The Iron Age 1880-12-09: Vol 26 Iss 24

ame i 4 Published every Thursday Morning by DAVID WILLIAMS, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. TO!) A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades, Age cntered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. Vol. XXVI: No. 24 The Van Rennes Hot Air Engine. Among the hot-air engines which have been before the public in Europe for some time is one invented by M. Van Rennes, of Utrecht, Holland, who has quite recently considerably modified its construction. It is this latest style whieh we present in the accompanying engraving. A and A!’ are two cylinders, the lower part of which, the fire-box, is placed over a fire-place. While the fire-box is made of cast iron, the upper portion is constructed of boiler iron, The pistons C C! are open above, and are provided with a leather or other packing. They are guided by m m', and each of them | has a stuffing box, through which the rods | of movable plungers D D' pass. The lower portion of these pluagers has the shape of a bell. The upper part of the cylinder is surrounded by a water jacket, B B'. The plungers D D' are connected with the walk ing beam I, while the two pistons C and C' are attached tothe walking beams IT and II", | the former of which is longer tan the lat- ter. By means of the connecting rod P and | crank, its right arm turns the tly-wheel J, | while the other arm of II drives the air pump M. The walking beam I is just as long as | II, and by means of the connecting rod P' and crank G, gives the fly-wheel a rotary motion; while a pump is attached to the other arm. When the air in the fire-boxes is heated, the plunger D commences to ascend, driving the air above it into the space between it and the fire-box, where it expands considerably and causes the piston C to move upward. By means of the walk- ing beams, the piston C' and plunger D' are forced into their lowest position and com- mence to reascend, As the upper portions of the cylinder are water-jacketed, all the air which they contain will be cooled, and any considerable counter-pressure upon the descending piston will be avoided. At b b' the cylinders have valves opening outward. They are in communieation by pipes ¢ c' with a chamber L containing com- pressed air. As soon as the air pressure is less in the cylinder A A' thanin the cham- ber L, air will pass frem the latter to the former. The pipes ¢c' have valves which are used in the following manner in order to start the engine: One of them is opened, so that communication between one cylinder and the chamber L is established. As soos as the fly-wheel has made half a revolution the valve on the second pipe is opened, and then the engine will be in operation. The running of the engine is regulated in the | following way : The two cylinders are con neeted by a pipe, K, and both may be placed in communication with one another or be | cut off from one another by means of a valve a. When the latter is closed the en- gine is developing its full power, but, if opened, it will gradually come to a stop, so that the position of the valve can command any speed desired. a - The Estimation of Combined Carbon in Cast Iron and Steel, In a paper read before the Engineers’ Club, of Philadelphia, and published in the proceedings of that society, Mr. David ‘Townsend describes a modification of the well-known Eggertz color test, first intro- duced by Prof. Leeds, of the Stevens Insti- tute of Technology. It is based on the well-known fact, announced by Eggertz, that iron or stzel containing combined car- bon, when dissolved in pure nitric acid, gave a brown color which varied in depth directly in proportion to the amount of such carbon present. The apparatus consists of a stand or rack | arranged for holding ten comparison tubes, each of which, when filled to the same | depth, hold roo ec. ¢. of liquid. Directly | underneath these tubes is a platform on | which slides a carriage holding a glass cell | or wedge 10 inches lung and 2 inches wide. | This wedge contains the comparison liquid, properly standardized, and gives the differ- | ent gradations of color according to the depth of the liquid. Under each tube, in| the platform, is a rectangular slot, allowing | light, which is reflected from the top mirror, | to pass down through the colored liquid in the tubes and be received for comparison | with the light transmitted through the wedge into the bottom mirror, To conduct the operation 1 gram of steel, | containing a known amount of carbon (say 4 per cent.), is put in a tube and treated | with 15 ¢. e. pure nitric acid having a specific | gravity of 1.2. The tube is placed ina wooden clamp, together with a thermometer, and | lowered into a dish of water kept constantly | at 80° C, by means of a properly regulated | gas jet. In from 30 to 50 minutes the steel will be dissolved, when any residue which may be left must be treated with 5 c. c. of | fresh acid, and then added to the main por- | tion. The liquid is now passed through a small asbestos filter, which has been pre- | viously purified, into one of the comparison | | esses tubes, and after being diluted to 100 ¢. c. is placed in the rack. The wedge is now filled with a solution of caramel, diluted with wa- ter to the proper tint, and being placed upon the carriage the two colors are brought to| exactly the same shade by moving the wedge | in or out and making the comparison on the bottom mirror. This gives one point in 2 paper scale cut to the side of the wedge, which represents 4 per cent. of carbon ; then | by pouring out one-half the liquid and again | filling up with water to the 100 c, c, mark, another point in the scale, which is exactly one-half the preceding, is obtained. For an unknown steel the process is obviously the same as described, with the exception that when the final comparison is made with the wedge and the scale applied, the percentage of carbon is read off at once. If the color should be too dark to come with- in the scale limits for 1 gram of material, 5 grams are taken and the reading multiplied by two; similarly should tha color be too light, grams are taken and the result divided by two. Certain precautions have to be adopted to insure accuracy in the results. The upper reflecting mirror should receive its light from some white surface or body having a uniform color, otherwise it will transmit the 2 | inequalities of tint which it receives and thus cause error. The depth of solution in the comparison tubes should be exactly the | same for similar quantities of liquid, for the color will vary directly as its depth and not with special tint. The comparison liquid in the wedge remains normal for a long while if protected from the light when not in use, but it is safest to restandardize it at least once a month. What is claimed especially for the process is the great accuracy and speed with which results may be obtained ; New York, Thursday, December 9, 1880. fully recommend the building of two armored ! greatly increased velocity, range and ac- ships of adisplacement of 5500 tons each,| curacy. The progress of gun construction and of three unarmored gunboats, having | has been so great as to reduce to second class each a displacement of 7oo tons. The esti-| the entire armament of the navies of the mated cost of these vessels, under this| world. But this has been so recent that bureau, is $2,900,000 ; but an appropriation | only model guns have been made, and there of only $1,500,000 will be required for the | is not at this time a single ship afloat armed first year.” The appropriations asked for] with the latest type of effective ordnance, this bureau are summed up as follows:| He recommends the use of the larger class For preservation and repair of vessels, pur-| of machine guns as of great value against chase of tools, materials, &c.: Finishing| the attacks of torpedo boats. During the the New York and Mohican and repairing | year 30 new Gatling guns have been pur- the Dictator, $2,500,000 ; for building three | chased. Of the torpedo station at Newport, gunboats and beginning work on two ar-|R. I., Com, Jeffers says: ‘‘It has been en- mored cruising ships, $1,500,000 ; for finish-| gaged in experiment with explosives to de- ing and repairing the monitors Terror,| termine the amount necessary to destroy Puritan, Amphitrite, Monadnock and Mian-| various obstacles, and in general torpedo tonomah, $3,122,836; total appropriations | work. Several aggressive torpedoes which asked for, $7,122,836. promise well have been presented, and trials Chief Shoch, of the Bureau of Steam En-| will be made to ascertain their utility. The gineering, reports the amount appropriated | usual class has been graduated, and there is for the fiscal year ending June 30, as $800,-| now a large body of officers well iastructed ooo, and the total amount expended, $794,-| in the use of torpedoes in naval warfare.” 013.38. The departments under cognizance The report of R. L. Law, Chief of the of this bureau at the several navy yards are | Bureau of Yards and Docks, shows that the reported to be in good working condition. | improvements made during the year at the Chief Shoch recommends an appropriation} Mare Island Navy Yard were extended as of $150,000 for the purchase of heavier| far as the small appropriation for the pur- tools required at the several navy yards in| pose would admit of, that the yards on the working the keavy boiler plates now in use.! Atlantic coast present a very marked im- also the simplicity of the apparatus, by which auy one not a chemist can make the com- parisons without any difficulty. sc ieseailialiaticeais Our Navy Department. The annual reports of the chiefs of bureaus of the Navy Department for the fiscal year ending June 30 were given to the public today. Chief Easby, of the Bureau of Construction and Repairs, reports the amount appropriated for the fiscal year 1879-80 as $1,500,000, and the amount ex- pended $1,400,000. The report gives in de- tail the work performed at the several navy yards in the construction and repair of naval vessels as follows: In commission— steamers, 29; sailing ships, 4 ; monitors, 8 ; torpedo boats, 2; total, 43. In ordinary— steamers, 18; sailing vessels, 8 ; monitors, 7. Receiving ships—steamers, 3; sailing ships, 3; monitor,1. Store ships—steamer, I; sailing ships, 3. On the stocks—steam- ers, 5; sailing ship, 1; monitors, 4; iron- clads, 3. Repairing—steamers, 9. At the Naval Academy—sailing ships, 3 ; monitor, 1. Public Marine School—sailing ship, 1. Tugs of all kinds at yards and stations, 25. Total number of vessels, 130. In conciuding his report, Chief Easby says: ‘‘ A brief in- spection of the foregoing list of vessels will show the necessity of an increase in the number of efficient vessels for the navy. The finishing of the five monitors and two cruising ships now commenced, and the im- provement and repairs to the Dictator, are | of the first importance. This addition to our small navy would be of great advantage. We have now in the bureau a number of | plans of unarmed cruisers and of iron-| armored rams, furnished by the naval con- | structors attached to the different yards, under order of the bureau. These plans can be made use of at any time the department may direct, but for the present I respect- | THE VAN RENNES HOT AIR ENGINE. provement in appearance in the last year, and also that the health of the residents and employees has been greatly improved. The amourt appropriated for repairs and pre- servation is referred to as entirely insuffi- cient. The following are among the amounts estimated to meet the requirements of the respective yards and stations : He also recommends that Congress be re- quested to pass an act authorizing the sale of stores and materials, which cost $326,- 863 (war prices), but for which there seems no present or prospective need, the proceeds to be used in the purchase of new material. | He also recommends that an appropriation | of $1,165,coo be made for the completion | and erection of the machinery on board the | portsmouth, N. H..... ......0-+-++++-++0e0+ $21,000 double-turreted monitors Puritan, Am-/ Boston............... Bo ee ne 76,883 phitrite, Terror, and Monadnock; and if | New York..... EARPACES Von sedsRe RET FOESO he building of the tw 1 si . k League Island, Pa.. Oore seccesecens 85,000 the building of the two armored ships, each | Washington, D. C. 32,604 of 5500 tons displacement, is favorably con- | Norfolk. Dieaaisexexe 13,832 ide ‘iati Mare Island, Cal......... i . 290,000 : > ara Le ’ c sidered, a further appropriation of $1,000 eee “ 0co will be required (the first year) for their machinery, the total amount being $1,900,- | The following are all the estimates for the ’ , , 000. The report states that 63 vacancies | fiscal year submitted to the secretary : now exist in the grade of Assistant Engi- | Support of buresus, yards and docks.. $13, ago ° ss 2 ane 1 - ey ee ‘ 0,000, ¢ neer, but it is expected that the graduates | Soadineeus anmamnea. ete aes of the Naval Academy will eventually bring | Support of Naval Asylum.. 59,813.00 } & | Supp. y the number up to the standard required by at and ape sas gngane - 4 T * . : mprovements at navy yards. 549, 321-0 law. The report speaks in complimentary | Givi) establishment......... .. 43,018.25 terms of the Cadet Engineers now in service | in naval vessels, and suggests that the sys- Total . tem now in successful operation for the edu The report is accompanied by an elaborate vation of American seamen be expanded to | appendix, giving in detail the expenditures meet the wants of the engineer department | at navy yards, stations, &c., for the fiscal in same direction. Ohief Shoch renews his | year ending June 30. recommendation for the pensioning of dis- | abled mechanics, and gives the following summary of estimates for the ensuing year :| The report of Gen. Walker, the Snperin- Regular appropriation $1,685,000 | tendent of the Tenth Federal Census, gives For heavy machinery +ss++ 150,000! a@ very gratifying statement of the work be- ae ler et ‘we Sa” aoe |ing done in the collection of statistics of | manufacturing. ‘ 8 Total........s020.0.44 ce seeee oss es+e$4,000,000 | have been employed in 276 cities and towns, Commodore Jeffers, Chief of the Bureau of | and reports are now completed from all but Ordnance, submits estimates for the fiscal | 16 of the largest places, where the investi- year 1881-82, aggregating $306,361.25. He | gation is proceeding satisfactorily, and, it says our first and most pressing want is guns | is hoped, will be finished this month, The of the latest and most approved system. At | experience of ten years since, the increased +++ + G2, 460,532.30 In all, 365 special agents | present our ships are principally armed with | force authorized, and the improvement in| smooth-bores, or smooth-bores converted | the system warrant us in supposing that we into rifles. These converted guns have | shall now have statistics of some value in proved very safe and efficient, and use higher | this connection. It is certain that in the dis- charges than before conversion, giving cussion of the questions which will be sure | | $450 a Year, Including Postage. Single Copies, Zen Cents. to arise in the next decade, the information | thus furnished will afford a basis for correct conclusions such as we have never before had. —_—_ Government Encouragement to Steam Shipping. In the concluding passages of his annual report, Secretary Thompson calls attention to the special relations between the navy and the commerce of the country. The subject, he says, has gained fresh impor- tance by the constantly increasing surplus of agricultural and manufacturing products now beihg sent by sea to all parts of the world. To this immense commerce the navy is a necessary ally, and must at all times be prepared to furnish it protection. It is impossible to do this effectually unless a sufficient number of the right kind of ves- sels are constructed—not for cruisers merely, but for all the purposes of war when the emergency shall require it. The number of vessels should be increased. Good policy, in the Secretary’s opinion, requires the na- tional government to employ all its legiti- mate powers to increase the strength of the mercantile marine. Continuing this ar- gument, he says: ‘*Tt is entirely competent to arrange with private shipbuilders with reference to the extension of our postal service upon the ocean, and to require that the vessels used for that purpose shall be so constructed that in the event of war they may be em- ployed immediately for war purposes. Eng- land owes her present naval superiority to this policy, and it serves no valuable pur- pose to contrast our condition with bers unless we shall profit by her example. So long as her merchant vesse!s, built under her protection and patronage, are aliowed to draw annually from our wealth about $100,000,000 as compensation for freighting our commerce, just so long will our inferior- ity exist. Whenever our own commerce shall be carried on in vessels owned and built by our own people, capable of being turned into ships of war when necessary, then we shall reach the point of equality with her, and be prepared, when the neces- sity shall arise, to test with her the question of superiority upon the sea, Before the war we had nearly succeeded in running British vessels from the ocean, and since then have coutented ourselves with uttering complaints against England for her agency in destroying ours while the war was in progress. The time for active and ener- getic measures has now arrived, and every future year of neglect will add to our infe- riority.” —— cc Subscriptions for M. de Lesseps’ Canal. It was announced a few days ago by Drexel, Morgan & Co., J. and W. Seligman & Co., and Winslow, Lanier & Co., that, under the authority of the council of admin- istration of ‘‘ The Universal Company” for the construction of an interoceanic canal through the Isthmus of Panama, they had been appointed a special American commit- tee to receive subscriptions in America to M. de Lesseps’ project. The books were opened in the offices of these firms on the 7th inst. and will remain open until the gth. According to the prospectus, the ‘‘ Panama Canal Company” will be organized with a capital of 300,000,000 francs, made up of 600,000 shares of 500 francs each. All but 10,000 shares, which are reserved for the original grantees, ‘‘in eonsideration fur ex- penses incurred and grants ceded by them,” will be offered for sale. M. de Lesseps is to be president and manager of the company, and will superintend the construction of the canal. Further details than are given in the prospectus were not obtainable from the members of the American com- mittee. Mr. Jesse Seligman said that the American committee and ether bankers, including Morton, Bliss & Co., John A. Stu art and Heidelberg, Ickelheimer & Co., pro- pose to take shares in the company, and that applications for shares have been con- stantly coming in from bankers in other cities as well as in New York. The pros- pects were that all the shares intended for America would be subscribed for on the three days named in the prospectus. Bank ers in all the principal cities would receive orders and send the returns to the special American committee. Mr. Seligman added that in Paris a premium of 20 francs was of- fered in the applications for shares, and that he could not say at present how many shares will be allotted to this market. a The Welding Qualities of Mild Steel. —The manufacture of mild steel is not yet sufficieatly well understood for it to dis place the higher qualities of wrought iron, inasmuch as it will not weld, and the causes have not yet been ascertained why some bars of mild steel will weld and some will not. ‘Till more light is thrown on this sub- ject, and till all bars put into an ordinary blacksmith’s hands will weld with certainty, says Mr. E. Windsor Richards, so long will good wrought iron hold its own ; ‘* but | have no doubt in my own mind that not many years will pass away before this problem is satisfactorily solved. Some very mild basic steel has been made sufficiently soft to weld, but it requires a much higher heat than iron. This is easliy understood; every blacksmith knows that the better quality of the material the higher heat it will bear.”’ ~~ » wi dees aS ee ee . OO LD ty ee - SS he ter eter eee - ~~ nee ~~ 4, , BS te °s ne THE TRON AGE: December 9, 1880, 2 gaits.) ata. |stats poe A FS Ss © N i A ain The Piume & Atwood PHILIP L. MOEN, President and Treasurer. CHAS. F. WASHBURN, Vice President & Secretary anda de OnEEEE 66, Mig. Company, |WASHBURN & MOEN MANUFACTURING CO. a goes | aii inne nate MASS. No. 19 Cliff Str set, MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, German Silver and Gilding Metal, Copper Rivets and Burs, Kerosene Burners, Lamp Trimmings, &c. 80 Chambers Street, New York. 13 Federal Street, Boston. 109 Lake Street, Chicago. Factories, Phelps Building, NEW YORK. MANUFACTURER. OF = . BRASS AND COPPER Waterbury Brass Co. CAPITAL, - - $400,000. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass; CERMAN SILVER, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, COPPER RIVETS & BURS, BRASS KETTLES, Door Rail, Brass Tags, PERCUSSION CAPS, POWDER FLASES, Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures, é&c. And small Brass Wares of every Description. Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells a Specialty. Sole Agents for the Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line ot Sport- ing Goods and Wood’s Paper Shot Shells. Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c. Seamless Brass & Copper Tabing. Aasenia Corrugated Stove Platforms. PURE COPPER WIRE For Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered. Prosphor Bronze Rods for Pumps, &c. ANSONIA Yr REFINED INCOT COPPER. PHELPS, DODGE & CO. IMPORTERS OF MANUFACTURERS OF IRON and STEEL. WIRE, adh siie oan Steel Barb Fencing, Patent Steel Wire Rale Ties. of all des; Round [ron ‘OUS alit aie iy to \ In., cut to aus tee ’ 9 any length. Owners and exclu» atve >p — EA Oh cons! “eaten 8 ko an MALL, » producing irae and Steel WIRE in nne B Rolling Mill, THOMASTON, Ct.| WATERBURY, Ct. Bridgeport Brass Co., MANUFACTURERS OF Spiral Spring Wire, and Refined Wire to ern for particuiar purpose selected stamps of Norway Iron, TIN PLATE DEPOTS: mills At | Sheet and Roll Brass : 296 Broadway, New York, WATERBURY, ' ; ’ Any grade of Wire furnish ed, Annealed, Be ht, Polished, ered, Galvan ze ate re ROOFING PLATE, |1{89 Eddy St, Providence, R.1. Con. ~— | Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, | wires Steet" wire tor'Shrings: Needles aad Batie® Mitce, tcet Loge tin Dnrtvated Meee! Mwai German Silver Metal and Wire, | WAREHOUSE, 21 Clif Street, New York, State earghouse, 803 North 2a st Sheet tron, Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, Zine, &c. MANUFACTURERS OF Copper and Iron Rivets. OILERS and CUSPADORES, | LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, | KEROSENE BURNERS, Manhattan Brass Co., Manufacturers of Olmsted Patent Oilers, Prior Patent Oilers Sheet Brass, Brass Wire c 0 P P E R A N D B RAS S. Cc r Wi " . Broughton Patent Oilers, Clocks & Fly Fan M ts. | PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS. CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. Copper tives ; ome "put a aaa caanes asi to cutting out Blanks and eS Zinc Tubing, H antenne a manufacturing Metal Goods. rown’s Patent Picture Hooks MANUFACTORY, Wanenovss, SCOVILL MFC co Fire Sets, Fenders. Rc. Bridgeport, Conn. |19 Murray St., N. ¥. aed BRASS BLANKS AND TUBES smear Wire Company, TAY Ny BRASS, HINCES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. mo? | 6 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION TO ORDER. OFFICE AND WORKS, Ist Ave., 27th to 28th Sts., New York. THE NEW HAVEN COPPER C0., LOUIS, MO. A. A, LASAR Secretary. Tuos, W. Fitcn, Prest. and Treas, O. 8. CHAMBERLAIN, Trav. Agent PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. BUTTONS, CLOTH AND METAL. _—~->—_——. MANUFACTURERS OF DEPOTS, FACTORIES, — 0 ho” Wateroury» Com | 2665 Pearl Street, New York. All kinds of EE ES ET ee ee 183 Lake St. Chicago. New York City. Manufacturers of and Dealers in NATIONAL WIRE a tte WORKS, "Wergheane. a. 7 = a = . : ee ae e - ® ’ U ‘ D'CKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO.,/Braziers’ & Sheathing|/RON & STEEL WIRE. HCWAnD « ine Importers of Manufacturers of Brass, Copper & Iron Wire Cleth, Locomotive Spark Wire Cloth COPPER. Holmes, Booth & Haydens, Iron Wire Bolting Cloth, Ship and Railroad Lanterns, Signal Lights, Conduc- tors’ Lantern, Adjustable Globe Hand Lantern, Desk & Office ieetieum, nates, Ti: Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet lron, Cooper, Wire, Zinc, Ete. 29 & 31 Oliff St., cor. Fulton, a & CO., Liverpool. NEW YORK. Coal & Sand Screens, Nursery Fenders & Spark Guards, Ornamental Wire Fence ROEBL P eter SESS ae ao > New York Office aT WATERBURY, CONN. NEW YORK, BOSTON, 49 Chambers St, 18 Federal St. Manufacturers of all kinds of Brass, Copper & German Silver, ROLLED AND IN SHEETS. BRASS & COPPER WIRE, Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs, BRASS & IRON JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL. German Silver Spoons, SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, ___ Kerosene Burners, &c. Kettle Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, Rivets, Ingot Copper, Spelter, Solder, &c. Incorporated 1876. Establishea 1837. WATERBURY MANUFACTURING 60., WATERBURY, CONN. Brass Machine Screws, Jack and Safety Chain, Bibb Screws and Springs, Whip Mountings, Chisel & Screw Driver Ferrules, Patented Articles, BRASS AND METAL GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. A. C. NORTHROP, Waterbury, Conn., NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS)soHN DavoL & SoNs, Brooklyn Brass and Copper Co. TRENTON, Warehouse . N. J. 117 Liberty Street. THE JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS CO, MANUFACTURERS OF WIRE ROPE! o.ivaszep |Lron and Steel Iron, Steel and Copper | Telegraph Wire, WIRE Hoisting Furposes of all Market Wire, kinds, for Ferries, Stays, ss ‘ Market Wire, Fence Wire Ship Rigging, Sash Cords, Vineyard Wire Bridge Wire, Chain Wire, Lightning Rods, &c., &c. ° Buckle Wire, Spring Wire Suspension Bridge Cables. Rivet Wire, &c., &c, , FOR HARDWARE TRADE. Wrought Iron and Brass Machine Screws: Turned, Hexagon, Round and Square Head Cap and Dealers 10 Bet, Se now 8; Erase from, Steel or ran and eons Chain; = _— lated and Brouze Trimmings of all Ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin, CALVANIZED WI RE CLOTH ES LI N ES. s t Ss pr supuly given. patented articles oF: any escription 0 1eet Metal work, respectfully solicited and Antony Sle Old Metals, For Hoisting, Running & Standing Ropes, Ferries, &c. CONSTANTLY KEPT ON HAND. Address, HAZARD MFG. CO., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa. FELTEN & GUILLEAUME, Carlswerk, near Cologne, Germany. PATENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, For Mining and Plow Ropes, Hawsers and Bridge Cables. SIEMENS- -MARTIN AND BESSEMER STEEL WIRE, GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE of Charcoal and Swedish Iron and Steel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths, GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, For Piain, Barb and Strand Fencing, 3, ene 7 iv Shrand. pets, &c. Annealed _ Oiled Fencing ire, row an WIRE ROFE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. TELEGRAPH CABLES. Contractors to the German and Foreign governments. The aioe house in the braneh on the Con- tinent. ‘s elegraph Address, CAKLSWERK, COLOGNE, General Agents for U. S. and Canada, PERKINS & CHOATE, 23 Nassau St, N. Y, ABR AMS. _——— JAMES HALL, Tre asurer, WM. HEWITT, Vice President. E. HANSON, Secretary. PASSAIC ZINC CO. C0. TRENTON IRON COMPANY, on TRENTON, NEW JERSEY, Pure Spelter MANUFACTURERS OF FOR ba YN) eetoase Dy DTP WIRE Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes AND ALL FINE WORK. OF ALL CRADES, BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED: & Bre Galvanizers & Brass Founders. Iron and Steel Wire Rods; MANNING & SQUIER, Gen'l Agents, EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. 113 Liberty Street, N. Y. Geo. W. Prentiss & Co.. HOLYOKE, MASS., Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal tron Wire} Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Stee! Wire. Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths, Represented ia New York by © OOPER, HEW vier « co., 17 Burling Sip. BRODERICK & BASCOM, MANUFACTURERS OF Bright, Coppered, Annealed and Tin Eaasems Also GUN SCREW WIRE f all size straights ned and cut to order. J. WOOL GRISWOLD, beapeed WIRE RAILING AND IRON WI RE ROP E, The Schoenberg Metal Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of and Dealers in Manufacturer of d — SOLDER, TYPE, Ornamental Wire Works. 728 N, Main St. : Stereotype, iieunagee and meneee Metals, V7 I Ee ES 9 No. 36 Nerth a — oe » ~~ eee es Importers of Block Tin, Antimo Refin rs of Manufacture WIRE RAILING for Cemeteries, Balco Lead, Spelter, &c, Highest rice Paid” for old Metois nies, &c.: Sleves, Fender, Cage Sand and Coat @ East 20th TROY, N. ¥. sreene: ove beds steads, Cheirs and ali kinds or ane Bireet, between Avenues A & B, New t t a SP Oe oo u . in e, je ad n. ic t. et. el ire ire, ire, ty? el acing » Con- re. Balco. 1 Coal Cheirs December 9, 1880.° CARYW & MOEN, Manufacturers of STEEL WIRE forall purposes and STEEL SPRINGS of every description. 0. LINDEMANN & C0., Manufacturers of all kinds of Japanned, Brass & Tin Plated BIRD CAGES. ~ Catalogues furnished to the trade. 254 Pearl St., NEW YORK. ORCL TLL OL PEEL ELAR EALALLALAL EA UOCELELMA AAA LK LEADS WUD ELLE LL LL LL Market Steei Wire, Crinojine Wire, tempered and covered. Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Springs, constantly on hand. 234, 236 and 238 West 29th Street, - - ~ - - NEW YORK. SOLE MAKERS, YALE LOCK MANFC. CO., Office & Works, STAMFORD, CONN. SALESROOMS : 563 CHAMBERS ST., NEW YORK. 507 MARKET ST., PHILADELPHIA. 36 PEARL STREET, BOSTON. ‘G4 LAKE STREET, CHICAGO. BROWN & BROTHERS, Stanley Rule & Level Co., MANUFACTURERS OF 81 Chambers St., N. Y. Manufacturers of ! m p roved BRASS, COPPER AND) “*yPenters’ 29 Chantrs St GERMAN SILVER, New York, Manufacturers of Bailey’s Patent Adjustable Planes, Genera] Agents for the sale cf Leonard Balley & Co.'s ** Victor Planes. Manufacturers of se Detiance”’ Patent Adjus:able Planes, In Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire, Tubing, Rivets and Burs, Etc. CHAS. DOUGLASS, Gen’l Supt. ALSO, Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing, GAUTIER STEEL C0.. LIMITED. PATENTED SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPE HOUSE BOILERS, warranted to stand 200 a pressure and guaranteed against vacuum. PATENTED SPRING TEMPERED SIIANK, Wp SILVEK-PLATED, FLAT TABLE WARE, in rich iy cesigns. <) GERMAN SILVER SPOONS AND FORKS. a WESTON’S | DIFFERENTIAL PULLEY BLOCKS. FACTORIES, New Britain, Conn, Waterbury, Conn. This Adverticoment is Changed Every Week, D. G. GAUTIER, Chairman, D. J, MORRELL, Treasurer, WROUGHT-IRON BEDSTEADS. Fence Staples, Black or Galvanized, ye ' in 100 Ib. kegs. Staple Barbs, Coppered or Galvanized, The cheapest and Lest Beds in the market. Adopted y the United States Government. \ i in 100 Ib, kegs or & Sp 32 J cE sth 25 lb. boxes, APL E BAe NEW YORK WORKS: PHILADELPHIA Eastern Office & Warehouse, OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE, JOHNSTOWN, PENN, 93 John St. 505 Oommerce St. ICE CREEPERS to prevent falling on icy pavements. Can be attached —————— - -- - neeaiionmnated to the heel of any boot or heavy shoe. Easily anjest able When not in use. (Sample pair by mail, 25¢ ) wii I Lu Lu I A MM V © G FE 21, E. T. BARNUM, Detroit, Mich. Manufacturer of Plain and Stamped G. Gunther, | TINWARE, SEAMLESS BOXES, ROUND, OVAL AND SQUARE CANS, Special Articles Manufactured of Sheet Metals. 41, 43 & 45 South Oth Street, Near the Ferries, BROOKLYN (E. D.), N. ¥. Patented Brass, Silver Plated| "&NRY J. VOGEL. LOUIS F. VOGEL. D CAG MOULDING SAND BIRD CAGES. Albany Sand a Specialty. FOUNDRY FACINGS, POPE,COLE & Co. , . Shovels, Riddles, Brushes, &c. BALTIMORE WHITEHEAD BROS, WORD A a j No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD., Have always on hand and for eale INGOT COPPER, Also Cakes, of unequaled purity and toughness. THE MONTOUR IRON & STEEL COMPANY, Works at Danville, Pa. RAILS = AND PIC IRON. A genera] assortment of Mine and Narrow-Gauge Rails kept on hand, from which shipments can be made promptly. W. EB. C. COXE, President, Reading, Pa. 8. W. INGERSOLL, Treas., Philadelphia, Pa. ¥. P, HOWE, General Supt., Danville, Pa. Manufacturer of wey Pore 7 an : 103 & 105 William St., NEW YORK. Largest variety in patterns and unsurpassed in low prices. New llustrated Catalogues and Price Lists on application. ‘FIRE SAND “AND CLAYS. Established 1810, N. & 6, TAYLOR CO, PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers, Importers and Dealers in ODD AND REGULAR SIZES TIN AND ROOFING PLATES, Black and Galvanized Sheet Iron, Metals, Wire, Copper, Stamped Ware, Registers, &c. themselves. ingly desirable. Its ringing makes music instead of noise. In buying bells, it is too commonly the practice to raise the money and then send to the foundry and order as big a bell as the money will buy. A much better plan would be to order a sweet toned bell always supposing, of course,jthat it is impossible to go and consult with a bell founder in regard to the matter. THE IRON AGE. Bells and Bell Hanging There are few things more fascinating than the ringing of a large bell. Whether this arises from the propensity of human beings to make a noise and a great commo- tion, or from the inherent pleasure of pro- ducing, through unseen means, a pleasant result, we do not know. When one stands inthe lower room of a tower, witha great rope now coiling up at his feet and then by some unseen power suddenly rushing away into | the darkness above, there is a very peculiar sensation not to be met elsewhere. At just the right moment, known only by instinct and long practice, the rope is seized, a vigor- 3 e | the Russians have the largest bells, and the Belgians and the Dutch the sweetest. The renown of the bells of Holland and Bel gium is world wide, and though they are not ‘always the largest in size, the accuracy of the tuning and the sweetness of their tone make them easily first. The skill ‘of the Netherlanders is not, however, con finel simply to the manufacture of single bells. They are chiefly noted for their magniflcent chimes. At Bruges there is a chime of 45 bells, some of them having as _many as six hammers ; there are Igo in all. The machinery for working this chime of bells was constructed as far back as 1748. Many of these Dutch and Belgian chimes ous pull given, and then back it comes again, | Ave rung automatically by machinery, there coiling down upon the floor at the feet. In another moment the rope must be seized being a large barrel like that of a hand organ, which catches the ends of the levers and held fast, and the ringer knows that the | to which the hammers are attached, raising great mass of metal above is standing bottom side up, ready to swing downward witha rush, and send its ringing voice out upon the airagain. Let a novice attempt the same seemingly easy and simple task, and he will find himself one moment tangled in the coils, and the next dragged half-way up to the ceiling above. In order that a bell may be rung properly and easily, with no annoyance to the ringer and with satisfaction to the public, a great many little details must receive attention. Formerly, the wheel, the yoke and the A frames upon which the bell was swuag, were all the work of the carpenter, and upon his skill entirely depended the working of the bell. To a great extent, the tone was influenced by the methods he employed. At tbe present day, the carpenter has little to do besides attending to the fluor beams and putting the bell into position. The A-frumes, the combings of the bell hatch, the yoke and the wheel, are all prepared by the manufac- turer, and frequently put together before they leave the factory. It is, therefore, only necessary for bim to understand some of the essential features necessary in bell- hanging to be able to do a perfectly satisfactory job. If the bell is large and heavy, the tendency is to set the yoke so that the pintles or gudgeons are very near the middle of the bell from top to bottom. This makes an easy ringing bell, but the stroke of the clapper is likely to be light and the sound comparatively weak. The yokes now sent out with large bells are made ad- justable, so that the bell may be hung in any position relative to the gudgeons that may be desired. Generally speaking, the greater power will be got the lower the b ll is hung. If this unduly increases the difficulty to ringing, a counterweight can sometimes be attached above the bell to advantage. We have seen very large and heavy bells hung so that the top of the bell was only-a few inches above the gudgeors, and yet, with out using excessively large wheels, these bells rang very easily, because a weight in the cases we mention—a heavy block of stone—was fastened to the upper side of the} yoke, thuscounterbalancing the we ght of the bell. Rotary yokes at the present time are much in vogue, and we think de servedly so, since by their use the clapper never strikes continuously in the same place, The location of the bell in the tower is a matter of no little importance. Not only doea it effect the distribution cf the sound, but a more important matter, the direction or lead of the bell rope. There is only one satisfactory way of leading a rope from the bell to the room from which the bell is to be rung, and that is to take it vertically down from the rim of the wheel without a beni. We have rung bells where the rope was carried off at an angle over pulleys, in order to bring it into some more convenient place. The difficulty of ‘‘ setting ” the bell is a con- stant annoyance which follows imperfect adjustments of the pulleys, The matter of a rope is a very important one ; it should not be too small nor too large. In one case it is inconvenient to grasp, and in the other case its weight and xtiffness make it awk ward to handle. In tact, a rope should be dependent rather upon the convenience of the man than te size of the bell or wheel The smallest rope is amply strong enough for its work, since the amount of strain which comes upon it is ovly equal to one man’s weight. Our own preference in a matter is a rope of a size convenient to be grasped by the hand. The raceway ought to be free and clear, so that there is no obstruction and the rope pulleys at the top, accurately centered over those below, are sufficient, and if the work does not touch the sides at any time. Guide when the bell is ringing is the bell itself. is done as it should be, the only sound heard The rope should be dumb. In many churches, however, the stroke of the bell is preceded by a rumble of the bell- rope like a small earthquake, which, to a stranger, is both annoying and startling. To most people a bell is a bell. Whether its sound is pleasing or otherwise never seems to enter their heads. There is, how- ever, a vast difference in bells—even those of the same weight and tone vary among A sweet-toned bell is exceed- Of late years chimes of bells have become more common in this country than formerly. This is a move in the right direction, and when well handled a chime is always a source of delight to all the neighborhood. We wish, however, to enter a protest against the use of ‘‘peals” of three or four bells. When people think they cannot afford a chime, they try to make a peal take its place. Of ‘all exasperating, distracting and utterly abominable noises that human beings make with machinery, with fire-crackers, guns, or other instruments, the bell is the worst when used ina peal. Our opinion is that if a town or church cannot buy achime, the peal is the poorest substitute. In this we speak from experience and feelingly, and, as a matter of private opinion, are in- clined to think that the use of peals of bells should be made a crime. In this country we have several large and killfully managed bell foundries, and we believe the art here is an old one, In Europe them and allowing them to fall again upon the bell. The motive power is given by a weight which, in some cases, is as heavy as 300 lbs. At Ghent the weicht has to be wound up twice aday. The drum is nc less than 6 feet in diam«e ter. It is, we believe, very old. Some of these bells strike for the hour and others for the half hour, and at each quarter a tune is played. Hand clap- pers and a keyboard are always provided with these chimes, in order to enable them to be played by hand as well as by ma- chinery. A whole chapter might be written on the subject of bell ringing, so various are the methods employed, and so great is the diversity in the sounds produced. Signal bells and bells used for tolling are rung by special hammers. Fire bells in large cities are frequently worked by a long lever, one end of which is raised by hand in making the stroke. The toll- ing hammer, introduced of late years, is an immense improvement upon a plan of tolling the bell by the means of the ordinary rope and wheel. It is almost impossible to produce, by swinging a large bell, a good, strong and clear single note. Even with a spring, the weight of the hammer will cause it to rest on the sound bow of the bell, and produce a disagreeable grating noise, which is very plainly heard in the immediate vicin- ity of the bell, and sometimes at even a con- siderable distance. With a tolling hammer, however, a clear, loud stroke can be made, without any of the disagreeable features produced by the prolonged contact of ham- mer and sound bow. It is the practice of some people never to set a bell, but simply to bang it backward and forward and get a good stroke at every swing. This produces an old-fashioned fire-alarm stroke, which is not as pleasant to the ear as to ring the bell smartly for a few seconds, and as a mo- menium is obtaine¢ l, carry it up and set it, and in this way make a pause which serves to emphasize the he avy following strokes. Chis method of ringing a bell, however, can only be practiced with comparatively moderate sizes. The enormous bells of which the Russians are fond can only be rung by sending the clapper backward and forward. The great bell of Moscow—and by this we mean the original great bell—was hung from beams and the clapper only swung. TVhis was so enormous that it re- quired the foree of from 30 to 40 men at- tached to the ropes to strike it. The heavy booming of such bells is described as being very grand and solemn. The Japanese and Chinese make a bell of radically different shape from any other nations. It is cylindrical, or nearly so, the flare at the bottom being in some cases scarcely perceptible, Like those of the Russians, these bells are not swung ; the sound is pro duced by a wooden ¢ lapper, which is not at- tached to the bell. When it is necessary to sound the bell, a man takes a big wooden club and pounds upon the sound-bow, Pos- sibly the cylindrical form for a bell to be rung in this manner produces as pleasing a tone as any other. Light clappers, or those of wood, give asofter and sweeter tone toa bell, but do not by any means give as power ful asound as heavier clappers or clappers of iron. Inthe art of hanging bells, America seems to stand easily in the front. Not only are her yokes lighter than those used abroad, but very strong, more convenient and neate ?. In the great chime of bells in Worcester Cathedral, England, there are no less than 13 bells, some of which are of very large size, and all of them hung with wooden yokes in the most primitive fashion. The timber, trussings, floors, &c., for this cathe- dral cost $6000. These bells were put up within the last ten years, and yet they are all hung in a style that went out of fashion in this. country years ago. Except in our oldest churches, it would be difficult to find apparatus more primitive. The heaviest of these bells weighs two and one-half tons. The smallest one a little less than 700 pounds. - a The Life-Saving Service. S Kimball, general superintendent of the Cite Saving Service, in his annual re port, which has just been completed, gives the following facts : The service included at the close of the fiscal vear 179 stations, of which 139 were on the Atlantic, 34 on the lakes and six on the Pacific. T he record of service st urpasses that of anv previous year. ‘The highest pumber of disasters in former years was in 1879, 219. This year the number aggregates 300, The highest number of vessels wholly lost in any preceding year was 54 in the fiscal year ending June 3071879. The num- ber last year was 67. ‘The number of pez sons on board the 300 vessels involved was 1989, of whom 1980 were saved, -_ nine being lost. There were cared fo at the stations 449 shipwrecked persons, 1202 days relief being afforded them, The number of persons brought ashore from wrecked ves sels by the life-saving appliances of the sta tions was 706. In addition the life-saving crews assisted off when stranded, removs d from dangerous positions and piloted to places of safety, 128 vessels, sometimes working in conjunction with other wrecking agencies, but generally with the ships’ crews alone. In many of these instances were it not for their aid the vessels and crews would have been lost. Besides, several vessels, standing into danger, were warned off and saved from stranding. The estimated value of the whole number of vessels was $2,610,, December 9, 1£80, 4 tron. | EVOott. | Evo. XLCOW. xrou, ___NEW YORK, NEW YORK. eens NEW YORK. PITTSBURGH. PITTSBURGH. W. D. WOOD & Co, § A. G. HATRY, Commission Merchant. Bar, Sheet, Tank, Boller, Angle, T, ~ PIERSON & CO, A. B. Warner & Son,| John W. Quincy, — Pi saaaa aa IRON MERGHANTS, | sithracite & Charcoal Pig Irons, 24 & 26 Broadway, 77 & 79 New St. 28 & 29 West and 92 Washinaton Sts. Wrought Scrap, Cut Nails, Copper, and Railroad Iron, NEW YORK CITY BOILER PLATE, BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER, ANTIMONY, NICKEL, he And Railroad Equipment. ’ ——————— ia ARRISON & GILLOON Nails & Spikes Steel & R. R. Supplies, WINDOW GLASS, GAS PIPE & BORAX. Sole Agents for the celebrated IRON AND METAL DEALERS, PITTSBURGH, PA. Ulster Ir ON, (“Bureka,” — Pennocks, ..-tvatansetn a seca. “Wawasset,” Luk a asse u ens, owe on Rend, ope oer Sys sate, the following: a ne merican g Iron, rought ‘ast an All Sizes and Shapes kept in Stock, Brands of Iron. Alsoall descriptions of Plate, Sheet, | Mackiinery Scrap Iron, Car-Wheels, Axics and Heavy | and Gasometer Iron. Special attention to Locomotive | Ee ete hs -—- old Copper, Composition, Brass, OGDEN & WALLACE, | tron. F ire Box Irona specialty. TRON SEI, AME MERCHANT, OW WIS, OXFORD IRON CO., 85, 87,89 & 91 ELM ST., N. ¥. Manufacturers of the fo st grade of re Bar Iron, Bands and Fine Hoops, MIDVALE STEEL WORKS. | cir. ovat nar patie Dae . :Cc ut N ails lores PATENT Planished Sheet Iron. Patented March 14th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1873 ; Sept. 9th, 1873; Uct. 6th, 1874; Jan. 11, 1876. Guaranteed fully equal in all respects to the IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON, Ie end at a much less price. = by all the principal ‘ ROADSTER Fea4 (B. G. CLARKE, Receiver,) A full assortment constantly on hand of | i ‘nat, achinery, Tool, Spring, Tire, Sleigh | duc wa ry ses se hire - fr p mt a i a, | \ “ikon te Cal Pw mn Bilater sees | IOLA iey Hie ott Aeon S39 IHR METAL DEALERS| \ & artery. Steel Tyres and Axles, M A RSHA L L LE ERFERTS, S P | K Ee Ss. In the Large cities throughout : = Steel _Forgings and Castings. : v 90 Beekman St., New York City, TH E U N ITE D STATES. : And at their Office, STEEL TOE CALKS “ABEEL BROTHERS, | wayuractuRER AND DEALER, |: 8. SCRANTON, Sales Agent, Established 176s by ABEEL & BYVANCK, _ ‘ F 81, 83 and 85 Washington Street, lron Merchants, Galvanized Sheet fron, v2 vorx. Pe eer ice at | _eunemainn sagan wate egress BURDEN’S | and Bar Iro ym, | 1p Hoop and Band Iron, Galvanized Rod Galv: anized Nails, G: alvanized C hain, Galvanized Lron Pig A ee ae sizés constantly on hand. CORRUGATED SH FFT IRON Horse-Shoe Iron, For Roofing, &c., Galvanized, Plain or Painted. 2 Common Iron, Best Charcoal, Best Refined and Common ll Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. PPP rae A cn Extra Quality Homogeneous Steel R. A. WILSON & CO, PIG IRON, Iron and Steel Rails, All Sizes, BOILER PLATE BL OOM S AND ORE s| STEEL PLATES, all descriptions. 88 Fourth ave., cor. Wood st., Pittsburgh. ’ ’ _—*8 Fourth ave., cor. Wood st., Pittsburgh, John |. Williams, Henry M. Long, Nathan M. McDowell, Cut a : P eae Sheet ’ ' a SHEET IRON. ee , | 'Tanl ~ . Norway Nail Rods, Plate and ank Iron, Keystone Rolling Mill, SHOENBERGER g _ Pittsburgh, Cc. KANE, OLD RAILS, SCRAP IRON, STEEL, Manufacturers of Merchant Bar and Skelp Iron, PIC IRON, BLOOMS, AND ORE. Sheets and Plates of all sizes, PITTSBUR SBURGH, PA. Office, No. 87 Water Street, Portsmouth Iron and Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Mill at Sono, Second Avenue. Successors to GAYLORD ROLLINC MILL CO., CHAS. G. LUNDELL, gum tact Siemens-Martin (Open Hearth) No. 7 Exchange Place, STEEL BOILER PLATE, Agricultural and Machinery Steel Mass. Norway Shapes, ; 66 C No. 1,C H No. C H No. 1 Flange, Best Flange, Cast, Spring and Tire Steel, etc. __ Best Flange Fire Box, Circles. Burde n Best” BOILER IRON A. R. Whitney, smrea’ina cucranvoe All descriptions of Iron Work Galvanized or Manufacturer of and Dealer in Tinned to order Price list and quotatic ons sent upon applic ation. ro n IRON, | W. BAILEY Lane, 66, 58 & 60 Hudson, Sole Agent In United States & Canada for e ° SSE dora} NEWYORK LOW-MOOR Boiler Rivets. O.r specialty is in atrdetten of Dineieest Palanan IRON COMPANY, _| Burden Iron Works, H. Burden & Sons, Sianufacturing Iron Used in the Con- Bridges, 4c. Plans and estimates furnished, and contracts made | NO. 50 | BE EKMAN ST., NE W Yt RK, description. - I t f eve Boots containing cuts or a trom made sent onap-| JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO., Troy, N.Y. lication by m es o Saniple pieces at office. a address dinsicenant sis: tiated U L S E R PIG IRON, ~ BURDEN’S Commission Merchants ___ No. 69 Wall St., New York. ml B. & S. Bar lron. BORDEN & LOVELL, 7O & 7i West St., ULSTER IRON WOR KS. Also Bes ot Gentes ot Yi tov New York. American & English Refined Iron. L. N. Lovell, Agents for the sale of All sizes and shapes in stoek. EGLESTON BROS, & CO., Williams, Long & McDowell, and Steel Tire. Also, Homogeneous Iron Boiler Plate and Rivets, Merchant Bar, Hoop and Sheet Irom, Wrought Spikes, Fish Bars and Bolts. Office and Works : PORTSMOUTH,