The Iron Age 1880-10-28: Vol 26 Iss 18

ING. The Manufacture of Charcoal in Kilns.* BY T. EGLESTON, PH. D. The manufacture of charcoal in kilns was declared many years ago, after a series of experiments made in poorly constructed fur- faces, to be unprofitable, and the subject is dismissed by most writers with the remark that in order to use the method economically the products of distillation, both liquid and gaseous, must be collected. Besides iron, there are other manufactures in which large amounts of charcoal were used, but these consumers seem to have been guided entirely by the results of the experiments of the iron men, who neces- sarily made the largest quantity of it. Some authors speak in a doubtful way of the qual- itv of the charcoal produced, and a few con- cede that with great care good charcoal can be made in kilns, but that most of the v ork- men do not like kiln charcoal. This is the real secret of the opposition to this method of manufacture. Until recently the manufacturers of char- coaliron have considered meiler or pit coal su- erior to kiln-made coal, but the manufacture of this latter kiad of coal has been so much improved of late years that it is sometimes difficult for the advocates of meiler coal to distinguish the difference between the two. Ozcasionally the question of the sale of the accessory products was a factor. It is gen- erally agreed that kilns give a better yield than meilers, but it is objected that the charcoal is not so strong for blast furnace use. For other uses there does not seem to have ever been much question. The question of pit or kiln coal was for- merly settled by the cost of transportation. When transportation was low, kilns were usad, the advantage of output being greatly in their favor, since the kiln can be burned slow or fast to make the coal of requisite density. The yield of charcoal is also greater in the kiln than in the meiler, i being from 45 to 50 bushels to the cord in the kiln, and from 30 to 35 in the meiler. The amount of labor in using the kiln is also | less. To counterbalance the increase in vield, the decrease in labor, the security against accident, and the celerity of the operation, the cost of transportation will bave to be high. Besides this, the kiln is always under com- plete control, and can be examined by the burner at any time, and the exact condition of every part of it can be ascertained at every step in the process. As there is only an approximate knowledge and control of the meiler, the kiln should give the best product. The possibility of a large output is, however, the ignis fatuus of modern metallurgy. The kilns are “turned” so often that the charcoal is burned toorapidly, Eng lneera, A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by DAVID WILLIAMS, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Vol. XXVI: No. 78. and the quality becomes poor. In the desire | to have but few structures to take care of, and to have the largest possible furnace ca- pacity with the least expense, the kilns have been made too large. Experience has shown, | however, that it is more economical to use kilns of small capacity, and that the increase in the cost of the structures is more than | compensated for by the increase in the qual- | ity of the product ; while with large kilns the diminished cost of the plant is dearly purchased at the expense of a diminished yield of coal, and hy the relatively poor quality of the product. There seems to be no doubt that, given the peculiar conditions necessary for the con- struction of permanent works, the charcoal manufactured in kilns is cleaner, since it' is free from the sand of the cover of the meiler, and is also denser in the blast furnace. To be worked at all they must be crushed and dressed, and it is only practicable to treat the fine ore thus produced in a bloomary with charcoal. In such districts the kiln has a peculiar import- ance, as it gives a charcoal free from dirt, a very important consideration, as the whole object of dressing the ores is to get rid of the silica, and if dirt were introduced in the fuel the loss of iron would not only be in- creased, but the benefit derived from dress- ing the ores very much diminished. Kilns for the manufacture of charcoal are |made of almost any shape and size, deter- mined, in most cases, by the fancy of the builder, or by the necessities of the shape of the ground selected. They do not differ from each other in any principle of manu-! New York, Thursday, October 28, 1880. Tare | : ‘ also added, is used. As the principal office| been used and give as good a yield, but The Iron Age “ntered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. 82°50 a Year, Including Postage. Single Copies, Zen Cents. of this mortar is to fil] the joints, special | they are much more cumbersome to manage. care must be taken in laying the bricks that every joint is broken, and frequent headers put in to tie the bricks together. It is es- pecially necessary that all the joints should be carefully filled, as any small open spaces would admit air, and would materially decrease the yield of the kiln. The floor of the kiln was formerly made of two rows of brick set edgewise and carefully laid, but latterly it is found to be best made of clay; any material, however, that will pack hard may be used. It must be well beaten down with paving mauls. The center must be about 6 inches higher than the sides, which are brought up to the bottom of the lower vents. Most kilns are carefu'ly pointed, and are then if the process is conducted slowly. The yield is at least from 15 to 20 per cent. more, and the ex- pense is at least one third less. In addition to this, as the meil- ers are at a distance, there is a loss of charcoal in transportation amounting to 10 to 15 per cent., so that the total gain in kiln manufacture is from 25 to 30 per : ne goeeee | th [: qe SS ; Scces Fig3 2 i ‘ | w | - Cfeabt- ‘ I il 4 ‘ ; ; 3 " 1 * a ” ee ee meesiasstzese # toad : i . ” } a “ : t ‘ f ‘ > . » | t coi fe " a4) geese 2aeRE wet asset te | q e a i i t —il | ‘ + ; , mJeeddbe | ie easncsencens wieesesHito top ET PP etree yg i i{} . “ oo a o 4 nv | . " ii Door oi = ; } \} | ; es il ei Th =~ pi ewneh _|' Firing) Hole || 9 | & | 2 ieee andes ae iy rs ] i; \ ‘3 > oe i 4 . es i ‘ ’ ' ‘ ‘? ; 4 ; ; Ps ty P a wad “RECT ANGULAR CHARCOAL KILNS wash of clay suspended in water, and covered with a coating of coal tar, which makes them wa- terproof, and does not require to be renewed for several years. The wood used is cut about 4 considered of much importance, except in so far as it is desirable to have it as nearly uniform CONSTRUCTION OF RECTANGULAR, CIRCULAR AND CONICAL CHARCOAL KILNS. |eent. If the process was conducted as slowly, there is little doubt that the kiln coal would be equal, if not superior, to the meiler coal. The only valid objection to kilns is their permanent character. In order to avoid the great cost of transporting all the wood, these works must generally be situated in a country where there are streams or lakes which can be utilized for rafting or floating, or where the cost of carriage is very low, as the cost of transportation must be borne by only a small part of the material trans- ported. But, as we have said, there are very few localities suitable for metallurgi- | cal manufactzres where the interest and sinking fund on the permanent investment and the cost of transportation, will overbal- ance the diminished cost of manufacture and the increase in the yield. Charcoal has been studied almost exclu- sively in view of the manufacture of iron in the blast furnace. It is generally conceded now that it will not be much longer used on a large scale for that purpose. Less attention is, therefore, now paid to it than its merits as a furnace fuel warrant. There are districts where no oti:er fuel can be had, and there are processes in which it must be used so long as they exist. For making blooms di- rect from the ore kiln charcoal is almost |universally used. As between hard and | soft woods the impression among the work- men seems to be that the quality of the iron | made with soft wood is better than that made with hard wood, but the consumption of the softer fuel is greater. There are be- | sides some ores of iron of exceptional purity, but eo lean that they can y be worked facture, nor does there seem to be any ap-|as possible. When most of the wood is small, preciable difference in the quality of the fuel they produce, when the process is con- ducted with equal care in the different va |rieties; but there is a considerable differ- {ence in the yield ahd in the cost of the | | . process in favor of small over large kilns. | The different varieties have come into and cost of construction and of repairs. The object of a kiln is to replace the cover of a meiler by a permanent structure. Interme- diate between the meiler and the kiln is the Fo: cauld system, the object of which is to replace the cover by a structure, more or less permanent, which has all the disadvan- | tages of both systems, with no advantages | peculiar to itself. The kilns which are used may be divided into the rectangular, the round and the | conical, but the first two seem to be disap- | pearing before the last, which is as readily { built and much more easily managed. F | All varieties of kilns are usually built of | red brick, or, rarely, of brick and stone to- gether. Occasionaliy refractory brick is used, but itis not necessary. The founda- tions are usually made of stone. There are several precautions necessary in construct- |ing the walls. The brick should be suffi ciently hard to resist the fire, and should, therefore, be tested before using. It is an | unnecessary expense to use either second or third quality fire-brick. Asthe pyroligneous acid which results from the distillation of the wood attacks lime mortar, it is best to lay | up the brick with fire-clay mortar, to which | @ little salt has been added ; sometimes loam and only a small part of it is large, the large pieces are usually split, to make it pack well. It has been found most satisfactory to have three rows of vents around the kiln, which should be providel with a cast-iron | frame reaching to the inside of the furnace. | — ‘al i | The vents near the ground are generally | gone out of use mainly on account of the 5 inches high, the size of two bricks, and 4 inches wide, the width of one, and the holes are closed by inserting one or two bricks in them. They are usually the sizo of one brick, and larger on the outside painted on the outside with a| feet long. The diameter is not | than on the inside. The holes are usually | from 17 to 23 inches apart vertically, and from 31 to 35 inches apart horizontally The lower veuts start on the second row of brickwork above tke foundation, and are placed on the level with the floor, so that the fire can draw to the bottom. There is sometimes an additional opening near the top to allow of the rapid escape of the smoke an? gas at the time of firing, which is then closed and kept closed until the kiln is discharged. This applies mustly to the best types of conical kilus. In the circular and conical ones the top charging door is sometimes used for this purpose. Hard and soft woods are burned indifferently in the kilns. Hard-wood coal weighs more than soft, and the hard variety of chareoal is usually preferred for blast furnaces, and for such purposes there is an advantage of fully 334 per cent. or even more in using hard woods. For the direct process in the bloomaries soft-wood charcoal is preferred. It is found that it is not usually advantageous to build kilns of over 160 to 180 cubic The largest yield got from kilns is from 50 to 60 bushels for hard wood to 50 for soft | wood. The average yield, however, is about 145 bushels. In meilers 2% to 3 cords of wood are required for 100 bushels, or 30 to 40 bushels tothe cord. The kiln charcoal is very large, so that the loss in fine coal is very much diminished. The pieces usually come out the whole size, and sometimes the whole length of the wood. Rectangular Kilns.—The rectangular kilns | were those which were formerly exclusively in use. They are generally constructed to contain from 30 to go cords of wood. The usual sizes are given in the table below : I Il lil IV Length ee ae 42 40 43 Width a ne 1s 14 17 a Pee : ; 12 15 18 13 Capacity in cords....... 55 70 75 92 I and II, used in New England ; III, type of those used in Mexico ; IV, kiln at Lautoo, Mich. The arch is usually an are of a circle. A kiln of the size of No. iV, as constructed ‘at the Michigan Central Iron Works, with a good burn will yield 4000 bushels of char- coal. The vertical walls in the best construc- tions are 12 to 13 feet high and one and a Fig. 5. crores CIRCULAR CHARCOAL KILN | half brick thick, containing from 20 to 23 brick to the cubic foot of wall. To insure sufficient strength to resist the expansion and contraction due to the heating und cooling, they should be provided with but- tresses, which are one briek thick and two wide, aw at Wassaic, N. Y., Fic. 3: but many of them are built without them, as at Lauton, Mich., Fig. 1. In both cases they are supported with strong braces, from 3 to 4 feet apart, made of round or hewn wood, or of gast iron, which are buried in the ground below, and are tied above and below with iron rods, as in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, the lower end passing beneath the floor of the kiln. When made of wood they are usually 8 inches square or round, or some- times 4 by 8 placed edgewise. They are sometimes tied at the top with wooden braces of the same size, which”are ga- curely fastened by iron rods running through the corners, as in Fig. 1, When a number of kilns are built together, as at Michigan Central Iron Works, at Lauton, Mich., only the end kilns are braced ia this way. The intermediate ones are supported below by wooden braces, securely fastened at the bottom. The roof is always arched, is one brick (or 8 inches) thick, and is laid in headers, 14 being used in each superficial foot. Many of the kilns have in the center a round hole from 16 to 18 inches in diam- eter, which is closed by a cast iron plate. It requires from 35,000 to 40,000 brick for a kiln of 45 cords, and 60,000 tu 65,000 fur one of gocords. Atone end are two doors— one above and one below (Fig. 1), both of | which are used for the introduction of tha | mixed with coal tar, to which a little salt is | meters in capacity, Larger furnaces have | wood ; at other times there is only the lower % il neice ee aoe. =. CR = wea ee ae = SS . O89 ~~ 2 —~. —- , me cee aad z 6) ~ an eee = PActals. ThePlume & Atwood Mfg. Company, MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, German Silver and Gilding Metal, Copper Rivets and Burs, Kerosene Burners, Lamp Trimmings, &c. 80 Chambers Street, New York. 13 Federal Street, Boston. 109 Lake Street, Chicago. Factories, WATERBURY, Ct. ____—Metals. Tee ANSONIA , BRASS & COPPER CO., No. 19 Cliff Sts set, Phelps Building, NEW YORE. MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c. ie ta Seamless Brass & Copper | Tubing. Ansonia Corrugated Stove Platforms, PURE COPPER WIRE For Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered. Prosphor Bronze Rod: for Pumps, &c. ANSONIA * REFINED _____INCOT COPPER. PHELPS, DODGE & CO. IMPORTERS OF Waterbury ‘Brass Co. CAPITAL, - - $400,000. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, CERMAN SILVER, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, COPPER RIVETS & BURS, BRASS KETTLES, Door Rail, Brass Tags, PERCUSSION CAPS, POWDER FLASES, Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures, &e. And small Brass Wares of every Desc ription. Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells a Specialty. Sole Agents for the Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line ot Sport- ing Goods and Wood’s Paper Shot Shells. Rolling Mill, | THOMASTON, Ct. | Bridgeport Brass Co., MANUFACTURERS OF j DEPOTS: ilies At TIN PLATE, 296 Broadway, New York, WATERBURY, Sheet and Roll Brass, ROOFING PLATE, | 189 Eddy St., Providence, R. 1. Con Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, German Silver Metal and Wire, Copper and Iron Rivets. OILERS and CUSPADORES, [ LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, | KEROSENE BURNERS, Clocks & Fly Fan Movements. | PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS, Particular attention paid to cutting out Blanks and manufacturing Metal Goods. MANUFACTORY, Bridgeport, Conn. Harrison Wire Company, ST. LOUIS, MO. Cuas, Fisn, Secretary. Sheet Iron, Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, Zinc, &c. MANUFACTURERS OF COPPER AND BRASS. NEW YORK. Manhattan Brass Co., Manufacturers of Olmsted Patent Oilers, Prior Patent Oilers Breughton Patent Oilers, Brass, Tin & Zine Oilers, Brass Tubing, Brass Butt Hinges, Zinc Tubing, Hurricane Lanterns, Brown’s Patent Picture Hooks, Fire Sets, Fenders, &c. BRASS BLANKS AND TUBES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION TO ORDER. OFFICE AND WORKS, 1st Ave., 27th to 28th Sts., New York. THE NEW HAVEN COPPER CO., Sheet Rraas, Brass Wire, Copper Wire, Copper Rivets, CLIFF STR“ET, SCOVILL MFC CO ——@————— BRASS, HINCES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. BUTTONS, CLOTH AND METAL. ————— DEPOTS, FACTORIES, WAREHOUSE, 19 Murray St., N. ¥. Taos, W. Fitcn, Prest. and Treas, MANUFACTURERS OF All kinds of IRON & STEEL WIRE Wire Mill Specialties. Holmes, Booth & Haydens, 419421 Broome St., N. Y. Waterbury, Conn, i 177 Devonshire St., Boston. New Haven, Conn. 255 Pearl Street, New York 183 Lake St. Chicago. New York City, Manufacturers of and Dealers in Braziers’ & Sheathing COPPER. DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO., Importers of Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet Iron, Cooper, Wire, Zinc, Etc. . : WATERBURY, CONN. 90 @ 81 Gar st., at Pelton: Kettle Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, Rivets, éiie tea aie DICKERSON & CO., Liverpool, NEw yorK.| Ingot Copper, Spelter, Solder, &c. | 49 cnambers st. 18 Federal St. Manufacturers of all kinds of Established 1837. Incorporated 13876. WATERBURY MANUFACTURING C0., WATERBURY, CONN. Brass Machine Screws, Jack and Safety Chain, Bibb Screws and Springs, Whip Mountings, Chisel & Screw Driver Ferrules, Patented Articles, ____ BRASS AND METAL GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. A. C. NORTHROP, Waterbury, Conn., NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS FOR HARDWARE TRADE. Wrought Iron and Brass Machine Screws; Turned, He on, Round and Square Head Cap and Set Screws; Brass and Iron + er ana Jack Chain; Glit, Nickel Plated and Bronze Trimmings of all xinds. from Sheet Lron, Steel or Estimates on patented articles, or any description of Sheet Metal work, respectfully solicited and promptly given. Brass, Copper & German Silver, ROLLED AND IN SHEETS. BRASS & COPPER WIRE, Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. BRASS & IRON JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL. German Silver Spoons, SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, Kerosene Burners, &c. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, Brooklyn Brass and Copper Coes Ingot Copper, “Tesine Lead, Tin Antimony, Solder & Old Metals. ot ohn John Street. MN. Ws N. PASSAIC ZINC CO, Manufacturers of Pure Spelter Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes AND ALL FINE WORK, Also for Galvanizers & Brass Founders. MANNING & SQUIER, Gen'l Agents, 11% Liberty Street, N. Y- ABRAM § JAMES HALL, Treasurer. wm. HEW ITT, Vice President. E, HANSON, Secretary. i" TRENTON IRON COMPANY, . HEWITT, President. INCORPORATED 1847), TRENTON, NEW JERSEY, MANUFACTURERS OF ike IRON and STEEL WIRE OF ALL CRADES, BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED; Iron and Steel Wire Rods; EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal Iron Wire} Geo. W. Prentiss & Co., ; Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire. Won Vene Senate a Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths, IRON WIRE. __ Represented ta New York by © OOPER, HEWITT & CO., 17 Burling Slip. BRODERICK & BASCOM, IRON WIRE ROPE, 800 N. Main St. Bright, “poppers, A Annealed ona Tin d. GUN SCREW WIRE. Of all a.see atraightened and cnt to oraer The Schoenberg Metal Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of and Dealers in SOLDER. TYPE, Stereotype, Easeiesepe and Babbitt Motaln” Importera of Block Tin, Antimony, &c. Refiners of Lead, Spelter, &c. Highest price Paid for old Metals and ai: kinds ot Dross. 3:38 aya eee East 201h | Street, between Avenues A & B, . THE IRON AGE: WIRE ROPE Hoisting Purposes of all kinds, for Ship Rigging, Sash Cords, Lightning Rods, &c., &¢c. GALVANIZED tinent. October 28, 1880, Clive, etc. PHILIP L. MOEN, President and Treasurer. OHAS. F. WASHBURN, Vice President & Secretary WASHBURN & MOEN we aena tae £0 WORCESTER, a Established 1831. MANUFACTURERS OF IRON anda STE kt. Ww rohan Patent Steel:Barb Fencing, Patent Steel Wire Bale Ties. WIRE RODS of all Grades; Round fron Rivet uality, 3-16 alve Operators of the PATENT ( ONTIN por Us Ro LLIN a y MEL + eae tie tat te coils of 100 pounds, without ska™ e t Galvan on Tele Annealed Fence and G bree Wire in lone te athe: 6 Soares Pail- Ball Wire ; Ro and Chain Wire. oe e r the manufacture of Card Clothing, Heddles, Re -eds, &ec. Plano-s -string Covering Wir 1 Tinned-p gine d \ ire of all sizes. A specialty is made of Clock, Machinery, - yy Spring Wire, and Refined Wire to Pattern for particuiar purposes, from selected stamps of N grade of Wire furnished, Annealed a, Sign, & foieed. Ty Galvanized or Tin Plated. Wise furnished, Btraigntened and Cuttoany length. Ste noline Wire, Patent Linen finish. Darivaled Steel Musi Wire. Stee] Wire for Springs, Needles Vp Drills. Mot rket Steel Wire A in stock, all « oe WAREHOUSE, 21 Cliff Street, New York, ae Louls Warehouse, 803 North 9 24 St, NATIONAL WIRE AND LANTERN WORKS, Warehouse, 45 Fulten Street, New York, EIOW ARD co MORSE, Manufacturers of Brass, Copper and Iron WIRE CLOTH, Locomotive Spark Wire Cloth, Iron Wire Bolting Cloth, Ship and Railroad Lanterns, Signal Lights, Conductor’s ‘Lantern ADJUSTABLE GLOBE HAND LANTERN, Desk and Office Railing, Riddles, Coal and Sand Screens, Fenders aud Spark Guards, Ornamental Wire F ence, Nursery ROEBLING P WORKS ee sq New York Office i AND iiieaieiaa Warehouse, N. J. 117 Liberty Street. THE JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS co, MANUFACTURERS OF Iron and Steel WIRE Market Wire, Fence Wire Bridge Wire, Chain Wire, Buckle Wire, Spring Wire, Suspension Bridge Cables. Rivet Wire, &c., &c, GALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES. IRON AND STEEL WIRE ROPE Telegraph Wire, Market Wire, Vineyard Wire. or lron, Steel and Copper FoR Ferries, Stays, For Hoisting, Running & Standing Ropes, Ferries, &c. CONSTANTLY KEPT ON HAND, Address, HAZARD MFG, CO., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa. FELTEN & CGUILLEAUME, Carlswerk, near Cologne, Germany. PATENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, For Mining and Plow Ropes, Hawsers and Bridge Cables. SIEMENS-MARTIN AND BESSEMER STEEL WIRE, Flusseisen, Swedish and German Charcoal Wire. TELEGRAPH WIRE of Charcoal and Swedish Iron and Steel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths. GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, For Plain, Barb and Strand Fencing, 3, +s 1d 7-ply Strand, Stagten, &c. Annealed an Oiled Fencing Vire, ‘round and ov WIRE ROPE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. TELEGRAPH CABLES. Contractors to the German and Foreign governments. Theo Idest house in the braneh on the Con Telegraph Addrces, CANLSWERK, COLOGNE, General Agents for U, 8. and Canada, PERKINS & CHOATE, 23 Nassau St, N.Y. J. WOOL GRISWOLD, | [sce WIRE RAILING Ornamental “sim Manufacturer of rent aire, Works. XV A7 EB Fz Ey % No. 36 North a _ , ee Manufacture WIRE RAILING 2 Cemeteries, Balco- les, &c.- Sieves, Fenders Sand and Coal A Wire. tron “B Bedsteads Chairs screens, Retiwce, TROY, N. ¥,. and exclu> WIRE, tn tone Wire, yet, Buckle ring Wire, Screw and way Iron, furnished, ol Music n 2d St, St. ce Wire a Wire, 1g Wire, 1S, &C. , Pa. —$—_—$_—___——— IRE gths. ed Fencing 2 pn the Con N. Ys ING orks. imeore. ries, Balco- and Coal Chairs October 28, 1880. Manufacturers of STEEL WIRE ee COL EE T EKLLLA AL ED 0. LINDEMANN & (C0. Patentees and Sole Manufacturers of Spring Brackets for Bird Cages, And manufacturers of the largest variety of S Japanned, Brass and TJin-Plated Bird Cages in this Country. Catalogues furnished to the trade. 254 Pearl Street, New York, ER ELELEL EEE _ UU LILLE LIL ELE LLL LLL TE LLM A LLAA LLL LLL AECL ELL EELS @ LEELLLL LEED Ci DL t; Market Steel Wire, Crinoline Wire, tempered and covered. Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Springs, constantly on hand. 234, 236 and 238 West 29th Strect, - ° o o o WESTON’S DIFFERENTIAL PULLEY BLOCKS. SOLE MAKERS, YALE LOCK MANFC. CoO., Office & Works, STAMFORD, CONN. SALESROOMS : 563 CHAMBERS ST., NEW YORK. 506 COMMERCE ST., PHILADELPHIA. 3G PEARL STREET, BOSTON. ‘G4 LAKE STREET, CHICAGO. BROWN & BROTHERS, |Stanley Rule & Level Co., FACTORIES, | MANUFACTURERS OF 81 Chambers St., N. Y. | Waterbury, Conn. WARFROOMS, Manufacturers of i m p roved BRASS, COPPER AND C@zPenters’ 29 Chambers St, Tools. New York, | ; i : | Manufacturers of Bailey’s Patent Adjustable Planes, | General Agents for the sale cf Leonard Balley & Co.'s ** Victor Planes,” j Manufacturers of ** Defiance’? Patent Adjustable Planes, | 2 This Advertisement is Changed Every Week, In Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire, Tubing, Rivets and Burs, Etc. ALSO D. G. GAUTIER, Chairmar. D. J, MORRELL, Treasurer. CHAS. DOUGLASS, Gen’! Supt, seals Bass & comer. BATIER STEEL GO., LIMITED. HOUSE BOILERS, warranted to stand 200 Ibs. pressure and guaranteed against vacuum. ee FLAT TABLE WARE, in rich S T a FE Zz 9 Sowers WIRE and BALTIMORE SPRINGS. COPPER WORKS, No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD., Have always on hand and for sale INGOT COPPER, Also Cakes, of unequalled purity and toughness. Wrought lron Fence, Our specialty. Also Crestings, Finials and Vanes; Stable Fixtures, PATENTED SPRING TEMPERED SHANK, WORKS, JOHNSTOWN, PENN. aes Darts, Boer! Eastern Warehouse, 93 John St., N. Y.; Phila. Warehouse, 505 Commerce St. and Window Guards, Wrought Iron Grat- ings, &c. Address WW I Ll. ZT. IT A V0 Vv oO G E I. q CLEVELAND WROUGHT Manufacturer of Plain and Stamped si vv. van pow, | UNAWARE, SEAMLESS BOXES, ROUND, OVAL AND SQUARE CANS. Special Articles Manufactured of Sheet Metals. Proprietor, 41, 43 & 45 South 9th Street, Near the Ferries, BROOKLYN (E. D.), N. ¥. CLEVELAND, HENRY J. VOGEL. § — = Ohio, U. 8. A. ROME IRON WORKS, Manufacturers of Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop- per and German Silver (In Sheets, Rods, Tubing or Wire), COPPER & BRASS RIVETS AND BURS. Rome, New York. THE MONTOUR IRON & STEEL COMPANY, Works at Danville, Pa. ’ RAILS —® AND PIC IRON.| A genera] assortment of Mine and Narrow-Gauge ails kept on hand, from which shipments can @g made promptly. | Ww. E. C. COXE, President, Reading, Pa. 8. W. INGERSOLL, Treas., Philadelphia, Pa. N & (; F. P. HO WE, General Supt., Danville, Pa. g a MOSES GOLDSMITH & SON, ay Key Bow 156, CHARLESTON, S. C. P H } | A D E i P t4 IA, | Wholesale dealers in METALS, IRON, RACS, And all kinds of Paper Stock. We invite correspondence. LOUIS H. VOGEL, MOULDING SAND. Albany Sand a Specialty. FOUNDRY FACINGS, Shovels, Riddles, Brushes, &c. WHITEHEAD BROS. AMERICAN FACING CO. _ ALL WROUGHT BON, FIRE SAND AND CLAYS. WM. WHITEHEAD, Treas., 617 W. 15th St., New York, Established 1810. Manufacturers, Importers and Dealers in one | ODD AND REGULAR SIZES John Carver | caULKiNG irons, MIN AND ROOFING PLATES. ' Black and Galvanized Sheet I » Metals, WI © Cotton, Freight and Hay Hooks, Stamped Ware, Registers, deo oe, or Near First, BROOKLYN, B. D. THE IRON AGE. forallpurposes and STEEL SPRINGS of every description. NEW YORK, New Britain, Conn. — ttl ——. one. The discharge of the charcoal is made The whols art of the process consists in by the lower doors only. closing the vent holes at the proper time The number of vents is regulated by the! As soon as the kiln is well lighted the two way the bracing is done. When wood only | lower rows are closed. The vents of the is used, asin Fig. 1, there is only one, but upper row ara closed little by little. Those when brick buttresses are used, generally | of the middle in the upper row are usually three. They are almost always placed one closed first ; then those from which the biue directly over the other. To each of these a smoke comes in their turn. When the vents name is given. The lower one, Fig. 1, is of the first row are being closed those of the called the foot vent, the middle one the knee | middle are opened, and so on, One man by vent, and the upper one the shoulder vent. day and one by night can ea ily superintend On the ends of the kiln the vents are placed | five to six such kilns He has little to do less regularly than on the sides. Sometimes! except to draw the fire regularly down, to there is only one row, one above the other, | watch the color of the smoke, so as to close as in Figs. 1 and 2, sometimes one row not the vents at the proper time, and to fill any in line, as in Fig. 3, and sometimes there cracks that may form It is always safer are more. From three to four vent holes: to allow the kiln to remain a longer than a Scale are usually made in the lower doors. These | shorter time to cool. If the kiln is properly openings are usually of a size to admit a' extinguished four men can easily empty it single brick. They are placed on the level |in one day. On the floor there will usually of the ground and up toa hight of one and be found some badly burned wood ; these two feet. brands are either put back in the next The lighting of a kiln issometimes done by charge or used for special purposes about a chimney left in the wood in the center the works. If occasion required, they might from above, exactly as in the meiler, the fire | be used mixed in small quantities with the being drawn down by the openings in the charcoal. sides; this chimney may or may not connect Mr. T. F. Witherbee gives the following with a channel leading to the discharging table as the weights of the charcoal made by door. This method is used in the South and | him in rectangular kilns at the Fletcher- Southwest of the United States, and is prac- villo furnace : ticed in Mexico, andis preferred when the . |. NG cans e0Cbev keeneeeecesekass 9 J Basswood ° . ee + 10,025 Fig.7. Spruce oan ‘ cocce 28,990 <>. Poplar ee ° ‘ +» 12,275 Hemlock... : ; - 12.850 Black ash . 5 te eee i oe 34.475 White ash..... nen eRSRE4AT SERS ORURED vece: SON Beech.. 7 ‘ , le . 17.035 Yellow birch... dadevew. a ‘ shapasose Be Sugar maple... istene veee i oe Round Kilns.—The round kilns, Figs. 4 and 5, differ from the rectangular ones only by their shupe. Fig. 4 shows the form ¥ usually employed among the bloomary forges ‘ of Northern New York ; Fig. 5 is that em- \\ ployed for blast furnace fuel in Vermont ; ‘\ Fig. 4 is built with vertical walls and is ee Es A) | braced with wooden posts and iron straps. <i, Such kilns can be seen near Roger’s Rock b lle a o8Bs oauh . s a © See ear hogers vt ° “< i] ‘ ¥ on Lake George, and at Black Brooke, Essex Po-Hred-) G ora a set County, N. Y. ; Fig. 5 is built with battered a | | B \ ait p-B-mt—a_ J! it ti = RPE > —= PDO, walls, which are 28 feet at the base and 26 Fe] VERTICAL SECTION ‘tk feet at the spring of the arch, and has no bracing. In all other respects the kilns are similar. The arches of both these kilns are supported by iron rings at their base. They | have three rows of vents, one at the base, with six courses of brick between each of the others. These vents are 2 x 4 inches and 18 inches apart. Theyare usually 28 to 30 feet in diameter at the base, and 26 to 28 feet at the the spring of the arch. The vertical walls are 11 to 12 feet to the spring of the arch and 1 foot thick. The arch is 8 inches thick and is laid in headers, Sucha kiln will have about 300 cast-iron vents, which weigh about 8 pounds each. Thus a capacity of from 40 to 45 cords requires | more precautions in building when the walls ure not battered, and besides the usual ee BGP braces, must be hooped with strong iron = I RAE so | bands. The doors are made of No. 10 sheet CONICAL CHARCOAL KILNS iron. The top opening is a cast-irou ring, Gale of Foot ' which together with the lintel of the door 0 5 io is ' weighs about 1500 pounds. The wrought iron bands around the kiin weigh about the some. They require about 36,000 brick. These kilns are usually built against a tank, so that the top can be reached from it. kilns are very wide. It is considered by many to give the best results, both as to yield and quality of charcoal. Sometimes : u : A the lighting is done by means of a channel. With ordinary facilities it takes four or built through the middle of the kiln, having "V¥@ men one day to fill a 45-cord kiln with an opening at each door. Thisis also filled wood 4 feet long. Where butt ends of logs with dry wood and shavings, which are lit @r@ used it takes 12 hours to fill a 35-cord from the back door. The fire is then drawn kiln; but these can be tumbled in, and do through the wood to the front door by prop. | 2Ot require much handling. The kiln is fired erly manipulating the vents. When the fire with a long torch through the door at the has reached the front both doors are closed, bottom, through the space left at the skids. as the whole kiln is then lighted. This | At the time of firing the vents are ail open, method is called the center burn, In both but as soon as the lighting is finished the two lower rows, as well as all the other open- Fie 8 ings, are closed with loose brick. It takes ° about 10 to 12 days to burn a 50-cord kiln, and about 6 to 7 to burn a 35-cord one It takes from 5 to 6 days after all the vents have been closed to cool a kiln of from 35 to so cords. The covers of the doors are of sheet iron, and so long as there is any heat in the kiln it will be felt on these doors. As soon as these are cold the kiln is cool enough todraw. Itis generally the practice to let the fire die cut. It is not usual to hasten the cooling by throwing in water, as it impairs the value of the charcoal! for blast furnace use. When used for other purposes, however, from 8 to 10 barrels of water are sometimes thrown in at the top after the kiln has been closed for three days. It will take four men about a day to draw_a kiln of Scale, 4ft. 14 in. Xx . 03 SN FLopR i Block for center to stand on CONICAL CHARCOAL KILN these last methods, asthe fire is generated socords. , in the wood, the heat does not affect the The chief objection to the rectangular walls of the kiln. The time required for and round kilns is their want of stability. these methods is not more than half that of The rectangular kilns require to be braced the first method. A 65-cord kiln can be! with wood and iron, while the circular kilns, easily turned twice in four weeks, which is | which offer no advantages over the rectan- ample time. As 24 turns can be made in a gular, must in addition be hooped with iron, year, the capacity cf the kiln is doubled fhis makes this kind of structure expensive In the Mexican type of furnace (No. IJ], in the first place. The less expensive struc where the lighting is done from the center, ture, Fig. 5, does not last muchlonger. The the work is mnch more slowly done. It contraction and expansion which the bracing takes them four days to burn, six to cool, is intended to prevent does take place, and and four to empty, or 20 days in all, sothat after a time there will be numberless air- only 18 turns a year are made. The opera- channels in the shape of cracks in the walls, tion is easily and regularly conducted pro- which cannot be effectively closed, which viding the walls are tight. The clear blue will both increase the difficulty of manage- smoke appears about the fourth, fifth or ment and decrease the yield in charcoal. sixth day, when th» vents must be succes-| Kilns of this shape are being rapidly given sively closed. Four to eight days are re- | up. It has been found much more econom- quired for cooling. j ical te construct and to manuge small conical =. rere - Oe ere es oe, Se 8 = =a eae eo —. THE TRON AGE. October 28, 1880, yh 4 . tron. | Evo. | Evo. Xrow. _ EVO, gi NEWYORK, NEW YORK. NEW YORK. PITTSBURGH. PITTSBURGH. OGDEN & WALLACE, '|A, B. Warner & Son,, John W. Quincy, |W, D, WOOD & C0, r A. G. HATRY, Bucceseers to . IRON & STEEL, 98 ig og Street, New York. 7 Commission Merchant. 85, 8%, 69 & 01 RLM ST., N.Y. IRON MERCHANTS, Anthracite & Charcoal Pig Irons, Bar, Sheet, Tank, Boller, Angle, T, | VALE STEEL WORKS 28 & 29 West and 52 Washington Sts. Seentlid deed tan aati, Aten ees ne | MIDI Cdiemertmeentatyenhade BOILER PL ATE, BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER, ANTIMONY, NICKEL, & And Railroad Equipment. § \net, achinery, Tool, ring, re, Sleigh rde on, TT ATrNTAAB ee ATTTANw i j Mts j » | "Bien fee Cat, Paw nna Minto see" | Betton Nebee Angle, Toe & ciréer ren! FTA RRISON & GILLOON “ea ‘ Steel Tyree and Axles, Sole Agents for the celebrated IRON AND METAL DEALERS, 2 eben oa , Steel Forgings and Castings. Eureka,” Pennocks, 558, 560, 562 WATER ST., and 902, 904, 906 CHERRY 8T., PATENT —_ NEW YORK, “ ” ave on hand, and offer for sale, the followin PIERSON & C0, ere hs ustse tear ioe catwicay nie wats | Planished Sheet Iron. JU pss A Established 1790, and Uevometer ron. ae to Locomotive | Teaa Pewter dine we, PP Patented March 14th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1878 ; por Fa 7S ron. _ Fire Sox Tron 8 specialty BGEOnBnak than 1k Sept. 9th, 1873; Uct. 6th, 1874; Jan. 11, 1876. eS a St 24 & 26 Broadway, 77 & 79 New St. |ROME MERCHANT IRON MILLS,; OXFORD IRON CO., | cncrantees putty oquat in att respects to the NEW YORK CITY ‘iiiiamanal te on grade of (B. G. CLARKE, Receiver,) IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON, Bar Iron, Bands and Fine Hoops. Cc N . i ee rn kaa ROADSTER sir ce ut alls aa PATTERN. Sfer iron. 190 CAMPER TEAR, OX Neca 2°38 Jesu so METAL DEALERS MARSHALL TRFFERTS . In the Large cities throughout All ae a ” iti =i: SPIKES acont,| THE UNITED STATES. EEL BRO 1 J. S. SCRANTON, Sales Agent, And at their Office, taechichde 176s by ABEEL & BYVANCK, MANUFACTURER oe wee 81, 83 and 85 Washington Street, 111 Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. l ron Merchants, Galvanized Sheet lron, ae C. A. von Bonnhorst. R A, Wilson, SNOW SHOES. 190 South Street and 365 Water, n. . Galvanized echt ea Galvanized BS U AR D & N 8 ” R. A. ae yell CO., “a ULSTERIR OWN | setantea sats, Seiaahned Cbela: Salvenieed bos Iron and Steel Rails, All Sizes, _| !ticiy Prevent al baling and ive universal suey A full assortment of all sizés constantly on hand. “CORRUGATED SH EET IRON B L 0 0 M S A N D 0 R E . Improved (Slow Shoe Shapes. ee i For Roofing, &c., Galvanized, Plain or Painted. 88 Fourth ave., cor. Wood st., Pittsburgh. Standard Siz Samia mea ; Best Charcoal, Best Refined and Common John |. Willia Henry M a ¥6X7-16, 11-16X7-16, 4X7-16, 13- sty 26, H%x7-16, Y.2% Band, Hoop and Scroll Iron, SHEET IRON. ae STEEL TOR +r? = ty Rods, Plate and "Tank Iron. K R i Mill, neNReor Patesbargh sovaiar Shapes, C No.1,C H No. 1, CH ng 1 Flange, Best Flange, tt 3 eystone 0 Ing | SHOENBERGER & CO., . Cast, spring and Tire steely ete, _ | i aige Fu i, Burden Best * ANE, A. R. Whitne BOILER nom Williams, Long & McDowell, | ©: FAINTER, Sheitientes © ent Desks ta y> eet | deneetamions of Iron Work Galvanized or Manufacturers of rtd ne f= Bet. rere ond uu tions sen upon applicatio | aw E ernie = 8, : 8, — oe? ron Merchant Bar and Skelp Iron, PIG IRON, BLOOMS. AND “BAR IRON, | ee O W, W. BAILEY LANG, Sheets and Plates of all sizes, NNO TTSBURGH. Street, 56, 58 & 60 Hudson, J Sole Agent In United States & Canada for ® Bi Office, No. 87 ee Portsmouth uth Iron and Steel Co., Steel Co. 48. re o- Thomas, ana| NEWYORK. O @) 4 Boiler IV ets. Mill at Sono, Second Avenue. — _| Successors to scatman’ HMO) OW. ee Manufacturi«g Iron Used in the Con- So be i DELL, | ioe ; — . struction of Fire-Proof Buildings, IRON COMPANY, Burden Iron Works, H. Burden & Sons, | emens-Martin (Open Hearth) pune od emacs gram andcouncmade| NO. 80 BEEKMAN ST., NEW YORK. tes No. 7 Exchange Place, STEEL BOILER PLATE, Books contaiine cuts 0 all Iron made sent onsp | JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO.,| OY) De BOSTON, Agricultural and Machinery Steet Miple lots aofce lowe adden SCOTCH AND AMERICAN ULSTER aie oe et a aed sat ts AND r Office and Works : BORDEN & LOVELL, Pp i G i kK O N, BURDEN’S REPRESENTING a LOEW Geo. 8 Laws - est and Gen’l Sup ec’y an eas Commission Merchants) xo. 00 wans:. xewxor |H B & § Bar Iron. Fkman&fo, (2 70 & 71 West St, |ULSTER IRON WORKS. oe eae ‘St. Louis Malleable Iron Ye teveltf oven New York. 18 Wall St., New York. American = — ae COSREESURG, Company, Agents for the sale of —— SWEDEN. 2116 MARKET STREET, Fall River Iron Co.’s Nails, Tuckerman, Mulligan & Co EGLESTON BROS, & C0., ee... FR eh 166 South St. pe | Henry M. Friuuey, oun D. Finiey, Bands, Hoops & Rods. 267 Front St., ‘NEW YORK CITY. NM HOGLUND’S SONS & CO.. Stockholm. | President. Secretary AND Passaic Rolling Mill Co.,|= Dane, W, Resmanhe, Monson B. Gurte. Swedish g Norwa ron. MANUFACTURERS OF Borden Mining Company’s PATERSON, N. J. on serpin ds ay oe Malleable and Gray Cumberland Coals. lron Bridge Builders DAN L W, RICHARDS & CO., New York and Pitedelphic importation orders 2? Iron Castings, Wamu walaree rn ‘ F LUNDBERG, 38 Kilby st, Boston. WILLIAM H. WALLACE & CO., And Manufacturers of Pig lron and Bar lron, “AURERT POTTS Philadelphia oak 234 & 236 N. GEN FRAL HARDWARE, &c, IRON MERCHANTS | Beams, Channels, Angles, SABLE IRON & NAIL WORKS Cor. Albany & Washington Sts., TEES, Scrap lron, Scrap Steel, Established 1828. aM. H.W " a Wu. BisruaM. Merchant lron, &C., &c. Manufacturers of — = Yew Yor ce, Room 45, Astor House, ils and Old Metals a 5 -, SUDSON New York Office, Room 45, Astor H | Old Rai ’ Mi h | lJ | M | Importer of and Dealer in ’ ta vO % Presiaent EATHER Treasurer 88 96 M Ss N Y rk. erc d nt io fl, niversa | ron eooron ase susmese | CARMICHAEL & EMMENS, |p d Nails of Superior Quality and Finish Pris Iron, 130, 132 & 134 Cedar street, New York. | W. S. MIDDLETON, all 5 p , y , Orders for odd sizes Iron filled promptly. Wrought & Cast Scrap Iron, IRON AND STEEL BOILER PLATE | Broker in Machinery & Iron ! Lap-Welded Boilcr Tubes, &c., &c, Agent for a Oe eK CoO. > 0 L D M E T A L S, nihsent, fenvitie. Irom eleb eee Ste ein ne be P th | | FORSTER’ S CRUSHER & PULVERIZER, Corver 13th and Etna Streets, PITTSBURGH, PA. 457 & 459 Water St.,} NEW YORK. YORK. | fron Beams, Angles ona 5 Kivets, &e Pisces W.S. MIDDLETON, 52 Johast..N.¥.] 7) BEECH BUR G I RON WORKS. orev HUGH W. ADAMS, | ; DANIEL F. COONEY, | | saiine ws Glengamock and Carnbroe KIRKP. AT RIC Kx & CO., (Late of and Successor to Jas oldane @.) FOREIGN AND AMERICAN Manufacturers of all grades o SS Washington St., N. Y¥. "ZN ee Sei es Bs" IRONS, Al WAY, PIG AND CRAP IRON, tefined, Co tolled, Show Card, Stamping, a Tray, Polished, Shove errule Iron, &c. BOILER PLATES and SHEET IR IRON, acter furnished for all ios of Iron Work. | SCOTCH PIG IRON. ew 1 7 ape wu ar oan naan Aa - ng ee " " 56 PINE STREET, OFFICE E, No, 143 First Ave, P ittaburgh, Pa. WORKS, Teechburg, Pa. Bolle er Rivets Angie & T Iron, Cut Nails & Spies | r Agency for Pottstown lron Cc o., Viaduct [ron Works, D. L. COBB. NEW VORK. Leven . Ro" ling M lis, Vine tit Db ve : rks, rng. Lron | c. a The Rergen Re Mina 8. at Jersev | y W. GALLAUDET, * 4. L ISSBERGER, P. IRON & METAL DEALER, Banker and Note Broker, esa 40 kdl in te clk Gk ale. Ok, es Ck 5 Wal! Street, have yn hand, and offer for sale, the following: No 3 and ch and American Pig Iro , Wrought, Cast NEW YORK. ar id Siac *hinery Scr > ave yo. Car wl eels, Axle ‘3 und | — ™ Hie avy Wrought iro old Copper, Oumpoui HARDWARE, METAL, [RON RI BBER, SHOE, tion. Bras sad. Pe aoe an PAPSH AND PAPER-HANGINGS, LUMBER, CUAI AND PAILMOAD PAPER WANTED. ADVANCES uADS ON BUSINESSS PAPER AND HEK SECTIR Ties. BATES & DESPASXD, 117 Pearl St., New York, P. O. Box 764, lupcrters of STEEL AND IRON RAILS, SWFDISH BARS, STtEL AND PG IKON, M'RAP (RON and OLD — ec. f. and L to! Awmeslon or £. 9. b. Bngtish Hot Pressed Nuts, os spot delivery and for prompt or forward | shipments to New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore or New Orleans, | For sale in lots to suit by | JAMES LEE & CO., Sole Agents for the United States, 72 2 Pine » Street, N New York. CUT NAILS Bolts, Washers, &c. FULLER BROTHERS &CO.. 139 Greenwich Street, New York, ANDREW KLOMAN, PITTSBURGH, PA., MANUFACTURER OF Steel and [fron Structural Material EYE BAR BLANK AS IT LEAVES THE ROLLS, EYE BAR FINISHED FROM TUE SAME. Kloman Patent Solid Rolied Eye Bars, finished in Iron or Steel without welding or “ upsetting. Universal Mill Plates of Iron or Steel. Steel Rails of all sizes and patterns, Splice Bars. Chanuel f Kars for ThieisenCar Truck, SitCLALTY—Unusual shapes gad sizes in Steel or iron; | Anglea, Brea ; and other structural shapes in Lron or Steel, OSs L bso- atis- 5. x3 7, Pa tting. hanuel a P08 Cok ese ee ii I ne SF October 28, 1880. Xron. = PHILADELPHIA. Siemens’ Regenerative _ HENRY LEVIS & Co., BAS FURNACE, Msmmisctwrers’ Asents For Iron and Steel Rails, Car Wheels, Boiler dnd RICHMOND & POTTS, Sheet Iron and General Railway 119 8. Fourth St. PHILADELPHIA, PA. | KVvon. PHILADELPHIA. pry een Old Rails, Axles, and Wheels bought and sold. 234 8. 4th St., Philadelphia, The Gambria Iron and Steel Works, Having evjoyed for over TWENTY YEARS the reputation of producing the best quality ef RAILS, have now an annual capacity of 100,000 Tons of Iron and Steel Rails, Splice Bars, &. ADDRESS, CAMBRIA IRON COMPANY, No. 218 South 4th Street, Philadelphia, Or at the Works, JOHNSTOWN, PA. Or LENOX SMITH, New York Selling Agent, 46 Pine St., N. ¥. THE PHCENIX IRON CO., 410 Walnut Street, PHILADELPHIA. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Beams, Deck Beams, Channels, Angle & Tee Bars, STRAIGHT AND CURVED TO TEMPLATE, Largely used in the construction of Iron Vessels, Buildings and Bridges. WROUCHT IRON ROOF TRUSSES, CIRDERS & JOISTS, and all kinds of Iron Framing used in the construction of Fire Proof Buildings, PATENT WROUGHT IKON COLUMNS, WELULESS EYE BARS, and built up shapes for Iron Bridges. REFINED BAR, SHAFTING, and every variely of SHAPE IRON made to order. Plans and Specifications furnished. Address DAVID REEVES, President, NEW YORK AGENTS, MILLIKEN & SMITH, 95 Liberty Street. BOSTON AGENTS, FRED. A. HOUDLETTE & CO,, 19 Batterymarch St. ALAN WOOD & CoO., MANUFACTUREKS OF Patent Planished, Galvanized, Common, Best Refined, Cleaned and Charcoal Bloom PLATE cc SHEET IRON. No. 519 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. Orders solicited especially for Corrugated, Gasholder, Pan and Elbow, Water Pipe, Smoke Stack, Last, Stamping, Ferrule, Locomotive Headlight and Jacket Iron. Kensington Iron, Steel & Nail Works, 920 North Delaware Ave., - - PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers of the Anvil Brand Refined Merchant Bar Iron, Also. the James Rowland & Co. Kensington Nails, cut from their Refined Anvil stock. Also, Plow and Cultivator Steel, Rounds, Squares, Flats, Bands and Hoop Iron. Correspondence with Dealers solicited. PENCOYD IRON WORKS. ria. & P. ROBERTS & 00.11 L. CAR AXLES. ‘ol BAR, ANGLE, TEE AND CHANNEL IRON. Office, No. 265 S$. Fourth St., Philadelphia. Agents for the sale of Glamorgan Pig Iron. MANUFACTURERS OF FOUNDRY FACINCS. AND FOUNDRY SUPPLIES. KV MOULDING SAND A SPECIALTY. Albany, Crescent, Tullytown and Lumberton Sands, re GERMAN LEAD, BITUMEN, SIEVES, MACHIVERY SAND, AMERICAN LEAD, ANTH#ACITE, SHOVELS, BAS SAND, PLO MBAGO, CHARCOAL, BRUSHES, CHANDELIER SAND, STOVE PLATE, MINERAL, CRUCIBLES, STOVE PLATE SAND, J. W. PAXSON & CO.,{ 51, stcana sis orcs, PurLavELrnra, PA. ERs sees — — - — ALLENTOWN ROLLING MILL COMPANY, Rails, Bars, Axles, Shafting, Fish Bars (Plain and Angle), Spikes, Rivets, Bolts and Nuts, &c. Bridges and Turn Tables, General Office, 303 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Works at Allentown, Pa. JAMES C. BOOTH. THOMAS H. GARRETT. ANDREW A, BLAIR. BOOTH, CARRETT & BLAIR, Analytical and Consulting Chemists, 919 and 921 Chant St. (10th St. above Chestnut St.), PHILADELPHIA, PA, Istablished in 1836. Analyses of Ores, Waters, Metals and Alloys of all kinds. A special department for the ANALYSIS OF IRON AND STEEL, fitted with all the apparatus and appliances for the rapid and accurate analysis of Iron Steel, Tron Ores, Slags, Limestoneg, Coals, Clays, Fire Sands, &c. All analyses made by the members of the frm. Price lists on applicatidh, THE IRON AGE. ——— SD kilns than large round ones, and these coni- cal kilns are gradually taking the place of the large ones of other shapes. Conical Kilns.—The conical kilms are gen- erally smaller than either of the other varie- tron. Edward J. Etting, | wstice cox, 1. CARLES K, BARNS, ae BROKER anpb oan MERCHANT, JUSTICE COX, JR. & CO., sien, Ther lly f a © foot 230 S. Third St., Philadelphia, Pa. AGENTS FOR hi i, end} are en y fe 20 ai 25 “os gh, d from 25 to 30 feet in diameter, Pig, Bar and Railroad tron. Chickies, St. Charles, Montgomery and are intended for 25 to 45 cords of wood. OLD RAILS, SCRAP, &o. 7" Ageatfor the’ and Keystone They are constructed in such a way as to . equire no bracing of any kind. They MOUNT SAVAGE FIRE BRICK,| Foundry & Forge Pig Tron. | ctten built into tho side of a bank, a part of The Allentown Iron Co. and CATASAUQUA MEG, COS the earth of which is removed so as to make The Coleraine Furnaces, Bar, Angle, Skelp and Sheet L[ron. | * charging door near the top on a level with STORAGE WHARF AND YARD RAILROAD CAR AXLES. the — ; or they may be built on a plain, DELAWARE AVENUE ABOVE CALLOWHILL STREET NEW AND OLD RAILS.|/2 Which case there is no upper door, but connected by track with rail ; , = a- . . . ‘Pate nec ee ack with ralloed Se No. 333 Walnut St., Philadelphia. only a charging hole in the top, which is reached by a ladder in order to close it. The usual dimensions of these kilns are : J. Wesley Pullman.',-<-, 6 enne it tenn, saan PETER WRIGHT & SONS, ae eee. Coes. Exclusive SALES AGENT, ser wel ; ; reap OCt. Feet. Cords. Chester Iron Co.’s Blue, Red and Hof peer ee ere ee Sevten'e ken Week” Putts ” ORES. 52 Broadway, New York, burg, N. Y i. raat 30 20 35 6 Ure, N.. sebeevecesce 5 Also celebrated Brotherton ” Ore, 44 Second Street, Baltimore, Wassaic, N-Y.......... ...++++