 13 Federal Street, Boston. ANSONIA * REFINED POWDER FLASKS, 109 Lake Street, Chicago. Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape an ke. Rolling Mill, Factories, ___INCOT COPPER. And small Brass Wares of every Descript THOMASTON, Ct.| WATERBURY, Ct. A SPECIALTY MADE OF Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells a Specialty. PHELPS, DODGE & C0. Capewell Mtg. Co.’s Line of Sport- Bridgeport Brass Co,, ing Goods and Wood’s Paper eo ge Shot Shells. | Ils A TIN PLATE, | warerts ves, wartanny,| rect and Roll Brass, ROOFING PLATE, 1189 Eddy St., Providence, R. | Conn. Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, Sheet Iron, Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, |~ German Silver Metal and Wire Fit BP- Manhattan Brass €0.,| copper and tron Rivets. GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE, GALVANIZED TELEPHONE WIRE, PATENT STEEL WIRE BALE TIES, PATENT STEEL BARB FENCING, AND PUMP CHAIN. NEW YORK OFFICE: ST. LOUIS WAREHOUSE: CHICAGO WAREHOUSE: 21 Cliff St, 802 No. Second St. 107 Lake St. MANUFACTURERS OF per ag Manufacturers of OILERS and CUSPADORES, | LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, COPPER AND BRASS. |src tri: | Sirpaccetohemere | Wrens an ranmncs, | wenosene BURNERS, Copper Wire, Broughton Patent Oilers, | Clocks & Fly Fan Movements ELOWARD wo MORSE, Copper Rivets, Brass, Tin & Zinc Oilers,/ particular attention paid to cutting out Blanks and _ _ aaee eet, Ss sNEW OEE. Brass Tabing, Brass Butt Hinges, manufacturing Metal Goods. SCOVIL L MFC CoO ek —— yl nase a — ee a. a Warehouse, 45 Fulton Street, New York, Bridgeport, Com wrray St., N. ¥. MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS Fire Sets, Fenders, &6. | ios. w. rrrou, pres and Tress. A.A. LASAR, Sexy ’ BRASS BLANKS AND TUBES BRASS COPPER AND IRON WIRE CLOTH, OF EVERY DESCRIPTION TO ORDER. HINCES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. Ist Ave., 87th to 28th Sts., New York. | s ie a af eh aaimmnaen nen ee ad BUTTONS, THE NEW HAVEN ; Pre CLOTH AND METAL. OPPER CO ; owpeeleete DEPOTS, FACTORIES, C *9 Wire Cloth, partly ca. es * eee oe | 6255 Pearl Street, New York. en ee 183 Lake St., Chicago. New York City. Manutactarers of and Dealers in No. 8 Mesh, No. 18 Wire. DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO:,|Braziers’ & Sheathing PREP ete eseocasetes Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet Iron, Cooper, COPPER. ___ ST. LOUIS. MO. _ Sept Wire, Zine, Ete. Kettle Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, Rivets Holmes, Booth & Haydens, we Seas acerca 29 & 31 CIM St., cor. Fulton, ’ ’ ’ ’ Sea sae WATERBURY, CONN. tated et ae DICKERSON & CO. Liverscol, NEW Y¥orxK.| Ingot Copper, Spelter, Solder, dc. 5 ae Beeps : | ROME IRON WORKS, JOHN STARR, 49 Chambers St. 18 Federal st. “No. 14 Mesh, No. 21 Wire. No. 16 Moah, No. 23 Wire. ‘No. 18 Mesh, No. 25 Wire, iene Hardware & Metal Broker, Shel oe ROEBLING’S Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop-/"alGW Brass, Copper & German Siver,| Worx® = ROEB Mew Verk Oftes per and German Silver ROLLED AND IN SHEETS. 7 AND san Stadiis thee Ginn oc tes MAN UFACTURERS' AGENT, BRASS & COPPER WIRE Warehouse COPPER & BRASS RIVETS POA Bowe Hees Tt , AND BURS. Representing in the Dominion of Canada several Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs, 117 Liberty Street. American Manufacturers, is ready to accept Rome, New York. further Agencies, Satisfactory references. BRASS & IRON A. C. N O R TH R oO P, _— CHE, DOOR RAIL. erman ver Spoons, WIRE ROPE hits I d Ste ] ‘Waterbury, Opn.» SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, on SRE ee NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER-METAL GOODS} kerosene.Burners, &c. +.) '"o" Steel and Copper | Telegraph Wire, WIRE FOR HARDWARE TRADE. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, | motsting ia al ot on Market Wire, kinds, for Ferries, § Market Wire, Fence Wire Ship Rigging, Sash oui Vineyard Wire. Bridge Wire, Chain Wire, Eightning Rods, &c., &c. Buckle Wire, Spring Wire, THE JOHN A, ROEBLING'S SONS CO, MANUFACTURERS OF Wreenaihe Iron and Brass Machine Screws; Turned, He ‘on, Round and uare Head Cap and Set ; Brass and Iron Safety ana Jack Chain; Gilt, Nickel Plated and it. Trimmings 0} Yr all Brooklyn theeak 2 Copper Co., kinds, trons Sheet Iron, Steel or ' Dealers in Tass. Estimates on patented articles, or any description of Sheet Metal work, respectfully solicited and Suspension Bridge Cables. Rivet Wire, &c., &c. promptly given. Ingot Copper, -Spelter, Lead, Tin “\atimest, Sd OM Ueiele. GALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES. ABRAM 8, HEWITT, President. JAMES HALL, Treasurer. 100 Jobn 8 Seno ueclideh Mes Waste, , WM. HEWITT, Vice President. E. HANSON, Secretary. Se cece epee IRON AND STEEL WIRE ROPE For Hoisting, Running & Standing Ropes, Ferries, &c. OONSTANTLY KEPT ON HAND. TRENTON IRON COMPANY, PASSAIC ZINC C0. INCORPORATED 1847), TRENTON, N. J.. Manufacturers of Manufacturers of eS Pure Spelter Address, HAZARD MFG, CO., Wilkesharre, Luzerne Co., Pa. TRONand STEELWIRE — _ dress, WAZARD MFG, G0... Witanbarve, Lszorse Gea. OF ALL GRADES, Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes FE LT E N & CG UJ i L L E A U M E, BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED;/ © **? 4**rxxe wone- Cariswerk, near Cologne, Germany. PATENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, For Mining and Plow Ropes, Hawsers and Bridge Cables. SIEMENS-MARTIN AND BESSEMER STEEL WIRE, Flusseisen, Swedish and German Charcoal Wire. GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE of Charcoal and Swedish Iron and Steel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths. GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, For Plain, Barb and Strand Fencing, 3, ¢ond 7 ply Ghend, Beopies, &c. Annealed on Oiled Feucing ire, ro WwiRE ROF:E OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. TELEGRAPH CABLES. Contractors to the German and Foreign governments. The oldest house in the braneh on the Con tinent. Telegraph Address, CAKLSWERK, COLOGNE, General Agents for U. 8. and Canada, PERKINS & CHOATE, 23 Nassau St, N, Y. J. WOOL GRISWOLD, | MINERS’ CANDLES, Manufacturer of Superior te any other Light for Mining TAT ZT FR EB = Purposes. Manufactured by JAMES BOYD'S SON, TROY, N. ¥. Nos, 10 & 13 Franklin 8t., New York. Iron and Steel Wire Rods; Galvanizers & Brass Founders. EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. | MANNING & SQUIER, Gen'l Agents, Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal Iron Wires |4,——~> oe Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire, ' |Geo. W. Prentiss & Co., ee eee LYOKE, MASS., Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths, © cartr Aoromias OF New York Office, COOPER, HE Ww ITT & CO., 17 parting =. ~ ourth St. Philadelphia Office, JOHN HEWITT, Agent, 21 North BRODERICK & BASCOM, MANUF! (TTT RRS OF IRON WIRE ROPE, 728 N. Main St, Bright, aseueaeae pe and Tin Plated, Also GUN SCREW WIRE Of all sizes straightened and cut to order. WIRE ROPE, | tHe Schoenberg Metal Mig. Co, SOLDER, TYPE, = Stereotype, Wecizotype and Babbitt Metals, » St. Louis, Mo. Imporsers © ft Block Tin, ntimony, # oh aH leer, & Wy rice ey ultsearet Dean 4 auapd 2 330 Kast 20th Street, eintta heen Avenues Tamn try, and ful skate M\ are speci Every ch Send fc Largest V low prices, Lists on apy ee < WM. L. WIN] Park's Pi at. ) | Lire, ire, —| cing On June z, 1881, 0. LINDEMANN & C0., TRA Manufacturers of all SSN se) 777 ie Japanned, Brass & Tin Plated BIRD CAGES. Catalogues furnished to the trade. 254 Pearl St., NEW YORK. Circulars and THE IRON AGE: CARY & MOEN, Manufacturers of STEEL WIRE forall Ci ST Market Steel Wire, Crino ses and STEEL SP} line Wire, temperéd and covered. SUVITSS IITA VUE MELLEL Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Springs, constantly on hand. 934, 236 and 238 West 29th Street, - STANDARD PADLOCKS. Six Sizes, with and without Chain, BRONZE AND NICKEL PLATED. Prices on Application. YALE LOCK MANFC. CO., STAMFORD, CONN.; NEW YORK, PHILADA., BOSTON AND CHICACO. BROWN & BROTHERS, | 81 Chambers St., N. Y. Waterbury, Conn. Manufacturers of BRASS, COPPER AND GERMAN SILVER, In Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire, Tubing, Rivets and Burs, Etc. ALSO, Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing. PATENTED SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER HOUSE BOILERS, warranted to stand 200 lbs. pressure and guaranteed against vacuum. PATENTED SPRING TEMPERED SHANK, SILVER-PLATED, FLAT TABLE WARE, in rich cosigns. GERMAN SILVER SPOONS AND FORKS. POPE,COLE & Co. BALTIMORE COPPER WORKS, No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD., Have always on hand and for sale INGOT COPPER, Also Cakes, of unequaled purity and toughness. ROLLER SKATES. STRONG, EASY, WELL MADE GRACEFUL AND AND DURABLE. HANDSOME Iam making the best Roller Skates in the coun- try, and they are worn by the best and most skill- ful skaters. MY SCIENTIFIC SKATES are specially suited for beginners as well as adepts. Every child should have a pair. Send for circular. E. T. BARNUM, Wire and Iron Works, 27, 29 and 31 Woodward Avenue, DETROIT, MICH, G. Gunther, Manufacturer of Yj Patented Brass, Silver Plated pitts SS Re and Japanned TT BIRD CAGES hii il} 1} tt : ’ illNinaaas Can be nested for ex- meri » port shipments. 46 Park Place, NEW YORK. Largest variety in patterns and unsurpassed in low orleans, New. lilustrated Catalogues and Price Lists on application. el WM. L. DAVIS, Chelsea, Mass., Manufacturer of WINDOW WEIGHTS, Sole Manufacturer of Park's Patent Folding Lunch Box, | 4, Weod’s Patent Bolt Threading Machine. Worcester, This Advertisement is Changed Every Week. D. J, MORRELL, Chairman, W. S. ROBINSON, Treasurer, GAUTIER STEEL CO.. LIMITED. P, E, CHAPIN, Gen’l Supt. STEEL, WIRE ANNUAL Carriage. Springs. ..........sce0 Horse-Rake Teeth..... aes ki a Steel. Finger Bars............... and SPRINGS. SAPACITY. cael ak Rene ema Ra 25,000 Tons. pc than Wee cee wad te 25,000 * Came eees eee eee 50,000 Pairs. adie ola a Cee ako win 45,000 Sets. ea iw ined kW hana ean 60,000 WORKS, JOHNSTOWN, PENN. Eastern Warehouse, 81 John St., N. Y.; Philada. Warehouse, 505 Commerce St. 2 MOULDING SAND, a = <t eS = <r w tut ~— WHITEHEAD BROS. tT AMERICAN FACING CO. J, A. EMERICK. AN ** MANFRS’ FOUNDRY FACINGS, FS J, A. EMERICK & CO. And Dealers in and shippers of all descriptions MOLDING SANDS and Foundry Supplies. Albany Sand a Specialty. FOUNDRY FACINGS, Shovels, Riddles, Brushes, &c. WM, WHITEHEAD, Treas., 517 W. 15th St., HOWARD EVANS. 1056 & 1076 Beach Street, PHILADELPHIA, fs Established 1810. N.&G, TAYLORGO., PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers, Importers and Dealers in ODD AND REGULAR SIZES TIN AND ROOFING PLATES, Black and Galvanized Sheet Iron, Metals, Wire, Copper, Stamped Ware, Hegisters, &c. WOOD, JENNISON & CO., — Manufacturers of SHAFTING, PULLEYS AND HANGERS—A Specialty, ption. NEW YORK, New York, ladle they now get about 87% per cent. cleaned soft iron ingots, and when making steel they get about 88'4 per cent. cleaned steel ingots, instead of 86 to 87 per cent. steel ingots before the introduction of the converter ladle. Besides these advantages of the converter ladle, the proprietor of the works informs me that after the introduc- | tion of the converter ladle at Bjomeborg the density of the soft iron ingots has been in- creased ty about 7.5 per cent. He also states that the upper ends and the surfaces of the ingots are much better now than be- fore the introduction of the converter ladle. At Nykroppa Bessemer works the results already, before the introduction of the ladle, were very good, as they last year, from 94,355 centners of pig iron, produced there 33,729 centners (or 88.74 per cent.) cleaned ingots, and the manager of the works in- forms me that he was rather skeptical about the effect of the converter ladle. Neverthe- less, it has been introduced at Nykroppa, with the results that they get now 89 58 per cent, cleaned ingots, of which 45 per eent. have been soft iron, with 0.15, or sometimes oO 2 per cent., of carbon, and the manager writes that his doubts about the advantages of the converter ladle have proved thor- oughly wrong, especially as the iron ingots got with the converter ladle are much denser and much better at the upper ends than the iron ingots yot before the introduc- tion of the converter ladle. After a month or so (about) the Caspersson ladle also will! be used at two other Swedish Bessemer works, viz., Sandviken and Forsbacka, where alterations of the works for this pur- pose are going on at present.” THE TERRENOIRE PROCESS OF SOLID STEEL CASTING. The Terrenoire process of melting solid steel castings appears to be gaining ground in Europe. It has been adopted by the Steel Company of Scotland, and it is now stated that it has been introduced at the Bofors works, in Sweden, for the manufac- ture of guns, which upon trial in the Swedish navy have proved quite successful. THE GARNIER PROCESS, In a recent issue of ? Ancre, of St. Dizier, M. F. Laur describes the Garnier process for dephosphorizing pig, which is now being experimented with at the Aubin Works, A reverberatory furnace is provided with a fixed or movable hearth made of some basic material like lime, calcined dolomite, baux- ite, &c, But before every operation this hearth proper is provided with a lining con- sisting of a layer of dry limestone or dolo mite, and over this a thin layer of rich manganiferous ore and limestone. Upon the hearth thus prepared the charge is placed in the ordinary manner. The pig melts, while the limestone in the lining heats up gradually and the carbonic acid in it is driven out, which should not occur until fusion is effected, and for this reason the limestone is well rammed and cov- ered with a dense layer of oxide of iron. Thecarbonic oxide passing through the bath is supposed to bring about the following : It is reduced by contact with the various elements in the pig, thus oxidizing them. The escape of the gases causes a boiling of the bath, and assists the oxidizing action of the air, while the burning of the carbonic oxide formed increases the temperature of ths furnace. The escape of the carbonic acid from the hearth lining gradually destroys the cohesion of the latter, and particles of it rise to the surface of the bath, where they aid dephos- phorization and bring about the formation of a basic cinder. As soon as the formation of carbonic acid has ceased, the temperature in the furnace is run up so that the whole is properly melted. From this description it will be noted that there is little that is new in the Garnier process, but as it has been repeatedly referred to in a mysterious way by technica! journals without any statement of its characteristic features, the above sum- mary of the process has been given. Sa Papers on Practical Founding.— paaia BY EDWARD KIRK, SOFT AND HARD BRUSHES. Some founders use the common long dust- ing brush for brushing the dust from the pattern and follow-board, and removing the loose sand and blacking from the parting of the mold, but brushes are made on purpose for this use that are a great deal handier and cheaper than these common dusting brushes. In all the soft brushes that are made for use in foundries the full-length bristles are used, and they are put in the backs in such a way that one side of the brush can be used aswell as the other, so that, however the brush may be picked up, it is always ready for use. For these soft brushes backs of various shapes are used, One of those that are extensively used is made 8 or 10 inches long and 1% or 2 inches wide. This back always sesmed to me te make a very inconvenient brush. Another back that is extensively used is made 6 inches long and 2% inches wide, being rectangular. This makes a very con- venient brush, for the back can be used for scraping off any lumps on the cope, or re- moving the sand from the tops of the flat gates. A soft brush should never be used too long, for the bristles get worn off so that they are too stiff, and do more harm than good when the parting is brushed off, The hard brushes that are used in stove founding for brushing the patterns, to re- move any dirt or blacking that may have hardened upon them, are made of no definite shape or size; in fact, there are no hard brushes made on purpose for foundry use, and the brushes generally employed are the common scrubbing brushes or horse brushes. Either of these answers the pur- pose equally well, but the horse brushes are usually made better than the scrub- bing brushes, and they last a great deal longer. STOVE MOLDERS’ SHOVELS, The shovels used for tempering and shoveling the sand in stove founding need not be very heavy or stiff, for there is but little strain upon them, the only thing to be shoveled being loose sand. A shovel called Mass.’ , molding shovel is made on purpose for use 3 es | — }in stove foundries and other foundries where light work is made. For these shovels the best of cast stéel is used, and | the shovel is made without any flanges on | the sides ; the best ones have no strap on | the back or rivets through them, but ‘are forged out of one piece, and the blade of the shovel is perfectly smooth up to the handle, These shovels aré finished and polished in the best style, and tho molders geverally clean them off occasionally with a wooden wedge, and oil them every night, keeping them perfectly bright and free from rust until they are worn out. STOVE MOLDERS’ TOOLS The tools required by cach stove molder consist of one shovel for tempering the sand and shoveling it into the flask and riddle ; one of the rammers, Fig. 75, with an iron pane on one end for paneing the sand to the sides and cross bars of the flask, and an iron butt ou the other end for ramming the sand into the flask (some molders also use the other rammer, Fig. 76, for butting off the drag); two riddles, one fine one, a num- ber six or eight ; and one coarse one, a num- ber four or five; one wooden strike-off, whose length varies according to the flisk on which it is to be used: one set-off on which to set the cope when itis lifted off the drag; one pet for parting sand, and one for sponge water ; a sponge or swab for apply- ing water to the parts of the mold where it is desired; one small wooden mallet for rapping the pattern ; one or two of the draw- hooks, Figs. 78 or 79, fordrawing the patterns from tho sand ; two blacking bags, one for heavy and one for light blacking ; one hard brush for brushing the pattern, and one soft brush for brushing the loose sand from the drag when making the parting ; one pair of small hand bellows for blowing the loose sand from the pattern and mold ; one clamp- ing iron for clamping up, and one ladle and shank for pouring off. Besides these are tho small tools used for finishing the mold, and the tools used for taking the castings from the sand. The former are: One small trowel for making the parting and cutting the fillets around the flat gates on the top side of the cope; a small double-ended tool for finishing the mold and dressing the flat gates; a small steel vent wire for venting the mold, and one or two of the draw-hooks, Figs. 78 or 79, for drawing the patterns from the sand. The tools used for taking the castings from the sand are one pair of small pincers for lifting the castings, and a small hammer for rapping the castings to jar the sand from them when they are lifted out of the mold with the pincers. Besides these tools are the sand, patterns, follow- boards, flasks, gate patterns, clamps, &c., which are permanent foundry fixtures in all foundries ‘Lhe cost of these tools to the molder de- pends upon how many of them ‘he has to furnish, and the number he has to furnish depends a great deal upon where he works, for it differs-in different foundries and in different lovalities; At Troy and Albany, and I believe generally through the East, each molder has to furnish or pay for his own shovel, rammer, riddle, strike-off, set- off, spongo, mallet, draw-huoks, blacking bags, brushes, hand bellows, clamping iron ladle and shank, trowel, sticks, vent wire, pincers and hammer; while at Pittsburgh, and I believe generally through the West, he has only to furnish his own rammer, trowel, slicks, vent wire, draw-hooks, sponge, pincers and hammer, and even part of these are often furnished by the founder, for the draw-hooks are generally made by the foundry blacksmith and the castings for the rammers are always made in the foun- dry, and the iron borrowed until the cast- ing is worn out and it is then returned to the scrap pile. There is, therefore, quite a difference between the cost of an Eastern and a Western molder’s outfit, for while the former has to furnish $10 or $15 worth of tools, the latter is required to provide only $2 or $3 worth, and the rest are furnished by the founder and are considered foundry fixtures. There is certainly sumething wrong about this difference in the cost of the tools to the molders and somebody is imposed upon, VENT. When the molten iron comes in contact with the sand of which the mold is made, gas is instantly generated by the heat of the metal, and is formed so rapidly that, if no means were provided for its escape, it would throw the molten iron out at the gate with explosive violence, In cases where a way has been provided for this gas to escape from the surface of the mold, but not out of the flask, it will accumulate between the cast- ing and bottom board after the iron has set, and, if any fire comes in contact with it, it will explode with a loud report, which will often jar the entire foundry building, caus ing the windows to rattle and showers of dust to fall from the cross-beams and rafters. This gas or vent, as it is called by the fonn- ders and molders, is a great deal more abun- dant and troublesome with some grades of sand than with others ; yet it is probably not generated any more rapidly from one grade of sand than from another, and the apparent abundance of it in some sand is caused by the sand being closer and confin- ing the vent, while in others that are more open the vent escapes unnoticed. With the same grade of sand, more vent will be gen erated on one day than another, and in one mold than in another. Thisis caused by the sand being rammed harder or worked wetter, which makes it pack closer and confines the vent more, and makes it more apparent and annoying to the molder. If the sand is too wet, or is of such a nature that it will pack so closely when rammed that the vent can- not escape, or if the mold is of such a shape that the vent cannot escape freely from its surface, then some way must be provided for its escape, or it will be impossible to make a perfect casting. The mold is, therefore, vented with a small pointed wire which is driven into the sand with the hand, forming smal! vent holes in the cope and drag, which extend Almost to the pattern. When the mold is poured the vent escapes from its surface into these vent holes and out of the sand. The number of vent holes required to carry off the vent from the surface of the mold depends a great deal upon the nature of the sand, and the shape and size of the piece that is being molded, With some sand, when making @ — = nae ——EEEE—EE i ~~ — = 4 THE IRON AGE. Fane 2, 1881, ! KUO. | Xr oN. Xvon. Xo. = EON, ~_______—*NEW YORK. NEW YORK. NEW YORK. PITTSBURGH. PITTSBURGH. OGDEN & WALLACE,|A. B. Warner & Son, JOHN W. QUINCY & CO., 98 William Street, New York. see ee | TRON MERGHANTS, Anthracite & Charcoal Pig Irons, Prom BIT] STOO | os 55 wars and $9 Waidinrten Oe.| Pmt tree 0m oe Coreen Of every description kept in stock. BOILER PLATE, BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER, ANTIMONY, NICKEL, &c. agents Ha SS EO BO my | ul dae Sane eae wn | BLACK DIAMOND STEEL. | oer in Teck Rives, All sizes of Cast and Machinery Steel constantly Sole Agents for the celebrated IRON AND METAL DEALERS, on hand. 558, 560, 562 WATER ST., and 902, 904, 906 CHERRY ST., Sacre —|“Kureka,” Pennocks, NEW YORK PIERSON & CO,, “Wawasset,” Lukens, 2c "t3"¢ Ean ae RIE ot 24 & 26 Broadway, 77 & 79 New St., NEW YORK CITY. ht Iron —_ oid Copper, Goamposttion, Brass, “PICKS” of all kinds, Brands of Iron. Alsoall descriptions of Plate, Sheet, | Lead, Pewter, Zine, sé ESOPUS” HORSE SHOE IRON, and Gasometer Iron. Special attention to Locomotive iren. Fire Box Iron a specialty. OXFORD IRON C0.., BEAMS, ANCLES, Tees, Channels, Sheets, Plates. ROME MERCHANT IRON MILLS, G. cxanKe, nocsiver) All descriptions in stock. Manufacturers of the best grade of 4 Bar Iron, Bands and Fine Hoops. Cc ut N al | Q Scrolls, Ovals, one Ovals, Half Rounds yo and Horse Shoe Lro Also from neeeess Pp babis re axD IRON & STEEL. ABEEL BROTHERS, Established 176s by ABEEL & BYVANCK, 25. PARPEN TEE: otf Acont, 658 Joke SPIKES. lron Merchants, =e VAY GERRY & Oe = | J. S. SCRANTON, Sales Agent, 190 South Street and 365 Water, N. Y. yet 0 ts 81, 83 and 85 Washington Street, ULSTERIRON 0 Loaner aT TRU (att) aii NEW YORK. A full assortment of all sizés constantly on hand. W. D. WOOD & CO's : Z Pst4n m= v SNOW SHOES F | N& ROADSTER PATTERN, PATENT Planished Sheet Iron. Patented March 14th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1878 ; Sept. 9th, 18738; Uct. 6th, 1874; Jam. 11, 1876. STEEL TOE CALKS. Guaranteed fully equal in all respects to the Extra 0 i t H IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON, uality Homogeneous Steel ~“So'tare BOILER PLATE by all the principal af E TA L D = A LE RS STEEL PLATES, all descriptions, In the Large cities throughout Cut Nails and Spikes, Plate and Sheet THE UNITED STATES. | lron, all descriptions, And at their Office, 'SHOENBERGER & C0,, 7*s"=* Ill Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. KEYSTONE ROLLING MILL. Cc. KANE, _sPILLAMS, TONG & ‘McDOWELL OLD RAILS, SCRAP IRON, STEEL,, yee @& IN , {RON AND STEELRAILS,OLD RAILS, BURDEN’S SCRAP AND PIG IRON. conv, HORSE SHOES. Siesuiuine avon, PIC IRON, BLOOMS, Pittsburgh, - ‘“ hi © 1 AND ORE. —(_———— Band, Wconcana Scroll Iren, <2 mesteene te PITTSBURGH, PA. Portsmouth Iron and Steel Co., eet Iron, © aaa Successors to ilorway Nall Rods, CAYLORD ROLLING MILL CO N Sh ” ee eeetadh ce siet, om, | CRO, “Burden BeSt? irstsercnn SE Gusnaadiy eet A. R. WHITNEY, TIN PLATES UNION STORAGE CO. STEEL BOILER PLATE, Manufacturer of and Dealer in RECEIVE ON & M ETA LS, lron Storage and Issue Warrants oe ae Steel ON Homogeneous Iron Boiler Also, Plate and Rive PIG IRON, BLOOMS, INGOTS, Merchant Bar. Hoop an — Sheet Iron, Wrought MUCK BAR, RAILS, &c. a Office and ¥ Works : Correspondence relative to establishment of yards at furnaces solicited. General Office, PITTSBURGH, PA. Sable Iron and Nail Works. es ZUG & CO., Manufacturers of the Celebrated SableNails i TLRON Our specialty is in Manufacturing Iron Used in the Con- struction of Fire-Proof Buildings, B es, &c. Agent for Carnegie Bros. & Co., Limited, Pittsburgh, a., Wrought Tron Beams and Channel Iron, Bay State pes Co., Boston, Mass., Boiler Plate and Tank Iron Naylor & Co., Settiens Mass., Homogeneous Steel Plates ane < Compressed Steel Plates Rolled to °'foo Inches. 68 Wall St., New York. JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO., . : eee Boiler Rivets. P ! CG l R O N, Burden Iron Works, H. Burden & Sons, No. 69 Wall St., New York. » wianue Troy, N.Y. ULSTER IRON WORKS. =i esTON BROS. & CO. 90 Broadway, New York, 166 South Street, 267 Front Street, { NEW YORK CITY. BORDEN & LOVELL, Tuckerman, Mulligan & Co BURDEN’S CommissionMerchants/CarmicHar. «emmexs| FA, B, & S. 130,132 & ot a cas +> New York. 70 & 7i West St., Be New York. IRON AND STEEL BOILER PLATE. ULSTER BAR IRON. Lap-Welded Boiler Tubes, &c., Agents for the sale of Agent for Otis’ celebrated Cast Steel Boller Plates, All sizes and shapes in stock. The Coatesville Iron Co, Pottstown Iron The Also Best Grades of Fall River Iron Co.’s Nails, Bands, Hoops & Rods. Laurel Ro Mills, and Union Tube Works ; wr rought AND iron Beams, Angles, Toes, Bivets, &o. ___|Am, & Eng. Ref’d Iron,Common Iron,&c HUGH W. ADAMS & Plonsarnnrk and Sarnhrno y. ADAMS & CO» | Glengarnock and Carnbroe Borden Mining Company’s Cumberland Coals. SCOTCH ‘- Sendo SCOTCH PIG IRON. WILLIAM H. WALLACE & CO., IRON MERCHANTS tae OHIO. Pres’ t SJ Gow 1 maT dup" t. =. a3 — made f ey it a 7 deuce 6 for of ever tion. Books containing cuts of all Iron made eons on application by mail. Sample Bes office. Please address udson Street, New York. Hvom W. Apaxs. Daxmmut L. Cons, For spot delivery and for prompt or forward ae | shipments to New York, Boston, Philadelphia, W. S. M ID D L ETON N, Baitimore or New Orleans. Broker in Machinery & Irom forse ints to ut Cor, Albany & Washington Sts., cae ae hs weeks NEW YORK CITY. FORSTER’S CRUSHER & PULVERIZER, JAMES LEE & CO., M. HL WaALtsce Wu. Bisrnax The best in market. Sole Agents for the United States, gprs ~~ | W. S. MIDDLETON, 62 John St., N. ¥, 72 Pine Street, New York. SF. suReON. |p ee PITTSBURGH, PA. ee LEECHBURG IR IRON WORKS. KIRKPATRICK & CO., Manufacturers of all grades of (Refined, Cold Rolled, Show Card, Stamping, Tea Tray, Polished, Shovel, Ferrule Iron, any” NATURAL GAS USED AS FUEL, OFFICE, No, 143 First Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa, 7 een Pa Importer of and Dealer in SCOTCH AND AMERICAN Pig Iron, Wrought & Cast Scrap Iron, OLD METALS. $33 £458 Sou sexs ~NEW YORK. S. A. LISSBERGER, BATES & DESPARD, IRON & METAL DEALER, 117 Pearl St., New York, P. O. Box 764, Importers of 509, 511 and s19 to sag East ioth St., New York, have on Rand. and offer for sale, the following: STEEL AND IRON RAILS, SWEDISH an | end Sacbinory Scrap trou, Ear Whoely Ais | BARS, STEEL AND PIG IRON. a rou ron tion, "Brass, Lead, ‘Pewter, Zine, aoe ere Amenca, ree = ae none bas DANIEL W. RICHARDS & CO., FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC MARSHALL LEFFERTS & CO.,| MARSHALL IRON c0., 90 Beekman 8t., New York City, Manufacturers of MANUFACTURER AND DEALER, | 5° Charcoal Bloom, Best Refined & Common 410 SHEET IRON. —<<—_—_—— DANIEi. é. COONEY, .zAntaL F. coonzy... SCRAP ae STEEL, RAILS AND METALS, | aN Washin, ton St., N. < ; « Yards and Office, 88 to 96 Mangin St., NEW YORK. BOILER PLATES and SHEET FRON, | avn. w. ricmano eta rg ELDED BO st cinta : a ts Angle & T i, cat} Nas ‘ 5 es a TT PASSAIC ROLLING MILL Co, Galvanized Sheet Iron, |o7: 2 Us, I ur N " Leb anon Holling sills Ene tron - ont Rg rou fanufacture and have always in stock . Ape ae j Ne purport, Delaware. gow Iron Co. RO| i ED IRON BE MS, st an ualities. pea —— eee 1 eT A ized Wire, Tel h and Fence ; Galvanized are i Bana iron, "Evanies 2d Rod and Bar Tron, | N, M. HOGLUND’ S SONS & CO., Stockholm. SW E DISH I R oO N. Channels, Angles, Te« on eee Riveted Work, Forg- — Nails, Galvanized Chain, Galvanized Iron | Swedish & Norway lron J. F. FU LLARTON, PATERSON, N. J. “CORRUGATED SHEET IRON \: overs Genert rigiee. Stock on hand at Bostor nena rere senting ARE FORM | oom 5) Aster p Mouse, New York, + AD For Roofing, &c., Galvanized, Plain or Painted. ae ty. hiladelphia. Importation orders # tepre DDEHOLM CO., Swed Best Charcoal, Best Refined and Common | GUSTAF LUNDBERG, 33 Kilby st., Bosto 2. erp enenToe neo CUT NATL © sien! ion Gemma: OLD MATERIALS. r kI on ———— pn aie nresnenr Hot P dN Pr coe ae = ni bat re COMBINATION STEEL & IRON CO., Powerville Rolling Mill, ot Pressed Nuts, Bolts, Washers, &c. | osrvins. fit sc cunera, Pa BOl LER IRON * We are now prepared to manufacture the COM- Stamped and Guaranteed. eee eee under Wheeler's patent. All descriptions of Iron Work Galvanized or Tinned to order New York Office, 82 JOHN ST. Price list and | quotations sent upon application, 0. 4+ WEED, General Manager. ssesuneie ane IRON) FULLER BROTHERS & CO., JOHN 1BONAED, 450 West St., N. ¥. 139 Greenwich Street, New York, PA REI Ore Tank a Office, N j GERMAN AMERIC. PLUMBA STOVE P. cueesunisenilieneinaiies AL Rails, Bs Rive General Office JAMES ©, | B Anal 915 Analyses o fitted with all res. Slags, Li Balti Pr June 2, 1881. THE IRON AGE. &s ¥Xron. Xeon. aroun. Xrow. PHILADELPHIA. Pig, Bar and Railroad Iron. ST. CHARLES, MONTGOMERY © j R - Siemens egenerative ’ OLD RAILS, BORAP, 00 WARWICK, CONEWAGO AND KEYSTONE Manufacturers Agents Agent forthe ° Foundry & Forge Pig Iron. GAS FURNACE. For Iron and Steel Rails, Car Wheels, Boiler and MOUNT SAVAGE FIRE BRICK, SHAWNEE ROLLING MILL CO., Limited, Sheet Iron and General Railway Best Quality Muck Bar, Equipments. The Allentown Iron Co, and CATASAUQU: — 00.9 RICHMOND & POTTS, Old Rails, Axles, and Wheels bought and sold. ATASAUQUA MFG. CO.°S mold fora very light bottom oven plate, vent holes must be put in 1 or 2 inches apart all over the surface of the mold, both in the cope and drag side; while, in molding the same plate, in other sand it would only be necessary to vent it a little in the center in the drag, and a little in the center and around the gates on the cope side, In the same sand in which the oven plate required to be vented every 1 or 2 inches on both sides, a fire-back mold would not require to be vented at all, because there would be enough ‘Edward J. Etting, | usvicé cox, ». CHARLES K, BARNS, ______. ] mow BROKER xp COMMISSION MERCHANT, JUSTICE COX, JR. & CO., HENRY LEVIS & CO., 230 S. Third St., Philadelphia, Pa. oe ee samme oom PHILADELPHIA. The Coleraine Furnaces Ba : l i -back . r, Angle, Skelp and Sheet [ron, | Molten iron in the fire-back mold to force toe PHILADELPHIA, PA. GE W ND YAR ’ sie, “ , . ; ib : ae , ’ eee r wee a DELAWARE AVENUE ABOVE CALLOWSILL STREET, Railroad Car Axles. New and Old Rails. the gases out through the pores of the sand, while the thin sheet of molten iron in the oven-plate mold would generate more gas, because it was spread over a larger surface of sand, and would be more susceptible to the influence of the gas than the heavier body of metal. For this reason the thinner and lighter the piece is that is being molded the more the sand should be perforated with the vent wire. The vent wire should never be run so deep into the sand as to strike the pattern, for in that case the molten iron would flow into the vent holes, stopping them up and preventing the gas from escaping, and more gas would be gen- erated than if the mold had not been vented. Besid