The Iron Age 1880-09-16: Vol 26 Iss 12

ne er “‘puyopy 919qn0d . .3.00 . 6.00 . 3.60 . 7.20 The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by DAVID WILLIAMS, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. Vol. XXVI: No. 12. New York, Thursday, September ‘6. 1880. SL°50 a Year, Including Postage. Single Copies, Zen Cents. Casting Steel Ingots to Specified Weight. In the manufacture of steel there is room} P!P®- for many minor economies, large in the aggregate, in works turning out enormous quantities of finished product. Increased attention is paid both in this country and abroad toa refinement of detail calculated to secure a cheaper product, and it is to an effort in this direction made in Austria that we wish to present to American steel mak- ers. The weight of ingots is determined by that of the finished product, an allowance being added for waste by oxidation and trim- ming. The only means available until now to approach the weight thus calculated was by marking the hight to which the mold was to be filled. This method of casting the in- gots to a specified weight requires much skill and is unsatisfactory, because variations in the dimensions of the molds, due to warping and strong movements of the steel during the casting, render it inaccurate. The tem- perature of the steel, when being cast, con- siderably affects the weight of an ingot ob- tained by pouring until a mark is reached, it having lon proved experimentally that the difference was as much as 6.6 per cent. It is current practice, therefore, tc cast ingots of excessive weight. With steel rails this entails the make of from 12 to I5 per cent. of crop ends, a quantity which could be reduced by more than one-half if practi- cal means were devised to cast ingots closer in weight to the finished product. When it is considered that this represents a saving between the value of the finished article and the value of the scrap made ordinarily, it will be understood that the preventuble loss in working, as at present, is very consider- able. These considerations have induced Herr Ferdinand Moro, of the Kladno Steel Works, Austria, to construct an apparatus capable of weighing an ingot while it is being cast, so that the scale will furnish an indication when to stop. Herr Moro clearly saw that the requirements which such an apparatus must meet must be the following: While being simple, strong and as small as possi- ble, so as not to occupy much room in the pit, it must be readily accessible and easily moved from one mold to the other, and en- tirely taken away in the case of danger to it by the leaking of molds and kindred acci- dents. An examination of the illustrations given will show by what means he has sought to accomplish this end, and we would add that the drawings given show only one of a number of modifications in detail of the apparatus designed upon the same general mn As seen in Fig. 1, the molds are placed upon bottom plates, as usual, resting, in their turn, upon U-shaped frames attached to a bottom plate. It is in this manner that sufficient room is provided underneath the molds for the introduction of the weighing apparatus. The latter consists of a beam scale, the frame of which is supported by small hydraulic cylinders, shown in section in Figs. 1 and 2, These hydraulic cylinders, in their turn, are screwed to a part some- what resembling a shovel, the handle of which can be moved forward and back ward by a rack and pinion. To it are attached the standard of the scale and a small hydraulic pump, connected by copper pive with the small hydraulic cylinders. The whole ap- paratus is carried by a truck running on rails laid along the line of molds. _ By two turns of a crank the scale is pushed underneath the mold plate until the slanting lower surface of the ‘‘shovel” rests upon the base plate, thus relieving the truck frame of the weight of the mold. Instead of lift- ing the body to be weighed upon the scale as usual, the latter is raised underneath it in this case. This is effected by three or four strokes of the pump. The pump is so con- structed that the water is drawn from a small tank attached to the truck when the piston is raised. When it is lowered, the water is forced through a small copper pipe under the four pistons lifting the scale. In order to lower the scale the water is allowed to flow back to the tank by turning a valve. The weighing apparatus is removed and taken to the next mold during the time that the steel is flowing into it, so that the cast- ing is not delayed. Before casting, it is necessary to know the weight of the empty mold. This is done either by weighing each separately and marking the weight on each in large figures, or by making the weight of all equal. Herr Moro states that in the be- ginning he feared that the force of the stream flowing into the mold might cause the beam to oscillate, and thus render it dif- ficult to recognize the correct point. If was found, however, during the work at Kladno that there was no danger of this, and the apparatus has worked with satisfaction at those works since the beginning of the present year. As we have already stated, Herr Moro has designed numerous modifications, of which we would call attention only to that repre- sented in Fig. 3. Its operation will be readily understood from the drawing. The apparatus is quite small, the scale of our drawings, Nos. 1 and 2, being approximately 1 inch to a foot. EE - The most novel exhibit shown at the Brussels National Exhibition by the Seraing Works is a certainly remarkable casting. It eonsists of what is practically the whole cast-iron work of a marine engine, with a pair of cylinders about 20 inches in plate, condenser, air and feed and bilge | ing steam for an engine under trail working | forces. pumps, standards, cylinders and exhaust I SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL, _Among the boilers which deserve atten- tion on account of their peculiar features in their design is THE PIEDBOEUF BOILER, which has been brought out in Germany and has been exhibited recently at the Duesseldorf Exhibition. It consists essen- tially of two cylinders, one above the other, in both of which there is a steam space, in- stead of in the upper one only. The lower cylinder is in this case an ordinary Cornish NOY GT ene boiler, with internal furnace ex- actly as usual. At its back end it is freely connected, by a short pipe of large diameter, with an upper cylinder not quite so long as itself, through which pass, from end to end, a numter of or- dinary boiler tubes. Inside the Cornish boiler, just in front of the vertical connecting pipe, is fixed a diaphragm plate, extending downward from the top of the shell about 8 inches, and so coming within 4 inches of the furnace top The upper space in front of this diaphragm plate is connected with the steam space of the top cylinder by a pipe having in it a plain single- beat valve opening{freely upward. As a matter of precaution this valve is connected with a float in the lower cylinder, which opens it as steam is formed and the water level lowered, but this is not an essential part of the sy:t>m. By this arrangement, as can can readily be seen, it is possible to have steam in both in the lower and upper cylinders. As it is formed in the lower one it passes quietly off through the stand-pipes into the upper steam space, there being always a certain unbalanced Say hs a SO eee 7 wae GSR at 100 effective horse power and was work- ing, nominally, at six atmospheres. | M. Spring has continued his researches on WELDING BY PRESSURE, having submitted more than 80 solid pulver- ized bodies to pressures ranging as high as 150,000 pounds per square inch at various | temperatures. The results, which have an |important bearing upon geology and miner- alogy, are of considerable interest. He has found that all crystalline bodies proved ca- | pable of welding, and in the case of bodies accidentally amorphous the compressed block showed crystalline fracture ; crystallization had been brought about by pressure. Soft- | ness favors the approximation of the parti- — y —— UTI ne Lg=ae bt * a cs \ | Fig. 3.—Counterbalanced Steel Ingot. 3 peal en | 5S 3 = is be pan A Lever-V | | ———— - A Novel California Propeller. A steamboat to ply between the Eel River Valley and San Francisco has been com- pleted recently in the latter city. Its con- struction is peculiar, and affords an example of the ready adaptability of American en- gineers to exceptional circumstances, In | this case, the problem was to construct a propeller capable of crossing the bars at the | mouth of Eel River. The vessel is 152 feet in length, 140 feet length of keel, 26 feet beam, 9 feet depth of hold, and will register | 250 tons. When loaded with 300 tons of freight she will draw only 7 feet of water. | She is flat-bottomed, but has a tapering bow goa ra - 4 et ed | ESCO and stern, and her lines are as beautiful and graceful as those of a yacht. The peculiarity of the boat consists in the arrangement of the two propellers. Instead of projecting from either quarter on either side of a single rudder, there will be two rudders, and each propeller will be arranged with respect to its corresponding rudder, just the same as it would be if there were a single propeller. There are in reality three keels, [—|b the center one curving up at the J stern, following the line of the vessel. Those on either side, how ever, are 12 or 15 feet apart, and run straight out beneath the stern, where there are two stern posts and two rudders. The spaces be- tween the keels and the hull pro- per are filled in solidly with knees, strongly bolted in every direction. There is left between the two keels a wide space, which will give free access to water, so that each pro- peller will act as well as if it were the only one used to draw the boat. The propellers are 6% feet in diameter, of the Hirsch patent, and the pitch of the blades is set opposite, so that in going ahead both will turn tothe center. head of water in the back part of MORO’S APPARATUS FOR CASTING INGOTS TO A SPECIFIED WEIGHT » They will be driven by twin com- the boiler (where the two cylin- ders are connected), to insure the right motion of the steam. The gases are carried upward from the back of the Corn- ish boiler and pass to the front through the tubes of the upper cylinder and then back again in the space surrounding the shells, so that there is apparently no danger of the shells being externally burnt. This arrange- ment also makes the danger of accident from low water a very small one, as the furnace itself cannot be uncovered unless the water level actually falls about 7 feet, the water entirely leaving the upper cylinder, which could hardly happen without notice. The boiler has a total heating surface of 1570 square feet, of which 1100 square feet ia internal surface and 33.3 square feet of grate, the ratio of total surface to grate being |cles and their tendency to their placing themselves in the direction of the axes of apnate:. The amorphous bodies, prop- erly so called, fall into two groups, one of substances like wax, which weld easily, and the other of substances like amorphous car- bon, which do not weld. ‘The general result is that the crystalline state favors the union of solid bodies, but the amorphous state does not always hinder it. Prismatic sulphur is | changed by compression to octahedric sul- phur; amorphous phosphorus seems to be changed to metallic, and other amorphous bodies change their state. In all cases the | body is changed into a denser variety, whence may be inferred that the state taken by matter is in relation to the volume it is pound engines, set 9!4 feet be- tween centers, with a surface condenser between. The condenser will |contain 756 tin-plated brass tubes, 5 |inch in diameter, secured in end plates with a wooden ferrule, and affording 618 |feet of cooling surface. The condenser will be operated by a Blake compound air circulating pump, throwing 300 gal- lons per minute. The engines will have high and low pressure cylinders, the high pressure being 11 inches in diam- eter and low pressure 20 inches, with a 15-inch stroke. The steam will be supplied ! } by a tubular boiler, with 3-inch return tubes. | | The engines will be so arranged that the en- | gineer will face the bow, and will regulate | his propellers by levers on either hand— pushing them forward when the bell siguals | Nl by 20 inches stroke, cast in one piece—bed- | therefore 47to1. It has been used for supply- | obliged to occupy under action of external | ‘‘ Go ahead,” and bringing them back when | he is signaled to back the vessel. The ar- | rangement of the propellers is such that one may be backed while the other moves ahead, and the boat can thus be turned in her own length. This is of especial importance, on account of the narrow and crooked channel across the Eel River bar, where boats often ground because of their inability to turn quickly enough. The two keels under the stern will serve to protect the propellers if the boat grounds. oe Japanese Leather Paper. One of the most interesting and peculiar productions of paper is that which is made to imitate leather. The surface has every appearance of a finished skin, with extraor- dinary firmness and elasticity, and it can be subjected to washing without any injury from the water. These peculiarities are not so much due to the superior quality of the material, as to the mode of manufacture, the surfaces remaining intact, even when the paper is very thick, while with us paper of this kind soon loses its firmness, and the grain is impaired. Javanese leather paper is made exten- sively at Flangawa, near Yeddo. It is made in sheets of 60 centimeters in length and 42 centimeters in width. The paper out of which it is prepared is not dissimilar to our pack- ing paper, and is made in Southern Japan, near Nagasaki, and thence taken to other provinces, where it is manufactured into the different forms for various uses. The leather paper is made in the following man- ner: It is dampened and laid in pairs be- tween two peculiarly prepared forms, made of paper also, only more highly varnished than ordinary leather paper ; they havea very strong surface coating, but running only in one direction. Before putting the paper in these forms, the sheets are stretched a little in the direc- tion of their width. If there are several sheets, they are rolled on a cylindrical piece of wood, the grain of the paper running in an opposite direction from that of the wood. They are then unrolled from this on a cloth to keep them in shape, and put into a form with a hole in the top large enough to admit the end of the wooden cylinder. The roll of paper is then subjected to a pressure of 200 or 300 pounds. After the roll has been re- duced to three-quarters of its original length by this pressure, it is taken out of the press aud turned, the folds flattened out and again pressed to remove the deep marks, After passing the paper through rollers several times, the upper surface acquires the appearance of leather. It is then col- ored, oiled with a kind of rape-seed oil, var- nished, put once more in the press, which completes it, with the exception of drying. By means of parallel or cross lines on the rollers, the upper surface of the paper is made to resemble leather exactly in all its varieties. The paper being pressed to one- third, or even to one-half, its original thick- ness, and the passage through the rollers giving it a fine-grained appearance, makes it vaiuable to picture printers, as the sur- face has the appearance of crepe silk. There is another variety of leather paper which is smooth and transparent, resem- bling hogskin very much. ‘This is manufac- tured by a process of hammering, and is the highest priced, costing 27 cents per sheet, while the other ranges from 8 to 14 cents, some very fine selling at 8 cents per sheet. In this country the manufacture of paper in imitation of leather is comparatively re cent. Many of the large paper-hanging manufacturers make wall papers which are very perfect imitations of leather, both in appearance and durability. It is only used, however, for hanging. Leatherette is a very perfect imitation of leather, which, we believe, is made from paper. It is the in vention of Mr. Pope, of Boston, the Presi dent of the Pope Manufacturing Company, bicycle makers. It has not only the appear- ance, but the feeling of leather, and is said to be extensively used for some purposes. For the binding of books it is very much su perior—in feeling, at least—to the stamped muslin which is so largely used for this pur pose. In appearance, the muslin is all that could be asked for, but it is so hard and stiff as to at once show that it is not what it appears to be. _ to The ship Eric the Red was wrecked off Cape Otway, Australia, recently Unfor | tunately there were on board r1<co0 pa kages of American exhibits for the Australian ex hibition which opens at Melbourne next month. The following exhibitors lost their goods, which cannot be replaced, 4s it 18 too late: The Russell & Erwin Mfg. Co. of Connecticut and New York, general hard- ware and bronze articles; the Eagle Lock Company, of Connecticut, locks: Colt’s Mfg. Co., of Connecticut, fire arms and a Baxter engine; Edward Miller & Co., of Connecticut, plated ware ; Ives & Miller. of Connecticut, hardware; the United States Stamping Company, of Connecticut and New York, stamped metal articles: the Connecticut Board of Manavers, of New Haven, a large show case built expressly | for displaying the exhibits from Connecti cut; F. S, Pease, of Buffalo, lubricating and illuminating oils; the estate of Samuel S | White, of Philadelphia, dental supplies | Stewart Hartshorn, of New York. w indow | shade rollers ; the Washburn & Moen Mfg | Ce., of Massachusetts and New York, wire, Q : THE IRON AGE. September 16, 1880, ales _ saetals, 7 ly PActals, ow] a. Clive, ete. AN SONIA The Plume & Atwood PHILAP L. MOEN, President and Treasurer. - CHAS, F. WASHBURN, Vice Prosident @Becretary. BRASS & COPPER CO. Mfz. Company, WASHBURN & MOEN MANUFACTURING CO. Phelps Building, NEW YORK. mamerscrensns oF ee - __ WORCESTER, MASS. xami BRASS AND COPPER Waterbury Brass Co. D4 Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, , Seamless Brass & Copper CERMAN SILVER, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wires ’ - 1 ubing. BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, German Silver and Gilding Metal, _* ee Copper Rivets and Burs, Kerosene Burners, a COPPER RIVETS & BURS, Lamp Trimmings, &c.|& or : : BRASS KETTLES ! For Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered. Door Rail. Brass Tage, 80 Chambers Street, New York. Pnosphor Bronze Rods for Pumps, &c. PERCUSSION CAPS, 13 Federal Street, Boston. ANSONIA * REFINED POWDER FLASKS, 109 Lake Street, Chicago. , ____ INGOT COPPER. Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures, &e. Rolling Mill, | Facterics, ee . c f ev Description. : ‘ . Cte | y.C esmnaseimenn es Ae idan Motel in Sheets or Shells = Spe scialty. __ THOMASTORN Ct WATERBURY, Ct. t. IRONSBA a s 1 - Bridgeport Brass Co Patent Steel Barb Fencing, Patent Steel Wire Bale Ties. 5 WIRE RODS of all Grades; Round Iron Rts ualit Hein. to 34 In., cut to any length. Owners and ex j he PATENT CONTIN s ‘RO LLIN G MILL, producing Iron and Steel aa coils of 100 pounds, without ska or WELD. ae ao Galva ae, rise Hope Wire, Market and Stone Wire, ing Goods and Wood’s _ } 1 Sole Agents for the > , | Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line of Sport- r Paper ot IMPORTERS OF Shot Shells. MANUFACTURERS OF Annealed Fence and Grape Wire t in long lengths ; : Goppered Pail-Bait wire Sf 2 m, an re. ire for the manufacture of Car ot eddles 8, & , Tl AY Pp LA T E, DEPOTS: Mille At Sheet and Roll Brass, pinned Broom | Wire and Fence: pated Wire of al} Geen. A A specialty is a nade eof C) Clock, K, Machiners, Gus Bote ca Geral Sosine re, an efine ire ‘attern for pa m 8 a st 296 Broadway, New York, WATERBURY, Any grade of Wire furnished, Annealed, Bright, Polished, weet aivaniced ¢ or Tin Plated, OfWive Tecatebon, Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, | guj ened and Cu :0'eay length: “Steel Crineiine ty Martet Stevie Wen tiock Bitgae™ Seer! wale German Silver Metal and Wire, | WAREHOUSE, 21 Cliff Street, New York, Sf, outs Warchouse, $03 North 2 -— Copper and Iron Rivets. OILERS and CUSPADORES, { LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, | KEROSENE BURNERS, Clocks & Fly Fan Movements. | PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS, ROOFING PLATE, | 189 Eddy St., Providence, R. |. Conn. Sheet Iron, Copper, Pig Tin, Wire,|__ | . » Zine, ac. Manhattan Brass Co,, MANUFACTURERS OF Meiufastacers ct Olmsted Patent Oilers, Sheet Brass, C 0 P 2 E R A N D RB R A S S Brass Wire, Prior Patent Oilers "| Copper Wire, Breughton Patent Oilers, + 49 \~thaarad. 4 - Sy Per at cs ; . , B Tin & Zinc Oilers ‘ie! CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. ate Seaan tet Hinges, ”| Particular attention paid to cutting out Blanks and Zinc Tubing, Hurricane Lanterns, manufacturing Metal MANUFACTORY, WAREHOUSE, Bridgeport, Conn. 19 Murray St., N. ¥. SCOVI LL WN MFC CO _ Brown's Patent Pietare Hooks. Fire Sets, Fenders, &c. wr — 29 a He ce B RASS, BRASS BLANKS AND TUBES Harrison Wire Company, ; i | HINCES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. OF EVERY DESCRIPTION TO ORDER. or. Levns, me. re 3 PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. | ist ave., 271m to 28th Sta., Now York. | race, w. pron, cuss. Fun, ‘- ” 8 reas, Secretary. een: B U T T oO N Ss nen Te MT a r ie 9 THE NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURERS OF Ca ‘Ni CLOTH AND METAL. PER CO All kinds of NATIONAL WIRE AND LANTERN WORKS, . ’ DEPOTS, ———— FACTORIES, COP *9 Warehouse, 45 Fulton Street, New York. it | i aeane ee Now tact ‘Com, | 255 Pearl Street, New York. IRON & STEEL WIRE HOWARD & MORSE, i Hh 183 Lake Sto Chicago, Now York City, a of and Dealers in ; ses ig = cut i cae CLOTH, . eesaeenegieeaes>—neeponmetisiarensenenn . . ocomotive Spark Wire Cloth, Iron Wire Bolting Cloth, Ft DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO., Braziers & Sheathing Wire Mill Specialties Ship and Railroad Lanterns, Signal Lights, Conductor’s Lantern a Tin Plate, " a Sheet Iron, Cooper, COPPER. Holmes, Booth & Haydens, Desk and Office Railing, Riddles, Coal ‘ane al econ. Nursery a ' ' ' : : . J . Fenders and Spark Guards, O tal Wi ee ce Kettle Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, Rivets, —— ee vere eee oe ee ; — DICKERSON & CO,, Liverpool, = NEW Y¥ORK.| Ingot Copper, Spelter, Solder, &c. | 49 chambers st. 18 Federal St. ‘ pi: eee Manufacturers of all kinds of WORKS ROR See Ss = Established 1837. Incorporated 1876. : . , = New York Office , W A F 0 C0 Brass, Copper & German Silver, ar e) a T RBU R Y MA N U FA C + U R IN " ROLLED AND IN SHEETS. TRENTON, Warehouse WATERBURY, CONN. BRASS & COPPER WIRE, N. J. 117 Liberty Street. Brass Machine Screws, Jack and Safety Chain, Tete, pe eo owe | | Te JOHN A ROEBLING'S SONS 60,, Bibb Screws and Springs, Whip Mountings, BRASS & IRON Chi | ° F : P d A . | . MANUFACTURERS OF eee pnp bayeley oF every naa wes JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL. WIRE ROPE Iron and Steel | German Silver Spoons, vate arg A. C. NORTHRO r SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS,| !ron, Steel « and Copper | Telegraph Wire, WIRE Waterbury, Conn., Kerosene Burners, &c. Hoisting Purpose ot an| Market Wire, b ven kinds, for Ferries, Stay arket Wire, Fence Wire 8, JOHN DAVOL & SONS, | snip Biccine, soon corte) Vineyard Wire, | Bridee wire, chain wire, Suspension Bridge Cables. Rivet Wire, &c., &c, GALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES. NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS FOR HARDWARE TRADE. Brooklyn Baas and Copper Co. Wrought Iron and Brass Machine Screws; Turned, He n, Round and Square Head Cap and Set Screws; Brass and Iron } aatoy and Jack & hain; Gilt, Nic el Plated and Bronze Trimmings of all kinds. from Sheet Iron, Steel or Brass. Estimates on patented articles, or any description of Sheet Metal work, respectfully solicited and promptly give en, ABRAM 8. “HEW ITT, President. JAMES HALL, Treasurer. WM. HEWITT, Vice President. E, HANSON, Secretary. TRENTON IRON COMPANY, (INCORPORATED 1847), TRENTON, NEW JERSEY, MANUFACTURERS OF Ingot Copper, "Spelter, Lead, Tin, Antimony, Solder & Old Metals, PASSAIC TING C8. nu Rene eames Gensne nm em Manvfactarers of CONSTANTLY KEPT ON HAND. Pure Spelter Address, HAZARD MFG. CO., Wilkesharre, Luzerne Co., Pa. Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes FE LTE N & CG U : LL EA U wy E, AND ALL FINE WORK, : ; Also for Carlswerk, near Cologne, Germany. Galvanizers & Brass Founders. |PATENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, For Mining and Plow Ropes, Hawsers and Bridge Cables. MANNING & SQUIER, Gen’! Agents SIEMENS-MARTIN AND BESSEMER STEEL WIRE, 113 Liberty Street, x. Y. Flusseisen, Swedish and German Charcoal Wire. Geo W. P ti & GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE 60. ren 188 Co. ’ of Charcoal and Swedish Iron and Steel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths. IRON and STEEL WIRE OF ALL CRADES, BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED; Iron and Steel Wire Rods; EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal Iron Wire; Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire. ee ee GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, For Plain, Barb and Strand Fencing, 3, <end 7ahy Geen. Spots, &c. Annealed oa Oiled Fenctng Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths, _Beprese nted ia New Work by C OOPER, I HEWITT & CO., 17 vo 27 Burling mg Sp. BRODERICK & BASCOM, MANUFACTTIRERS OF WIRE ROPE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. TELEGRAPH CABLES. Contractors to the German and Foreign governments. The oldest house in the braneh on the Con- tinent. Welegraph Address, CAKLSWERK, COLOGNE. General Agents for U. 8S. and Canada, IRON ron % ae — ats PERKINS & CHOATE, 23 Nassau St, N.Y. WIRE ROPE i etl Of all sizes Geeeighienes and cut to order 800 N, Main St. of The Schoenberg Metal Mfg. co. | /- WOOL GRISWOLD, booed WIRE RAILING Manufacturers of and Dealers in Manufacturer of AND SOLDER, TYPE, Ornamental Wire, Works. Stereotype, eae and Babbitt ein” VA I Fr ES 9 | i He. a6 North Howard. st. “Baltimore anufacture or Cemeteries. co Importers of Block Tin, Antimony, &c. Refiners of pr, o nies, &c.: Sleves, Fenders, Cages, Sand and Coal au kinds ot Dro : 0 Eas Oth rw Ww Iron Poy between brennes Fs: Now 2 ” TROY, N. ¥, | sea an oe > 0. ib et. a] Ce on- September 16, 1880. 0. LINDEMANN & (0., “e Patentees and Sole Manufacturers of Spring Brackets for Bird Cages, And manufacturers of the largest variety of Japanned, Brass and Tin-Plated Bird Cages in this Country. Catalogues furnished to the trade. | 254 Pearl Street, New York. ' Office and Works, 81 Chambers St., N. Y. Waterbury, Conn. | Manufacturers of | BRASS, COPPER AND. GERMAN SILVER, — In Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire, Tubing, Rivets and Burs, Etc. ALSO, Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing. PATENTED SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER HOUSE BOILERS, warranted to stand 200 Ibs. pressure and guaranteed against vacuum. PATENTED SPRING TEMPERED SHANK, SILVEK-PLATED, FLAT TABLE WARE, in rich | cesigns. GERMAN SILVER SPOONS AND FORKS. POPE,COLE & Co. BALTIMORE COPPER WORKS, No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMORE, MD., Have always on hand and for sale INGOT COPPER, Also Cakes, of unequalled purity and toughness. | Wrought Iron Fence, Our specialty. Also Crestings, Finials and Vanes; Stable Fixtures, Hitching Posts, Door and Window Guards, Wrought Iron Grat- ings, &c. Address CLEVELAND WROUGHT | IRON FENCE WORKS, Proprietor, CLEVELAND, mint a TA "ROME IRON WORKS, Manufacturers of Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop- per and German Silver (In Sheets, Rods, Tubing or Wire), COPPER & BRASS RIVETS AND BURS. Rome, New York. THE MONTOUR IRON & STEEL COMPANY, Works at Danville, Pa. RAILS —@ AND PIC IRON. A general assortment of Mine and Narrow-Gauge Rails kept on hand, from which shipments can be made promptly. W. E. C. COXE, President, Reading, Pa. 8. W. INGERSOLL, Treas., Philadelphia, Pa. F. P. HO WE, General Supt., Danville, Pa. MOSES GOLDSMITH & SON, Key Bow 156, | CHARLESTON, S.- C. Wholesale dealers in METALS, IRON, RACS, And all kinds of Paper Stock. We invite correspondence. | John Carver, MANUFACTURER OF CAULKING IRONS, Cotton, Freight and Hay Hooks, | No, 44 North Third Street, ear First BROOKLYN, &. D. : CARYW ke I LtOEN, | What Is a Bushel of Charcoal ? YALE LOCK MANUFACTURING CO. New Illustrated Catalogue and Price List No. 7 ready for distribution to the trade. STAM FORD, CON N. 36 PEARL STREET, BOSTON. “BROWN & BROTHERS, (Stanley Rule & Level Co., yu. van porn, | TINWARE, SEAMLESS BOXES, ROUND, OVAL AND SQUARE CANS. FIRE SAND AND CLAYS. THE IRON AGE. Manufacturers of STEEL WIRE forall purposes and STEEL SPRINCS of every description. | we pave often been asked by correspon- alee SS dents for a specific answer to the question ‘* What is a bushel of charcoal?’ and have as often replied that it depended very much upon how and where you measured it. Be- yond the dimensions and solid contents of the standard bushel of the United States, we could give them little information on the subject of a bushel of charcoal, Only a little inguiry was necessary to find that in any at- tempt to gather materials for a specific an- swer to this question we meet confusions worse ccnfounded. Mr. John Birkinbine, of Philadelphia, Pa., has recently been giving his attention to the great diversity of prac- tice in the size of the bushels employed in measuring charcoal. The results of his in- vestigations are given in the following article from the Journal of the United States Association of Charcoal Iron Workers. Mr. Birkinbine says ; ‘*TIn making the comparison of the various charcoal furnaces, the writer has found dif- ficulty in arriving at proper conclusions, owing to the variety of bushels in use. They have been found to be rated in capacity from 2150 to 2748 cubic inches, and in weight from 16 to 22.5 pounds. Two works in one neighborhood have been noted, where the standards were respectively the two ex tremes of weight mentioned, although the timber used was of the same varieties and proportions. ‘* It has, therefore, been necessary to re- duce the fuel consumed per ton of iron to cords of wood, as a cord seems to represent a fixed quantity in all districts, except so far as the ingenuity displayed in piling by woodchoppers affects its interstical spaces. ‘* Further inquiry has developed still greater variation, and lately, for the use of the members of the association, an effort has been made to collect all statutes and legis- lative enactments in existence throughout the different States. To accomplish this purpose, letters were addressed to the various Secretaries of State, most of whom have cheerfully furnished the information de- sired. ‘From these responses we learn that Maine, Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, Ken- tucky, Arkansas, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin have no legislative enactment regulating the sale of charcoal, Maine delegates this privilege to each town. Maryland has no statute but the Baltimore city code. Section 44, page 530, provides that ‘the standard for a bushel of charcoal shall be 2747 70-100 cubic inches, full allow- ance for a cone or heaped measure.’ ‘* Section 17, chapter 121, of general laws of New Hampshire, says: ‘ Every basket or other measure by which charcoal shall be measured or sold shall be not less, in its average diameter, than 20 inches, and of a depth sufficient to contain 18 gallons level measure, which shall be accounted two bushels, or one strike.’ ‘* At 231 cubic inches per gallon, the stand- ard bushel 1s 1989 cubic inches, without heaping. ‘*General statutes of Massachusetts, 1860, chapter 49, section 191, is as follows: ‘In the sale of charcoal, the baskets, tubs or vessels used in measuring the same, except as hereinafter provided, shall be of a cylin- drical form, and of the following dimen- sions in the inside thereof, to wit: 19 inches in diameter in every part, and 18 inches and one-tenth of an inch in depth, measured from the highest part of the bot- tom thereof ; each of which shall be deemed to be of the capacity of two bushels, and shall be filled level full. e ° © ‘** Section 192. Charcoal may be measured in boxes, bins or cans, of the following capu- cities, to wit: of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 bushels, such boxes, bins or cans being first lawfully sealed ; and 5132 cubic inches shall be deemed equal to two bushels, or the level basket, tub or vessel described in the pre- ceding section.’ ‘* Section 193 fixes a penalty of $10 for hav ing possession of any other measure than the above, and the destruction of the vessel and a forfeiture of not more than 50 cents for each bushel of charcoal measured in such irregular measure, except by special agreement between buyer and seller. ** Secticn 194 provides forthe appointment of a suitable person to see to the enforce- ment of the above provisions. ‘The standard bushel of Massachusetts is, eherefore, 2566 cubic inches. ‘* General statutes of Rhode Island (revision of 1872), chapter 116, section 4: Every bas- ket used in measuring charcoal brought into any town for sale shall be of the following dimensions, to wit: Nineteen inches in breadth in every part thereof, and 17% inches deep, measuring from the highest part of the bottom of the basket perpendicu- larly to a level with the top of the basket. The contents of such a measure level full are 4961.6 cubic inches if made round, or 6317.5 cubic inches if made square. ‘* (By sections 5 and 6, charcoal can only*be measured in baskets of the above size.) ‘*Title 16, chapter 15, section 8, general statutee of Connecticut: In the sale of charcoal and all other articles sould by heaped measure, 1282 cubic inches shall constitute a half bushel; 2564 cubic inches is, therefore, the standard. ‘“The New York statutes do not refer es- pecially to charcoal, but it is probably cov- ered by the law which reads : ‘¢* The standard half bushel shall contain 1075.21 cubic inches. ‘* *The measure of capacity for coal, ashes, marl, &c., shall be the half bushel and its multiple and subdivisions, and the measures used to measure such commodities shall be made cylindrical, with plain and even bot- toms, and shall be of the following diam- eters from outside to outside: The bushel, 19% inches ; half bushel, 15 4 inches ; peck, 12% inches.” ‘That is, giving the outside diameter of the bushel measure and the cubic contents of the half bushel, one may figure out the inside diameter and inside hight of the bushel for himself, Presumably, it must contain 2150.42 cubic inches. ‘* & statute of Pennsylvania, dated January IAA A aed J ELL ae STAN ASSASSSIISNN, VAL ML REE LELEALAAAELELLALALAE (Sf eee OD I OLPEL LE RLLEL EL EEOR Market Steel Wire, Crinoline Wire, tempered and covered. Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Springs, constantly on hand. 234, 236 and 238 West 29th Street, - - - - ~ NEW YORK, SALESROOMS : 563 CHAMBERS ST., NEW YORK. 506 COMMERCE ST., PHILADELPHIA. G4 LAKE STREET, CHICAGO. FACTORIES, MANUFACTURERS OF Improved 9 Carpenters - 29 Chambers St., Tools. ig ae ig eae New York, Manufacturers of Baliley’s Patent Adjustable Planes. General Agents for the sale of Leonard Bailey & Co.’s ** Victor Planes, Manufacturers of ** Deflance®? Patent Adjustable Planes, This Advertisement is Changed Every Week, New Britain, Conn. WAREROOMS, D. G. GAUTIER, D, J, MORRELL, CHAS, DOUGLASS, Chairman, Treasurer, Gen’! Sup't. GAUTIER STEEL CO., Limited. oT GEL. WIRE and SPRINGS. Works, Johnstown, Pa. Eastern Warehouse, 93 John St., N. Y. Phila. Warehouse, 505 Commerce St. ——————————————— WILLIAM VOGEL, Manufacturer of Plain and Stamped Special Articles Manufactured of Sheet Metals. 41,43 & 45 South 9th Street, Near the Ferries, BROOKLYN (E. D.), N. ¥. HENRY J. VOGEL. LOUIS H. VOGEL. MOULDING SAND. Albany Sand a Specialty. FOUNDRY FACINGS, Shovels, Riddles, Brushes, &c. WHITEHEAD BROS, AMERICAN FACING CO. WM. WHITEHEAD, Treas., 617 W. 15th St. New York, Established 1810, N. &G, TAYLOR GO,, PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers, Importers and Dealers in ODD AND REGULAR SIZES TIN AND ROOFING PLATES, Black and Galvanized Sheet Iron, Metals, Wire, Copper, Stamped Ware, Registers, &c. 3 22, 1847 (see pamphlet laws of that year, page 51), specifies that ‘the standard measure of charcoal shall be 2571 cubic inches for each and every bushel thereof.’ ‘*The revised statutes of Missouri, 1879, section 7667, provided under act of March 25, 1568, that ‘the measure shall be for coke and charcoal 2680 cubic inches for every bushel.’ ‘* In Montana there is no standard fixed by territorial statute for the bushel of char- coal. The United States government, a pretty large buyer, allows 2650 cubic inches for a bushel, and all their purchases are on that basis. The measurement allowed by all other buyers varies from 2500 to 2650 cubic inches, governed by the respective needs of buyer and seller. Probably 2550 cubic inches is the usual measurement ob- tained by the general purchaser. ** The revised statutes of Minnesota, 1866, chapter 21, section 6, state that “every basket or other measure by which charcoal is sold shall not be less in its average diame ter than 20 inches, and of sufficient depth to contain 4839 cubic inches, which shall be accounted two bushels.’ *‘ The standard is, therefore, 2419% cubic inches, ** In California charcoal is sold by the pound or by the net ton. *“Oregon has no standard. The Oswego Iron Company use the very liberal bushel of 2844 cubic inches. ** Now, how are we to compare the econo- mies of our work as to fuel consumption when there is such a variation in our legis- lative enactments. We have data trom iron works using bushels of from 2150 to 2844 cubic inches, and a plant employing 132% of the smaller bushels to make a ton of pig iron would be doing as well as the Oswego Furnace, using 1co bushels ef the larger measure. But in States where there is a statute fixed by law, there is generally a clause making it inoperative by contract, and it isan unusual thing to find an iron works employing the State standard. Thus, in Pennsylvania, where the statute provides for a bushel of 2571 cubic inches, we lately visited four charcoal iron works, which could all be seen in a continuous drive of an hour, and found that, although the ores used were the same, cold blast was blown at each furnace, that each had its own forge, that all coal was measured, not weighed, and that there was a uniformity unusual for neighboring plants. The bushels of char- coal employed were, respectively, 2150, 2250, 2675 and 2690 cubic inches.” In the next issue of the Journal Mr. Birk- inbine took up the different weights given for a bushel of charcoal Although the article was written especially for those in- terested in charcoal iron works, yet it will be found equally important to the tinman. The first portion of the second article is de- voted to the quality and weight of the char- coal itself, and on account of its value we give it entire : Although most of our charcoal iron works use the bushel of a specified number of cubic inches capacity, the variations in standard of which we have given, a fair proportion employ a standard of weight in fixing the bushel, and the transportation of charcoal by railroads, which is yearly growing in favor, has undoubtedly done much to increase the number of iron works who use the weight standard. There is as much uncertainty about what a bushel of charcoal is in pounds, as in cubic inches ; we have records extending all the way from 11 pounds to 22.4 pounds, Un- doubtedly the established avoirdupois of a bushel of charcoal originally came from the actual weight of a specified quantity, but as different methods of charring and kinds of wood produce charcoal of varying specific gravities, the custom in certain localities was probably determined by these causes. The bushel by weight has been grow- ing, for one manager could not af- ford to pay as much for 18 pounds of charcoal as his neighbor who re- ceived 20 pounds for his bushel; then 20 pounds was a convenient standard, for 100 bushels weighed a net ton ; but as 2240 is also a ton by our peculiar laws, 22. pounds came to be used as a bushel, because 100 of these also weigh a ton, A fair average of the bushels by weight used throughout the country may be set down as 20 pounds, Svedelius, in his hand book for charcoal burners, prepared for the Swedish govern- ment, says : ‘* Fresh charcoal, and also reheated char coal, contain scarcely any water, but when cooled, they absorbs it very rapidly, so that after 24 hours, they may contain 4 to 8 per cent. of water. After the lapse of a few weeks, the moisture of charcoal may not in crease perceptibly, and may be estimated at 10 to 15 per cent., or an average of 12 per cent.* That charcoal made from more solid kinds of wood absorbs less water, while porous, partially-dried charcoal, ab- sorbs more, needs no explanation, ‘* Black, solid and perfectly good charcoal is indeed heavier than that which is loose and porous; but, on the other hand, it is lighter than that which has not been thor oughly charred. Regardless of the moisture and the manner of charring, the charcoal of some kinds of wood is, of itself, consider ably heavier than that made of other kinds ; charcoal made from foliferous trees is us- ually heavier and more solid than that made from coniferous trees. Young trees produce lighter charcoal than older ones, ‘* In determining the quality of charcoal, then, it is necessary both to see and weigh it, and it is perfectly natural that the figures given to represent the weight of charcoal differ very much. As a general rtle, we may assume that a cubic foot of charcoal carefully made from well-seasoned pine weighs about g pounds, and a cubic foot made from spruce 8 pounds.” We have often been asked the question ‘* What is the proper weight for a bushel of charcoal t’’? We could make a partially sat- isfactory answer if we had a uniform bushel by measure to go by. In ‘‘ Percy’s Metallurgy,” there appears the following table, showing the weight of a cubic meter or stere of charcoal from differ- ent woods in the French Pyrenees. We have reduced the quantities to pounds per * A thoroughly charred piece of charc: ral ought, then, to contain about & parts carbon, 1s parta Water, g parte ask and : part hydrogen, oe 4 @ = © ae a gee ; 7 - i 2 r . 7 -- a ane wa 7 aww Peat 2 - 7 "eet Brent rer ° <r Te a s™B fo ase Bons mys ” THE IRON AGE. September 16, 1880, Kron. KON, PITTSBURGH. PITTSBURGH. W. D, WOOD & (0S) a6. HaTRy, Commission Merchant. Bar, Sheet, Tank, Boller, Angle, T, and Rallroad Iron, And Railroad Equipment. Nails & Spikes Steel & R. R. Supplies, i WINDOW GLASS, GAS PIPE & BORAX. —_—_—=_—_=—=_ on. ‘vow. ¥von. NEW ’ YORK. NEW YORK. NEW YORK. OGDEN & WALLACE,|A. B. Warner & Son,) John W. Quincy, Successors to GAM’L G. SMITH & CO., 98 William Street, New York. IRON & STEEL, 85,817, 89 & 91 ELMST.,N. ¥. IRON MERGHANTS, Anthracite & Charcoal Pig Irons, 28 & 29 West and 52 Washinaton Sts. Wepnaghh Mende, Gus Malte, Gummer, MIDVALE STEEL WORKS. BOILER PLATE, BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER. ANTIMONY, NICKEL, &c A full assortment constantly on hand of Cast, Machinery, Tool, Spring, Tire, — Boller Tubes, Angle, Tee & Girder Tren, HARRISON & GILLOON Shee, Toe Calk, Plow and Blister Steel Orders solicited for Boller and Tank Rivets. Us; Steel Tyres and Axles, Sole Agents for the celebrated IRON AND METAL DEALERS, = => = — ake ae Steel For ings and C astings. — 6 Eureka ” Pennocks, 658, 600, 868 WATER ST. and 908, 904, 906 CHERRY ST. nd PITTSBURGH, PA. ! its at het JUNIATA Planished Sheet Iron. Patented March 14th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1878 ; Sept. 9th, 1873; Oct. 6th, 1874; Jan. 11, 1876, Guaranteed fully equal in all respects to the IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON, and at a much less price. (ROADSTER FOR SALE, FE PATTERN. by all the principal METAL DEALERS In the Large cities throughout THE UNITED STATES. And at their Office, 111 Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. C. A. von Bonnhorst. R A, Wilson. SNO R. A. WILSON & CO., PIG IRON, tae only Snow Shoes in the market that nt Iron and Steel Rails, All Sizes, factio tly prevent an baling Gad give universa! setts BLOOMS AND ORE, Improved SHOW Shoe Shapes. 88 Fourth ave., cor. Wood st., Pittsburgh. Se $X7-16, 11-16X7-16, -16, 13-16X7-16, -16, John |. Williams, Henry M. Long. Nathan M. McDowell. eens. bo ; aa ; — _ STEEL TOE CALKS. Keystone Rolling Mill, sHoENBERGER & co. "zr Williams, Long & McDowell, Cc. RANE, Manufacturers of IRON and STEEL. Old Rails, Wheels, \ \ Merchant Bar and Skelp Iron,| non Turnings, &.y Sheets and Plates of all sizes, ee eer a _™ Odhen, Ne. OF Water tee, | —— Pittsburgh, Pa.|POrtsmouth Iron and Steel Co., Mill at Sono, Second Avenue. Successors to ame ney CAYLORD ROLLINC MILL Co., CHAS. G. LUNDELL, Manatee Siemens-Martin (Open Hearth) No. 7 Exchange Place STEEL BOILER PLATE, Agricultural and Machinery Steel Mass. “W t,” Luk have on hand, and offer for sale, he followin, ~ PIERSON & CO, awasset,” LUkeDS, [voi mete thei: Wit og . achine' ra) Jar- xles an Brands of Iron. Alsoall descriptions of Plate, Sheet, ry "see Oh oid Copper, Composition, Brass, ht Iron; and Gasometer Iron. Special attention to Locomotive Lead. Powter. Zinc, & Established 1790, iron. Fire Box Iron a specialty. — LS 24 & 26 Broadway, 77 & 79 New St. ROME MERCHANT IRON N MILLS; OXFORD IRON CO., (B. G. CLARKE, Receiver,) sicteane rs pe os ia grade of NEW YORK CITY, Bar Iron, Bands and Fine Hoops. . nvrte Sige eins Aigo tim Chatconl Pigg superior CG ut aliS [) ster ; FON, keeseke se pogaled Sales * Street, ve DS) R i.” our Agent, at 59 Jonna AND MARSHALL LEFFERTS, SPIKES. 90 Beckman St., New York City, MANUFACTURER AND DEALER, |J- 8: SCRANTON, Sales Agent, 81, 83 and 85 Washington Street, Galvanized Sheet Iron, wEw YORK. Ist and 2d Qualities. BURDEN’S Galvanized Wire, Telegraph and Fence ; Galvanized Hoop and Band Iron, Galvan ized Rod and Bar Iron, Pine. anized Nails, Galvanized Chain, Galvanized Iron CORRUGATED SHEET IRON HORSE SHOES Best ae: "Best Se and nna SHEET IRON. Plate and Tank Iron, CN C HNo.1,CH 1 Flange, Best Flange, tt 5) Best Fiatnge Fire Box, Circles. ur en BS BOILER IRON Stamped and Guaranteed. All Soeene of Iron Work Galvanized or _— to or Price list ca ‘ quotations sent upon application. W. BAILEY LANG, LOW.MOOR_ Doiler Rivets. IRON COMPANY, Burden Iron Works, H. Burden & Sons, NO. 50 BEEKMAN ST., NEW YORK. 1 N Y JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO.,) ee SCOTCH AND AMERICAN U I Ss { c be All Sizes and Shapes kept in Stock, ABEEL BROTHERS, | Established 176, by ABEEL & BYVANCK, Iron Merchants, 190 South Street and 365 Water, N. Y. ULSTERIRON:: A full assortment of all sizés constantly on hand. Refined Iron, Horse-Shoe Iron, Common Iron, Band, Hoop and Scroll Iron, Sheet Iron, Norway Nall Rods, Norway Shapes, ___Cast, Spring and ‘Tire Steel, ete. A. R. Whitney, Manufacturer of and Dealer in IRON, 58 & 60 Hudson as, 50 & 52 Thomas, ana NEWYORK. 12, 14416 Worth Sts., Oar specialty is in Manufacturing Iron Used in the Con- struction of Fire-Proot Buildings, Bridges, &c. Plans and estimates furnished, and contracts made for erecting Iron Structures of every description. ooke ae cuts of all Iron made sent on ap- plication by mai Sample pieces be office. eee address 58 Hudson Street. and Steel Tire. Also, Homogeneous Iron Boiler Plate and Rivets, Merchant Bar, Hoop and Sheet Iron, Wrought Spikes, Fish Bars an Bolts. | Office and Works : PORTSMOUTH, OHIO. REPRESENTIN - GQ’ 3.c. LEWIS, GEO. 8. LEWIS, “BORDEN & LOVELL,| PIG IRON,| — soxdens Commission Merchants _No. 69 Wall St., New York. _ H B. & S. Bar Iron. Ekman gto, | | Pres't and Gen't Sup't Sec'y and Treas, 70 & 71 West St, ULSTER IRON WORKS, _——_Aleo Best Grades of St. Louis Malleable Iron wn, twin = New York,| 18 Wall 8t., New York, American & | English Refined lron. GOTHENBURG, Company Agents for the sale of SWEDEN. 2116 MARKET STREET, Fall River lron Co.'s Nails, Tuckerman, MU Mulligan& Co. ‘EGLESTON BROS, & CO.., ae | Henry M. wae settee FILLEeY Bands, Hoops & Rods. bassaic Rolling Mill Co., —2”"" | NEW YORK CITY: I,m. HOGLUNDS SONS & CO, Stein, a. Borden Mining Company’s PATERSON, N. J. ! 7 Swedish & Norway Iron Malleable and Gray : DAN’L W. RICHARDS & CO., | ster tsna'Pititaaig® imptad tt Rte’ | I ¢ Ipoclty | ron Castings, GUSTAF LUNDBERG, 38 Kilby st., Boston. | ont Street nia Agents 24 & 23°:! GENERAL HARDWARE, &c. ~ ZUG & COo.. Pittsburgh, Pa., Manufacturers of Wheeler's Iron & Steel Combination Shafting, Under license of the Combination Trust Co., Philadelphia. Cumberland Coals. WILLIAM H. WALLACE & CO., IRON MERCHANTS Cor. Albany & Washington Sts., NEW YORK ee _M. A. WALLACE. B. F. J UDSON, Importer of and Dealer in SCOTCH AND AMERICAN lron Bridge Builders And Manufacturers of i Beams, Channels, Angles, Pig Iron and Bar Iron, eee Scrap Iron, Scrap Steel, Merchant Iron, &c., &c. New York Office, Room 45, Astor House. Old Rails and Old Metals, WATTS oe SOEs, P reside nt . FAYERW EATHER, Treasurer. ———— | 6S te 06 Menem &t.. Jow York. . BIsPHaM. CARMICHAEL & EMMENS, IW. 8. MIDDLETON, ee 1 S LI Tro ri 9 130,132 4134 Codar Street, New Week. IRON AND STEEL BOILER PLATE Broker in Machinery & Iron Wrought & Cast Scrap Iron, ee See eee Oe OLD METALS. | pers toro couuratoa, ca eat Blase res FORSTER'S CRUSHER & PULVERIZER, | Cau rel Ko ‘iin ing Stl, and’ nion = Tube W an, Wrought w.s aeecai name es s N. ¥. 457 & 459 Water St., ron Beams, An a 8. J Ne ehna St., N. S55 & 05 Couch Ms 33 _NEW YORK. HUGH w. ADAMS, | | | DANIEL F. COONEY, — peaLen 1 Glengarnock and Carnbroe Late of and Successor to Jas. H. Heldane & Ce.) | FOREIGN AND AMERICAN BOILER PLATES and SHEET IRON, ®AILWAY, PIG AND SCRAP IRON. SCOTCH PIG IRON, timates furnished for all kinds of lron Work This Shafting is superior to any now on the market, and the attention of machinists is particularly called to it and a trial order solicited. Prices furnished on application. LEECHBURG _ IRON WoRKS. KIRKPATRICK