The Iron Age 1881-05-19: Vol 27 Iss 20

The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by DAVID WILLIAMS, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Vol. XX VII: No 20. Casting a Large Cylinder. What is probably the largest steam engine cylinder in the world was cast recently at the Morgan Iron Works of John Ruach & Co., for a steamer now building for the Old Colony Steamboat Company. The cylinder, when completed, will have a stroke of 16 feet 14 inches and a diameter of tro inches. | New York, Thursday, May 1 | rs | tion, the metal was cast from two crane | wall, well stayed with iron bands, formed the |ladles capable of holding 3 tons each, and | outer ring. The casting, which is quite a | two tanks each having a capacity of 15 tons, | complicated one aside from its size, was so that 36 tons were held in readiness. Of| very successful, coming out sharp and clean this 30 tons were actually used, that being | in all its parts. the weight of the rough casting. It is esti- mated that 2300 pounds will be taken off above the flange and that about 6000 pounds will be removed by boring the cylinder, | —— = Exodus of Population from Canada. If we may believe the testimony of politi- The metal, | cal opponents of the present government at | The metal in the thinnest part is 13¢ inches| which work is now progressing. Q, ISS. The member for Center Huron called atten- tion to the fact that out of five or six town- ships in his county, having a population of barely 22,000 souls, there was an ascertained emigration of 1500; in Kingston, notwith- standing the natural accessions to humanity, the population decreased by 709 in the last vear, and in Belleville 9726 souls this year is the number of inbabitants, against 9991 last year ; in St. Catharines a population of Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter, 82°50 a Year, Including Postage. Stxgle Copies, Zen Cents. gernautic railroad monopolies that impede the march of progress. How does the case stand now? Canada is rapidly becoming a dear couutry to live in. The English arti- san has few temptations to make a new home here. This much-vaunted policy has added to the cost of every tool which a pro- ducer uses, from a spade to a mowing machine, from an ax to a printing press | It has added to the cost of every article that thick, and the flanges at the top and bottom are 2% inches thick by 53 inches wide. Under the top flange the cylinder has a belt 16 inches wide, another 6 inches wide above the bottom flange, and between these two three more belts, each 6 inches in width. The thickness of the metal at the belts is ay iuches. Aport for the upper steam- chest is cast on the cylinder, with an open- ing 14%4 by 63 inches, the metal on the top of this port being 134 inches in thickness, and on the sides and bottom 134 inches. As will be seen by the accompanying illustra- ih 7 CASTING A LARGE STEAM CYLINDER AT THE MORGAN IRON WORKS, a mixture of one-half of scrap and one-half | Ottawa, the drain of population to the United | 11,079 has decreased in 18 months to 9354. {a producer can require, from his cap to his of American foundry pig No. 2 and hot-blast | States now in progress is on a formidable| We had until very recently many advan-| boots, from his knife to his blanket, from his charcoal pig No. 3, was melted in two McKenzie cupolas, run by a blowing engine furnishing blast at a pressure of 16 ounces. From the time the melting was begun till the casting was completed two hours and twenty minutes elapsed. The casting itself took two minutes, The cylinder was cast top down, 13 feet of the mold being below the level of the foundry. The core was con- structed of brick with a lining of loam, cov- ered with a coat of plumbago, An 8-inch scale. Mr. R. S. Wier, in addressing a| tages over our neighbors, and just as these | child’s primer to his own Bible. Nor is this reform club in Montreal last week, said : | were becoming known—just as wider and/ all. A policy which thus diminishes In April a year ago 3000 people left the| more correct knowledge of our natural ad- | attractions for emigrants can hardly make city of Montreal, and from Ottawa the exo-| vantages was being spread among the Euro-| more pleasant the lot of the settler already dus has been eveu greater in proportion, | pean masses—an imsane policy extinguished | here, and hence the enormous emigration whole blocks of real estate being now unoc-| them. Until lately we could say with truth | southward. ; cupied. In the House of Commons, in the| that our taxes were lower than theirs, that session just finished, the member for Lanark | living was decidedly cheaper, that our great | showed how, in the small space of some ten lands in the vast Northwest were our own| Railroad, known as ‘‘ Long-legged 10 miles square, between 300 and 400 people} and that we could deal with them as we| just made the trip between New York and had been known to have left the country, | wished, and that we had avoided the Jug- Philadelphia—8g miles—in 95 minutes. our I — [he big locomotive on the Pennsylvania ’ has ns SPSS ee ee aE an Ss Q . THE TRON AGE. \May io, ssi. Cire, etc, aie fActais. ThePlume & Atwood Mfg. Company, MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, German Silver and Gilding Metal Copper Rivets and Burs, _ FActals. ANSONIA BRASS & COPPER CO., Wo. 19 CHM Str vet, “™ PHILIP L. MOEN, CHARLES F. WASHBURN, President & Treasurer. Vice President & Secretary. Washburn & Moen Mfg. Co. Established, 1831. ace $1,500,000 WORCESTER, MASS. WIRE DRAWERS. Phelps Building, NEW YORK. MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER Waterbury Brass to. IN CAPITAL, - - $400,000. Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, Seamless Brass & Copper GERMAN SILVER, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, A aC re Slattoress BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, Eerosene Burners, orm ' ee . — es ae ; us COPPER RIVETS & BURS, | 1Lamp Trimmings, &c. Patent Galvaniring, Rolling and Tempering, iogeed eae 7 “ee BRASS KETTLES, £6 Murtey Street, Now York if ANUFACTURERS OF or Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered. 4 et, } . Rail, B s Tags Panter foun to het, | [OO , Bras Tab dala dabei, Maitiids. TRON, AND IRON AND STEEL WIRE. PERCUSSION CAPS, Of Bvery D ‘: 109 Lake Street, Chicago. Rolling Mill, Factories, __ THOMASTON, Ct. | ' WATERBURY, Ct. cu Bridgeport Brass Co,, MANUFACTURERS OF Sheet and Roll Brass, POWDER FLASSES, Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures, &c. And small Brass Wares of every Description. Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells a Specialty. Sole Agents for the Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line of Sport- ing Goods and Wood’s Paper Shot Shells. ANSONIA * REFINED INCOT COPPER. __ PHELPS, DODGE & CO. IMPORTERS OF A SPECIALTY MADE OF GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE, GALVANIZED TELEPHONE WIRE, PATENT STEEL WIRE BALE TI ES, PATENT STEEL BARB FENCIN: a, TIN PLATE, PN. int 296 Broadway, New York, WATERBURY, B &C Wire & Tubi ROOFING PLATE, | 199 Eddy St., Providence, R. |. Conn. rass opper vvire ubding, AND PUMP CHAIN. ~~} German Silver Metal and Wire, a cd SR SARREOUME: CBtckG0 Wanmmoves- Sheet Iron, Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, Zine, &c. MANUFACTURERS OF COPPER AND BRASS. Copper and Iron Rivets. OILERS and CUSPADORES, j LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, | KEROSENE BURNERS, Clocks & Fly Fan Movements | PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS, Particular attention pald to cutting out Blanks and Manhattan Brass Co., Manufacturers of Sheet Brass, Olmsted Patent Oilers, Brass Wire, Prior Patent Oilers Broughton Patent Oilers, Copper Wire Copper Rivets, Brass, Tin & Zinc Oilers, “NATIONAL WIRE AND LANTERN WORKS.” Warehouse, 45 Fulton Street, New York. CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. Brass Tubing, Brass Butt Hinges, manufacturing Metal Goods. Sine Tulse, | a riaure ion MANUFACTORY, WAREHOUSE, scovi LL ra FC co s Brown’s Paten Bridgeport, Conn. 19 Murray st., N. ¥. ‘iene Wire Works Co., San Francisco, Cal B RASS Fire Sets, Fenders, GC. | ius w. FITCH, Prest and Treas. A. A. LASAR, Secy. “a AOE et Se Se Be Kalb Avenue, Brookiyn, N.Y. 9 BRASS BLANKS AND TUBES =< ef OWA R D & ivi O RS E. MANUFACTURERS OF OF EVERY DESCRIPTION TO ORDER, OFFICE AND WORES, Ist Ave., 27th to 28th Sts., New York. SS HINCES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. BRASS, COPPER & IRON WIRE CLOTH, Heavy Rolled oe for Malt Kiln Floors. Wire Work, Wi nd Guards, Also, Hand and Railroad Lanterna Ping BUTTONS, THE NEW HAVEN oo "ncn, | COPPER CO., een a ee Nat on | 255 Pearl Street, New Vork. — take Ste Chicago. New York City. — of and Dealers in ; DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO.,/Braziers’ & Sheathing “aoe 7 * ST."“LOUiIs., MO., COPPER. Kettle Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, Rivets, Ingot Copper, Spelter, Selder, &e. Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet Iron, Cooper, Wire, Zinc, Ete. 29 & 81 Cig St., cor. Fulton, Holmes, Booth & Haydens, WATERBURY, CONN. DICKERSON & CO., Liverrool. NEW YORK, eal: aati tS ROME IRON WORKS, JOHN STARR, 49 Chambers St. 18 Wederal St. | Border Garden Arches. gallica saa a & Metal Broker oe a Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop-| Hardware te '| Brass, Copper & German Silver, New York Office per and German Silver MANUFACTURERS’ AGENT Resa Aue er eee. a Cin mhoote, Ree, Tass oe Re " ims, Nova seota, | | BRASS & COPPER WIRE, | Warehouse 117 Liberty Street. COPPER & BRASS RIVETS AND BURS. Rome, New York. A. C. NORTHROP, Waterbury, Conn., NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS FOR HARDWARE TRADE. Head Cap and ont Square ... pia Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. BRASS & IRON JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL. German Silver Spoons, SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, Kerosene Burners, &c. JOHN DAVOL. & SONS, Brooklyn Brass and Copper Co., Dealers in Ingot Copper, ew, et, Tin, Representing in the Dominion of Canada several American Manufacturers, is ready to accept further Ageucies, Satisfactory references, THE JOHN aaa SONS CO, MANUFACTURERS OF WIRE ROPE) Q.ivancen |Lron and Steel iron, Stoel and Copper | Telegraph Wire, WIRE Hoisting Purposes of all Market Wire, : ship igging, Sash Cords, Vineyard Wire. Bridge Wire, Chat Wire Suspension Bridge Cables. Rivet Wire, &c., &c. GALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES. Wrought Iron and Brass Machine Screws; gages, Round Set Screws; Brass and Iron Safet r and Jack jnmaine “dhe lated and Bro’ kinds. from Sheet Lron, Steel or Estimates on patented articles, Or t or any description of Sheet Metal work, respectfully solicited avd rr ITT, atin JAMES HALL, Treasurer. Antimony, Solder & Old setae. naar ALIN OTFF! winr none soba a | IRON AND STEEL WIRE ROPE TR E N TO N IRO! N COM PANY, P ASSAIC ZING C0. For Hoisting, Running & Standing Ropes, Ferries, &. OONSTANTLY KEPT ON HAND. Address, HAZARD MFG. CO., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa. FELTEN & GUILLEAUME, Carlswerk, near Cologne, Germany. PATENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, For Mining and Plow Ropes, Hawsers and Bridge SIEMENS-MARTIN AND BESSEMER ‘ "STEEL WIRE, Flusseisen, Swedish and German Charcoal GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE of Charcoal and Swedish Iron and Steel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths. GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, For Plain, Barb and Strand Fencing, 3, qgnt rs 7-ply ply Giwand, Sin Staples, &c. Annealed a Oiled Fencing WIRE ROPE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, TELEGRAPH CABLES. ‘ontractors to the German and Foreign overmapente. ihe oldest house in the braneh on the Con ( ; tinent. Telegraph Address, CAHLSWERK, COL General Agents for U. 8. and Canada, PERKINS & CHOATE, 23 Nassau St, N. Y.* J. WOOL GRISWOLD, | MINERS’ CANDLES. Manufacturer of Superior to any other Light for Mining WAT IT Fr. Ea. Purposes. Manufactured by INCORPORATED 1847), TRENTON, N. J., Manufacturers of [RON and STEELWIRE OF ALL CRADES, BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED: Tron and Steel Wire Rods; EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal Iron Wire; Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire. Wire Straightened and Cut 1 to Lengths, New ve rk Office, COOPER, HEWITT & CO ), 37 Daeg Shp. Phi elphia Ofic« , JOHN HEWITT, ent, orth Fourth St. Pure Spelter Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes AND ALL FINE WORK. Also for Galvanizers & Brass Founders. MANNING & SQUIER, Gen'l Agents, __ 113 Liberty Street. N. ena 4 Geo. W. Prentiss & Co.. HOLYOKE, MASS., “BRODERION “e BASCOM, MANUFACTURERS OF Bright, Coppered, Annealed and Tin Plated. AlsoGUN SCREW WIRE Of all sizes stré uight« ned and cut to order. The Schoenberg Metal Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of and Dealers in SOLDER, TYPE, Stereotype, Blectroty pe and Babbitt Metals, IRON STEEL WIRE ROPE. EPG WIRE ROPE. 728 N. Main Sts, [es Stag) St. Louis, Mo. Importers of Block Tin, Antimony, &c. Refiners of ead, Speiter, &c. Highest price paid for Old 9 a bed ol Dr = 5 BS ana 54 0 East 300h JA MES BOYD Ss SON, TROY, N. ¥. Nos. 10 & 12 Franklin St., New York. Street, between Avenues A & B, New York, sel. e} ‘ire ‘ire, ire, Ke. ev & pucing ye Con May i9 188i. 0. LINDEMANN STEEL WIRE for all purposes and STEEL SPRINCS of every description. & C0., Manufacturers of all kinds of ee SLLEELE Japanned, Brass & Tin Plated BIRD CAGES. Catalogues furnished to the trade. 254 Pearl St., NEW YORK. a ELA LEAL EL ALL VEL RL MALLLLLELLAAALAALALLEE Market Steel Wire, Crinoline Wire, tempered and covered. Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Springs, constantly on hand. 934, 936 and 238 West 29th Street, - - - ~ - NEW YORK STANDARD PADLOCKS. Six Sizes, with and without Chain, BRONZE AND NICKEL PLATED, Circulars and Prices on Application. YALE LOCK MANFC. CO., STAMFORD, CONN.; NEW YORK, PHILADA., BOSTON AND CHICAGO. BROWN & BROTHERS, Waterbury, Conn. This Advertisement is Changed Every Week, D, J. MORRELL, Chairman, GAUTIER STEEL CO., LIMITED. WIRE AND SPRINCS. W. S. ROBINSON, Treasurer. P, E, CHAPIN, Gen’! Supt. 81 Chambers St., N. Y. Manufacturers of BRASS, COPPER AND GERMAN SILVER, In Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire, Tubing, Rivets and Burs, Etc. ALSO, Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing. PATENTED SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER HOUSE BOILERS, warranted to stand 200 lbs. pressure and guaranteed against vacuum. PATENTED SPRING TEMPERED SHANK, SILVEK-PLATED, FLAT TABLE WARE, in rich cesigns. GERMAN SILVER SPOONS AND FORKS. POPE, COLE & Co. BALTIMORE COPPER WORKS, No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD., Have always on hand and for sale INGOT COPPER, Also Cakes, of unequaled purity and toughness. Sample of our Toe Calk Steel, showing one end bent over and flattened down cold: a piece of iron solidly welded to the steel wita the use of sand only, and the other end hammered to an edge, and then hardened sufficiently to cut glass. Similar samples can be made by any blacksmith from our Toe Calk Steel, or seen at WORKS, JOHNSTOWN, PENN. Eastern Warehouse, 81 John St., N. Y.; Philada, Warehouse, 505 Commerce St. MOULDING SAND, Albany Sand a Specialty. FOUNDRY FACINGS, Shovels, Riddles, Brushes, &c. WHITEHEAD BROS, ci AMERICAN FACING CO. ROLLER SKATES. EASY, GRACEFUL AND HANDSOME STRONG, WELL MADE AND DURABLE. WM. WHITEHEAD, Treas., 617 W. 15th St., New York, FIRE SAND AND CLAYS. I am making the best Roller Skates in the coun- try, and they are worn by the best and most skill- ful skaters. MY SCIENTIFIC SKATES are specially suited for beginners as well as adepts. Every child should have a pair. Send for circular. E. T. BARNUM, Wire and Iron Works, 27, 29 and 31 Woodward Avenue, DETROIT, MICH. G. Gunther, Manufacturer of Patented Brass, Silver Plated and Japanned BIRD CAGES. Can be nested for ex- HOWARD EVANS, J, A. EMERICK & CO. 1056 & 1076 Beach Street, a PHILADELPHIA, **MANFRS’ FOUNDRY FACINGS, And Dealers in and shippers of all descriptions 7. A, EMERICK. Hl MOLDING SANDS and Foundry Supplies. Established 1810, N. &G, TAYLOR GO,, PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers, Importers and Dealers in ODD AND REGULAR SIZES TIN AND ROOFING PLATES, Black and Gaivanized Sheet Iron, Metals, Wire, Copper, Stamped Ware, HRegisters, &c. port shipments. 46 Park Place, NEW YORK. Largest variety in patterns and unsurpassed low prices. New Lilustrated Catalogues and Price Lists on application. WM. L. DAVIS, Chelsea, Mass., Manufacturer of WINDOW WEIGHTS, Sole Manufacturer of WOOD, JENNISON & CO., Manufacturers of SHAFTING, PULLEYS AND HANGERS—A Specialty, Park's Patent Folding Lunch Box. Also, Wood’s Patent Bolt Threading Machine, Worcester, Mass. THE TRON AGE: > Papers on Practical Founding— XXIV. BY EDWARD KIRK, GATEING WITH ROUND GATES. When round gates are used in gateing stove plate, they must be arranged so that they will admit the molten iron to the mold in such a way astorun the casting and throw an equal strain on every part of the mold, The sprews or fillets from the gate to the mold must be cut in the sand of the drag in such a shape as to admit the molten iron rapidly and exclude the dirt and dross; they must not interfere with the shrinking of the casting when cooling, must cleanly from its edge and make a smooth, clean and even casting. points the majority of molders never take dirt and sand holes or roughness in the casting to dirty iron and poor molding sand, when the real trouble is a poor molder. ‘To illustrate gating stove plate with round gates, I have arranged several sectional views of round gates with sprews from them to the molds, as they would appear in the sand that forms the mold. In these figures are shown sectional views of gates and molds ready for pouring; the upper horizontal line represents the cope side of the mold continued out to the round gate ; the lower horizontal line represents the drag side of the mold and the bottom side of the sprew cut in the drag; the vertical lines represent the round gate, and the dotted lines indicate the way in which the molten iron would flow from the gate into the mold. In Fig. 68 is shown a sprew that would admit the molten iron to the mold more rapidly and freely than any other, but it would also adimit all the dirt and scruff in the iron, which would often make a dirty, rough casting, and itis of such a shape that there is danger of breaking a piece out of the casting in breaking the gate from it ; this sprew, therefore, is not fit for use on stove plate or any light casting. In Fig. 69 is shown another sprew that is properly shaped for some castings, for it admits the iron to the mold rapidly, and also catches the dirt and scruff, and prevents them from flowing into the mold with the iron, making a cleaner casting than the gate, Fig. 63. But the objection to this sprew for stove plate is that it always breaks off at the thinnest or weakest point when it is detached from the casting, and leaves part of the sprew on the casting. This has to be chipped or filed off, and makes more work for the mounter. This sprew, therefore, cannot be used for stove plate, although it is a good sprew for machinery. Fig. 70 represents a sprew that is often cut by careless molders. It is the worst-shaped sprew that can pos sibly be cut for stove plate or any other kind of work, for the heel is so high and curved that the instant the molten iron 68 69 7° 7 Founding.—Sectional Round Gates. Practical View of falls through the gate and strikes it, it is thrown forward into the mold; and the forward end of the sprew, where it con- nects with the mold, is of such a shape that it throws the stream up against the cope side of the mold, as indicated by the dotted lines. Now, however good the mold- ing sand may be, a stream of molten iron shot up against it in this way will always cut it away more or less, and if a lager quantity of metal is poured through this gate, it will cut into the sand and forma jump on the cope side of the casting, as indicated by the dotted lines; the sand which is cut out to form this lump mixes with the iron and is carrie] into the mold, causing the casting to be full of sand holes and dirt, Another objection to this sprew is that it throws the molten iron into the mold in such a way that the small point of sand on the lower side of the sprew, where it counects with the mold, has nosupport from the inside until the mold is nearly filled, and it is liable to be broken down and carried into the mold. The main objections to this sprew ire that the heel is too high and straight and the body too heavy, drawing or warping the casting. In Fig. 71 is shown as good a break | Many of these | into consideration, and they attribute all | 3 ae ER I Se ~ - - a - - ———$———_— | jeremy into the mold, and the diMficulty of its not running the casting can be overcome | by cutting is to admit the | iron to the different parts of the mold at the more sprew S Sé }same time Anothe1 lvantage of this | Sprew over the sprew, Fig is that the | iron fills the mold under the sprew first. and supports the corner so that it cannot be broken down. In allof th nal views the gate and sprew are r presented as cut | through the middle, and a ily intended to represent the bottom and heel of the | sprew. In gateing stove plate with round gates, two or more sprews are always cut from the gate to the mold When only two are used, they are always cut in the shape shown in Fig. 72, so that they will admit the iron to different parts of the }mo'd; the sprew is curved because the molten iron will fow more easily around a |}curve than it will around a corner, and a curved sprew does not interfere with the proper shrinkage of the iron as a square one does. In cutting the sprews for a mold, angles are always avoided as much as possi- ble. Fig. 73 shows the way in which the sprews are cut for a piece that is too large to be run with two sprews. In this figure are shown the ends of the sprews and the shape in which they are cut where they are connected with the mold; from these ends they are sloped back, as shown in Fig. 71, tothe heel of the sprew or main Practical Founding.—Sprews from Round Gates to Casting channel from the gate. In Fig. 74 are shown the different ways of cating a top in the pipe collar ; the two straight lines repre- sent the way in which the sprew is often cut for a top and in which it should not be cut. When a sprew is cut for any light casting it is always made thicker, and therefore cools more slowly than the casting. Now, if a heavy sprew is cut straight across the collar of a top in this way, it prevents the proper shrinkage of the casting and throws a strain upon the entire end of the top. If it were not for the heavy flanges and ribs on all tops, this way of cutting the sprew would often break the casting ; even with these, so great a strain is often thrown upon it that it breaks the first time the stoveis heated. In order to prevent this heavy sprew from interfering with the shrinkage of the top, it should be cut in the shape indicated by the dotted lines, so that in shrinking the top can crowd the sprew sideways. Many other examples of cutting the sprews from the round gates to the mold might be given, but these few will probably suffice to vive a gen eral idea of gateing with round gates a Mild Steel in France, In a long and elaborate paper on the use of mild steel for the construction of the hulls of ships in the arsensals of the French navy, M. Mare Berrier Fontaine makes the follow- ing interesting statements concerning the steel used and the experience with it : The steady and progressive improvement in the qualities of steel which are delivered to the French navy cannot be doubted. It is established by the result of all the trials to which the material has been submitted under the eyes end under the direction of the naval jnspectors, before leaving the works. The preportion rejected by these has been steadily diminishiny, and is now very small, indeed, The ironmasters, moreover, have 80 completely mastered the quality of their steel that they can obtain with certainty qualities satisfying all the eonditions for acceptance imposed upon them by the navy, although not giving results markedly superior to those re quired by the conditions, For instance, for plates from 6 mm, to 20 mm. thick, for passing which the breaking weight must reach at last 45 kilos. per square millimeter, and the exten- sion at the moment of breaking must be at least 20 per cent., the ironmaster will natur- ally endeavor to obtain plates which give under test results slightly in advance of those which have been pointed out, so as to make sure that the plates will not be thrown upon his hands: but he is now able to zettle be forehand his process of manufacture so as to obtain products of uniform equality with such precision that he can cut down almost to nothing the margin of safety that he needs to reserve. He will thus make his arrang: ments to produce plates which, upon testin will seldom give more than 48 or 49 kilos. breaking weight per square millimeter, or more than 22 or 23 per cent. of correspond ing extension. This certainty in the pro cesses of manufacture, moreover, is not the sprew as can be cut for a piece of stove | peculiar possession of any one manufacturer. plate, for in its shape are overcome the objections to the other three. This sprew is All the works, without exception, which | furnish the navy with plates and molded thinner at the point than at the heel, which | bars, are at the present moment in a condi- prevents any large lumps of dirt or scruff ltion to produce with that may get into the gate from flowing whose testa will lic into the mold as they would do with the sprew, Fig. 63; and the lightest part of this sprew is at the point where it unites with the casting, makes it break off without breaking out a piece of it, as the sprew, Fig. 68, is liable to do, and without leaving a part of the sprew on the casting, as the sprew, Fig. 69, is liable to do. As will be seen, the heel is the lowest part of this sprew, and the bottom line tapers up gradually from the heel to th point where it unites with the mold. When the molten iron is poured into the gate the first place it strikes is the lowest part of the sprew, and from this point it is forced smoothly and evenly mto the mold by the weight of the iron in the gate, and if there is no iron in the gate, the iron will not flow out of the sprew. With the sprew, Fig. 70, the iron strikes the heel and would be thrown into the mold, even if there were not enough poured into the gate to fill the sprew. The sprew, Fig. 70, would throw the iron into a mold so as to run a casting that could not be run with a sprew of the same size made in the shape of the one, Fig. 71: yet the latter will make the smoother and cleaner casting, because the iron flowssmoothly and /reserye their Bessemer cunverters for l material ‘ertainty between limits equally clearest iclose. ‘This has been proved in the | manner by the results of the tests constantly which | lifferent works rhus not only detinite works present remarkable this constancy of quality made in the do the products of a constancy ff quality and homogeneity, bu ind this hom ity may also be found in the prodece of all the different works to such an extent tha would not be possible to listinguish tl m the other, the pro duce of different works, were it not for the manufacturers’ ma tamped on each plate or each bar It must be added that this valuable qual ity f almost perfect homogense ity is not a consequ f the exclusive use of any particular pr f manufacture Steels mad ens-Martin process and th turned the Bessemer process may now ! re rded as absolutely ¢ | ial in this respect id the navy has been able now for veral years to admit with com plete indif » the material turned out DY I rth i } t ‘ the nau s ‘ ire 1 mentioned in th rms of cor tract Ss ianufacturers em pro es si taneously. | in { them = . ere oe THE IRON AGE. May 19, 1881, a | aron. | xron, Xron. Xr on. vO, NEW YORK. PITTSBURGH. _ PITTSBURGH. _NEW W YORK. NEW YORK. OGDEN & WALLACE,|A. B. Warner & Son,|/OHN W. QUINCY & CO., W. D. WOOD & CO’S 98 William Street, New York. see enn ee a} TRON MERGHANTS, {Anthracite & charcoal Pig trons, ; ron an d Ste e | 28 & 29 West and 52 Washinaton Sts, wee ee eee eee Of every description kept in stock. BOILER PLATE, BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER, ANTIMONY, NICKEL, &c. Agents for Park Brother & Co.'s BLACK DIAMOND STEEL.| Setler Tubes, —— Tee & eivtad ren, HARRISON & GILLOON T R All sizes of Cast and Machinery Steel constantly anne aay oy forte celebrated IRON AND METAL DEALERS, 558, 560, 562 WATER ST., and 902, 904, 906 CHERRY S8T., on hand. eee Eureka,” Pennocks, NEW YORK, PIERSON & C0 haye on hand, and offer for sale, the following: 4 "4 “Wawasset,” Lukens, |i sy Soci Sion, Misia os 24 Broadway, New York City. Brands of Iron. Alsoall descriptions of Plate, Sheet, Wrought iron, aso. old Copper, Composition, | ro nl & Ste Ci. Manufacturers of the bent, grade of Bar Iron, Bands and Fine Hoops. C ut N al if c d Horse Shoe, Nail Rods uced 7 homme. Orders may be te ms te " , to J. 0. CARPENTER, our Agent, at 59 Joh SPIKES. Sd (Lm SNOW SHOES Fay ROADSTER PATTERN. PATENT Planished Sheet Iron. Patented March 14th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1873 ; STEEL TOE CALKS. Sept. 9th, 1873; Uct. 6th, 1874; Jan. 11, 1676, Guaranteed U tin all respec he ' ene ee wevom™e| Extra Quality Homogeneous Steel IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON “con sace, BOILER PLATE by all the principal METAL DEALERS | STEEL PLATES, al descriptions. In the Large cities throughout Cut Nails and Spikes, Plate and Sheet THE UNITED STATES. lron, all descriptions, And at their Office, Pittsburgh, 111 Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. ee ee ae Cc. KANE, WILLIAMS, LONG & MCDOWELL OLD RAILS, SCRAP IRON, STEEL,| 3 RO IN , and Gasometer Iron. Special attention to Locomotive a a a Iron. Fire Box Iron a specialty. OXFORD IRON C0.., ROME MERCHANT IRON MILLS,| 6, cxamke, — COMMON 6 HEMnS! snow, Scrolls, Ovals, Half Ovals, Half Rounds, Hexagon and Hoops, Rods, Scrolls, Bands, Ovals, | Horse Shoe Iron. Also from Charco a su rice Steel, &c. Bescon pemaey filled from stock. “ABEEL BROTHERS, Established 1765 by ABEEL & BYVANCK, Iron Merchants, 190 South Street and 365 Water, N. Y. ULSTERIRON ALLSTON eb J. 8S. SCRANTON, Sales Agent, AND METAL BRoK 81, 83 and 85 Washington Street, Tae 68 WALLST NEWyork NEW YORK. IRON AND STEELRAILS.OLD RAILS BURDEN’S SCRAP AND PIG IRON A full assortment of all sizés constantly on hand. Hefined Iron, gy DRUMY, | 0 RSE SHOES. PIG IRON, BLOOMS, = pittsburgh, - > Horse-Shoe Iron, a Oy AND ORE. | ————— 9 s ‘e. menke ponte TM Seve Bren. < iia O PITTSBURGH, PA. Portsmouth Iron and “Steel Co., Sheet Iron ? Successors to lerway Neil Reds, as 3 CAYLORD ROLLING MILL Co Norway Shapes, j RO N, lif en ast Ww. REA, Prest. SAmL. BAILEY, Jr., Secy. Manufacturers of re F. B. Laveuurn, Viee-Prest. W. A. SHaw, Treas. Siemens-Martin (Open Hearth) Cast, Spring and Tire Steel, etc. A. R. WHITNEY, Manufacturer of and Dealer in TRON Our specialty is in Manufacturing Iron Used in the Con- — struction of Fire-Proof Buildings, Bridges, &c. Agent for Carnegte Bros. & Co., Limited, Pittsburgh, Pa., Wrought Iron Beams and Channel Iron, Bay State Iron Co., Boston, Mass., Boiter Plate a nd Tank Tron. Naylor & Co., Boston, Mass., Homogeneous Steel P lates and Compressed Steel Shafting. Plates Rolle “l to 100 Inches. Plans and estimates furnished, and contracts made for erecting Iron Structures of every descrip- tion. Books containing cuts of all Iron made sent on application by mail. Sample iy es at office. Please address 8 Hudson Street, New York. UNON eure "STEEL BOILER PLATE, Storage and Issue Warrants Agricultural and Machinery Steet and Steel Tire. ON Also, Hi PIG IRON, BLOOMS, INGOTS, | Merchant Bar ie oop and Sheet irom, Wrought MUCK BAR, RAILS, &c. Spikes, Fish Bars an Office and Works : . Gunementense Be mg to establishment of re urs MOUTH, OHIO. General Office, PITTSBURGH, PA. geoy & Lewe, Sable Iron and Nail Works. Oo ZUC & CO., Manufacturers of the Celebrated SableNails Office and Works, PITTSBURGH, PA. LEECH BU RG TRON WORKS. KIRKPA TRICK & CO., Manufacturers of all grades of FINE SHEET IRONS, (Refined, Cold Rolled, Show Card, Stamping, Tea Tray, Polished, Shovel, Ferrule Tron, &e.) NATURAL GAS USED AS FUEL. OFFICE, No, 143 First Ave., a Pa, ey, senna yo Fe: Pa, MARSHALL LEFFERTS & CO.) MARSHALL IRON CO., 90 Beekman St., New York City, Manufacturers of Best Charcoal Bloom. Best Refined & Common MANUFACTURER AND DEALER, SHEET IRON Galvanized Sheet Iron, | 2 == ss Weis eee Ist and 2d Qualities. Agency of TIN PLATES & METALS, lron 68 Wall St., New York. JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO., : ; Boiler Rivets. SCOTCH AND AMERICAN P { G I R O N, Burden Iron Works, H. Burden & Sons, No. 69 Wall St., New York. Pres’t sad Gout Sup't. Troy, N.Y. ULSTER IRON WORKS, EGLESTON BROS. & CO.. 90 Broadway, New York. 166 South Street 267 Front Street’ NEW YORK CITY. Tuckerman, Mulligan & Co BURDEN’S CARMICHAEL &EMMENS| KB. & S. 130,132 & oe Soae Pate +» New York, AND IRON AND STEEL BOILER PLATE.| [JESTER BAR IRON, BORDEN & LOVELL, Commission Merchants 70 & 71 West St., Wm, Borden, Lap-Welded Boiler Tubes, &c., &c, LN Covel New York. risent for Sor Otte" colebeated Cast Steel Botler Plates, All sizes and shapes in stock. Agents for the sale of Laurel Rolling Mills, and Union Tube Works; Proarkt Also Best Grades of {ron Beams, Angles, Tees, Rivets, @c. | Am, & Eng, Ref’d Iron,Common Iron,&c Fall River Iron Co.’s Nails, Bands, Hoops & Rods. AND Borden Mining Company’s HUGH W. ADAMS & CO., Glengarnock and Carnbroe IMPORTERS OF SCOTCH AND ENGLISH IRONS, SCOTCH PIG IRON. Agents for American Charcoal and Anthracite Furnaces, Cumberland Coals. 56 Pine Street, New York. . WILLIAM H. WALLACE & CO... |=" Hvau W. Apaws. “Dantnut, L. Cons. For spot delivery and for prompt or forward WILLIAM H. °9 naa shipments to New York, Boston, Philadelphia, w. s. MI DDLETON, Baitimore or New Orleans. IRON MERCHANTS Cor. Albany & Washington Sts., NEW YORK CITY. = H. WALLACE. - B. F. JUDSON, Importer of and Dealer in SCOTCH AND AMERICAN RPisc Iron, Wrought & Cast Scrap Iron, OLD METALS. 457 & 459 Water St., | NEW YORK. 233 & 235 Souch St.,} ‘DANIEL Fr. COONEY, (Late of and Successor to » Jas. HH, Holdane & Co.) SS Washington St., N. bOIte PLATES and SHEET IRON, AP WELDED BOILER er Rivets, Angle & T Iron, Cut oy : ies ‘o., Viaduct Lron Works, Broker i in Machinery & Iron For sale in lots to suit by sone Oe JAMES LEE & CO., FORSTER’S GR Sanen & FU LVERIZER, Sole Agents for the United States, W.S. MIDDLETON, 62 John St., N. ¥. 72 Pine Street, New York. S. A. LISSBERGER,|BATES & DESPARD, 1 P . . O, Box 764, IRON & METAL DEALER, ae 509, 511 and sig to 529 East roth St., New York, have we on hand, and offer for sale, the followi STEEL AND IRON RAILS, SWEDISH and Naraand Americen, Pig indo, Wrouent Cast} — BARS, STLEL AND PIG IRON. SCRAP IRON an OLD Bane ce. f and L to i hon t Iron; also, old Copper, Composi- tion, Brass, Lead, Pewter, Zane, &c. America, orf o b Englia DANIEL W. RICHARDS & CO,, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC SCRAP IRON, STEEL, RAILS AND METALS, Yards and Office, 88 to 96 Mangin St., NEW YORK. MORTON B. Srra. — _Danrer W. RICHARDS. —__ PASSAIC ROLLING MILL CO., Manufacture and have always in stock [ron ¢ oe : me ; ne shine bros yas Laurel dice RO a c E D | RO N M oe - ouadiaeaiieet a E A S, Galvanized Wire, Telegraph and Fence ; Galvanized sw e D \ Ss H \ R oO N. Channels, Angles, Tees, Merchant Bars, Riveted Work, Forg- Galvanived Nal, oe and hn tine ae M a . a, as ings, Eye Bars, &c. S d h & N y | PATERSON, IN. e CORRUGATED SH EET IRON oo every Sesertetten. Stock on hand at Boston, ew York hiladelphia. Importation orders ? For Roofing, &c., Galvanized, Plain or Painted, Best Charcoal, Best Refined and Common SHEET IRON. Plate and Tank Iron C No. 1,C H No. 1, C H No, 1 Flange, Best op COMBINATION STEEL &l IRON co. Best Flange Fire Box, Circles. CHESTER, PA. BOILER IRON We are now prepared to manufacture the COM- Stamped and Guaranteed. BINATION RAILS under Wheeler's patent. Orders solicited. AH descriptions of Iron Work Galvanized or adened aiamen New York Office, 82 JOHN ST. Price list and quotations sent upon application, 0. 4- WEED, General Manager. specialty @USTAF LUNDBERG, ;3 Kilby st., Boston. ALBERT POTTS, Philadelphia Agent, 234 & 236 N. Vront Street. J. F. FU LLARTON, | Room | 45, Astor House, New w York, NEW YORK, Ls wart pits (OTL NWN AILs | Hot Pressed Nuts, Bolts, Washers, &c. Powerville Rolling Mill POE a a FULLER BROTHERS & CO., HORSE SHOE IRON 139 Greenwich Street, New York. JOHN LEONARD; 450 Weat St., N.Y. 1 ed ce camila ate ianaihenieeass tt eet gh, Pa. » s0., Common ware. tockholm. - {ron at Boston, on orders ? st., Boston. 234 & 236 N. ON CO., e the COM- atent. N ST. fanager. Se anaemia a 8 oe May 19, 1881. THE IRON AGE. or Evo. PHILADELPHIA. Xpon, PHILADELPHIA. Siemens’ Regenerative) HENRY LEVIS & Co., GAS FURN ACE. Manufacturers’ Agents For Iron and Steel Rails, Car Wheels, Boiler and RICHMOND & POTTS, Sheet Iron and General Railway 4198. FourthSt. PHILADELPHIA, PA. | Equipments. Old Rails, Axles, and Wheels bought and sold. 234 8. 4th St., Philadelphia. The Cambria Iron and Steel Works, Having enjoyed for over TWENTY-FIVE YEARS the reputation of producing the best quality of RAILS, have now an annual capacity of 150,000 Tons of Iron and Stee! Rails, Splice Bars, &c. ADDRESS, CAMBRIA IRON COMPANY, No. 218 South 4th Street, Philadelphia. Or at the Works, JOHNSTOWN, PA. Or LENOX SMITH, New York Selling Agent, 46 Pine St., N. ¥. THE PHCENIX IRON CO., 410 Walnut Street, PHILADELPHIA. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Beams, Deck Beams, Channels, Angle & Tee Bars, STRAIGHT AND CURVED TO TEMPLATE, Largely used in the construction of Iron Vessels, Buildings and Bridges. WROUCHT IRON ROOF TRUSSES, CIRDERS & JOISTS, and all kinds of Iron Framing used in the construction of Fire Proof Buildings, PATENT WROUGHT IRON COLUMNS, WELDLESS EYE BARS, and built up shapes for [ron Bridges. REFINED BAR, SHAFTING, and every variety of SHAPE IRON made to order. Plans and Specifications furnished. Address DAVID REEVES, President. NEW YORK AGENTS, MILLIKEN & SMITH, 95 Liberty Street. BOSTON AGENTS, FRED. A. HOUDLETTE & CO., 19 Batterymarch St, ALAN WOOD & CoO., MANUFACTURERS OF Patent Planished, Galvanized, Common, Best Refined, Cleaned and Charcoal Bloom PLATE ct SHEET IRON, No. 519 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. rs solicited especially for Corrugated, Gasholder, Pan and Elbow, Water Pipe, Smoke Stack, seal Boat Iron ; Vast, tamping, Ferruie, Locomotive Headlight and Jacket Iron, JAS. ROWLAND & 60., Kensington Iron, Steel & Nail Works, 920 North Delaware Ave., - - PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers of the Anvil Brand Refined Merchant Bar Iron. Also, the James Rowland & Co. Kensington Nails, cut from their Refined Anvil stock. Also, Plow and Cultivator Steel, Rounds, Squares, Flats, Bands and Hoop Iron. Correspondence with Dealers solicited. PENCOYD IRON WORKS. A. & P. ROBERTS & cO.,_y' Manufacturers of rh a. CAR AXLES. a BAR, ANGLE, TEE AND CHANNEL IRON. @@ice, No, 265 $. Fourth St., Philadelphia. Agents for the sale of Glamorgan Pig Iron. 4S Ss MANUFACTURERS OF FOUNDRY FACINGS. FOUNDRY SUPPLIES. MOULDING SAND A SPECIALTY. Albany, Crescent, Tullytown and Lumberton Sands. GERMAN LEAD, BITUMEN, SIEVES, MACHINERY SAND, AMERICAN LEAD, ANTHRACITE, SHOVELS, BEASS SAND, PLUMBAGO, CHARCOAL, BRUSHES, CHANDELIER SAND, STOVE PLATE, MINERAL, CRUCIBLES, STOVE PLATE SAND, J. W. PAXSON & CO.,; 514, 516 and 510 Bee nse. PHILADELPHIA, PA. ALLENTOWN ROLLING MILL COMPANY, Manufacturers of Rails, Bars, Axles, Shafting, Fish Bars (Plain and Angle), Spikes, Rivets, Bolts and Nuts, &c. Bridges and Turn Tables. General Office, 237 South Third St., Philadelphia. Works at Allentown, Pa. JAMES ©. BOOTH. THOMAS H. GARRETT. ANDREW A. BLAIR, BOOTH, CARRETT & BLAIR, Analytical and Consulting Chemists, 919 and 921 Chant St. (10th St. above Chestnut St.), PHILADELPHIA, PA. Establsb.ed in 1836. Analyses of Ores, Waters, Metals and Alloys 0i' all kinds. A special department for the ANALYSIS OF S'RON AND STEEL, fitted with all the apparatus and appliances for the rapid and accurate analysis of Iron Steel, Iron Ores. Slags, Limestones. Coals, Clays, Fire Sands, &c. Agents for sampling ores in New York and Baltimore, Price lists on application, ‘ ivon. Edward J. Etting, IRON BROKER anp COMMISSION MERCHANT, 230 S. Third St., Philadelphia, Pa. Pig, Bar and Railroad Iron. OLD RAILS, SORAP, &o- Agent for the MOUNT SAVAGE FIRE BRICK, The Allentown Iron Co. and The Coleraine Furnaces. STORAGE WHARF AND YARD DELAWARE AVENUE ABOVE CALLOWHILL STREET, connected by track with railroad. Cash advances made on Iron. agen ena apres care J. Wesley Pullman, 407 Walnut &t., Philadelphia, Exclusive SALES AGENT Chester Iron Co.’s Blue, Red and Hofr ORES. Ba Also celebrated ** Brotherton ” Ore, D. W. R. READ, T. HORACE BROWN. D. W.R. READ & CO., Dealers and Commission Merchants in ORES, METALS, &c. Native and Foreign Iron, Manganese, and other Ores, 205% Walnut St.. PHILADELPHIA, Office in New York, 142 Pearl &t. J. O. RICHARDSON, IRON COMMISSION MERCHANT, No. 232 Dock St., Philadelphia. Pig Iron, Railroad Iron and Iron Ores. Sole Agent for the MONOCACY FURNACE CO, DEALER IN MOSELEM, ROCKHILL, WARWICK, And other Favorite Brands. SILVER GREY IRON A SPECIALTY. J. W. HOFFMAN & CO., Iron Merchants & Railway Equipments, 208 South Fourth St., Philadelphia. Sole agents Glasgow Iron Co. and Pine Iron Works manufacturers of Muck Bar and all grades of Plate Iron. Celebrated “Glasgow” and * Pine’’ brands for fire boxes and diheult flanging. Pig and Bar iron, Baile and all shapes in Iron. Su given on Bridge and Building Specifications. WROUCHT IRON Boiler Tubes, Steam, Gas and Water Pipe. Oil Well Tubing, Casing and LINE PIPE. Cotton Presses, Forgings, ROLLING MILL AND General Machinery. READING IRON WORKS. production of steels relatively of inferior nh such as those for rails, and keep their Siemens-Martin converters for the pro- duction of superior qualities which have afterward to be rolled into plates or bars for ships, other works, exactly reversing this plan, make rails from their Siemens- Martin steel and reserve the produce of their Bessemer converters for plates and bars for the navy. Such a divergence of opinion—which, moreover, I am assured, is to be found also on the other side of the Channel—appears to me to be one of the best proofs possible of the almost perfect equality of the two rival processes; for if the superiority of produce obtained by either of them was undoubted and constant, it could hardly fail to have been long ago recognized by the constructors, who have to work up the steel obtained, and by the manufacturers them- selves, who have not, as a general rule, any particular interest in either of the two pro- cesses mentioned, seeing that they habitu- ally use them side by side. The daily increasing homogeneity of the plates and molded bars which are used in our dock- yards does not seem to me, nevertheless, the only cause of the increasingly satisfactory results obtained in the various processes to which these materials are submitted in the yards. Our experience tends to prove, in fact, that the increasing familiarity of the workmen employed in these processes, par- ticularly upon those plates and bars which are worked hot, has had at least an equal share in bringing about this fortunate result. Greater practice in using the new material, and increasing familiarity with it— if I may use such an expression—a more thorough knowledge of its qualities and of its defects, of its strong and of its weak points—in a word, of its behaviour and of the special management which it requires, so as not to produce failures, and even the confidence which is gradually showing itself in their treatment of it, are all cawses tend- ing strongly to the same end. I have sev- eral times, for example, had to remark that it is not generally the workmen having most experience in skill in working fron who manage most quickly to understand the working of steel in the most satisfactory manner. Although this fact may seem par- adoxical at first sight, there is nothing in it which ought really to surprise us; for skill- ful workmen, accustomed for many years to certain processes of work and to certain tricks of hand which they have always found succeed, and having, moreover, com- plete confidence in themselves, without reflecting that a metal which does not differ from iron in external appearance can possi- bly have different properties, will naturally treat it in the same manner. It is thus only after repeated failures that they become convinced that the new metal has a different behavior from that of iron. It is still later that they come to admit that this new metal, provided it is treated by them with a certain special management, is, taking it all in all, more manageable thar iron, and able to bear without danger abrupt bending which iron will not bear even when of exceptionally good quality. The younger workmen, on the contrary, have less settled habits, and at the same time they have less confidence in their own skill, and thus are more ready to conform with docility to the advice given them and the instructions which they receive; in a word, they have not got to unlearn anything, as is the case with older and more skillful fellow work- men. Consequently, when they are clever and intelligent, they are the first to under- stand how to work steel as it ought to be worked. If, for instance, they have to sub- mit a piece of steel to rather trying treat- ment which cannot be completely finished before its temperature falls below a dull red, workmen skilled in handling iron will be dis- posed, even according to their notion in their employer’s interest, to continue their work at a black heat, because they know that a similar piece of iron would not suffer from this, and before having gone throughe fresh apprenticeship they cannot realize, however often they may be told of it, that a similar piece of steel will not behave itself in exactly the same manner. The younger workmen, especially those who have not learned to work in iron before working in steel, are naturally free from these pre- judices and from this instinctive resistance to the advice given them. They will not hesitate to stop their work at once as soon as it cools to a dull red, and to return the work to the furnace or the forge to give it the fresh heat, that is sufficient in many cases to avoid the defects and injuries which their older and more experienced com- panions consequently find they have to pay for more often than their younger fellow workmen. It is hardly necessary to add that i xron. JUSTICE COX, Jr, CHARLES K, BARNS, JUSTICE COX, JR. & CO., AGENTS FOR CHICKIES, ST. CHARLES, MONTGOMERY WARWICK, CONEWAGO AND KEYSTONE Foundry & Forge Pig Iron. SHAWNEE ROLLING MILL CO., Limited, Best Quality Muck Bar. CATASAUQUA MFG, CO.’s Bar, Angle, Skelp and Sheet Iron. Railroad Car Axles. New and Old Rails. No. 333 Walnut St., Philadelphia. PETER WRIGHT & SONS. 307 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, 19 Broadway, New York, 44 Second Street, Baltimore, Importers of German and English SPIEGELEISEN, Pig, Scrap, NEW AND OLD RAILS, And Iron Ore. E.W.CLARK & Co. Bankers and Stock Exchange Brokers, No. 35 South Third St., Philadelphia. CLARK, POST & MARTIN, No. 34 Pine St., New York, Bankers and Railway Commission Merchants, Importers of Pig Iron, New and Old Rails, Scrap Iron, &c. THE STANDARD Otations STEEL WORKS. LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR WHEEL TIRES, Manufactured from the celebrated OTIS STEEL. BRAND ZZ STANDARD. Quality and efficiency fully guaranteed. Prices as low as —_ of the sume quality. We manufacture Heavy and Light Forgings, Driving and Car Axles, Cc Pins, Piston , &e. Works at Lewistown, Pa. Office, 220 S. 4th St., Philadelphia, Pa. ~ Italian and Spanish > ote = : thw HEBERTON & CO.,|/ For Car Wheels, &c. IRON, RODMAN WISTER. SCRAP OF ALL KINDS A SPECIALTY. 250 8S. Third St., Philadelphia. Selling Agents and Commission Merchants FOR SALE BY No. 333 Walnut St., Phila. L. & R. WISTER, First Quality Muck Bars, J. J. MOHR, CHARCOAL IRON, Se 261 S. Fourth St., Philadelphia, For the sale o Pig, Bloom, Plate, Bar, Scrap, Galvanised, ALFRED FAR NS HAW ’ _ Charcoal Bloom and Pig @ specialty. 203 Walnut Place, PHILADELPHIA. =s @°©;«€©=»©7#37» © 2 7 F IRON BROKERS. ty Hi j M E te & Co., pisents for the Clearfield Fire Brick Co.’s Iron Commission Merchant, 2615 CHILL-GRADED, G. A. HEBERTON, 8. Black, Sheet, Pipe and Railroad STEEL, | LANGHORNE WISTER. Late of and successors to W. HUTTON & CO., No. 230 South 4th St., Philadelphia, No. 430 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Sole Agent for the Sheri v : Sole Agent for the Sheridan and Leesport Furnaces. | the more skillful of the iron workmen, as a A PU RVES & SON | rule, very quickly pick up the distance which , ’ their younger fellow workmen, who had Corner South & Peno Streets, Phila., fewer traditions to unlearn, were able to Dealers in gain over them in working the new metal. Scrap fron & Metals, Machinery, Tools, After some months it is found that the as pueye, Steam Engines, balance is restored and that the old skilled s Ollers, Copper rass , re age ake e first place Tin, Babble Mctale fae > oe og ra o fir t | - which they had on omentariy lost, ue Facinogs. Best Quality Ingot Brass, KEYSTONE HORSE SHOE C0., best workmen for iron are then found to be _ Cash paid for all kinds of Metals ana Tools. FRANCIS WISTER, also the best for steel, and in fact they soon take so kindly to the new metal that they 816 Richmond St., Philadelphia, Pa. Manufacturers of the Keystone Patent Selid Sole Eastern Agent for Steel Calk Horse and Mule Shoes. would look with contempt upon a proposal A. A. HUTCHINSON & BRO. tneee, Eons aso made of mneree won, com- | ¢> return to working in iron. ‘ ‘ ’ pletely finished and ready for cold shoeing; nave CON N EL LSVILLE COKE. | clip and solid steel calk. The holes are punched se emmmmiiaa through at the proper angles and free from burrs In the new edition of his book on the coal ORES, Native and Foreign. ; t 5 er keg as “gs of un- 230 South Third Street, Philadelphia. ao ee on ae finished shoes. fields of Great Britain, Prof. Hull puts the annual coal produce of the world at 289,- 000,000 tons, of whi